en.wikipedia.org

pages: 158 words: 16,993

Citation Needed: The Best of Wikipedia's Worst Writing by Conor Lastowka, Josh Fruhlinger

airport security, citation needed, en.wikipedia.org, jimmy wales, Nelson Mandela, peak oil, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, Stephen Hawking

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacky_Races Male lactation Though boys and men have nipples, many are unaware that they also have mammary glands[citation needed] This claim was tested in an informal poll conducted on a New York City street corner. It proved that you will be beaten severely if you ask a bunch of random men whether they are aware that they have mammary glands. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_lactation Terminology of homosexuality Jizz Junkie[citation needed] Most find this term pejorative and prefer “semen enthusiast.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology_of_homosexuality Joanna of Castile The early stages of Joanna and Philip’s relationship were quite passionate, and the feeling was mutual.

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When it is, in fact, one of John Philip Sousa’s most underrated works. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Vinci’s_Notebook Punxsutawney Phil During the rest of the year, Phil lives in the town library with his “wife” Phyllis. The quotes indicate the sinful, never legally sanctioned (but oft-consummated) nature of Phil and Phyllis’s sham marriage. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil Lew Zealand His thrown fish are unique in that they return to him once thrown. Something Katherine Hepburn’s thrown fish could never quite get the hang of. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Zealand Animal Fancy One theory for the term “fan”, for one who supports a sports team or any public figure, is that it is likewise derived from this use of “fancy”.

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Had Fellini lived to see this film made, he probably would have appreciated the restraint. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Tuscan_Sun_(film) Daggering Also Jamaican doctors have warned of the dangers of daggering, after being presented with a forest of fractured penises over the last year. We pray you never have an opportunity to use it, but now you know the collective noun for a group of fractured penises. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daggering Mole (animal) Although the mole can be eaten, the taste is said to be deeply unpleasant. The same goes for Sbarro pizza. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(animal) Damnation “Damn” is also used colloquially as an emphatic exclamation; e.g.

pages: 295 words: 66,912

Walled Culture: How Big Content Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Keep Creators Poor by Glyn Moody

Aaron Swartz, Big Tech, bioinformatics, Brewster Kahle, connected car, COVID-19, disinformation, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, full text search, intangible asset, Internet Archive, Internet of things, jimmy wales, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, non-fungible token, Open Library, optical character recognition, p-value, peer-to-peer, place-making, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, rent-seeking, text mining, the market place, TikTok, transaction costs, WikiLeaks

case=16234294480765009725 259 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616150102/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem 260 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615185512/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3.com 261 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701125757/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Robertson_%28businessman%29 262 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701125847/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Fanning 263 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701125937/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker 264 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616150138/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster 265 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615185551/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer 266 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616153814/https://walledculture.org/interview-cory-doctorow-part-2-new-publishing-models-for-creators-amazon-as-a-frenemy-and-the-internet-archive-court-case/ 267 https://web.archive.org/web/20220617092736/https://hls.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/10519/Lessig 268 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616153851/https://lessig.org/product/free-culture/ 269 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616154652/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madster 270 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616070008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM_%28software%29 271 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616155008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnutella 272 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616155027/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_%28computing%29 273 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616155104/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Code 274 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616071105/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code 275 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616155211/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent 276 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616155234/https://www.eff.org/wp/riaa-v-people-five-years-later 277 https://web.archive.org/web/20031223084449/http:/www.post-gazette.com/columnists/20030914edroddy0914p1.asp 278 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616155234/https://www.eff.org/wp/riaa-v-people-five-years-later 279 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616155256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaa 280 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616155317/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2008/09/capitol-v-thomas-judge-orders-new-trial-implores-c 281 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616160107/https://www.techdirt.com/2009/06/18/jammie-thomas-ordered-to-pay-1-92-million/ 282 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616153814/https://walledculture.org/interview-cory-doctorow-part-2-new-publishing-models-for-creators-amazon-as-a-frenemy-and-the-internet-archive-court-case/ 283 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616160148/https://law.unimelb.edu.au/about/staff/rebecca-giblin 284 https://web.archive.org/web/20220616160226/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?

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Notes 1 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615182457/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Anne 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615182511/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention 3 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615182557/https://www.plagiarismtoday.com/2021/05/13/why-did-the-united-states-wait-103-years-to-sign-the-berne-convention/ 4 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615182616/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law 5 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615182647/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape 6 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615182709/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act 7 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615182728/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_superhighway 8 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615182751/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Information_Infrastructure 9 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615182813/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lehman 10 https://web.archive.org/web/20220614172420/https://repository.law.umich.edu/books/1/ 11 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615183505/https://michigan.law.umich.edu/faculty-and-scholarship/our-faculty/jessica-litman 12 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701120031/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office 13 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701123552/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory 14 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615183532/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-sale_doctrine 15 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615183551/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompuServe 16 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615183612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL 17 https://web.archive.org/web/20220614172420/https://repository.law.umich.edu/books/1/ 18 https://web.archive.org/web/20220614184956/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright 19 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615183731/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Future_Coalition 20 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615183751/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Recording_Rights_Coalition 21 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615183813/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization 22 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615183834/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_laundering 23 https://web.archive.org/web/20220614173121/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty 24 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615184513/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use 25 https://web.archive.org/web/20220614172420/https://repository.law.umich.edu/books/1/ 26 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615184534/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act 27 https://web.archive.org/web/20220614185543/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Society_Directive 28 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615184613/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble 29 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701090414/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management 30 https://web.archive.org/web/20220705085628/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Doctorow 31 https://web.archive.org/web/20220615184637/https://walledculture.org/interview-cory-doctorow-part-1-newspapers-big-tech-link-tax-drm-and-right-to-repair/ 32 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621063129/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_formalities 33 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621063142/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain 34 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621063226/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_work 35 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701061911/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?

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pages: 365 words: 56,751

Cryptoeconomics: Fundamental Principles of Bitcoin by Eric Voskuil, James Chiang, Amir Taaki

bank run, banks create money, bitcoin, blockchain, break the buck, cashless society, cognitive dissonance, cryptocurrency, delayed gratification, en.wikipedia.org, foreign exchange controls, Fractional reserve banking, Free Software Foundation, global reserve currency, Joseph Schumpeter, market clearing, Metcalfe’s law, Money creation, money market fund, Network effects, peer-to-peer, price stability, reserve currency, risk free rate, seigniorage, smart contracts, social graph, time value of money, Turing test, zero day, zero-sum game

* * * [10] https://libbitcoin.info [11] https://bitcoincore.org [12] Chapter: Dedicated Cost Principle [13] https://www.dtu.dk/english [14] https://twitter.com [15] https://libbitcoin.info [16] https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-system/wiki/Cryptoeconomics [17] Chapter: Inflation Principle [18] Chapter: Savings Relation [19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Taaki [20] Chapter: Foreword [25] https://libbitcoininstitute.org [26] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation [27] https://www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/charitable-organizations/exemption-requirements-501c3-organizations [28] Chapter: Value Proposition [51] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises [52] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard [53] Chapter: Inflation Principle [54] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [55] Chapter: Full Reserve Fallacy [56] Chapter: Censorship Resistance Property [57] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [83] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_geometry [84] Chapter: Permissionless Principle [85] Chapter: Censorship Resistance Property [86] Chapter: Hearn Error [87] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confinity [88] Chapter: Value Proposition [89] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal [90] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [91] Chapter: Proof of Work Fallacy [92] Chapter: Side Fee Fallacy [93] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [94] Chapter: Qualitative Security Model [95] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [96] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [98] Chapter: Threat Level Paradox [99] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls [100] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [101] Chapter: Threat Level Paradox [102] Chapter: Balance of Power Fallacy [103] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [104] http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm [105] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [106] Chapter: Threat Level Paradox [107] https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/big-in-venezuela/534177/ [110] Chapter: Fragmentation Principle [111] Chapter: Consolidation Principle [112] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [115] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [116] Chapter: Proof of Stake Fallacy [117] Chapter: Censorship Resistance Property [118] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [119] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [120] Chapter: Reservation Principle [121] Chapter: Blockchain Fallacy [122] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [123] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance [124] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Rage_quit [125] Chapter: Dumping Fallacy [126] Chapter: Qualitative Security Model [127] Chapter: Inflation Principle [128] Chapter: Lunar Fallacy [131] Chapter: Hearn Error [132] Chapter: Value Proposition [134] Chapter: Other Means Principle [135] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [136] https://www.imf.org [137] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [138] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [139] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [140] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [141] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [142] Chapter: Qualitative Security Model [143] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [144] Chapter: Hearn Error [145] Chapter: Fedcoin Objectives [146] Chapter: Public Data Principle [147] Chapter: Proof of Work Fallacy [148] Chapter: Other Means Principle [149] Chapter: Censorship Resistance Property [150] https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz [151] Chapter: Threat Level Paradox [152] https://mises.org/library/man-economy-and-state-power-and-market/html/p/1075 [153] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [154] https://www.asicboost.com/patent [155] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [156] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [157] Chapter: Public Data Principle [158] Chapter: Qualitative Security Model [159] Chapter: Threat Level Paradox [160] Chapter: Cryptodynamic Principles [161] Chapter: Value Proposition [162] Chapter: Other Means Principle [174] https://coinweek.com/bullion-report/bitcoin-vs-gold-10-crystal-clear-comparisons [175] Chapter: Stability Property [176] Chapter: Proximity Premium Flaw [177] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [178] Chapter: Balance of Power Fallacy [181] Chapter: Threat Level Paradox [182] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymizer [183] Chapter: Side Fee Fallacy [184] Chapter: Social Network Principle [185] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)#Directed_graph [186] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwill_(accounting) [189] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [190] Chapter: Public Data Principle [191] Chapter: Balance of Power Fallacy [192] Chapter: Cockroach Fallacy [193] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain [194] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography [195] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software [196] Chapter: Prisoner’s Dilemma Fallacy [201] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [203] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [204] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [205] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [206] Chapter: Zero Sum Property [207] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy [208] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market [209] https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/big-in-venezuela/534177 [210] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [211] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [212] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [213] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_surface [214] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls [215] Chapter: Centralization Risk [216] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [217] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls [218] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_your_customer [220] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [221] Chapter: Scalability Principle [222] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [223] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [224] Chapter: Value Proposition [225] Chapter: Other Means Principle [226] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [227] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [229] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [230] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation [231] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [232] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [233] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [234] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value [235] Chapter: Time Preference Fallacy [236] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_utility [237] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard [238] https://mises.org/library/what-has-government-done-our-money/html/p/81 [246] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [247] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls [248] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [249] https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/081616/understanding-taxes-physical-goldsilver-investments.asp [250] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation [251] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_inflation [252] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate#Parallel_exchange_rate [261] Chapter: Reserve Currency Fallacy [262] https://wiki.mises.org/wiki/Money_substitutes [263] Chapter: Reservation Principle [264] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [265] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_inflation [266] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promissory_note [273] Chapter: Fedcoin Objectives [274] Chapter: Censorship Resistance Property [275] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [276] Chapter: Cryptodynamic Principles [277] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort [278] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_banking [279] Chapter: Thin Air Fallacy [280] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank [281] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_window [282] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System [283] https://www.frbdiscountwindow.org/pages/discount-rates/current-discount-rates [309] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [310] https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/12/16/how-tight-jeans-almost-ruined-americas-money [311] https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/21/business/sweden-cashless-society.html [312] Chapter: Fedcoin Objectives [313] https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/payments--cash/e-krona [314] Chapter: Reserve Currency Fallacy [315] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard [316] Chapter: Value Proposition [320] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_return [324] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [328] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [329] https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/bios/board/default.htm [330] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [331] https://www.coindesk.com/uasf-revisited-will-bitcoins-user-revolt-leave-lasting-legacy [332] Chapter: Proof of Work Fallacy [337] Chapter: Efficiency Paradox [338] Chapter: Stability Property [339] Chapter: Qualitative Security Model [340] Chapter: Variance Discount Flaw [341] Chapter: Censorship Resistance Property [342] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [343] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [344] Chapter: Relay Fallacy [345] Chapter: Censorship Resistance Property [346] Chapter: Efficiency Paradox [347] http://primecoin.io [349] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox [351] Chapter: Zero Sum Property [352] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [355] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotonic_function [356] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [357] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_of_value [358] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value [359] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-stake [360] Chapter: Proof of Stake Fallacy [361] Chapter: Utility Threshold Property [362] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [364] Chapter: Side Fee Fallacy [365] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_function [366] http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economicprofit.asp [367] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [368] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_preference [369] Chapter: Proof of Work Fallacy [370] Chapter: Balance of Power Fallacy [371] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_herring [372] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [375] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_game [376] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win-win_game [377] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory [379] Chapter: Side Fee Fallacy [380] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [381] Chapter: Zero Sum Property [382] Chapter: Threat Level Paradox [385] Chapter: Balance of Power Fallacy [386] Chapter: Proximity Premium Flaw [387] Chapter: Variance Discount Flaw [388] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale [389] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [390] https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/big-in-venezuela/534177/ [391] Chapter: Relay Fallacy [392] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [393] Chapter: Balance of Power Fallacy [394] https://www.federalreserve.gov [395] Chapter: State Banking Principle [396] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debasement [397] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tender [398] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note [399] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [400] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_6102 [401] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund [404] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_cost [405] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [406] Chapter: Variance Discount Flaw [407] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [410] Chapter: Zero Sum Property [411] https://www.cs.cornell.edu/~ie53/publications/btcProcFC.pdf [413] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [414] Chapter: Proximity Premium Flaw [416] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentive_compatibility [418] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [419] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_email_spam [420] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [423] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [424] Chapter: Proximity Premium Flaw [425] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [426] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_game [427] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [428] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system [429] Chapter: Proximity Premium Flaw [430] Chapter: Variance Discount Flaw [431] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale [432] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy [433] Chapter: Threat Level Paradox [434] http://gavinandresen.ninja/a-definition-of-bitcoin [435] https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf [436] Chapter: Cryptodynamic Principles [437] Chapter: Brand Arrogation [438] https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-core [439] https://libbitcoin.info [440] Chapter: Maximalism Definition [441] Chapter: Custodial Risk Principle [443] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function [444] Chapter: Risk Sharing Principle [446] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [447] Chapter: Cryptodynamic Principles [448] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [450] Chapter: Utility Threshold Property [451] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [452] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_law#Reverse_of_Gresham's_law_(Thiers'_law) [453] Chapter: Fragmentation Principle [460] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [461] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter [462] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_services [463] Chapter: Consolidation Principle [464] Chapter: Network Effect Fallacy [465] Chapter: Dumping Fallacy [466] Chapter: Replay Protection Fallacy [467] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_present_value [474] Chapter: Proof of Stake Fallacy [475] Chapter: Censorship Resistance Property [476] Chapter: Substitution Principle [478] Chapter: Consolidation Principle [479] Chapter: Side Fee Fallacy [482] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [483] Chapter: Censorship Resistance Property [484] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [485] https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/893.pdf [486] Chapter: Energy Waste Fallacy [487] Chapter: Pooling Pressure Risk [488] Chapter: Proof of Memory Façade [489] Chapter: Energy Waste Fallacy [490] Chapter: Censorship Resistance Property [491] Chapter: Other Means Principle [495] Chapter: Cryptodynamic Principles [496] Chapter: Value Proposition [497] Chapter: Proof of Stake Fallacy [498] Chapter: Axiom of Resistance [499] Chapter: Proof of Memory Façade [500] Chapter: Credit Expansion Fallacy [501] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [502] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [503] Chapter: State Banking Principle [504] https://www.frbdiscountwindow.org [505] https://www.fdic.gov/resources/deposit-insurance [507] Chapter: Dumping Fallacy [508] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_(economics) [509] Chapter: Replay Protection Fallacy [510] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_present_value [511] Chapter: Consolidation Principle [515] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [516] https://mises.org/library/man-economy-and-state-power-and-market/html/p/996 [517] Chapter: Reserve Currency Fallacy [518] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves [519] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply#United_States [520] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply#Money_creation_by_commercial_banks [521] Chapter: State Banking Principle [522] https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h3/current/default.htm [543] Chapter: Savings Relation [544] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_preference [545] Chapter: Unlendable Money Fallacy [548] Chapter: Production and Consumption [561] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_inflation [562] Chapter: Unlendable Money Fallacy [563] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value [564] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catallactics [565] Chapter: Production and Consumption [566] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [569] Chapter: Time Preference Fallacy [570] Chapter: Labor and Leisure [571] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking [572] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [573] Chapter: Thin Air Fallacy [574] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-reserve_banking [602] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation [603] Chapter: Credit Expansion Fallacy [604] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining [605] Chapter: Time Preference Fallacy [607] Chapter: Risk Free Return Fallacy [635] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(logic) [636] Chapter: Production and Consumption [637] Chapter: Labor and Leisure [639] Chapter: Regression Fallacy [640] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [641] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catallactics [642] Chapter: Speculative Consumption [643] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_and_dump [644] Chapter: Time Preference Fallacy [645] Chapter: Savings Relation [646] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_value [647] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungibility [648] Chapter: Dumping Fallacy [649] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_axiom [650] Chapter: Production and Consumption [651] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_services [652] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste [653] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard [654] https://mises.org/library/man-economy-and-state-power-and-market/html/p/926 [655] Chapter: Expression Principle [656] Chapter: Time Preference Fallacy [657] Chapter: Pure Bank [658] Chapter: Reservation Principle [659] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [661] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_axiom [662] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_services [663] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [664] Chapter: Labor and Leisure [665] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste [666] Chapter: Pure Bank [667] Chapter: Reserve Definition [668] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividend [677] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_banking [678] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve [679] https://www.fdic.gov [680] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_window [681] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [682] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [683] Chapter: Inflation Principle [684] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation [685] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflation [686] Chapter: Time Preference Fallacy [687] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrage [688] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demurrage_(currency) [689] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_(finance) [690] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturity_(finance) [691] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [692] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_cost [693] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_interest [699] Chapter: Savings Relation [700] Chapter: Inflation Principle [704] Chapter: Time Preference Fallacy [705] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catallactics [706] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard [707] https://mises.org/library/man-economy-and-state-power-and-market/html/p/989 [708] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_requirement [709] Chapter: Expression Principle [715] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [726] Chapter: Savings Relation [727] Chapter: Time Preference Fallacy [732] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [733] Chapter: Full Reserve Fallacy [734] Chapter: Credit Expansion Fallacy [735] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [739] Chapter: Credit Expansion Fallacy [740] Chapter: Time Preference Fallacy [741] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [742] Chapter: Inflation Principle [756] Chapter: Speculative Consumption [757] Chapter: Regression Fallacy [758] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_value [759] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter [760] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_of_exchange [761] https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/778 [762] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [763] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity [764] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(logic) [765] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [766] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency [767] https://wiki.mises.org/wiki/Money_substitutes [779] Chapter: Credit Expansion Fallacy [780] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promissory_note [788] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tender [789] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [790] Chapter: Stability Property [791] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money [797] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_inflation [798] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power [799] Chapter: Inflation Principle [803] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_money [808] https://wiki.mises.org/wiki/Money_substitutes [809] https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Contractual+Claim [810] Chapter: Debt Loop Fallacy [811] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitization [812] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote [813] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_certificate [814] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_money [815] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/electronic-money.asp [816] Chapter: Regression Fallacy [819] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_money [823] Chapter: Cryptodynamic Principles [824] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency [825] Chapter: Credit Expansion Fallacy [826] Chapter: Reserve Definition [827] https://wiki.mises.org/wiki/Regression_theorem [828] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [829] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_value [830] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter [831] https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/778 [833] Chapter: Collectible Tautology [837] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [838] Chapter: Savings Relation [843] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk-free_interest_rate [844] Chapter: Credit Expansion Fallacy [855] Chapter: Full Reserve Fallacy [856] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_money [857] Chapter: Credit Expansion Fallacy [858] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation [860] https://wiki.mises.org/wiki/Money_substitutes [861] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [874] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_past_each_other [875] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_value [876] Chapter: Value Proposition [877] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallism [878] Chapter: Regression Fallacy [879] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartalism [880] Chapter: Debt Loop Fallacy [886] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_run [887] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank [888] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort [889] Chapter: State Banking Principle [890] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_inflation [891] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_equation [892] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_inflation [893] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [894] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [895] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [897] Chapter: Inflation Principle [898] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation [899] Chapter: Time Preference Fallacy [901] Chapter: Speculative Consumption [905] https://medium.com/@paulbars/magic-internet-money-how-a-reddit-ad-made-bitcoin-hit-1000-and-inspired-south-parks-art-b414ec7a5598 [906] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [907] Chapter: Depreciation Principle [908] Chapter: Stability Property [909] https://www.fool.com/investing/2017/05/25/could-the-price-of-bitcoin-go-to-1-million.aspx [910] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_world_product [911] https://medium.com/@100trillionUSD/modeling-bitcoins-value-with-scarcity-91fa0fc03e25 [912] Chapter: Stock to Flow Fallacy [913] Chapter: Reservation Principle [914] Chapter: Reserve Currency Fallacy [915] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catallactics [916] https://mises.org/library/man-economy-and-state-power-and-market/html/p/949 [917] Chapter: Money Taxonomy [918] Chapter: Credit Expansion Fallacy [919] Chapter: Time Preference Fallacy [920] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank [921] Chapter: State Banking Principle [922] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_(finance) [923] Chapter: Debt Loop Fallacy [924] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply#United_States [931] Chapter: Permissionless Principle [932] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage [933] https://voxeu.org/index.php?

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pages: 247 words: 43,430

Think Complexity by Allen B. Downey

Benoit Mandelbrot, cellular automata, Conway's Game of Life, Craig Reynolds: boids flock, discrete time, en.wikipedia.org, Frank Gehry, Gini coefficient, Guggenheim Bilbao, Laplace demon, mandelbrot fractal, Occupy movement, Paul Erdős, peer-to-peer, Pierre-Simon Laplace, power law, seminal paper, sorting algorithm, stochastic process, strong AI, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Turing complete, Turing machine, Vilfredo Pareto, We are the 99%

One interesting kind is the Erdős-Rényi model, denoted , which generates graphs with n nodes, where the probability is p that there is an edge between any two nodes. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdos-Renyi_model. Example 2-4. Create a file named RandomGraph.py, and define a class named RandomGraph that inherits from Graph and provides a method named add_random_edges that takes a probability p as a parameter and, starting with an edgeless graph, adds edges at random so that the probability is p that there is an edge between any two nodes. Connected Graphs A graph is connected if there is a path from every node to every other node. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectivity_(graph_theory). There is a simple algorithm to check whether a graph is connected.

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FIFO Implementation A FIFO is a data structure that provides the following operations: append Add a new item to the end of the queue. pop Remove and return the item at the front of the queue. There are several good implementations of this data structure. One is the doubly-linked list, which you can read about at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly-linked_list. Another is a circular buffer, which you can read about at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_buffer. Example 4-1. Write an implementation of a FIFO using either a doubly-linked list or a circular buffer. Yet another possibility is to use a Python dictionary and two indices: nextin keeps track of the back of the queue, and nextout keeps track of the front.

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Then use a FIFO implementation to fix the errors and confirm that your algorithm is linear. Stanley Milgram Stanley Milgram was an American social psychologist who conducted two of the most famous experiments in social science: the Milgram experiment, which studied people’s obedience to authority (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milgram_experiment), and the small world experiment, which studied the structure of social networks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_world_phenomenon). In the small world experiment, Milgram sent a package to several randomly chosen people in Wichita, Kansas with instructions asking them to forward an enclosed letter to a target person, identified by name and occupation, in Sharon, Massachusetts (which is the town near Boston where I grew up).

pages: 197 words: 35,256

NumPy Cookbook by Ivan Idris

business intelligence, cloud computing, computer vision, data science, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, mandelbrot fractal, p-value, power law, sorting algorithm, statistical model, transaction costs, web application

Far into the distant future or in theory infinite time, the state of our Markov chain system will not change anymore. This is also called a steady state (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_state). The stochastic matrix (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_matrix) A, which contains the state transition probabilities, and when applied to the steady state, will yield the same state x. The mathematical notation for this will be as follows: Another way to look at this is as the eigenvector (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors) for eigenvalue 1. How to do it... Now we need to obtain the data. Obtain one year of data.One way we can do this is with Matplotlib (refer to the Installing Matplotlib recipe in Chapter 1, Winding Along with IPython, if necessary).

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The Fibonacci series is a sequence of integers starting with zero, where each number is the sum of the previous two; except, of course, the first two numbers zero and one. For more information, read the Wikipedia article about Fibonacci numbers at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number . This recipe uses a formula based on the golden ratio, which is an irrational number with special properties comparable to pi. It we will use the sqrt, log, arange, astype, and sum functions. How to do it... The first thing to do is calculate the golden ratio (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio), also called the golden section or golden mean. Calculate the golden ratio.We will be using the sqrt function to calculate the square root of five: phi = (1 + numpy.sqrt(5))/2 print "Phi", phi This prints the golden mean: Phi 1.61803398875 Find the index below four million.Next in the recipe, we need to find the index of the Fibonacci number below four million.

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sum Calculates the sum of array elements. See also The Indexing with booleans recipe in Chapter 2, Advanced Indexing and Array Concepts Finding prime factors Prime factors (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_factor) are prime numbers that divide an integer exactly without a remainder. Finding prime factors seems almost impossible to crack. However, using the right algorithm—Fermat's factorization method (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_factorization_method) and NumPy—it becomes very easy. The idea is to factor a number N into two numbers c and d, according to the following equation: We can apply the factorization recursively, until we get the required prime factors.

pages: 304 words: 80,143

The Autonomous Revolution: Reclaiming the Future We’ve Sold to Machines by William Davidow, Michael Malone

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, AlphaGo, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Automated Insights, autonomous vehicles, basic income, benefit corporation, bitcoin, blockchain, blue-collar work, Bob Noyce, business process, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, cashless society, citizen journalism, Clayton Christensen, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, collective bargaining, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, deep learning, DeepMind, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, distributed ledger, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, Filter Bubble, Ford Model T, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, general purpose technology, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, gig economy, Gini coefficient, high-speed rail, holacracy, Hyperloop, income inequality, industrial robot, Internet of things, invention of agriculture, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, license plate recognition, low interest rates, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, Network effects, new economy, peer-to-peer lending, QWERTY keyboard, ransomware, Richard Florida, Robert Gordon, robo advisor, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Skinner box, Snapchat, speech recognition, streetcar suburb, Stuxnet, surveillance capitalism, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the scientific method, trade route, Turing test, two and twenty, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, universal basic income, uranium enrichment, urban planning, vertical integration, warehouse automation, zero day, zero-sum game, Zipcar

“Neolithic Revolution,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution#Social_change (accessed June 26, 2019). 5. “Plough,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough#Hoeing (accessed June 26, 2019). 6. “Urbanization,” Ancient History Encyclopedia, http://www.ancient.eu/urbanization/ (June 26, 2019). 7. “Uruk,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk (accessed June 26, 2019). 8. David Osborn, “The History of Numbers,” Vedic Science, http://vedicsciences.net/articles/history-of-numbers.html (accessed June 26, 2019). 9. “Cuneiform,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform. 10.

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“Leonardo Torres y Quevedo,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Torres_y_Quevedo (accessed June 26, 2019). 7. “R.U.R.,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.U.R. (accessed June 26, 2019). 8. “Turing Test,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test (accessed June 26, 2019). 9. Tanya Lewis, “A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence,” Live Science, December 4, 2014, http://www.livescience.com/49007-history-of-artificial-intelligence.html (accessed June 26, 2019). 10. “Deep Blue,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer) (accessed June 26, 2019). 11.

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Department of Labor, https://www.dol.gov/general/history/100/timeline (accessed on June 28, 2019); and “Health Insurance in the United States,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States (accessed June 26, 2019). 35. “The National Labor Relations Act,” National Labor Relations Board, https://www.nlrb.gov/resources/national-labor-relations-act (accessed June 26, 2019). 36. “Labor Unions in the United States,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States#/media/File:United_States_union_membership_and_inequality,_top_1%25_income_share,_1910_to_2010.png (accessed June 26, 2019). 37. Ibid., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States#/media/File:Union_membership_in_us_1930-2010.png (accessed June 26, 2019). 38.

pages: 323 words: 65,306

Programming in CoffeeScript by Mark Bates

don't repeat yourself, en.wikipedia.org, MVC pattern, node package manager, Ruby on Rails, single page application, web application

Notes 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) 3. http://www.prototypejs.org/ 4. http://documentcloud.github.com/backbone/ 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model–view–controller 6. http://www.adobe.com/ 7. http://www.apple.com/ios/ 8. http://www.coffeescript.org 9. http://www.rubyonrails.org 10. http://www.rubyinside.com/rails-3-1-adopts-coffeescript-jquery-sass-and-controversy-4669.html 11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language) 12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language) 13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) 14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B 15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Php 16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework 17. http://www.jquery.com 18. https://github.com/madrobby/zepto 19. http://documentcloud.github.com/backbone 20. http://pivotal.github.com/jasmine/ 21. http://ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/html/ref_c_object.html#Object.method_missing 22. http://nodejs.org Part I: Core CoffeeScript In this first half of the book we are going to cover everything you’ve ever wanted to know, and everything you’ll ever need to know, about CoffeeScript.

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We’ve looked at the pros and cons of the ways that CoffeeScript can be compiled and are now armed with the knowledge we need to be able to play with the examples in the rest of this book. Finally, we dug into the coffee command to learn the most important options and parameters we can pass to it. Notes 1. Read-eval-print loop - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-eval-print_loop 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Html 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unobtrusive_JavaScript 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Json 5. Touching a file means lots of different things on different operating systems, but usually just saving the file is enough of a “touch” to trigger the -w into doing its magic. 6. https://github.com/guard/guard 7. https://github.com/TrevorBurnham/jitter 8. http://jashkenas.github.com/coffee-script/documentation/docs/command.html 2.

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I’m telling you this because, armed with the knowledge contained within this chapter and Chapter 2, we have covered the basic building blocks of CoffeeScript. We can now start looking at the really fun stuff. Notes 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_(programming) 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_(programming) 3. http://www.yaml.org/spec/1.2/spec.html 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_operation 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_statement 4. Functions and Arguments In this chapter we are going to look at one of the most essential parts of any language, the function. Functions allow us to encapsulate reusable and discrete code blocks.

pages: 629 words: 142,393

The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It by Jonathan Zittrain

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, algorithmic bias, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Andy Kessler, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, book scanning, Brewster Kahle, Burning Man, c2.com, call centre, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, Clayton Christensen, clean water, commoditize, commons-based peer production, corporate governance, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, digital divide, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, Firefox, folksonomy, Free Software Foundation, game design, Hacker Ethic, Howard Rheingold, Hush-A-Phone, illegal immigration, index card, informal economy, information security, Internet Archive, jimmy wales, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, license plate recognition, loose coupling, mail merge, Morris worm, national security letter, old-boy network, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), OSI model, packet switching, peer-to-peer, post-materialism, pre–internet, price discrimination, profit maximization, radical decentralization, Ralph Nader, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, Richard Stallman, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, Robert Bork, Robert X Cringely, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, software patent, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Ted Nelson, Telecommunications Act of 1996, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tragedy of the Commons, web application, wikimedia commons, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

See Ward Cunningham, Wiki Design Principles http://www.c2.com/cgi/wikiiWiki DesignPrinciples (as of Mar. 26, 2007, 12:00 GMT) (explaining that his goals for the first release of Wiki included designing an “organic” system in which “[t]he structure and text content of the site are open to editing and evolution,” in which “[t]he mechanisms of editing and organizing are the same as those of writing so that any writer is automatically an editor and organizer,” and in which “[a]ctivity within the site can be watched and reviewed by any other visitor to the site”). Cunningham also notes that an additional principle was that “[e]verybody can contribute; nobody has to.” Id. 84. See Meyers, supra note 82; Wikipedia, Ward Cunningham, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Ward_Cunningham (as of May 10, 2007, 13:31 GMT); Wikipedia, Wiki, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiWiki (as of May 16, 2007, 23:11 GMT). 85. See Wikipedia, Wiki, supra note 84; Wikipedia, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Wikipedia#History (as of May 16, 2007, 15:44 GMT). 86. For further discussion of commons-based peer production (including an examination of free software and Wikipedia) as an alternate economic modality, see Benkler, supra note 65, at 334—36. 87.

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See Wikipedia, Wikipedia: Counter-Vandalism Unit, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Wikipedia:Counter-Vandalism_Unit (as of May 30, 2007, at 17:40 GMT); Wikipedia, Wikipedia: Barnstars, http://en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/Wikipedia:Barnstars (as of Sep. 30, 2007, 00:18 GMT) (“The Defender of the Wiki may be awarded to those who have gone above and beyond to prevent Wikipedia from being used for fraudulent purposes. It was created after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, when a fraudulent charity tried to take advantage of the widespread media coverage of the article.”). 44. See, e.g., Wikipedia, User:MartinBot, http://en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/User:MartinBot (as of May 30, 2007, 17:41 GMT). 45.

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Michael Snow, Article Creation Restricted to Logged-in Editors (Dec. 5, 2005), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-12-05/Page_creationrestrictions. 51. See supra note 19. 52. Wikipedia, Congressional Staffer Edits to Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con gressional_staffer_edits_to_Wikipedia (as of June 1, 2007, 09:00 GMT). 53. Time on Wikipedia Was Wasted, LOWELL SUN, Jan. 28, 2006. 54. See generally JAMES SUROWIECKI, THE WISDOM OF CROWDS (2004). 55. Centiare, Directory: MyWikiBiz, http://www.centiare.eom/Directory:MyWikiBiz (as of June 1, 2007, 09:05 GMT). 56. Id. 57. Wikipedia, User Talk:MyWikiBiz, http://en.wikipedia.Org/wild/User_talk:MyWikiBiz/Archive_1 (as of June 1, 2007, 09:05 GMT). 58.

Succeeding With AI: How to Make AI Work for Your Business by Veljko Krunic

AI winter, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, AlphaGo, Amazon Web Services, anti-fragile, anti-pattern, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, Bayesian statistics, bioinformatics, Black Swan, Boeing 737 MAX, business process, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, correlation coefficient, data is the new oil, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, Gini coefficient, high net worth, information retrieval, Internet of things, iterative process, job automation, Lean Startup, license plate recognition, minimum viable product, natural language processing, recommendation engine, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, six sigma, smart cities, speech recognition, statistical model, strong AI, tail risk, The Design of Experiments, the scientific method, web application, zero-sum game

Wikipedia. [Cited 2017 Mar 12.] Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller Wikimedia Foundation. History of artificial intelligence. Wikipedia. [Cited 2019 Jun 28.] Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial _intelligence Nest. Create a connected home. Nest. [Cited 2018 Jul 2.] Available from: https:// www.nest.com/ ecobee. ecobee3. [Cited 2018 Jul 2.] Available from: https://www.ecobee.com/ ecobee3/ Wikimedia Foundation. Autonomous car. Wikipedia. [Cited 2018 Jun 30.] Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_car&oldid =848201994 ASQ.

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[Cited 2018 Jun 26.] Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PDCA Wikimedia Foundation. OODA loop. Wikipedia. [Cited 2019 Jun 10.] Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OODA_loop Ullman D. ‘OO-OO-OO!’ The sound of a broken OODA loop. 2007 Apr 1 [cited 2017 Jun 25]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 268415631_OO-OO-OO_The_sound_of_a_broken_OODA_loop Wikimedia Foundation. Cross-industry standard process for data mining. Wikipedia. [Cited 2019 Jul 12]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php ?title=Cross-industry_standard_process_for_data_mining Godfrey-Smith P.

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Know this: Today’s most interesting and important scientific ideas, discoveries, and developments. New York, NY: Harper Perennial; 2017. Wikimedia Foundation. Internet of things. Wikipedia. [Cited 2018 Jul 2]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things Wikimedia Foundation. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot. [Cited 2019 Jul 15]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot Wikimedia Foundation. History of the automobile. [Cited 2019 Jul 15]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_automobile Gulshan V, et al. Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs.

pages: 255 words: 78,207

Web Scraping With Python: Collecting Data From the Modern Web by Ryan Mitchell

AltaVista, Amazon Web Services, Apollo 13, cloud computing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, data science, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Guido van Rossum, information security, machine readable, meta-analysis, natural language processing, optical character recognition, random walk, self-driving car, Turing test, web application

.), but I’m simply collecting the title field from each page, for now. In your newly created articleSpider.py file, write the following: from scrapy.selector import Selector from scrapy import Spider from wikiSpider.items import Article class ArticleSpider(Spider): name="article" allowed_domains = ["en.wikipedia.org"] start_urls = ["http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29"] def parse(self, response): item = Article() title = response.xpath('//h1/text()')[0].extract() print("Title is: "+title) item['title'] = title return item The name of this object (ArticleSpider) is different from the name of the directory (WikiSpider), indicating that this class in particular is responsible for spidering only through article pages, under the broader category of WikiSpider.

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Using modi‐ fied code from Chapter 3, the following script does just that: from urllib.request import urlopen from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import datetime import random import re random.seed(datetime.datetime.now()) def getLinks(articleUrl): html = urlopen("http://en.wikipedia.org"+articleUrl) bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html) return bsObj.find("div", {"id":"bodyContent"}).findAll("a", href=re.compile("^(/wiki/)((?!:).)*$")) def getHistoryIPs(pageUrl): #Format of revision history pages is: #http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Title_in_URL&action=history pageUrl = pageUrl.replace("/wiki/", "") historyUrl = "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" +pageUrl+"&action=history" print("history url is: "+historyUrl) html = urlopen(historyUrl) bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html) #finds only the links with class "mw-anonuserlink" which has IP addresses #instead of usernames ipAddresses = bsObj.findAll("a", {"class":"mw-anonuserlink"}) addressList = set() for ipAddress in ipAddresses: addressList.add(ipAddress.get_text()) return addressList links = getLinks("/wiki/Python_(programming_language)") while(len(links) > 0): for link in links: print("-------------------") historyIPs = getHistoryIPs(link.attrs["href"]) for historyIP in historyIPs: print(historyIP) newLink = links[random.randint(0, len(links)-1)].attrs["href"] links = getLinks(newLink) This program uses two main functions: getLinks (which was also used in Chapter 3), and the new getHistoryIPs, which searches for the contents of all links with the 66 | Chapter 4: Using APIs class mw-anonuserlink (indicating an anonymous user with an IP address, rather than a username) and returns it as a set.

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You should already know how to write a Python script that retrieves an arbitrary Wikipedia page and produces a list of links on that page: from urllib.request import urlopen from bs4 import BeautifulSoup html = urlopen("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon") bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html) for link in bsObj.findAll("a"): if 'href' in link.attrs: print(link.attrs['href']) If you look at the list of links produced, you’ll notice that all the articles you’d expect are there: “Apollo 13,” “Philadelphia,” “Primetime Emmy Award,” and so on. However, there are some things that we don’t want as well: //wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us In fact, Wikipedia is full of sidebar, footer, and header links that appear on every page, along with links to the category pages, talk pages, and other pages that do not contain different articles: /wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2014 /wiki/Talk:Kevin_Bacon Recently a friend of mine, while working on a similar Wikipedia-scraping project, mentioned he had written a very large filtering function, with over 100 lines of code, in order to determine whether an internal Wikipedia link was an article page or not.

pages: 589 words: 69,193

Mastering Pandas by Femi Anthony

Amazon Web Services, Bayesian statistics, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, data science, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Internet of things, Large Hadron Collider, natural language processing, p-value, power law, random walk, side project, sparse data, statistical model, Thomas Bayes

The mean, as a calculated value, is often not one of the values observed in the dataset. The main drawback of using the mean is that it is very susceptible to outlier values, or if the dataset is very skewed. For additional information, please refer to these links at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_mean_and_sample_covariance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers, and http://bit.ly/1bv7l4s. The median The median is the data value that divides the set of sorted data values into two halves. It has exactly half of the population to its left and the other half to its right. In the case when the number of values in the dataset is even, the median is the average of the two middle values.

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An example of modeling a Markovian/memoryless random variable is modeling short-term stock price behavior and the idea that it follows a random walk. This leads to what is called the Efficient Market hypothesis in Finance. For more information, refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_walk_hypothesis. The PDF of the exponential distribution is given by =. The expectation and variance are given by the following expression: For a reference, refer to the link at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution. The plot of the distribution and code is given as follows: In [15]: import scipy.stats clrs = colors.cnames x = np.linspace(0,4, 100) expo = scipy.stats.expon lambda_ = [0.5, 1, 2, 5] plt.figure(figsize=(12,4)) for l,c in zip(lambda_,clrs): plt.plot(x, expo.pdf(x, scale=1.

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A good example in the area of retail would be Target Corporation, which has invested substantially in big data and is now able to identify potential customers by using big data to analyze people's shopping habits online; refer to a related article at http://nyti.ms/19LT8ic. Loosely speaking, big data refers to the phenomenon wherein the amount of data exceeds the capability of the recipients of the data to process it. Here is a Wikipedia entry on big data that sums it up nicely: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data. 4 V's of big data A good way to start thinking about the complexities of big data is along what are called the 4 dimensions, or 4 V's of big data. This model was first introduced as the 3V's by Gartner analyst Doug Laney in 2001. The 3V's stood for Volume, Velocity, and Variety, and the 4th V, Veracity, was added later by IBM.

pages: 139 words: 35,022

Roads and Bridges by Nadia Eghbal

AGPL, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, barriers to entry, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), corporate social responsibility, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, David Heinemeier Hansson, Debian, DevOps, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, GnuPG, Guido van Rossum, Ken Thompson, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, leftpad, Marc Andreessen, market design, Network effects, platform as a service, pull request, Richard Stallman, Ruby on Rails, Salesforce, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, software is eating the world, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, Tragedy of the Commons, Y Combinator

[34] https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49910 [35] http://thehill.com/policy/transportation/255264-mccarthy-were-going-to-make-sure-we-get-the-highway-bill-done [36] http://www.wsj.com/articles/house-passes-five-year-transportation-bill-1449167609 [37] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dig [38] http://www.zdnet.com/article/as-dbms-wars-continue-postgresql-shows-most-momentum/ [39] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL [40] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language) [41] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground [42] Monthly code commits by language. Commits including multiple languages are counted once for each language. Black Duck’s Open Hub pulls from over 650,000 open source projects.

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Data accessed May 20, 2016. https://www.openhub.net/languages/compare [43] https://story.californiasunday.com/tim-hwang-infrastructure-tourist [44] http://blog.codinghorror.com/the-magpie-developer/ [45] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force [46] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) [47] https://www.quora.com/How-was-the-idea-to-develop-React-conceived-and-how-many-people-worked-on-developing-it-and-implementing-it-at-Facebook/answer/Bill-Fisher-17 [48] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/React_(JavaScript_library) [49] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(programming_language) [50] https://github.com/facebook/react/blob/master/PATENTS [51] http://venturebeat.com/2015/06/13/docker-now-valued-at-1b-paid-someone-799-for-its-logo-on-99designs/ [52] http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-14/docker-said-to-join-1-billion-valuation-club-with-new-funding [53] https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/meteor [54] http://info.meteor.com/blog/announcing-meteor-galaxy [55] http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/06/its-actually-open-source-software-thats-eating-the-world/ [56] http://words.steveklabnik.com/is-npm-worth-26mm [57] https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/github [58] http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303292204577517111643094308 [59] https://www.python.org/doc/essays/foreword/ [60] http://blog.codeeval.com/codeevalblog/2015#.VjvKZhNViko= [61] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum [62] http://skillcrush.com/2015/02/02/37-rails-sites/ [63] https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/wiki/SuccessStories [64] https://twistedmatrix.com/glyph/ [65] https://peerj.com/preprints/1233.pdf [66] Email interview with Arash Payan [67] https://medium.com/@shazow/urllib3-stripe-and-open-source-grants-edb9c0e46e82 [68] https://readthedocs.org/sustainability/ [69] https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2015/12/10/mozilla-open-source-support-first-awards-made/ [70] http://blog.readthedocs.com/ads-on-read-the-docs/ [71] Skype interview with Eric Holscher [72] http://david.heinemeierhansson.com/2013/the-perils-of-mixing-open-source-and-money.html [73] http://blog.codinghorror.com/is-money-useless-to-open-source-projects/ [74] http://www.datamation.com/open-source/linus-torvalds-and-others-on-community-burnout-1.html [75] http://www.apple.com/customer-letter/ [76] https://www.blackducksoftware.com/future-of-open-source [77] http://redmonk.com/sogrady/2013/12/19/dvcs-and-git-2013/#ixzz2qyfVpSR9 [78] As of January 6, 2016. https://www.openhub.net/repositories/compare [79] http://readwrite.com/2014/01/21/git-subversion-developers [80] https://github.com/blog/841-those-are-some-big-numbers [81] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub [82] https://github.com/blog/1724-10-million-repositories [83] http://dirkriehle.com/publications/2008-2/the-total-growth-of-open-source/ [84] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_Overflow [85] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ [86] http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/271080/the-mit-license-clarity-on-using-code-on-stack-overflow-and-stack-exchange [87] http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/272956/a-new-code-license-the-mit-this-time-with-attribution-required [88] http://www.infoworld.com/article/2615869/open-source-software/github-needs-to-take-open-source-seriously.html [89] http://www.infoworld.com/article/2611422/open-source-software/github-finally-takes-open-source-licenses-seriously.html [90] http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/04/18/github_licensing_study/ [91] https://twitter.com/monkchips/status/247584170967175169 [92] http://blog.codinghorror.com/please-dont-learn-to-code/ [93] https://medium.com/@wob/the-sad-state-of-web-development-1603a861d29f#.443lcznv1 [94] https://coderanger.net/funding-foss/ [95] Email interview with Hynek Schlawack [96] http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Security-experts-expect-Shellshock-software-bug-to-be-significant/articleshow/43657819.cms [97] http://www.scmagazineuk.com/openssh-flaw-opens-the-door-to-brute-force-attackers/article/428304/ [98] http://arstechnica.com/security/2016/01/bug-that-can-leak-crypto-keys-just-fixed-in-widely-used-openssh/ [99] https://medium.com/@christophera/i-ve-been-working-to-address-this-gap-for-a-while-thus-my-recent-exploration-of-the-commons-in-my-8094d41a874a#.qyh31ida4 Quote edited for clarity by source

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pages: 322 words: 84,752

Pax Technica: How the Internet of Things May Set Us Free or Lock Us Up by Philip N. Howard

Aaron Swartz, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, blood diamond, Bretton Woods, Brian Krebs, British Empire, butter production in bangladesh, call centre, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, clean water, cloud computing, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, digital map, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Google Earth, Hacker News, Howard Rheingold, income inequality, informal economy, information security, Internet of things, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Kibera, Kickstarter, land reform, M-Pesa, Marshall McLuhan, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, mobile money, Mohammed Bouazizi, national security letter, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, obamacare, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, packet switching, pension reform, prediction markets, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Skype, spectrum auction, statistical model, Stuxnet, Tactical Technology Collective, technological determinism, trade route, Twitter Arab Spring, undersea cable, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks, zero day

Rebecca MacKinnon, “Keynote Speech on Surveillance,” in Opening Ceremony of the Freedom Online Conference, 2013, accessed September 30, 2014, http://consentofthenetworked.com/2013/06/17/freedom-online-keynote/. 10. “Aaron Swartz,” Wikipedia, accessed June 29, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz. 11. “Russian Business Network,” Wikipedia, accessed June 19, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Business_Network. 12. “Zero-Day Attack,” Wikipedia, accessed June 21, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-day_attack. 13. “U.S.-Style Personal Data Gathering Is Spreading Worldwide,” Forbes, accessed June 29, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/adamtanner/2013/10/16/u-s-style-personal-data-gathering-spreading-worldwide/; Paul Schwartz, Managing Global Privacy (Berkeley: ThePrivacyProjects.org, January 2009), accessed September 30, 2014, http://theprivacyprojects.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/The-Privacy-Projects-Paul-Schwartz-Global-Data-Flows-20093.pdf. 14.

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Internet Census 2012: Port Scanning /0 Using Insecure Embedded Devices, 2012, accessed September 15, 2014, http://internetcensus2012.bitbucket.org/paper.html. 2. Edith Penrose and Christos Pitelis, The Theory of the Growth of the Firm (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009); “Edith Penrose,” Wikipedia, accessed June 23, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Penrose. 3. “Hudson’s Bay Company,” Wikipedia, accessed June 15, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson’s_Bay_Company; “East India Company (English Trading Company),” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed June 16, 2014, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/176643/East-India-Company. 4. “ITU: Committed to Connecting the World,” accessed June 16, 2014, http://www.itu.int/. 5.

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Associated Press, “US Secretly Created ‘Cuban Twitter’ to Stir Unrest and Undermine Government,” Guardian, April 3, 2014, accessed September 30, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/03/us-cuban-twitter-zunzuneo-stir-unrest. 35. “Storm Botnet,” Wikipedia, accessed June 30, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_botnet. 36. “Kraken Botnet,” Wikipedia, accessed June 19, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraken_botnet. 37. “The Spamhaus Project,” accessed June 20, 2014, http://www.spamhaus.org/. 38. Raphael Satter, “Spamhaus Hit with ‘Largest Publicly Announced DDoS Attack’ Ever, Affecting Internet Users Worldwide,” Huffington Post, March 27, 2013, accessed September 30, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/27/spamhaus-cyber-attack_n_2963632.html?

pages: 398 words: 86,023

The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia by Andrew Lih

Albert Einstein, AltaVista, barriers to entry, Benjamin Mako Hill, Bill Atkinson, c2.com, Cass Sunstein, citation needed, commons-based peer production, crowdsourcing, Debian, disinformation, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Ford Model T, Free Software Foundation, Hacker Ethic, HyperCard, index card, Jane Jacobs, Jason Scott: textfiles.com, jimmy wales, Ken Thompson, Kickstarter, Marshall McLuhan, Mitch Kapor, Network effects, optical character recognition, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Stallman, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, social software, Steve Jobs, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the long tail, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tragedy of the Commons, urban planning, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush, wikimedia commons, Y2K, Yochai Benkler

title=The_Death_and_Life_of_Great_American _Cities & oldid=5639 (retrieved June 8, 2007). 36. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Rambot/Delete 17:32, 11 Sep 2003 (UTC). 37. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots#Restrictions_on _specific_tasks. 38. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Seth_Ilys/Dot_Project. 39. http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Seth_Ilys/Dot_Project. 40. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules& oldid=54587. 41. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view. 42. http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability. 43. Wikipedia has come so far that inclusion implies societal validation of a concept. 44. http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/ 2003-November/008153.html. 45. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_war. Notes_233 46. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Three_revert _rule _enforcement. 47.

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title=Wikipedia:Be_bold& oldid=38947. 30. http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/ 2003-February/001149.html. 31. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_new_administrators. 32. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Awareness_statistics. 33. http://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaEN.htm. 34. 4,687 editors made more than 100 edits each that month. 35. http://wikisummaries.org/index.php?title=The_Death_and_Life_of_Great_American _Cities & oldid=5639 (retrieved June 8, 2007). 36. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Rambot/Delete 17:32, 11 Sep 2003 (UTC). 37. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots#Restrictions_on _specific_tasks. 38. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Seth_Ilys/Dot_Project. 39. http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Seth_Ilys/Dot_Project. 40. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

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tag=st.next. 75. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Semi-protection_policy#Semi -protection. 76. http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/index.php?id=1909. 77. http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/wikipedia=oops/. 78. http://en.wikipedia.org / w/ index.php?title =Talk:Imprimatur& diff= prev& oldid= 12614544. 79. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_notice board/Incidents& diff=47360865& oldid=47360559. 80. http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales_asks _Wikipedian_to_resign_ %22his_po sitions_of_trust %22_over_nonexistent_degrees. 81. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2007-03-05/Essjay.

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Numpy Beginner's Guide - Third Edition by Ivan Idris

algorithmic trading, business intelligence, Conway's Game of Life, correlation coefficient, data science, Debian, discrete time, en.wikipedia.org, functional programming, general-purpose programming language, Khan Academy, p-value, random walk, reversible computing, time value of money

To learn about the datetime64 data type, start a Python shell and import NumPy as follows: $ python >>> import numpy as np Create a datetime64 from a string (you can use another date if you like): >>> np.datetime64('2015-04-22') numpy.datetime64('2015-04-22') In the preceding code, we created a datetime64 for April 22, 2015, which happens to be Earth Day. We used the YYYY-MM-DD format, where Y corresponds to the year, M corresponds to the month, and D corresponds to the day of the month. NumPy uses the ISO 8601 standard (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601 ). This is an internatonal standard to represent dates and tmes. ISO 8601 allows the YYYY-MM-DD, YYYY-MM, and YYYYMMDD formats. Check for yourself, as follows: >>> np.datetime64('2015-04-22') numpy.datetime64('2015-04-22') >>> np.datetime64('2015-04') numpy.datetime64('2015-04') 2.

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The SMA is, afer all, nothing more than a convoluton with equal weights or, if you like, unweighted. Convoluton is a mathematcal operaton on two functons defned as the integral of the product of the two functons afer one of the functons is reversed and shifed. ( f ∗ g ) ( t ) = ∫ −∞ f ( τ ) g ( t − τ ) d τ = ∫ −∞ f ( t − τ ) g ( τ ) d τ Convoluton is described on Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Convolution . Khan Academy also has a tutorial on convoluton at https://www.khanacademy.org/math/differential- equations/laplace-transform/convolution-integral/v/ introduction-to-the-convolution . Use the following steps to compute the SMA: 1. Use the ones() functon to create an array of size N and elements initalized to 1 , and then, divide the array by N to give us the weights: N = 5 weights = np.ones(N) / N print("Weights", weights) For N = 5 , this gives us the following output: Weights [ 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2] 2.

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Keeping an open mind, let's assume that we can express a stock price p as a linear combinaton of previous values, that is, a sum of those values multplied by certain coefcients we need to determine: N p t = b + ∑ i= 1 a t − i p t − i In linear algebra terms, this boils down to fnding a least-squares method (see https:// www.khanacademy.org/math/linear-algebra/alternate_bases/orthogonal_ projections/v/linear-algebra-least-squares-approximation ). Independently of each other, the astronomers Legendre and Gauss created the least squares method around 1805 (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares ). The method was initally used to analyze the moton of celestal bodies. The algorithm minimizes the sum of the squared residuals (the diference between measured and predicted values): ∑ n ( measured i − predicted i ) 2 i= 1 The recipe goes as follows: 1. First, form a vector b containing N price values: b = c[-N:] b = b[::-1] print("b", x) The result is as follows: b [ 351.99 346.67 352.47 355.76 355.36] 2.

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Robots Will Steal Your Job, But That's OK: How to Survive the Economic Collapse and Be Happy by Pistono, Federico

3D printing, Albert Einstein, autonomous vehicles, bioinformatics, Buckminster Fuller, cloud computing, computer vision, correlation does not imply causation, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, Firefox, future of work, gamification, George Santayana, global village, Google Chrome, happiness index / gross national happiness, hedonic treadmill, illegal immigration, income inequality, information retrieval, Internet of things, invention of the printing press, Jeff Hawkins, jimmy wales, job automation, John Markoff, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, Lao Tzu, Law of Accelerating Returns, life extension, Loebner Prize, longitudinal study, means of production, Narrative Science, natural language processing, new economy, Occupy movement, patent troll, pattern recognition, peak oil, post scarcity, QR code, quantum entanglement, race to the bottom, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, RFID, Rodney Brooks, selection bias, self-driving car, seminal paper, slashdot, smart cities, software as a service, software is eating the world, speech recognition, Steven Pinker, strong AI, synthetic biology, technological singularity, TED Talk, Turing test, Vernor Vinge, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, women in the workforce

Vellalars (also, Velalars, Vellalas) were, originally, an elite caste of Tamil agricultural landlords in Tamil Nadu, Kerala states in India and in neighbouring Sri Lanka; they were the nobility, aristocracy of the ancient Tamil order (Chera/Chola/Pandya/Sangam era) and had close relations with the different royal dynasties. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_peoples http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellalar named Sessa or Sissa. There exist many different variation of the same story, one set in the Roman Empire involving a brave general and his Cæsar, another with two merchants at the market, all different situations producing the same result. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_and_chessboard_problem 24 Image courtesy of Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wheat_Chessboard_with_line.svg 25 Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, Gordon E.

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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-room/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room 28 A ‘facepalm’ is the physical gesture of placing one’s hand flat across one’s face or lowering one’s face into one’s hand or hands. The gesture is found in many cultures as a display of frustration, disappointment, embarrassment, shock, or surprise. It has been popularised as an Internet meme based on an image of the character Captain Jean-Luc Picard performing the gesture in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode “DéjàQ”. http://picardfacepalm.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facepalm 29 Intelligence Without Reason, Rodney A.

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http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm 94 Freedom on the Net 2011 – A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital Media Freedom, 2011. Freedom House. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/freedom-net-2011 95 Internet censorship in the United States. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States 96 PROTECT IP / SOPA Breaks The Internet, Kirby Ferguson, 2012. http://vimeo.com/31100268 97 Stop Online Piracy Act. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act 98 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement What is ACTA?. Electronic Frontier Foundation. https://www.eff.org/issues/acta 99 Extracts from the Slashdot discussion on SOPA, 2012.

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How to Fix Copyright by William Patry

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, barriers to entry, big-box store, borderless world, bread and circuses, business cycle, business intelligence, citizen journalism, cloud computing, commoditize, content marketing, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, digital divide, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, Frederick Winslow Taylor, George Akerlof, Glass-Steagall Act, Gordon Gekko, haute cuisine, informal economy, invisible hand, John Perry Barlow, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, lone genius, means of production, moral panic, new economy, road to serfdom, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, search costs, semantic web, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, The Chicago School, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, Twitter Arab Spring, Tyler Cowen, vertical integration, winner-take-all economy, zero-sum game

Professor Kostylo’s commentary is available at: http://www.copyrighthistory.org/cgi-bin/kleioc/0010/exec/ ausgabeCom/%22i_1545%22. See Early Music Borrowing (Honey Meconi ed. 2004); http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_mass. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphrase_mass. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez. K. 180. For further examples and a discussion, see Charles Rosen’s article, “Inﬂuence: Plagiarism and Inspiration,” in 19th Century Music, Issue 2, Autumn 1980, pages 87–100. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_%28web_application_ hybrid%29; Matthew Rimmer, Copyright Law and Mash-Ups: A Policy Paper, Australian National University (2010); “Mashing-Up Culture: The Rise of User-Generated Content,” Proceedings from the COUNTER Workshop, Uppsala University, May 13–14, 2009); James Boyle, The Public Domain, Chapter 6 (“I Got a Mashup”) (2008, Yale University Press); Olufunmilayo Arewa, From J.C.

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Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives,106th Congress, 2d Session, page 120 (May 25, 2000). Serial No. 145. Available at: http://commdocs.house.gov/ committees/judiciary/hju65223.000/hju65223_0f.htm. 23. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_system. 24. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States# Golden_Age_of_Hollywood. 25. 334 U.S. 131 (1948). 26. Edward Jay Epstein, The Big Picture: Money and Power in Hollywood 112 (2006, Random House). See also Schuyler Moore, The Biz: The Basic Business, Legal and Financial Aspects of the Film Industry (2007, 3d edition, Silman-James Press). 27. http://thehollywoodeconomist.blogspot.com.

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The Athenians made good on this realpolitik by killing the Melian men, enslaving the Melian women and children, and then repopulating it as an Athenian state. See http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Melian_dialogue, and A.B., Bosworth. “The Humanitarian Aspect of the Melian Dialogue.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies 113 (1993): 31, http://www.jstor.org/stable/632396; W. Liebeschuetz. “The Structure and Function of the Melian Dialogue.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies 88 (1968): 75, http://www.jstor. org/stable/628672. 47. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melian_dialogue. 48. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8681410. See http://www .michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5563/125/. 49.

Programming Computer Vision with Python by Jan Erik Solem

augmented reality, computer vision, database schema, en.wikipedia.org, optical character recognition, pattern recognition, text mining, Thomas Bayes, web application

A planar scene will have a high inlier count for an affine transformation. Build a panograph (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panography) from a collection (for example from Flickr) by matching local features and using least-squares rigid registration. * * * [8] A convex combination is a linear combination ∑jαjxi (in this case of the triangle points) such that all coefficients αj are non-negative and sum to 1. [9] The edges are actually the dual graph of a Voronoi diagram. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaunay_triangulation. [10] Images are courtesy of J. K. Keller (with permission). See http://jk-keller.com/daily-photo/ for more details.

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Morphology is usually applied to binary images but can be used with grayscale also. A binary image is an image in which each pixel takes only two values, usually 0 and 1. Binary images are often the result of thresholding an image, for example with the intention of counting objects or measuring their size. A good summary of morphology and how it works is in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_morphology. Morphological operations are included in the scipy.ndimage module morphology. Counting and measurement functions for binary images are in the scipy.ndimage module measurements. Let’s look at a simple example of how to use them. Consider the binary image in Figure 1-12.[4] Counting the objects in that image can be done using: from scipy.ndimage import measurements,morphology # load image and threshold to make sure it is binary im = array(Image.open('houses.png').convert('L')) im = 1*(im<128) labels, nbr_objects = measurements.label(im) print "Number of objects:", nbr_objects This loads the image and makes sure it is binary by thresholding.

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As you can see, ROF de-noising preserves edges and image structures while at the same time blurring out the “noise.” Exercises Take an image and apply Gaussian blur like in Figure 1-9. Plot the image contours for increasing values of σ. What happens? Can you explain why? Implement an unsharp masking operation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsharp_masking) by blurring an image and then subtracting the blurred version from the original. This gives a sharpening effect to the image. Try this on both color and grayscale images. An alternative image normalization to histogram equalization is a quotient image. A quotient image is obtained by dividing the image with a blurred version I/(I * Gσ).

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An Elegant Puzzle: Systems of Engineering Management by Will Larson

Ben Horowitz, Cass Sunstein, Clayton Christensen, data science, DevOps, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, functional programming, Google Earth, hive mind, Innovator's Dilemma, iterative process, Kanban, Kickstarter, Kubernetes, loose coupling, microservices, MITM: man-in-the-middle, no silver bullet, pull request, Richard Thaler, seminal paper, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, statistical model, systems thinking, the long tail, web application

_encoding=UTF8andbtkr=1 15. https://lethain.com/guiding-broad-change-with-metrics/ 16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-level_objective 17. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKR 18. https://lethain.com/goals-and-baselines/ 19. https://stripe.com/blog/aws-reserved-instances 20. https://lethain.com/goals-and-baselines/ 21. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00A5DCALY/ 22. https://lethain.com/productivity-in-the-age-of-hypergrowth/ 23. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_aren%27t_gonna_need_it 24. https://lethain.com/refactoring-programmatically/ 25. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_(software) 26. https://lethain.com/goals-and-baselines/ 27. https://lethain.com/strategies-visions/ 28. https://lethain.com/strategies-visions/ 29. https://lethain.com/roles-over-rocket-ships/ 30. https://lethain.com/partnering-with-your-manager/ 31. https://lethain.com/digg-v4-architecture-process/ 32. https://www.amazon.com/ALL-NEW-Dont-Think-Elephant/dp/160358594X/ 33. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban 34. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_(software) 35. https://lethain.com/selecting-project-leads/ 36. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!

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_encoding=UTF8andbtkr=1 45. https://lethain.com/first-team/ 46. https://lethain.com/hosting-paper-reading-group/ Chapter 4: Approaches 1. https://lethain.com/strategies-visions/ 2. https://www.amazon.com/Phoenix-Project-DevOps-Helping-Business/dp/0988262592 3. https://lethain.com/case-against-top-down-global-optimization/ 4. https://lethain.com/productivity-in-the-age-of-hypergrowth/ 5. https://lethain.com/infrastructure-between-cost-center-and-before-ego-trip/ 6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule 7. https://medium.com/@evnowandforever/f-you-i-quit-hiring-is-broken-bb8f3a48d324 8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic#Hegelian_dialectic 9. https://lethain.com/adding-value-as-an-engineering-manager/ 10. https://lethain.com/ways-engineering-managers-get-stuck/ 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Earth 12. https://lethain.com/ways-engineering-managers-get-stuck/ 13. https://www.amazon.com/Getting-Right-Tao-Contemporary-Ching/dp/0982473982 14. https://lethain.com/some-of-my-favorite-technical-papers/ 15. https://lethain.com/good-strategy-bad-strategy/ 16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_analysis Chapter 5: Culture 1. https://lethain.com/selecting-project-leads/ 2. https://lethain.com/selecting-project-leads/ 3. https://lethain.com/hosting-paper-reading-group/ 4. https://www.donut.com/ 5. https://lethain.com/sizing-engineering-teams/ 6. https://www.attack-gecko.net/2018/06/25/building-a-first-team-mindset/ 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooney_Rule 8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_Bobby_McGee 9. http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html 10. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberty-positive-negative/ 11. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberty-positive-negative/#ParPosLib 12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_dynamics 13. https://www.amazon.com/Slack-Getting-Burnout-Busywork-Efficiency/dp/0767907698 14. https://a16z.com/2014/02/06/6147/ 15. https://www.amazon.com/Innovators-Dilemma-Revolutionary-Change-Business/dp/0062060244 16. https://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Systems-Donella-H-Meadows/dp/1603580557/ 17. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowl 18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_series Chapter 6: Careers 1. https://www.wired.com/story/surviving-as-an-old-in-the-tech-world/ 2. https://blog.wealthfront.com/how-long-should-you-stay-at-your-job/ 3. https://www.linkedin.com/in/will-larson-a44b543/ 4. http://randsinrepose.com/archives/wanted/ 5. https://www.comparably.com/blog/best-places-to-work-competition/ 6. https://www.lever.co/ 7. http://www.greenhouse.io/ 8. https://lethain.com/membership-opportunity/ 9. https://lethain.com/membership-opportunity/ 10. https://jvns.ca/blog/2017/12/31/2017--year-in-review/ 11. https://lethain.com/first-team/ 12. https://www.businessinsider.com/stack-ranking-employees-is-a-bad-idea-2013-11 13. https://www.amazon.com/Work-Rules-Insights-Inside-Transform-ebook/dp/B00MEMMVB8 14. https://lethain.com/skew-the-frontend-engineer-s-misery/ 15. https://lethain.com/hiring-funnel/ 16. https://lethain.com/perf-management-system/ 17. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_Reliability_Engineering 18. https://lethain.com/running-an-engineering-reorg/ 19. https://lethain.com/career-levels-and-more/ 20. https://lethain.com/perf-management-system/ 21. https://lethain.com/hiring-funnel/ 22. https://www.amazon.com/Cracking-Coding-Interview-Programming-Questions/dp/098478280X 23. https://lethain.com/hiring-funnel/ 24. https://lethain.com/perf-management-system/ 25. https://lethain.com/perf-management-system/ Chapter 7: Appendix 1. https://twitter.com/davinbogan 2. https://lethain.com/hosting-paper-reading-group/ 3. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Lampson 4. https://12factor.net 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAP_theorem 6. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Harvest%2C-Yield-and-Scalable-Tolerant-Systems-Fox-Brewer/50158bc1a8a67295ab7bce0550886a9859000dc2 7. https://zipkin.io/ 8. https://opentracing.io/ 9. http://kafka.apache.org/ 10. http://catb.org/jargon/html/S/second-system-effect.html 11. https://www.jwz.org/doc/worse-is-better.html 12. http://mesos.apache.org/ 13. https://medium.com/netflix-techblog/prana-a-sidecar-for-your-netflix-paas-based-applications-and-services-258a5790a015 14. https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd 15. https://www.influxdata.com/ 16. https://zookeeper.apache.org/ 17. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLA%2B 18. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/YubiKey 19. https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/login_dec14_02_ward.pdf 20. https://parasol.tamu.edu/pivot/ 21. https://ai.google/research/pubs/pub41342 Chapter 7: Appendix; Books I’ve found very useful 1. https://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Systems-Donella-H-Meadows/dp/1603580557/ref=sr_1_1?

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The Shifts and the Shocks: What We've Learned--And Have Still to Learn--From the Financial Crisis by Martin Wolf

air freight, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, asset-backed security, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, Berlin Wall, Black Swan, bonus culture, break the buck, Bretton Woods, business cycle, call centre, capital asset pricing model, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, collateralized debt obligation, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, currency risk, debt deflation, deglobalization, Deng Xiaoping, diversification, double entry bookkeeping, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, eurozone crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fiat currency, financial deregulation, financial innovation, financial repression, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, forward guidance, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, global rebalancing, global reserve currency, Growth in a Time of Debt, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, inflation targeting, information asymmetry, invisible hand, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, labour market flexibility, labour mobility, Les Trente Glorieuses, light touch regulation, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, mandatory minimum, margin call, market bubble, market clearing, market fragmentation, Martin Wolf, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, Minsky moment, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage debt, negative equity, new economy, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, open economy, paradox of thrift, Paul Samuelson, price stability, private sector deleveraging, proprietary trading, purchasing power parity, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, Real Time Gross Settlement, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, Richard Feynman, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, savings glut, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, shareholder value, short selling, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, subprime mortgage crisis, tail risk, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Market for Lemons, the market place, The Myth of the Rational Market, the payments system, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, vertical integration, very high income, winner-take-all economy, zero-sum game

The International Monetary Fund’s Global Financial Stability Report for April 2006 stated, baldly and boldly: ‘There is growing recognition that the dispersion of credit risk by banks to a broader and more diverse set of investors, rather than warehousing such risk on their balance sheets, has helped make the banking and overall financial system more resilient.’ See Global Financial Stability Report (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 2006), p. 51. 8. On IKB, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKB_Deutsche_Industriebank, on the eight Norwegian municipalities, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Securities_scandal, and on Narvik, in particular, which lost $18 million in August 2007, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narvik. 9. Skidelsky, Keynes, p. 8, and Tom Braithwaite and Chris Tighe, ‘Patient Queues in Very British Bank Run’, Financial Times, 14 September 2007. 10. Paul McCulley invented the term ‘Shadow Banking System’ for intermediation via money-market funds, special investment vehicles (SIVs), conduits and hedge funds.

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See Lawrence Summers, ‘Why Stagnation might Prove to be the New Normal’, 15 December 2013, Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/87cb15ea-5d1a-11e3-a558-00144feabdc0.html. On Alvin Hansen, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Hansen. 55. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund#Size_of_SWFs and http://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings/. 56. See Kenneth Rogoff, ‘Globalization and Global Deflation’, Paper prepared for the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City conference on ‘Monetary Policy and Uncertainty: Adapting to a Changing Economy’, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, 29 August 2003, https://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2003/082903.htm. 57. See ‘Moore’s Law’, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore’s_law. 58. On the forces driving inequality and their consequences, see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising (Paris: OECD, 2011), Joseph Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers our Future (New York and London: Norton, 2012), and Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA, and London, England, 2014). 59.

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Financial Times, 22 August 2013, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6fea2b90-09bf-11e3-ad07-00144feabdc0.html. 3. ‘Declaration on Strengthening the Financial System’, London Summit, 2 April 2009, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/g20_summit/2009-1/annex2.html. 4. On Basel III, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_III. 5. On Basel I, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_I. 6. On Basel II, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_II. 7. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, ‘Basel III: A Global Regulatory Framework for More Resilient Banks and Banking Systems’, December 2010 (revised June 2011), http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs189.pdf. See also Independent Commission on Banking, Final Report: Recommendations, London, September 2011, p. 84, https://hmt-sanctions.s3.amazonaws.com/ICB20final%20reportICB%2520Final%2520Report%5B1%5D.pdf. 8.

Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project by Karl Fogel

active measures, AGPL, barriers to entry, Benjamin Mako Hill, collaborative editing, continuous integration, Contributor License Agreement, corporate governance, Debian, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, GnuPG, Hacker Ethic, Hacker News, intentional community, Internet Archive, iterative process, Kickstarter, natural language processing, off-by-one error, patent troll, peer-to-peer, pull request, revision control, Richard Stallman, selection bias, slashdot, software as a service, software patent, SpamAssassin, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, Wayback Machine, web application, zero-sum game

You may be able to avoid a lot of the headache of choosing and configuring many of these tools by using a canned hosting site: an online service that offers prepackaged, templatized web services with some or all of the collaboration tools needed to run a free software project. See the section called “Canned Hosting” later in this chapter for a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of canned hosting. * * * [26] From his book The Mythical Man Month, 1975. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mythical_Man-Month, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Law, and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Brooks. Web Site For our purposes, the web site means web pages devoted to helping people participate in the project as developers, documenters, etc. Note that this is different from the main user-facing web site. In many projects, users have different needs and often (statistically speaking) a different mentality from the developers.

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[51] While some selection bias no doubt informs my experience — after all, the consultant tends to get brought in when things are going wrong, not when they're going right — my assertion that proprietary vendors don't get open source right if left to their own habits is based not just on my own experiences but also on talking to many other people, who report the same finding with remarkable consistency. [52] For a more general discussion of IV&V, see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_and_validation and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation. Note that neither of those discusses open source specifically, however Funding Non-Programming Activities Programming is only part of the work that goes on in an open source project. From the point of view of the project's participants, it's the most visible and glamorous part.

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But the packagers are also doing the project a favor, by taking on a mostly unglamorous job in order to make the software more widely available, often by orders of magnitude. It's fine to disagree with packagers, but don't flame them; just try to work things out as best you can. * * * [73] See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minification_%28programming%29. [74] Your all-caps files — README, INSTALL, etc — may of course have ".txt" extensions, or ".md" to indicate Markdown (daringfireball.net/projects/markdown) format, etc. [75] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation_software_rebranded_by_the_Debian_project#Iceweasel gives a well-known example of this. Testing and Releasing Once the source distribution is produced from the stabilized release branch, the public part of the release process begins.

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I Think You'll Find It's a Bit More Complicated Than That by Ben Goldacre

Aaron Swartz, call centre, conceptual framework, confounding variable, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, Desert Island Discs, Dr. Strangelove, drug harm reduction, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, Firefox, Flynn Effect, Helicobacter pylori, jimmy wales, John Snow's cholera map, Loebner Prize, meta-analysis, moral panic, nocebo, placebo effect, publication bias, selection bias, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), seminal paper, Simon Singh, social distancing, statistical model, stem cell, Stephen Fry, sugar pill, the scientific method, Turing test, two and twenty, WikiLeaks

view=long&pmid=16014596 Kids Who Spot Bullshit, and the Adults Who Get Upset About It Kids Who Spot: http://www.badscience.net/2011/06/kids-who-spot-bullshit-and-the-adults-who-get-upset-about-it/ Ryan Giggs’s penis: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Giggs Brain Gym: http://www.badscience.net/2011/06/category/brain-gym/ writing about since 2003: http://www.badscience.net/2011/06/2003/06/work-out-your-mind/ pay hundreds of thousands: http://www.davidcolarusso.com/blog/?p=48 hundreds of state schools: http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=%22brain+gym%22+inurl%3Asch.uk Emily Rosa: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Rosa published a scientific paper: http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/279/13/1005.full Journal of the American Medical Association: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association practitioners were deeply unhappy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Rosa Rhys Morgan: http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/sep/15/miracle-mineral-solutions-mms-bleach www.crohnsforum.com: http://www.crohnsforum.com/ finding official documents: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm220756.htm The adults banned him: http://thewelshboyo.co.uk/?

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id=646 what statisticians call the ‘specificity’: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_(tests) Benford’s Law: Using Stats to Bust an Entire Nation for Naughtiness Benford’s Law: http://www.badscience.net/2011/09/benfords-law-using-stats-to-bust-an-entire-nation-for-naughtiness/ something called Benford’s Law: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford%27s_law 61,838,154 in 2009: http://www.google.co.uk/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_pop_totl&idim=country:GBR&dl=en&hl=en&q=uk+population think about why this happens: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benfords_law testingbenfordslaw.com: http://testingbenfordslaw.com/ Twitter users’ follower counts: http://testingbenfordslaw.com/twitter-users-by-followers-count books in different libraries: http://testingbenfordslaw.com/total-number-of-print-materials-in-us-libraries countries’ economic data: http://econpapers.repec.org/article/blagermec/v_3a10_3ay_3a2009_3ai_3a_3ap_3a339-351.htm the results were published: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2011.00542.x/abstract hat-tip to Tim Harford: http://timharford.com/2011/09/look-out-for-no-1/ macroeconomic data: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/esa95_supply_use_input_tables/data/workbooks online repository Eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/esa95_supply_use_input_tables/introduction run several investigations: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/product_details/publication?

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q=coffee+hallucinations+location%3Auk exactly what the researchers did: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.032 survey is still online: http://psychology.dur.ac.uk:82/srj/caffeine2.html ‘Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale’: http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=Launay-Slade+Hallucination+Scale alternative explanations: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding_variable the academic paper: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.032 the press release: http://www.alphagalileo.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=readrelease&releaseid=535120&ez_search=1 ‘multiple comparisons’: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons no one was there: http://www.thinkgeek.com/caffeine/accessories/5a65/ draw a target around them: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy Voices of the Ancients Voices of the Ancients: http://www.badscience.net/2010/01/voices-of-the-ancients/ Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1240746/Prehistoric-sat-nav-set-ancestors-Britain.html the Metro: http://www.metro.co.uk/news/807855-did-prehistoric-satnav-help-britons-find-their-way Matt Parker: http://www.standupmaths.com/ applied the same techniques: http://bengoldacre.posterous.com/did-aliens-play-a-role-in-woolworths BIG DATA There’s Something Magical About Watching Patterns Emerge from Data There’s Something Magical: http://www.badscience.net/2011/06/theres-something-magical-about-watching-patterns-emerge-from-data/ British Medical Journal: http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d2983.full first NHS reforms: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/nhs Give Us the Data A consultation is under way: http://c561635.r35.cf2.rackcdn.com/A-Consultation-on-Data-Policy-for-a-Public-Data-Corporation.pdf foolishly restrictive: http://pdcconsult.ernestmarples.com/ everyday government data: http://www.theguardian.com/politics/government-data forbidden to repurpose it: http://hadleybeeman.net/2011/01/26/uses-for-open-data/ TheyWorkForYou.com: http://www.theyworkforyou.com/ all our postcode information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom the house-number boundaries: http://ernestmarples.com/blog/2010/01/postcode-petition-response-our-reply/ make the government: http://pdcconsult.ernestmarples.com/ Care.data Can Save Lives: But Not If We Bungle It greatest need in the NHS http://www.theguardian.com/society/nhs at risk by the bungled: http://www.nature.com/news/power-to-the-people-1.14505?

pages: 480 words: 99,288

Mastering ElasticSearch by Rafal Kuc, Marek Rogozinski

Amazon Web Services, book value, business logic, create, read, update, delete, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, finite state, full text search, information retrieval

The following options are available: the internaldefault comparison algorithm based on optimized implementation of the Damerau Levenshtein similarity algorithm, damerau_levenshtein is the implementation of the Damerau Levenshtein string distance algorithm (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damerau–Levenshtein_distance), levenstein which is an implementation of Levenshtein distance (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance), jarowinkler which is an implementation of the Jaro-Winkler distance algorithm (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaro-Winkler_distance) and finally the ngram, which is an n-gram based distance algorithm. Note Because we've used the terms suggester during the initial examples, we decided to skip showing how to query the terms suggester and how the response would look like in this place.

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Communicating with ElasticSearch We talked about how ElasticSearch is built, but after all, the most important part for us is how to feed it with data and how to build your queries. In order to do that ElasticSearch exposes a sophisticated API. The primary API is REST based (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer) and is easy to integrate with practically any system that can send HTTP requests. ElasticSearch assumes that data is sent in the URL, or as the request body as JSON document (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON). If you use Java or language based on JVM, you should look at Java API, which in addition to everything that is offered by the REST API has built-in cluster discovery.

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Let's not discuss it and let's just jump into the practical formula, which is implemented by Apache Lucene and is actually used. Note The information about Boolean model and Vector Space Model of Information Retrieval are far beyond the scope of this book. If you would like to read more about it, start with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Boolean_model and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_Space_Model. The Lucene practical formula Now let's look at the practical formula Apache Lucene uses: As you may be able to see, the score factor for the document is a function of query q and document d. There are two factors that are not dependent directly on query terms, the coord and queryNorm.

pages: 372 words: 67,140

Jenkins Continuous Integration Cookbook by Alan Berg

anti-pattern, continuous integration, Debian, don't repeat yourself, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, information security, job automation, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), performance metric, revision control, web application

Click on the Restore icon. A select box restore backup form will be shown with the dates of the backups. Select the backup just created. Click on the Restore button. To guarantee the consistency, restart the Jenkins server. How it works... The backup scheduler uses the cron notation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron). 1 0 * * 7 means every seventh day of the week at 00:01 AM. 1 1 * * * implies that differential backup occurs once per day at 1.01 A.M. Every seventh day, the previous differentials are deleted. Differential backups contain only files that have been modified since the last full backup.

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The inputted parameters are variations of scripting commands such as<script>alert("random string");</script>. An attack vector is found if the server's response includes the unescaped version of the script. Cross Site Scripting attacks are currently one of the more popular forms of attack (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting). The attack involves injecting script fragments into the client's browser so that the script runs as if it comes from a trusted website. For example, once you have logged in to an application, it is probable that your session ID is stored in a cookie. The injected script might read the value in the cookie and then send the information to another server ready for an attempt at reuse.

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The Mask Passwords plugin removes the password from the screen or the console, replacing each character of the password with the letter "x", thus avoiding accidental reading. You should also always keep this plugin turned on, unless you find undocumented side effects or need to debug a Job. Cross Site Request Forgery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery) occurs, for example, if you accidentally visit a third-party location. A script at that location then tries to make your browser perform an action (such as delete a Job) by making your web browser visit a known URL within Jenkins. Jenkins, thinking that the browser is doing your bidding, then complies with the request.

pages: 1,309 words: 300,991

Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations by Norman Davies

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Celtic Tiger, classic study, Corn Laws, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, labour mobility, land tenure, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, Red Clydeside, Ronald Reagan, Skype, special economic zone, trade route, urban renewal, WikiLeaks

III 125. www.spain-flag.eu/region-spain-flags/aragon.htm (2008). 126. Armand de Fluvià i Escorsa, Els quatre pals: l’escut dels comtes de Barcelona (Barcelona, 1994). 127. See J. Llobera, The Role of Historical Memory in (Ethno)Nation-Building (London, 1996). 128. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/els_segadors (2011). 129. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/himno_de_aragon (2011). 130. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/himno_de_la_comunidad_valenciana (2011). 131. ‘The Anthem of Majorca’, http://www.consellmallorca.net/?&id_parent=272&id_section=1855&id_son=749& (2011). 132. ‘Hymne á la Catalogne’, http:www.oasisdesartistes.com/modules/newbbex/viewtopic.php?

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Claire Wrathall, ‘A Star Reborn’, Financial Times (4–5 June 2011); http://www.amanresorts.com. 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/podgorica (2008). 7. http://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/cetinje (2008). 8. BBC News, 14 November 2002; Steve Hanke, ‘Inflation Nation’, Wall Street Journal (24 May 2006). 9. http://media.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008 (2008); Russia weighed in at 147th, and Belarus at 151st. Denmark is top, Somalia bottom. 10. ‘Controversy over Montenegrin ethnic identity’, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/montenegrins. 11. ‘Montenegro’s Referendum’, www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?=4144 (2006). 12.

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See, for example, Henri Drouot, Histoire de Bourgogne (Paris, 1927), or Jean Richard, Histoire de Bourgogne (Paris, 1957). There is no standard study of the imperial Kingdom of Burgundy in English, and no broad survey of Burgundian history as a whole. I 1. See www.brk.dk; also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bornholm (2007). 2. See www.cimber.com (2010), www.airliners.net/aviation-forums/general_aviation/4474449 (2010). 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki.bornholmsk_dialect (2011); J. D. Prince, ‘The Danish Dialect of Bornholm’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 63/2 (1924), pp. 190–207. 4. ‘Bornholmsk Folkemusik’, http://www.myspace.com/habbadam (2010). 5.

Vanished Kingdoms by Norman Davies

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pages: 523 words: 143,639

Red November: Inside the Secret U.S.-Soviet Submarine War by W. Craig Reed

Albert Einstein, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, cable laying ship, centre right, cuban missile crisis, en.wikipedia.org, fixed-gear, nuclear winter, operation paperclip, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, undersea cable, upwardly mobile

Moore, Potomac Books, 2004, provided a reference for submarine designations and capabilities Running Critical: The Silent War, Rickover, and General Dynamics, Patrick Tyler, Harper & Row Publishers, 1986 The Submarine: A History, Thomas Parrish, Penguin Books, 2004 Power Shift: The Transition to Nuclear Power in the U.S. Submarine Force as Told by Those Who Did It, Dan Gillcrist, iUniverse, 2006 WEBSITES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_G._Rickover http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cubera_(SS-347) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Underwater_Propulsion_Power_Program http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Grider http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Seawolf_(SSN-575) http://www.iwojima.com/ CHAPTER 2 PRIMARY INTERVIEWS Donald Ross, Ph.D., former DEMON sonar project lead in San Diego, provided excellent information regarding SOSUS capabilities and development of submarine sonar systems.

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Goodman, Prince ton University Press, 1989 The Soviet Union and the Arms Race, David Holloway, Yale University Press, 1984 WEBSITES http://www.lostsubs.com/E_Cold.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Thresher_(SSN-593) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Preserver_(ARS-8) http://usnavyphotos.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/ars-8-usspreserver1res cue-85x11.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McNamara http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Military-Communications/US-Navy-worldwide-HF-DF-system-AN-FRD-10-or-Bullseye-United-States.html http://www.jproc.ca/rrp/masset.html http://www.onpedia.com/encyclopedia/Wullenweber http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wullenweber http://coldwar-c4i.net/CDAA/history.html http://www.r-390a.net/faq-systems.htm http://groups.msn.com/ctoseadogs/wullenwebers1.msnw http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/an-flr-9.htm http://www.eham.net/forums/Elmers/201472 http://www.espionageinfo.com/Pr-Re/Radio-Direction-Finding-Equipment.html CHAPTER 12 PRIMARY INTERVIEWS Frank Turban, former communications technician “T-Brancher” chief and spook, provided keen insights into missions conducted by the USS Swordfish around the time of K-129’s demise.

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Chapters 11 and 15 detail interesting information about the use of HFDF Huff Duffs during World Wars I and II. WEBSITES http://www.researcheratlarge.com/Pacific/RDF/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_George_Washington_(SSBN-598) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris http://rusnavy.com/science/electronics/rv6.htm http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/sosus.htm http://russianfun.net/technology/secret-soviet-submarine-base-in-sevastopol/ http://www.angelfire.com/falcon/usspillsbury-der_133/elequip.html http://www.jproc.ca/sari/counter.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_frequency http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland CHAPTER 4 PRIMARY INTERVIEWS William Reed, LT, USN, Retired.

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The Eureka Factor by John Kounios

active measures, Albert Einstein, Bluma Zeigarnik, call centre, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, classic study, deliberate practice, en.wikipedia.org, Everything should be made as simple as possible, Flynn Effect, functional fixedness, Google Hangouts, impulse control, invention of the telephone, invention of the telescope, Isaac Newton, Louis Pasteur, meta-analysis, Necker cube, pattern recognition, Silicon Valley, Skype, Steve Jobs, tacit knowledge, theory of mind, US Airways Flight 1549, Wall-E, William of Occam

A Matter of Interpretation 1 For background about Gestalt psychology and its origins, see Wikipedia, s.v. “Gestalt psychology,” last modified July 6, 2014, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_psychology/. A summary of early Gestalt research on insight can be found in R. E. Mayer, “The Search for Insight: Grappling with Gestalt Psychology’s Unanswered Questions,” in The Nature of Insight, ed. R. J. Sternberg and J. E. Davidson (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), pp. 3–32. 2 Information about the Wright brothers’ propeller design can be found here at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers#cite_note-47. Insight Is Creative 1 For a recent discussion of definitions of insight, see J.

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CHAPTER 3: THE BOX * * * 1 The origin of the phrase “Columbus’s egg” is discussed in Wikipedia, s.v. “Egg of Columbus,” last modified May 14, 2014, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Egg. The story may be apocryphal, or the egg trick may have been performed by the Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi. 2 Figure 3.1 (Columbus standing an egg on its end) was taken from J. Trusler, The Works of William Hogarth: In a Series of Engravings with Descriptions, and a Comment on Their Moral Tendency (London: Jones, 1833), en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbus_egg.jpg. Figure 3.2 (Christopher Columbus’s Egg Puzzle) can be found in S. Loyd, Cyclopedia of Puzzles: en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Creativity_-_An_Overview/Thinking_outside_the_box#mediaviewer/File:Eggpuzzle.jpg. 3 An early classic study of the Nine-Dot Problem is described in N.

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Thoughts from the Fringe 1 The quote from William Rowan Hamilton’s letter to his son is adapted from en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton. Information about Hamilton can be found at Wikipedia, s.v. “William Rowan Hamilton,” last modified July 28, 2014, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton. A relatively accessible explanation of Hamilton’s idea is given at plus.maths.org/content/curious-quaternions. The picture of the plaque commemorating Hamilton’s discovery is found at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Rowan_Hamilton_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_347941.jpg. The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is another example of thought from the fringe. It sometimes occurs while you’re trying to remember something, usually a word.

pages: 204 words: 58,565

Keeping Up With the Quants: Your Guide to Understanding and Using Analytics by Thomas H. Davenport, Jinho Kim

behavioural economics, Black-Scholes formula, business intelligence, business process, call centre, computer age, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, Credit Default Swap, data science, en.wikipedia.org, feminist movement, Florence Nightingale: pie chart, forensic accounting, global supply chain, Gregor Mendel, Hans Rosling, hypertext link, invention of the telescope, inventory management, Jeff Bezos, Johannes Kepler, longitudinal study, margin call, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Myron Scholes, Netflix Prize, p-value, performance metric, publish or perish, quantitative hedge fund, random walk, Renaissance Technologies, Robert Shiller, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, six sigma, Skype, statistical model, supply-chain management, TED Talk, text mining, the scientific method, Thomas Davenport

Daryl Morey, “Success Comes from Better Data, Not Better Analysis,” blog post, Harvard Business Review, August 8, 2011, http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2011/08/ success_comes_from_better_data.html. 11. “Tycho Brahe,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe; Michael Fowler, “Tycho Brahe,” http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/1995/ lectures/tychob.html; Arthur Koestler, The Watershed: A Biography of Johannes Kepler (Doubleday, 1960); “Johannes Kepler,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Johannes_Kepler; “Johannes Kepler: The Laws of Planetary Motion,” http://csep10 .phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html; Michael Fowler, “Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler,” http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/tycho.htm; Michael Fowler, “Johannes Kepler,” http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/ 1995/lectures/kepler.html; “Johannes Kepler,” Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler; Ann Lamont, “Johannes Kepler: Outstanding Scientist and Committed Christian,” 1:1, http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v15/i1/kepler.asp, December 1, 1992. 12.

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id=2092&doc_id=246428. 4. I. Bernard Cohen, The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 2006), chapter 9; “Florence Nightingale,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale; P. Nuttall, “The Passionate Statistician,” Nursing Times 28 (1983): 25–27. 5. Gregor Mendel, “Experiments in Plant Hybridization,” http://www.mendelweb.org/; “Gregor Mendel,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel; Seung Yon Rhee, Gregor Mendel, Access Excellence, http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.php; “Mendel’s Genetics,” anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm; David Paterson, “Gregor Mendel,” www .zephyrus.co.uk/gregormendel.html; “Rocky Road: Gregor Mendel,” Strange Science, www.strangescience.net/mendel.htm; Wolf-Ekkehard Lönnig, “Johann Gregor Mendel: Why His Discoveries Were Ignored for 35 Years,” www.weloennig .de/mendel02.htm; “Gregor Mendel and the Scientific Milieu of His Discovery,” www.2iceshs.cyfronet.pl/2ICESHS_Proceedings/Chapter_10/R-2_Sekerak.pdf; “Mendelian Inheritance,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_ inheritance. 6.

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Schmidt, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Experience Sampling Method: Measuring the Quality of Everyday Life (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2007). 7. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Reed Larson, Being Adolescent: Conflict and Growth in the Teenage Years (New York: Basic Books, 1984). 8. “Archimedes,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes; “Eureka,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka; Rohini Chowdhury, “‘Eureka!’: The Story of Archimedes and the Golden Crown,” Long, Long Time Ago, http://www.longlongtimeago.com/llta_greatdiscoveries_archimedes_eureka.html; John Monahan, “Archimedes Coins ‘Eureka!’ in the Nude—and Other Crazy Ah-Ha Moments of Science,” Scientific American, December 7, 2010, http://www .scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?

pages: 330 words: 91,805

Peers Inc: How People and Platforms Are Inventing the Collaborative Economy and Reinventing Capitalism by Robin Chase

Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, Andy Kessler, Anthropocene, Apollo 13, banking crisis, barriers to entry, basic income, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), bike sharing, bitcoin, blockchain, Burning Man, business climate, call centre, car-free, carbon tax, circular economy, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, collective bargaining, commoditize, congestion charging, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, deal flow, decarbonisation, different worldview, do-ocracy, don't be evil, Donald Shoup, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Eyjafjallajökull, Ferguson, Missouri, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, frictionless, Gini coefficient, GPS: selective availability, high-speed rail, hive mind, income inequality, independent contractor, index fund, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, job satisfaction, Kickstarter, Kinder Surprise, language acquisition, Larry Ellison, Lean Startup, low interest rates, Lyft, machine readable, means of production, megacity, Minecraft, minimum viable product, Network effects, new economy, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, openstreetmap, optical character recognition, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, peer-to-peer model, Post-Keynesian economics, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, six sigma, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, Snapchat, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Crocker, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, TaskRabbit, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Future of Employment, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Turing test, turn-by-turn navigation, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, vertical integration, Zipcar

“Owning and Operating Your Vehicle Just Got a Little Cheaper According to AAA’s 2014 ‘Your Driving Costs’ Study,” AAA NewsRoom, May 9, 2014, http://newsroom.aaa.com/2014/05/owning-and-operating-your-vehicle-just-got-a-little-cheaper-aaas-2014-your-driving-costs-study. 2. “AT&T Corporation,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation. 3. Ibid. 4. “Skype,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype. 5. Craig Newmark, “What Was the True Genesis of Craigslist?,” Quora.com, January 22, 2012. 6. “About Craigslist,” www.craigslist.org/about/open_source”AT&T Corporation. 7. “iPhone Unlocked: AT&T Loses iPhone Exclusivity, August 24, 2007, 12:00PM EDT,” Engadget, August 24, 2007, www.engadget.com/2007/08/24/iphone-unlocked-atandt-loses-iphone-exclusivity-august-24-2007. 8.

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“Improving the Civilian Global Positioning System (GPS),” speech by President Bill Clinton, May 1, 2000, http://clinton3.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/0053_4.html. 4. “Global Positioning System,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System. 5. Barbara van Schewick, “Network Neutrality and Quality of Service: What a Non-Discrimination Rule Should Look Like,” Center for Internet and Society, June 11, 2012. 6. “Minitel,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel. 7. Jack Clark, “NHS Tears Out Its Oracle Spine in Favour of Open Source,” TheRegister.com, October 10, 2013, www.theregister.co.uk/2013/10/10/nhs_drops_oracle_for_riak. 8.

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8 Reasons Why the ‘Sharing Economy’ Is All About Corporate Greed,” Salon.com, February 17, 2014. 10. Lisa Fleisher, “Thousands of European Cab Drivers Protest Uber, Taxi Apps,” Wall Street Journal, June 11, 2014. 11. Megan McArdle, “Why You Can’t Get a Taxi,” The Atlantic, May 2012. 12. “Taxicab,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab. 13. “Taxicabs of the United Kingdom,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicabs_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-The_Knowledge-3. 14. Jeff Bercovici, “Uber’s Ratings Terrorize Drivers and Trick Riders. Why Not Fix Them?” Forbes.com, August 14, 2014. 15. Andy Kessler, “Brian Chesky: The ‘Sharing Economy’ and Its Enemies,” Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2014. 16.

pages: 338 words: 104,815

Nobody's Fool: Why We Get Taken in and What We Can Do About It by Daniel Simons, Christopher Chabris

Abraham Wald, Airbnb, artificial general intelligence, Bernie Madoff, bitcoin, Bitcoin "FTX", blockchain, Boston Dynamics, butterfly effect, call centre, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, ChatGPT, Checklist Manifesto, choice architecture, computer vision, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, DALL-E, data science, disinformation, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, false flag, financial thriller, forensic accounting, framing effect, George Akerlof, global pandemic, index fund, information asymmetry, information security, Internet Archive, Jeffrey Epstein, Jim Simons, John von Neumann, Keith Raniere, Kenneth Rogoff, London Whale, lone genius, longitudinal study, loss aversion, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, moral panic, multilevel marketing, Nelson Mandela, pattern recognition, Pershing Square Capital Management, pets.com, placebo effect, Ponzi scheme, power law, publication bias, randomized controlled trial, replication crisis, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Sam Bankman-Fried, Satoshi Nakamoto, Saturday Night Live, Sharpe ratio, short selling, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart transportation, sovereign wealth fund, statistical model, stem cell, Steve Jobs, sunk-cost fallacy, survivorship bias, systematic bias, TED Talk, transcontinental railway, WikiLeaks, Y2K

Colapinto, “Is the Competitive Bridge World Rife with Cheaters?,” Vanity Fair, February 29, 2016 [https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2016/02/competitive-bridge-cheating-scandal]; “Fantoni and Nunes Cheating Scandal,” Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantoni_and_Nunes_cheating_scandal]; “Cheating in Bridge,” Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_bridge]; “Fisher and Schwartz Cheating Scandal,” Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_and_Schwartz_cheating_scandal]. If these cheating pairs of players wanted to be extra sneaky, they could occasionally use their tell when they both knew it was meaningless, effectively masking the tell when it was an illegal signal. 23.

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In addition to becoming a Twitter meme, it has been discussed in several recent popular science books, including Jordan Ellenberg’s excellent book about statistical thinking, How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking (New York: Penguin, 2014). The details of the Wald story, along with the iconic plane image, are described well in the Wikipedia article “Abraham Wald” [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Wald]; details about Black Thursday can also be found at “Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress,” Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress]. 10. Dave Rubin’s tweet, November 12, 2021 [https://twitter.com/RubinReport/status/1459163836905234437]. 11. M. Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Boston: Little, Brown, 2000).

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This type of noise (in the judicial system) should be measured and mitigated. See D. Kahneman, O. Sibony, and C. Sunstein, Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment (New York: Little, Brown Spark, 2020). 16. Leicester City data from “Performance Record of Clubs in the Premier League,” Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_record_of_clubs_in_the_Premier_League] and “Leicester City F.C.,” Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C.#Premier_League_champions_(2015%E2%80%9316)]. 17. Report of JPMorgan Chase & Co. Management Task Force Regarding 2012 CIO Losses, January 16, 2013, 128–129 [https://ypfs.som.yale.edu/node/2821]; A. Ahmed, “The Hunch, the Pounce and the Kill,” New York Times, May 27, 2012 [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/business/how-boaz-weinstein-and-hedge-funds-outsmarted-jpmorgan.html]; E.

Reactive Messaging Patterns With the Actor Model: Applications and Integration in Scala and Akka by Vaughn Vernon

A Pattern Language, business intelligence, business logic, business process, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, finite state, functional programming, Internet of things, Kickstarter, loose coupling, remote working, type inference, web application

[ScalaTest] www.scalatest.org/ [SIS] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_information_system [Split-Brain] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-brain_(computing) [SRP] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_responsibility_principle [Suereth] Suereth, Joshua. Scala in Depth. Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications, 2012. [Tilkov-CDM] https://www.innoq.com/en/blog/thoughts-on-a-canonical-data-model/ [Transistor Count] http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count [Transistor] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_transistor [Triode] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode [Typesafe] http://typesafe.com [Vogels-AsyncArch] www.webperformancematters.com/journal/2007/8/21/asynchronous-architectures-4.html [Vogels-Scalability] www.allthingsdistributed.com/2006/03/a_word_on_scalability.html [Westheide] www.parleys.com/play/53a7d2c6e4b0543940d9e54d [WhitePages] http://downloads.typesafe.com/website/casestudies/Whitepages-Final.pdf?

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[Google-Architecture] http://infolab.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html [Google-Owies] http://aphyr.com/posts/288-the-network-is-reliable [Google-Platform] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_platform [Gossip Protocol] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_protocol [Herb Sutter] www.gotw.ca/publications/concurrency-ddj.htm [Hewitt-ActorComp] http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1008/1008.1459.pdf [Horstmann] www.horstmann.com/scala/index.htm [IBM-History] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7090 [IBM-zEC12] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_zEC12_(microprocessor) [IDDD] Vernon, Vaughn. Implementing Domain-Driven Design. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2013.

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You can use Dotsero to try the book’s samples in your familiar C# language. Bibliography [2,400-Node Cluster] http://typesafe.com/blog/running-a-2400-akka-nodes-cluster-on-google-compute-engine [ACM-Amazon] http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1142065 [Actor Model] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_model [Actor-Endowment] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-capability_model [Actors-Controversy] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_model#Unbounded_nondeterminism_controversy [Actors-Nondeterministic] http://pchiusano.blogspot.com/2013/09/actors-are-overly-nondeterminstic.html [Agha, Gul] Agha, Gul. Actors: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems.

pages: 77 words: 14,578

Manage Partitions With GParted (How-To) by Unknown

Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Ruby on Rails

IBM PC DOS was a rebranded version of Microsoft MS DOS. For more information on disk partitioning, the msdos partition table—also known as Master Boot Record (MBR), the GUID partition table, PC/BIOS, and EFI, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface Copying a partition (Become an expert) Copying a partition can be a complex and long running operation. As there are implications to copying a partition, we discuss these along with the steps to copy a partition.

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Note that RAIDs that use msdos partition tables do not require this repair step because there is only one copy of the msdos partition table, which is located at the start of the disk device. Reference information For more information on RAIDand the GUID partition table, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table. Rescuing data from a lost partition (Become an expert) If you delete or otherwise lose a partition and realize that you need some data from the partition, there is still some hope. This recipe describes the steps to attempt data rescue from a lost or deleted partition.

The Non-Tinfoil Guide to EMFs by Nicolas Pineault

Albert Einstein, en.wikipedia.org, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, Internet of things, off-the-grid, precautionary principle, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter

If physicists and engineers are so convinced that non-ionizing radiation has no effect whatsoever on the human body, it must be because there is simply no evidence this could be the case, right? What’s puzzling to me is that thousands of “black-swan” studies show the opposite — that non-ionizing radiation does have biological effects at levels way too low to cause any heat. 69 70 en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org © 2017 N&G Media Inc. Let’s hear from Martin Blank’s wisdom again: “In 1948, two groups of researchers, working independently, both noted nonthermal effects resulting from EM radiation exposure. Scientists at the Mayo Clinic noted the incidence of cataracts in dogs following exposure to microwave radiation, and researchers at the University of Iowa noted that exposure to microwaves resulted in cataracts in rabbits and dogs, and ‘testicular degradation’ in rats.”71 This is one of the thousands of studies showing that the 4 kinds of EMFs I told you about in Chapter 1 — Radio Frequency, Magnetic Fields, Electric Fields and Dirty Electricity — can either heal or harm even at very, very low levels.

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On the opposite end, you find very short waves with a very high frequency like X-rays and gamma rays which contain enough energy to destroy your DNA or pretty much instantly damage your body — and that you definitely don’t want to mess with. Here’s a quick mind-bender for you: the frequency of an EMF signal equals how many times it oscillates every second — calculated in Hertz (Hz). While the Earth’s natural magnetic field is known to be around 7.83 Hz, the 4G/LTE signal coming off your iPhone can oscillate up to 2.7 2 en.wikipedia. org © 2017 N&G Media Inc. billion times per second (2.7 GHz). Now that’s fast. Now, we’re still at the dinner conversation level here — because none of what I’ve said so far means that EMFs are dangerous per se. After all, EMFs are basically everywhere in nature. Believe it or not, light is a kind of EMF, and the sun emits light in the visible spectrum (think of the entire rainbow), invisible UV light (helps you produce vitamin D or burns your skin if you get too much) and invisible infrared light (heat).

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A compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL), for example, saves energy by going ON and OFF at least 20,000 times per second.11 While interrupting current this way can help us dim lights or save energy, this also corrupts the electricity, or as Dr. Sam Milham — an epidemiologist who has published dozens of research papers on the subject in the world’s most prestigious journals for the last 50 years — puts it, “creates Dirty Electricity”. 10 11 en.wikipedia.org Milham, S., MD. (2012). Dirty Electricity: Electrification and the Diseases of Civilization. iUniverse © 2017 N&G Media Inc. 12 Instead of staying within the usual 50-60 Hz range, Dirty Electricity is a bum who likes to emit a lot of EMFs in what are called the intermediate frequencies — ranging from 300 Hz to 10 MHz.12 What this all means in plain English: when the electricity in your home or workplace is dirty, it constantly irradiates these spikes of intermediate frequency Electric Fields which can have serious health effects according to Miller — especially those between 2 kHz and 100 kHz in the Radio Frequency (RF) range. 13 12 See Magda Havas’ video “Dirty Electricity Explained” at youtube.com/watch?

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Site Reliability Engineering: How Google Runs Production Systems by Betsy Beyer, Chris Jones, Jennifer Petoff, Niall Richard Murphy

"Margaret Hamilton" Apollo, Abraham Maslow, Air France Flight 447, anti-pattern, barriers to entry, business intelligence, business logic, business process, Checklist Manifesto, cloud computing, cognitive load, combinatorial explosion, continuous integration, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, database schema, defense in depth, DevOps, en.wikipedia.org, exponential backoff, fail fast, fault tolerance, Flash crash, George Santayana, Google Chrome, Google Earth, if you see hoof prints, think horses—not zebras, information asymmetry, job automation, job satisfaction, Kubernetes, linear programming, load shedding, loose coupling, machine readable, meta-analysis, microservices, minimum viable product, MVC pattern, no silver bullet, OSI model, performance metric, platform as a service, proprietary trading, reproducible builds, revision control, risk tolerance, side project, six sigma, the long tail, the scientific method, Toyota Production System, trickle-down economics, warehouse automation, web application, zero day

Achieve this goal, and you can sleep on the beach on that well-deserved vacation. 1 Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID. SQL databases such as MySQL and PostgreSQL strive to achieve these properties. 2 Basically Available, Soft state, Eventual consistency; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventual_consistency. BASE systems, like Bigtable and Megastore, are often also described as “NoSQL.” 3 For further reading on ACID and BASE APIs, see [Gol14] and [Bai13]. 4 Binary Large Object; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_large_object. 5 See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-day_(computing). 6 Clay tablets are the oldest known examples of writing.

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In essence, Google has adapted known reliability principles that were in many cases developed and honed in other industries to create its own unique reliability culture, one that addresses a complicated equation that balances scale, complexity, and velocity with high reliability. 1 E911 (Enhanced 911): Emergency response line in the US that leverages location data. 2 Electrocardiogram readings: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography. 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_integrity_level 4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_and_preventive_action 5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competent_authority 6 http://ehstoday.com/safety/nsc-2013-oneill-exemplifies-safety-leadership. 7 See “FACTS, Section B” for the discussion of Knight and Power Peg software in [Sec13]. 8 “Regulators blame computer algorithm for stock market ‘flash crash’,” Computerworld, http://www.computerworld.com/article/2516076/financial-it/regulators-blame-computer-algorithm-for-stock-market—flash-crash-.html.

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Adopting a systematic approach to troubleshooting—as opposed to relying on luck or experience—can help bound your services’ time to recovery, leading to a better experience for your users. 1 Indeed, using only first principles and troubleshooting skills is often an effective way to learn how a system works; see Chapter 28. 2 See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model. 3 For instance, exported variables as described in Chapter 10. 4 Attributed to Theodore Woodward, of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, in the 1940s. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_(medicine). This works in some domains, but in some systems, entire classes of failures may be eliminable: for instance, using a well-designed cluster filesystem means that a latency problem is unlikely to be due to a single dead disk. 5 Occam’s Razor; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor. But remember that it may still be the case that there are multiple problems; in particular, it may be more likely that a system has a number of common low-grade problems that, taken together, explain all the symptoms rather than a single rare problem that causes them all.

pages: 94 words: 18,728

Stop Saving Start Investing: Ten Simple Rules for Effectively Investing in Funds by Jonathan Hobbs

Albert Einstein, diversified portfolio, en.wikipedia.org, financial independence, low interest rates, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

[online] Available at: http://www.numbersleuth.org/worlds-gold/ [Accessed 26 Mar. 2017]. Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/investment/docs/legal_texts/framework/091221-methodilogies-1_en.pdf [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017]. En.wikipedia.org. (2017). FTSE SmallCap Index. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_SmallCap_Index [Accessed 7 Dec. 2016]. Ftse.com. (2017). FactSheet. [online] Available at: http://www.ftse.com/Analytics/FactSheets/Home/FactSheet/Regions/MCAP/1/ASIA/1 [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Ftse.com. (2017). UK. [online] Available at: http://www.ftse.com/products/indices/uk [Accessed 1 Feb. 2017].

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The Active Equity Renaissance: Rejecting a Broken 1970s Model. [online] CFA Institute Enterprising Investor. Available at: https://blogs.cfainstitute.org/investor/2017/03/14/the-active-equity-renaissance-rejecting-a-broken-1970s-model/ [Accessed 26 Mar. 2017]. En.wikipedia.org. (2017). FTSE All-World index series. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_All-World_index_series [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Hanke, Steve H. and Kwok, Alex. (June 14, 2009). On the Measurement of Zimbabwe's Hyperinflation Cato Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2, 2009. [online] Available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2264895 [accessed 15 Dec, 2016].

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For the next rule, we’ll look at diversification, and why it’s something that no investment portfolio should ever to go without… * * * 19 FTSE stands for ‘Financial Times Stock Exchange.’ 20 Source: http://www.ftse.com/products/indices/uk 21 Schroder UK dynamic smaller companies (Z) accumulation fund research & insight, 2017. Source: http://www.hl.co.uk/funds/fund-discounts,-prices--and--factsheets/search-results/s/schroder-uk-dynamic-smaller-companies-z-accumulation/research 22 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_SmallCap_Index 23 Stewart Investors Asia Pacific Leaders (class B) accumulation fund research & insight, 2017. Source: http://www.hl.co.uk/funds/fund-discounts,-prices--and--factsheets/search-results/s/stewart-investors-asia-pacific-leaders-class-b-accumulation/research 24 Source: http://www.ftse.com/Analytics/FactSheets/Home/FactSheet/Regions/MCAP/1/ASIA/1 25 (Marlborough UK micro-cap growth (class P) accumulation fund research & insight, 2017. http://www.hl.co.uk/funds/fund-discounts,-prices--and--factsheets/search-results/m/marlborough-uk-micro-cap-growth-class-p-accumulation/research Chapter summary Some fund managers are the best at what they do.

pages: 333 words: 64,581

Clean Agile: Back to Basics by Robert C. Martin

Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Boeing 737 MAX, c2.com, cognitive load, continuous integration, DevOps, disinformation, double entry bookkeeping, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, Frederick Winslow Taylor, index card, iterative process, Kanban, Kubernetes, loose coupling, microservices, remote working, revision control, scientific management, Turing machine

Each week, each day, each hour, and even each minute is driven by looking at the results of the previous week, day, hour, and minute, and then making the appropriate adjustments. This applies to individual programmers, and it also applies to the management of the entire team. Without data, the project cannot be managed.19 19. This is strongly related to John Boyd’s OODA loop, summarized here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OODA_loop. Boyd, J. R. 1987. A Discourse on Winning and Losing. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Library, Document No. M-U 43947. So even if you don’t get those two charts on the wall, make sure you get the data in front of managers. Make sure the managers know how fast the team is moving and how much the team has left to accomplish.

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So let’s try to add staff. Everyone knows we can go twice as fast by doubling the staff. Actually, this is exactly the opposite of the case. Brooks’ law22 states: Adding manpower to a late project makes it later. 22. Brooks, Jr., F. P. 1995 [1975]. The Mythical Man-Month. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks%27s_law. What really happens is more like the diagram in Figure 1.7. The team is working along at a certain productivity. Then new staff is added. Productivity plummets for a few weeks as the new people suck the life out of the old people. Then, hopefully, the new people start to get smart enough to actually contribute.

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It may be that the developer does not feel confident in their ability to complete the task, or it may be that the developer believes the task better suited for someone else. Or, it may be that the developer rejects the tasks for personal or moral reasons.6 6. Consider the developers at Volkswagen who “accepted” the tasks of cheating the EPA test rigs in California. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal. In any case, the right to accept comes with a cost. Acceptance implies responsibility. The accepting developer becomes responsible for the quality and execution of the task, for continually updating the estimate so that the schedule can be managed, for communicating status to the whole team, and for asking for help when help is needed.

pages: 161 words: 44,488

The Business Blockchain: Promise, Practice, and Application of the Next Internet Technology by William Mougayar

Airbnb, airport security, Albert Einstein, altcoin, Amazon Web Services, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, business logic, business process, centralized clearinghouse, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, cryptocurrency, decentralized internet, disintermediation, distributed ledger, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fault tolerance, fiat currency, fixed income, Ford Model T, global value chain, Innovator's Dilemma, Internet of things, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, market clearing, Network effects, new economy, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, prediction markets, pull request, QR code, ride hailing / ride sharing, Satoshi Nakamoto, sharing economy, smart contracts, social web, software as a service, too big to fail, Turing complete, Vitalik Buterin, web application, Yochai Benkler

A term popularized in Clayton Christensen’s book (The Innovator’s Dilemma) suggesting that successful companies can put too much emphasis on customers’ current needs, and fail to adopt new technology or business models, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Innovator%27s_Dilemma. List of U.S. executive branch czars, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars. 2. Source: Author’s sample survey of market leaders, April 2016. 3. Java, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29. 4. IDC Study, http://www.infoq.com/news/2014/01/IDC-software-developers. 5. These are popular programming languages. 6. https://cryptoconsortium.org/ 4 BLOCKCHAIN IN FINANCIAL SERVICES “The worst place to develop a new business model is from within your existing business model.”

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Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease, The Byzantine Generals Problem. http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/byz.pdf. 6. IT Does not Matter, https://hbr.org/2003/05/it-doesnt-matter. 7. PayPal website, https://www.paypal.com/webapps/mpp/about. 8. Personal communication with Vitalik Buterin, February 2016. 9. Byzantine fault tolerance, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_fault_tolerance. 10. Proof-of-stake, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-stake. 2 HOW BLOCKCHAIN TRUST INFILTRATES “I cannot understand why people are frightened of new ideas. I’m frightened of the old ones.” –JOHN CAGE REACHING CONSENSUS is at the heart of a blockchain’s operations. But the blockchain does it in a decentralized way that breaks the old paradigm of centralized consensus, when one central database used to rule transaction validity.

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Companies will need to decide what implementation approaches to choose, based on their own competencies and choice of external partnerships. You should not just see the Blockchain as a problem-solving technology. Rather, it is a technology that lets you innovate and target new opportunities. NOTES 1. Ira Magaziner, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Magaziner. 2. “List of U.S. executive branch czars,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars. 3. MaidSafe, http://maidsafe.net/. 7 DECENTRALIZATION AS THE WAY FORWARD “All things are difficult before they’re easy.” –THOMAS FULLER A DECENTRALIZED TECHNOLOGY (the blockchain) will telegraph a decentralized world.

pages: 237 words: 64,411

Humans Need Not Apply: A Guide to Wealth and Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence by Jerry Kaplan

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Amazon Web Services, asset allocation, autonomous vehicles, bank run, bitcoin, Bob Noyce, Brian Krebs, business cycle, buy low sell high, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, combinatorial explosion, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, driverless car, drop ship, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, estate planning, Fairchild Semiconductor, Flash crash, Gini coefficient, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, haute couture, hiring and firing, income inequality, index card, industrial robot, information asymmetry, invention of agriculture, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Kiva Systems, Larry Ellison, Loebner Prize, Mark Zuckerberg, mortgage debt, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, Own Your Own Home, pattern recognition, Satoshi Nakamoto, school choice, Schrödinger's Cat, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, short squeeze, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, software as a service, The Chicago School, The Future of Employment, Turing test, Vitalik Buterin, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce, working poor, Works Progress Administration

Amazon Web Services (AWS), accessed November 25, 2014, http://aws.amazon.com. 8. W. B. Yeats, “The Second Coming,” 1919, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Coming_(poem). 3. ROBOTIC PICKPOCKETS 1. At least, that’s the way I remember it. Dave may have a different recollection, especially in light of the fact that Raiders wasn’t released until 1981. 2. David Elliot Shaw, “Evolution of the NON-VON Supercomputer,” Columbia University Computer Science Technical Reports, 1983, http://hdl.handle.net/10022/AC:P:11591. 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapReduce, last modified December 31, 2014. 4. James Aley, “Wall Street’s King Quant David Shaw’s Secret Formulas Pile Up Money: Now He Wants a Piece of the Net,” Fortune, February 5, 1996 http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/02/05/207353/index.htm. 5.

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These figures are almost identical to present-day Mozambique (http://feedthefuture.gov/sites/default/files/country/strategies/files/ftf_factsheet_mozambique_oct2012.pdf, accessed November 29, 2014) and Uganda (http://www.farmafrica.org/us/uganda/uganda, accessed November 29, 2014). Income data is from the World DataBank, “GNI per Capita, PPP (Current International $)” table, accessed November 29, 2014, http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx#. 4. For example, Robert Reich (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reich, last modified December 31, 2014); Paul Krugman (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman, last modified December 12, 2014); and the recent influential book by Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-first Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, 2014). 5. This analogy relies primarily on income data from the U.S. Census (http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/families/index.html, last modified September 16, 2014). 6.

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Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (New York: Norton, 2014). 1. TEACHING COMPUTERS TO FISH 1. J. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester, and C. E. Shannon, A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, 1955, http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html. 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_(computer_scientist), last modified March 15, 2014. 3. Committee on Innovations in Computing and Communications: Lessons from History, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council, Funding a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1999), 201. 4.

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Build Awesome Command-Line Applications in Ruby: Control Your Computer, Simplify Your Life by David B. Copeland

business logic, Chris Wanstrath, Compatible Time-Sharing System, database schema, en.wikipedia.org, full stack developer, machine readable, Multics, Ruby on Rails, systems thinking, web application

The system itself will be actually executing your application, and future developers may need to integrate your command-line apps into larger systems of automation (similar to how our database backup script integrates mysqldump). In the next chapter, we’ll talk about how to make your apps interoperate with the system and with other applications. Footnotes [19] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_astonishment [20] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nroff [21] http://defunkt.io/gem-man/ [22] http://rtomayko.github.com/ronn/ [23] The Wikipedia entry for the UNIX man system (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_page#Manual_sections) has a good overview of the other sections if you are interested. [24] http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/ [25] http://rtomayko.github.com/ronn/ronn-format.7.html [26] Savvy users can alias man to be gem man -s, which tells gem-man to use the system manual for any command it doesn’t know, thus providing one unified interface to the system manual and the manual of installed Ruby command-line apps.

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In the next chapter, we’ll learn how to make our applications configurable in an easy way that will allow users to customize the default behavior of our apps, all without sacrificing ease of use, helpfulness, or interoperability. Footnotes [33] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rc_file [34] http://www.multicians.org/shell.html [35] http://cukes.info [36] http://www.rspec.info [37] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON [38] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletypewriter Copyright © 2012, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Chapter 6 Make Configuration Easy In the previous chapter, we learned how the design decisions we make provide direction to our users about how to use our apps.

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In the appendix that follows, we’ll take a quick tour of some other popular command-line libraries and show you how our running examples, db_backup and todo, might look using tools like Thor, Main, and Trollop. Footnotes [48] http://betterthangrep.com/ [49] http://mxcl.github.com/homebrew [50] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness [51] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code [52] http://github.com/sickill/rainbow [53] http://flori.github.com/term-ansicolor/ Copyright © 2012, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Appendix 1 Common Command-Line Gems and Libraries To keep things simple, we’ve used only a handful of tools to demonstrate the principles presented in this book.

pages: 502 words: 128,126

Rule Britannia: Brexit and the End of Empire by Danny Dorling, Sally Tomlinson

3D printing, Ada Lovelace, Alfred Russel Wallace, anti-communist, anti-globalists, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, Bullingdon Club, Cambridge Analytica, centre right, colonial rule, Corn Laws, correlation does not imply causation, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, disinformation, Dominic Cummings, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Etonian, falling living standards, Flynn Effect, gentrification, housing crisis, illegal immigration, imperial preference, income inequality, inflation targeting, invisible hand, Jeremy Corbyn, knowledge economy, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, megacity, New Urbanism, Nick Leeson, North Sea oil, offshore financial centre, out of africa, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, spinning jenny, Steven Pinker, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, University of East Anglia, Wayback Machine, We are the 99%, wealth creators

For gluttons there are more here: http://www.economistjokes.com/jokes and here: https://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/the_first_law_of_economists_for_every_economist_there_exists_an_equal_and_o/ 29 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays#1690_to_1900 30 BBC (2008) ‘What is a City trading job like?’, BBC News, 24 January, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7207543.stm 31 Staff Reporter (2009) ‘Darling “blocked Barclays bid to take over failing Lehman”’, London Evening Standard, 29 October, https://www.standard.co.uk/business/darling-blocked-barclays-bid-to-take-over-failing-lehman-6753348.html 32 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolsack and in turn from here: http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/architecture/palace-s-interiors/lords-chamber/ 33 EU (2018) The Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive, Brussels: European Union, https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/company-tax/anti-tax-avoidance-package/anti-tax-avoidance-directive_en 34 Zielonka, J. (2017) ‘British leaders have lost the plot’, Zeit Online, 14 November, http://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2017-11/great-britain-government-brexit-paradise-papers-sexism-english 35 See the Campaign Against the Arms Trade: https://www.caat.org.uk 36 Norton-Taylor, R. (2010) ‘BAE tops global list of largest arms manufacturer’, The Guardian, 11 April, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/apr/12/bae-systems-weapons-arms-manufacturers 37 Stone, J. (2016) ‘Britain is now the second biggest arms dealer in the world’, The Independent, 5 September, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/britain-is-now-the-second-biggest-arms-dealer-in-the-world-a7225351.html 38 Borger, J. (2017) ‘US nuclear plans will lead to arms race’, The Guardian, 30 October, https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-guardian/20171030/281865823728587 39 Leroux, M. (2017) ‘1,000 jobs at risk as BAE’s fast jet runs out of orders’, The Times, 10 October, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/1-000-jobs-at-risk-as-bae-gives-up-on-order-for-jets-77kb70g99 40 Evans, R. (2017) ‘UK trade department draws half its secondees from arms industry’, The Guardian, 8 October, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/08/uk-trade-department-draws-half-its-secondees-from-arms-industry 41 Arias Sánchez, Ó. (2009) ‘The global arms trade’, Harvard International Review, 4 January, http://hir.harvard.edu/article/?

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, BBC News, 13 October, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-37274201 28 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_election,_2014_(United_Kingdom). In 2009, 27.5 per cent Conservatives were in the ECR group, UKIP got 16.0 per cent, BNP 6.0 per cent, English Democrat 1.8 per cent. In 2004, the Conservatives were in EPP-ED, UKIP got 15.6 per cent, BNP 4.8 per cent. In 1999, UKIP got 6.5 per cent, BNP 1 per cent. In 1994, UKIP got 1.0 per cent, National Front 0.1 per cent. In 1989, the National Front won less than 0.1 per cent. The first page in the series is: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_election,_1979_(United_Kingdom) 29 Currently the best, most comprehensive and most easy to access data can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_election,_2014_(United_Kingdom).

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The first page in the series is: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_election,_1979_(United_Kingdom) 29 Currently the best, most comprehensive and most easy to access data can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_election,_2014_(United_Kingdom). See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_election,_1979_(United_Kingdom) 30 At the time of Corbyn’s comments, the EU was failing to respond fairly to the refugee crisis or to Greece’s financial crisis, neither of which were entirely of Greece’s own making. How could an honourable man unreservedly extol the virtues of the EU? 31 KPMG (2017) ‘The Brexit Effect on EU Nationals: A survey on what European workers will do now’, Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler, https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/uk/pdf/2017/08/the-brexit-effect-on-eu-nationals.pdf 32 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories 33 Shaw, M., Orford, S., Brimblecombe, N. and Dorling, D. (2000) ‘Widening inequality in mortality between 160 regions of 15 countries of the European Union’, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 30, pp. 1047–58, http://www.dannydorling.org/?

pages: 215 words: 56,215

The Second Intelligent Species: How Humans Will Become as Irrelevant as Cockroaches by Marshall Brain

Amazon Web Services, basic income, clean water, cloud computing, computer vision, digital map, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, full employment, Garrett Hardin, income inequality, job automation, knowledge worker, low earth orbit, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, Occupy movement, ocean acidification, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, self-driving car, Stephen Hawking, Tragedy of the Commons, working poor

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id=28 [53] http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03wpf59 [54] http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03wpf59 [55] http://www.reddit.com/r/manna [56] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund [57] http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2014/04/11/3425609/walmart-prices-food-stamps/ [58] http://marshallbrain.com/manna1.htm [59] http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/evil [60] http://chimpanzeefacts.net/are-chimpanzees-endangered.html [67] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone#Nature_reserve [68] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading [69] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density [70] http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36769422/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/hawking-aliens-may-pose-risks-earth/#.T2YyfBEge5I [71] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation [72] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superluminal_communication [73] http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CES0000000001 Manna - Two Visions of Humanity's Future The book "Manna - Two Views of Humanity's Future" is a novella originally published on MarshallBrain.com in 2003. It is a fictional work that contains two different predictions for how the world might look after robots and automation have taken over all of the jobs that humans perform today. For more information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manna_(novel) http://www.amazon.com/Manna-Two-Visions-Humanitys-Future-ebook/dp/B007HQH67U http://marshallbrain.com/manna1.htm http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7902912-manna http://www.reddit.com/r/Manna Manna - Chapter 1 Depending on how you want to think about it, it was funny or inevitable or symbolic that the robotic takeover did not start at MIT, NASA, Microsoft or Ford.

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Robots give humanity an amazing opportunity over the next several decades. We should make the most of it for every person on the planet. References [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons [2] https://wiki.rit.edu/display/smfl/Rubylith [3] http://gizmodo.com/a-humans-guide-to-googles-many-robots-1509799897# [4] http://braininitiative.nih.gov/ [5] https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/ [6] http://www.computershopper.com/components/reviews/intel-core-i7-4790k [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i7_microprocessors [8] http://www.naplestech.com/shopcart/intel_i7_processors.asp#gsc.tab=0 [9] http://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-launches-tegra-x1-mobile-super-chip [10] http://www.engadget.com/2015/03/27/toshiba-intel-3d-nand-chips [11] https://www.youtube.com/watch?

pages: 384 words: 93,754

Green Swans: The Coming Boom in Regenerative Capitalism by John Elkington

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, agricultural Revolution, Anthropocene, anti-fragile, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, Boeing 737 MAX, Boeing 747, Buckminster Fuller, business cycle, Cambridge Analytica, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, David Attenborough, deglobalization, degrowth, discounted cash flows, distributed ledger, do well by doing good, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, drone strike, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, Extinction Rebellion, Future Shock, Gail Bradbrook, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Akerlof, global supply chain, Google X / Alphabet X, green new deal, green transition, Greta Thunberg, Hans Rosling, hype cycle, impact investing, intangible asset, Internet of things, invention of the wheel, invisible hand, Iridium satellite, Jeff Bezos, John Elkington, Jony Ive, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, M-Pesa, Marc Benioﬀ, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, microplastics / micro fibres, more computing power than Apollo, move fast and break things, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, new economy, Nikolai Kondratiev, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, placebo effect, Planet Labs, planetary scale, plant based meat, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, radical decentralization, Ralph Nader, reality distortion field, Recombinant DNA, Rubik’s Cube, Salesforce, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, space junk, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, systems thinking, The future is already here, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Tim Cook: Apple, urban planning, Whole Earth Catalog

New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2019. 5.https://jembendell.com/about/ 6.Andrew Edgecliffe-Johnson, “Capitalism Keeps CEOs Awake at Night,” Financial Times, April 23, 2019. 7.Ray Dalio, “As most of you know, I’m a capitalist, and even I think capitalism is broken,” @RayDalio, April 7, 2019, 1:26 p.m., https://twitter.com/raydalio/status/1114987900201066496. 8.Irwin Stelzer, “Save Capitalism from Capitalists,” The Sunday Times, April 21, 2019. 9.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism 10.https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/28/death-homo-economicus-peter-fleming-review 11.http://theageofconsequences.com 12.Taleb, The Black Swan. 13.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_swan_theory 14.Stephen Gibbs, “Economy Shrinks by Half under Maduro,” The Times, May 30, 2019. 15.John Summers, Black Swan Events, Institute of Risk Management NW seminar, January 26, 2012.

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Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962. See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions. 5.Lori Silverman, Wake Me Up When The Data Is Over. San Fransisco: Jossey Bass, 2008. See also: https://www.wiley.com/en-gb/Wake+Me+Up+When+the+Data+Is+Over:+How+Organizations+Use+Stories+to+Drive+Results-p-9780470483305. 6.Our world in data, https://ourworldindata.org/internet. 7.Roberto Calasso, The Unnamable Present. London: Allen Lane, 2019. 8.Rachel Carson, Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1962. See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring. 9.Theo Leggett, “What Went Wrong Inside Boeing’s Cockpit?

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See also: https://www.greenbiz.com/article/can-sustainable-companies-get-lower-cost-capital. 37.https://www.wbcsd.org/Overview/About-us/Vision2050 38.Julian Hill-Landolt, personal communication, June 17, 2019. 39.I had first read his writing in New Scientist in 1975 when I was also writing for the magazine. 40.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture_detector 41.Based on the sort of timings laid out in The Human Planet. 42.James Lovelock, Novacene: The Coming Age of Hyperintelligence. London: Penguin Random House, 2019. See also: https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/313/313880/novacene/9780241399361.html. 43.Tom Knowles, “AI solves Rubik’s Cube Quicker Than You Can Click Your Fingers,” The Times, July 18, 2019. 44.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog 45.https://reviverestore.org 46.https://reviverestore.org/horseshoe-crab/ 47.Ryan Phelan, personal communication, July 31, 2019. 48.https://www.hakaimagazine.com/news/synthetic-crab-blood-is-good-for-the-birds/ 49.https://reviverestore.org/projects/woolly-mammoth/ 50.John Thornhill, “The Return of the Luddites,” Financial Times, July 13-14, 2019. 51.John Elkington, “Saving the Planet from Ecological Disaster Is a $12 Trillion Opportunity,” Harvard Business Review, May 4, 2017.

pages: 282 words: 63,385

Attention Factory: The Story of TikTok and China's ByteDance by Matthew Brennan

Airbnb, AltaVista, augmented reality, Benchmark Capital, Big Tech, business logic, Cambridge Analytica, computer vision, coronavirus, COVID-19, deep learning, Didi Chuxing, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, Google X / Alphabet X, growth hacking, ImageNet competition, income inequality, invisible hand, Kickstarter, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, Network effects, paypal mafia, Pearl River Delta, pre–internet, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, social graph, Steve Jobs, TikTok, Travis Kalanick, WeWork, Y Combinator

v=ibjbxRBMI30&feature=youtu.be&t=175 Mindie is like Vine with a pop music soundtrack 2013-10-17 https://thenextweb.com/apps/2013/10/17/mindie-like-vine-pop-music-soundtrack/ eBaoTech Official Website https://www.ebaotech.com/ CRCM Ventures Official Website https://crcmventures.com/crcm/ Ice Bucket Challenge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Bucket_Challenge Harlem Shake (meme) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Shake_(meme) 2016首次世界网红大会深度探讨干货全在这里了！ 2016-09-20 https://kknews.cc/media/vg4may.html Musical.ly’s Alex Zhu on Igniting Viral Growth and Building a User Community 2016-11-10 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTyg2E44pBA&feature=youtu.be&t=111 iCamp Official Website http://www.icamp.ai/portfolio HOW TO USE DUBSMASH?!!! 2015-04-06 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDDHkz18c-k&feature=youtu.be&t=85 Baby Ariel Wikipedia page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Ariel Numa Numa https://www.youtube.com/watch?

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(examples include: Bit.ly, Feedly, Strikingly, and Grammarly) No one seemed bothered that technically .ly is the internet country-code domain for the African nation of Libya. 136 http://tech.163.com/14/1118/19/ABBTTNOK00094ODU.html 137 https://supchina.com/2017/09/13/can-pop-music-connect-teens-china-world-musical-ly-co-founder-louis-yang-wants-find/ 138 https://36kr.com/p/5041108 139 http://www.icamp.ai/ 140 Many of these accounts can still be found on TikTok by searching “temporality” 141 The term meme was coined by Richard Dawkins in the 1976 book “The Selfish Gene” to explain how ideas replicate, mutate and evolve (memetics). 142 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Shake_(meme) 143 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Bucket_Challenge 144 https://kknews.cc/media/vg4may.html 145 Heavy reliance on “operations” is one of the Chinese internet’s defining characteristics with Alibaba being the most famous example of a heavily operations-driven organization. Cheaper labor is only part of the reason for the popularity and effectiveness of operations in China.

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t=503 Image Credit: Tushar Chandra, Principal Engineer at Google Research and a co-lead for the Sibyl project 78 https://www.bilibili.com/video/av49873394/ 79 https://www.tmtpost.com/84589.html 80 The theory presented over the next few pages expands upon and contextualizes the broad observations first presented by Yiming. 81 Years are chosen not by the first instance of usage, but when the method came of age—a choice which is admittedly open to debate in many cases. 82 Subscription as a form of payment did facilitate the rise of large internet companies such as Netflix and Spotify. 83 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StumbleUpon 84 http://www.cs.umd.edu/~samir/498/Amazon-Recommendations.pdf 85 http://economy.gmw.cn/2018-03/23/content_28080924.htm 86 https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/the-end-of-google-reader-sends-internet-into-an-uproar/ 87 https://tech.qq.com/a/20130314/000123.htm 88 https://www.wired.com/2013/06/why-google-reader-got-the-ax/ 89 https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/facebook-to-change-news-feed-to-a-personalized-newspaper/2013/03/07/b294f61e-8751-11e2-98a3-b3db6b9ac586_story.html 90 This stance has since softened considerably.

pages: 315 words: 85,791

Technical Blogging: Turn Your Expertise Into a Remarkable Online Presence by Antonio Cangiano

23andMe, Albert Einstein, anti-pattern, bitcoin, bounce rate, cloud computing, content marketing, en.wikipedia.org, Hacker News, John Gruber, Kickstarter, Lean Startup, lolcat, Network effects, Paradox of Choice, revision control, Ruby on Rails, search engine result page, slashdot, software as a service, web application

Turning the page will lead you into the fourth part of the book, which is devoted to reaping the benefits of your work as a blogger. This is the fun part, where you’ll learn how to maximize your reward as well as experience the satisfaction of having your content be widely read and appreciated. Footnotes [76] http://lesswrong.com [77] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man [78] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hominem [79] http://xkcd.com/386 [80] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin's_law Copyright © 2012, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Part 4 Benefit from It Chapter 10 Making Money from Your Blog For I can raise no money by vile means. William Shakespeare This section of the book is where you learn strategies to reap the benefits of your blogging activities.

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[126] http://youtube.com [127] http://geni.com or http://goodreads.com, respectively. [128] http://govloop.com or http://channeldb2.com, respectively. [129] http://foursquare.com [130] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites [131] http://facebook.com/bookmarks/pages [132] http://linkedin.com/companies [133] http://twitter.com/acangiano [134] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_currency [135] http://google.com/webmasters/+1/button, http://twitter.com/about/resources, and http://developers.facebook.com/docs/plugins, respectively. [136] http://tweetdeck.com [137] http://hootsuite.com [138] http://socialoomph.com [139] http://bufferapp.com [140] For a real life example of how this can backfire, check out the “Ragu Hates Dads” disaster at http://cc-chapman.com/2011/ragu-hates-dads

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Note that DNS propagation can take several hours, so if you want to work with your domain name right away, you can edit your local hosts file to have the domain name point to the right IP locally. This change enables you to use your domain name instead of the IP as you configure your self-hosted blog even before the DNS records have become visible to the world. On *nix systems this is usually located at /etc/hosts. For Windows, consult the Wikipedia page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_(file). In your hosts file, you should include a line that looks like this: 174.122.8.30 yoursitename.com Replace the fictitious IP and domain name with your real ones. If you don’t know the IP of your server, you should check the emails your hosting company sent you when you registered with them, because it’s usually located there.

pages: 477 words: 75,408

The Economic Singularity: Artificial Intelligence and the Death of Capitalism by Calum Chace

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, agricultural Revolution, AI winter, Airbnb, AlphaGo, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Robotics, Andy Rubin, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, basic income, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, bread and circuses, call centre, Chris Urmson, congestion charging, credit crunch, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, digital divide, Douglas Engelbart, Dr. Strangelove, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Fairchild Semiconductor, Flynn Effect, full employment, future of work, Future Shock, gender pay gap, Geoffrey Hinton, gig economy, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, Hans Moravec, Herman Kahn, hype cycle, ImageNet competition, income inequality, industrial robot, Internet of things, invention of the telephone, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, Kiva Systems, knowledge worker, lifelogging, lump of labour, Lyft, machine translation, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, McJob, means of production, Milgram experiment, Narrative Science, natural language processing, Neil Armstrong, new economy, Nick Bostrom, Occupy movement, Oculus Rift, OpenAI, PageRank, pattern recognition, post scarcity, post-industrial society, post-work, precariat, prediction markets, QWERTY keyboard, railway mania, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Rodney Brooks, Sam Altman, Satoshi Nakamoto, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, SoftBank, software is eating the world, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, TaskRabbit, technological singularity, TED Talk, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, Thomas Malthus, transaction costs, Two Sigma, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Uber for X, uber lyft, universal basic income, Vernor Vinge, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, working-age population, Y Combinator, young professional

The physicist and science fiction author Vernor Vinge argued in 1993 that artificial intelligence and other technologies would cause a singularity in human affairs within 30 years. This idea was picked up and popularised by the inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil, who believes that computers will overtake humans in general intelligence in 1929, and a singularity will arrive in 2045. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity [v] The event horizon of a black hole is the point beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer, or in other words, the point of no return. The gravitational pull has become so great as to make escape impossible, even for light. [vi] http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/universal-basic-income/?

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Employment in agriculture declined in absolute terms as well, from 11.7m in 1900 to 6.0m in 1960. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c1567.pdf [xii] www.ons.gov.cuk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/170-years-of-industry/170-years-of-industrial-changeponent.html [xiii] http://www.americanequestrian.com/pdf/us-equine-demographics.pdf [xiv] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation#cite_note-7 [xv] M. A. Laughton, D. J. Warne (ed), Electrical Engineer's Reference book [xvi] http://www.oleantimesherald.com/news/did-you-know-gas-pump-shut-off-valve-was-invented/article_c7a00da2-b3eb-54e1-9c8d-ee36483a7e33.html [xvii] Radio frequency Identification tags.

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[xviii] http://www.businessinsider.com/three-chinese-restaurants-fired-their-robot-workers-2016-4 [xix] https://www.illinoispolicy.org/mcdonalds-counters-fight-for-15-with-automation/ [xx] http://www.eater.com/2016/5/5/11597270/kfc-robots-china-shanghai [xxi] http://www.ehow.com/about_4678910_robots-car-manufacturing.html [xxii] http://www.ifr.org/industrial-robots/statistics/ [xxiii] http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2015/02/05/382664837/map-the-most-common-job-in-every-state [xxiv] http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/politics/g5/ [xxv] http://jetpress.org/v24/campa2.htm [xxvi] Ricardo originally thought that innovation benefited everyone, but he was persuaded by Malthus that it could suppress wages and cause long-term unemployment. He added a chapter called “On Machinery” to the final edition of his book “On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation”. [xxvii] http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/aug/17/technology-created-more-jobs-than-destroyed-140-years-data-census [xxviii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowley%27s_law [xxix] http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/Department-of-Economics-Discussion-Paper-Series/engel-s-pause-a-pessimist-s-guide-to-the-british-industrial-revolution [xxx] http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8659.html [xxxi] This depends on the two planets being pretty much as close as they ever get.

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Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception by George A. Akerlof, Robert J. Shiller, Stanley B Resor Professor Of Economics Robert J Shiller

Andrei Shleifer, asset-backed security, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carl Icahn, collapse of Lehman Brothers, compensation consultant, corporate raider, Credit Default Swap, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, David Brooks, desegregation, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, equity premium, financial intermediation, financial thriller, fixed income, full employment, George Akerlof, greed is good, income per capita, invisible hand, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, late fees, loss aversion, market bubble, Menlo Park, mental accounting, Michael Milken, Milgram experiment, money market fund, moral hazard, new economy, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, payday loans, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, publication bias, Ralph Nader, randomized controlled trial, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, short selling, Silicon Valley, stock buybacks, the new new thing, The Predators' Ball, the scientific method, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, transaction costs, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, Vanguard fund, Vilfredo Pareto, wage slave

utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter. Senator Harry Reid is famous as chair of the Nevada Gambling Commission for his stand against Mafia influence. The movie Casino is said to be based on Reid’s stance against Frank Rosenthal (see “Harry Reid,” Wikipedia, accessed December 1, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Reid). 5. Natasha Dow Schüll, Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012). 6. Ibid., pp. 24–25. 7. These include a gas station/convenience store and a supermarket where she sometimes gambles, and then, most significantly, the Palace Station casino. 8.

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We are not referring, except in rare instances, to transactions that are illegal. The Wikipedia entry “Ripoff” describes this as one usage of the term: “a bad financial transaction. Usually it refers to an incident in which a person is overcharged for something.” Accessed November 13, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripoff. 21. According to Sheharyar Bokhari, Walter Torous, and William Wheaton, the loan-to-value ratios in the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s, before the housing boom, were less than 80 percent for only 40 percent of home purchases with mortgages purchased by Fannie Mae.

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Frank and Ben Bernanke also refer to this image in Principles of Macroeconomics (New York: McGraw Hill, 2003). 4. See Cinnabon, Inc., “The Cinnabon Story,” accessed October 31, 2014, http://www.cinnabon.com/about-us.aspx. 5. Ibid. 6. “Cinnabon,” Wikipedia, accessed October 22, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabon. 7. Email from Stefano DellaVigna to George Akerlof, October 25, 2014. 8. International Health, Racquet, and Sportsclub Association, “Industry Research,” accessed October 22, 2014, http://www.ihrsa.org/industry-research/. 9. Stefano DellaVigna and Ulrike Malmendier, “Paying Not to Go to the Gym,” American Economic Review 96, no. 3 (June 2006): 694–719.

Realtime Web Apps: HTML5 WebSocket, Pusher, and the Web’s Next Big Thing by Jason Lengstorf, Phil Leggetter

Amazon Web Services, barriers to entry, don't repeat yourself, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Google Chrome, MVC pattern, Ruby on Rails, Skype, software as a service, SQL injection, web application, WebSocket

There’s much less focus on pages reloading and the concept of a page in general. Content also becomes much less text-based, and we start to achieve much more visually appealing and interactive representations of data within a web application. 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution http://scobleizer.com/2009/02/09/is-the-real-time-web-a-threat-to-google-search/ 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_content#Content_is_king 2 4 Chapter 1 ■ What Is Realtime? HTTP Hacks As more of us (we developers are the pioneers) started to build web applications, the demands on the web browser increased. Performance became a problem; not just the web browser application but also the machines that the browsers were running on.

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If you tried to open a second page the connections would fail. The workaround for this was to have lots of subdomains that mapped back to the same server. Connection restrictions are still enforced in modern browsers, but the number of connections allowed is now much more reasonable.10 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_origin_policy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-origin_resource_sharing 9 http://caniuse.com/#search=cors 10 www.browserscope.org/?category=network 8 8 Chapter 1 ■ What Is realtIme? a NOte ON the terMINOLOGY there are a number of different terms that have been used to describe the http-based realtime web solutions. most of these are umbrella terms that encompass the various methods developers use to achieve a server to client communication over http. these terms include Comet, http server push, and aJaX push, among a slew of others. the problem is that although some of these terms have very specific definitions and techniques—especially Comet—they tend to hold different meanings for different people. the position held in this book is that Comet is a term used to define a paradigm within an application structure: namely that of simulating bidirectional communication between the server and the client using two http connections.

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Polling After AJAX took hold, it was a short jump to try and take the browser event out of the equation and to automate the process of getting new information. Developers set up a refresh interval using something like the JavaScript setInterval() function to check for updates every n seconds. 4 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol www.w3.org/TR/XMLHttpRequest/ 5 5 Chapter 1 ■ What Is Realtime? “Yep.” “Anything new?” “Nope.” “Anything new?” “Nope.” “Anything new?” “Nope.” “Anything new?” “Nope.” “Anything new?” “Nope.” “Anything new?” “Anything new?” “Nope.” Server Client 0s Time 10s Figure 1-2.

ucd-csi-2011-02 by Unknown

bioinformatics, en.wikipedia.org, pattern recognition, The Wisdom of Crowds

It is clear from an examination of the edit history of these pages that they have not received much attention from Wikipedia contributors. 1 Fatally Flawed: Refuting the Recent Study on Encyclopedic Accuracy by the Journal Nature, http: //corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf 2 See Wikipedia articles at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_ articles. 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/ Assessment 1 In this paper we present some preliminary work exploring the hypothesis that the effectiveness of the collaboration in Wikipedia is revealed to some extent in the edit graph – the two-mode graph of articles and contributors to those articles.

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When using GraphGrep for network motif counting care must be taken to handle graph automorphisms. For instance, GraphGrep returns six when both the target and query graphs are simple triangles. To correct for this, each count is divided by the number of automorphisms of the query graphs. 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sociologists http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League 5 http://github.com/ChrisSalij/PageAnalyzer Footballers Sociologists Chelsea Everton West Ham Utd. French British German American Italian 18th Century Nodes 161 160 203 370 374 308 1,092 82 480 Pages 33 30 45 74 62 55 235 11 83 Users 128 130 158 296 312 253 857 71 397 Edges 941 959 1,330 1,275 734 1,009 3,393 130 1,710 Table 1: The nine Wikipedia datasets. 3 AP-Edges 682 625 786 1,133 720 897 3,242 126 1,598 PP-Edges 259 334 544 142 14 112 151 4 112 Chelsea West Ham United Everton American British Born in 18 century Italian French German Italian French British Born.in.18.century American Everton West.Ham.United Chelsea German Figure 1: A clustering of the nine network motif profiles based on correlation. 3.2 Normalization of Network Motif Profiles The number of network motif instances in a graph depends on the size and the density of the graphs.

pages: 376 words: 101,759

Shorting the Grid: The Hidden Fragility of Our Electric Grid by Meredith. Angwin

airline deregulation, California energy crisis, carbon credits, carbon footprint, congestion pricing, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, David Brooks, decarbonisation, demand response, distributed generation, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, green new deal, Hans Rosling, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jones Act, Just-in-time delivery, load shedding, market clearing, Michael Shellenberger, Negawatt, off-the-grid, performance metric, plutocrats, renewable energy credits, rolling blackouts, Silicon Valley, smart grid, smart meter, the map is not the territory, Tragedy of the Commons, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, washing machines reduced drudgery, zero-sum game

In conclusion, at least 2,400,000 more metric tons of carbon dioxide were emitted each year on the New England grid because Vermont Yankee closed. 202 “Single-cycle combustion turbine,” Wikipedia, updated February 24, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_cycle_combustion_turbine. 203 “Combined-cycle power plant,” Wikipedia, updated November 22, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant#Efficiency_of_CCGT_plants. 204 Meredith Angwin, “The Future of Nuclear in RTO Areas,” Yes Vermont Yankee, November 21, 2016, https://yesvy.blogspot.com/2016/11/the-future-of-nuclear-in-rto-areas.html#.XdWpoafMxTZ. 205 Jacob Mays, David Morton, and Richard P.

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In 2017, electricity consumption was 3,913 million MWh, population 327 million, for a usage of 12.0 MWh/person. An 0.8 MWh/person reduction in electricity usage is about 6%. 264 Bakke, The Grid, 154. 265 Both plants are described in the Wikipedia articles “Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station” and “Palisades Nuclear Generating Station,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Nuclear_Power_Station and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station. 266 “Entergy Sells Natural Gas-Fired Power Plant in Rhode Island,” Power Engineering (website), December 18, 2015, https://www.power-eng.com/2015/12/18/entergy-sells-natural-gas-fired-power-plant-in-rhode-island/. 267 Charles E.

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Angwin, Yes Vermont Yankee, http://yesvy.blogspot.com/. 6 The newspaper article was based on the ISO-NE press release “Final Capacity Auction Results: Surplus Resources Available for 2013–2014,” Business Wire, August 30, 2010. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100830006350/en/Final-Capacity-Auction-Results-Surplus-Resources-2013–2014. 7 This graphic is updated every few minutes. This snapshot was taken from the home page of the ISO-New England website at 2:45 pm on April 23, 2016. https://www.iso-ne.com. 8 Basic review of the Otter Tail case in “Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States,” Wikipedia, updated May 7, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_Tail_Power_Co._v._United_States. 9 For discussion see: Lincoln L. Davies, Alexandra B. Klass, Hari M. Osofsky, Joseph B. Tomain, and Elizabeth J. Wilson, Energy Law and Policy, 2nd ed., Academic Casebook Series, (West Academic Publishing 2018), 143-9. 10 Figure taken from the web page “Confronting the Duck Curve: How to Address Over-Generation of Solar Energy,” Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Department of Energy, https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/confronting-duck-curve-how-address-over-generation-solar-energy. 11 Andrew Stein, “Grid Operator tells Shumlin state knows why wind energy cutoff is required.”

Scala in Action by Nilanjan Raychaudhuri

business logic, continuous integration, create, read, update, delete, database schema, domain-specific language, don't repeat yourself, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, fault tolerance, functional programming, general-purpose programming language, higher-order functions, index card, Kanban, MVC pattern, type inference, web application

Scala supports all these qualities and uses a pure object-oriented model similar to that of Smalltalk[4] (a pure object-oriented language created by Alan Kay around 1980), where every value is an object, and every operation is a message send. Here’s a simple expression: 4 “Smalltalk,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk. 1 + 2 In Scala this expression is interpreted as 1.+(2) by the Scala compiler. That means you’re invoking a + operation on an integer object (in this case, 1) by passing 2 as a parameter. Scala treats operator names like ordinary identifiers. An identifier in Scala is either a sequence of letters and digits starting with a letter or a sequence of operator characters.

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It’s not analogous to a Java thread; it’s more like an event object that gets scheduled and executed by a thread. The Scala Actor model is a better way to handle concurrency issues. Its shared-nothing architecture and asynchronous message-passing techniques make it an easy alternative to existing thread-based solutions. 9 “Actor model,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_model. History of the Actor model The Actor model was first proposed by Carl Hewitt in 1973 in his paper “A Universal Modular ACTOR Formalism for Artificial Intelligence” and was later on improved by Gul Agha (“ACTORS: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems”).

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A singleton object allows you to restrict the instantiation of a class to one object.[5] Implementing a singleton pattern in Scala is as simple as the following: 4 “Cutting out Static,” Gilad Bracha blog, Room 101, Feb. 17, 2008, http://gbracha.blogspot.com/2008/02/cutting-out-static.html. 5 “Singleton pattern,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton_pattern. object RichConsole { def p(x: Any) = println(x) } Here RichConsole is a singleton object. The object declaration is similar to a class declaration except instead of class you’re using the object keyword. To invoke the new p method, you have to prefix it with the class name, as you’d invoke static methods in Java or C#: scala> :l RichConsole.scala Loading RichConsole.scala... defined module RichConsole scala> RichConsole.p("rich console") rich console You can import and use all the members of the RichConsole object as follows: scala> import RichConsole._ import RichConsole._ scala> p("this is cool") this is cool The DB object introduced in listing 3.2 is nothing but a factory to create DB instances representing a database in MongoDB: object DB { def apply(underlying: MongDB) = new DB(underlying) } What’s interesting here is that when you use a DB object as a factory, you’re calling it as if it’s a function, DB(underlying.getDB(name)), whereas you’d expect something like DB.apply(underlying.getDB(name)).

pages: 312 words: 93,504

Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia by Dariusz Jemielniak

Andrew Keen, barriers to entry, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), citation needed, collaborative consumption, collaborative editing, commons-based peer production, conceptual framework, continuous integration, crowdsourcing, Debian, deskilling, digital Maoism, disinformation, en.wikipedia.org, Filter Bubble, Free Software Foundation, Gabriella Coleman, Google Glasses, Guido van Rossum, Hacker Ethic, hive mind, Internet Archive, invisible hand, Jaron Lanier, jimmy wales, job satisfaction, Julian Assange, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Menlo Park, moral hazard, online collectivism, pirate software, RFC: Request For Comment, Richard Stallman, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, social software, Stewart Brand, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Hackers Conference, The Nature of the Firm, the strength of weak ties, The Wisdom of Crowds, transaction costs, Wayback Machine, WikiLeaks, wikimedia commons, Wikivoyage, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/ index.php?title=Gda%C5%84sk&oldid=333254700 Gdańsk: Difference between revisions. (2002a, June 28). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 7, 2013, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gda%C5%84s k&diff=prev&oldid=107671 Gdańsk: Difference between revisions. (2002b, June 29). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 7, 2013, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gda%C5%84s k&diff=next&oldid=107930 Gdańsk: Difference between revisions. (2004, February 10). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 7, 2013, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gda%C5%84sk &diff=2355452&oldid=2355317 Gdańsk: Difference between revisions. (2012, June 26).

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Notes PROLOGUE 1. I purposefully avoid providing citations to these discussions to protect the subjects. 2. For ease of reference, all citations to the English Wikipedia are presented in a shortened format. For example, [[WP:Size_comparisons]] can be found at https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Size_comparisons (or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Wikipedia:Size_comparisons, because “WP” is a shortcut to “Wikipedia”). Double square brackets are characteristic of the markup code of wiki technology, often used by people to collaborate in creating and modifying content on the web. They allow easy visual differentiation of this type of citation.

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Ostrom’s principles related to smaller communities, and it can be assumed that Wikipedia is a pioneer in addressing many of the social organization problems of scale and that not all principles of open-collaboration communities may be fully applicable to it. C h a p t er 5 1. Essjay’s original talk page no longer exists, but this post has been archived at http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/essjay.html. 2. This post is archived at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Ess jay&oldid=112480415#Slashdot. 3. This post is archived at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_ talk:Essjay&oldid=112480415. No t e s t o C h a p t er 6 2 3 3 C h a p t er 6 1. For a useful taxonomy of contributions to Wikimedia projects, see “Research:Contribution Taxonomy Project,” 2012. 2. I wrote these words two days after I was appointed one of seven members of the FDC, and I was later elected chair.

pages: 157 words: 35,874

Building Web Applications With Flask by Italo Maia

continuous integration, create, read, update, delete, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, full stack developer, minimum viable product, MVC pattern, premature optimization, SQL injection, web application

The data normalization techniques are a set of rules used to allow proper scattering of the data across the tables so that the related tables are easily fetched and redundancy is kept to a minimum. Tip Please, refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization for an overview of database normalization. For an overview of the normal forms, please refer to the following links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_normal_form http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_normal_form http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_normal_form We may now proceed! Hands on Let's begin by installing the library into our environment and trying out a few examples: pip install sqlalchemy On to our first example!

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This chapter is all about the M layer of MVC, that is, how to store and access your data in a transparent way with Flask! We'll look at the examples of how to use query and write to both the database types, and when to choose which one to use. Tip ACID is the acronym for atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. Refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID for a cozy definition and overview. SQLAlchemy SQLAlchemy is an amazing library for working with relational databases. It was made by the Pocoo Team, the same folks that brought you Flask, and is considered "The Facto" Python SQL library. It works with SQLite, Postgres, MySQL, Oracle, and all SQL databases, which comes with compatible drivers.

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: from sqlalchemy import create_engine db = create_engine('sqlite:///employees.sqlite') # echo output to console db.echo = True conn = db.connect() conn.execute(""" CREATE TABLE employee ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name STRING(100) NOT NULL, birthday DATE NOT NULL )""") conn.execute("INSERT INTO employee VALUES (NULL, 'marcos mango', date('1990-09-06') );") conn.execute("INSERT INTO employee VALUES (NULL, 'rosie rinn', date('1980-09-06') );") conn.execute("INSERT INTO employee VALUES (NULL, 'mannie moon', date('1970-07-06') );") for row in conn.execute("SELECT * FROM employee"): print row # give connection back to the connection pool conn.close() The preceding example is pretty simple. We create a SQLAlchemy engine, grab a connection from the connection pool (engine handles that for you) and then we execute the SQL command to create a table, insert a few rows and query to see whether everything occurred as expected. Tip Visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_pool for the connection pool pattern overview. (This is important, really!) In our insertion, we provided the value NULL to the primary key id. Be aware that SQLite will not populate the primary key with NULL; instead, it will ignore the NULL value and set the column with a new, unique, across the table integer.

pages: 98 words: 25,753

Ethics of Big Data: Balancing Risk and Innovation by Kord Davis, Doug Patterson

4chan, business process, corporate social responsibility, crowdsourcing, data science, en.wikipedia.org, longitudinal study, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, Netflix Prize, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, performance metric, Robert Bork, side project, smart grid, urban planning

It was met with fierce protests across the political spectrum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRA_law). British privacy laws are a complex and complicated set of regulations that face serious challenges resulting from how people use platforms that rely on big data, such as Twitter (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/23/uk-privacy-law-thrown-int_n_865416.html). The number of closed-circuit television cameras (CCTV) in London is estimated to be almost two million (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television). And it is well known that the Chinese government heavily regulates Internet traffic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China).

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In late 2011 and early 2012, the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) put before Congress was met with fierce resistance from a wide variety of industries, organizations, and individuals. The primary reason was the belief that the provisions of the proposed law would severely constrain innovation in the future using technical tools such as big data (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act). Part of the debate centered around the belief that the members of Congress supporting the bill were either misinformed by interested parties about how the technology worked and how innovation was made possible, or they were just simply unaware of the realities of how Internet and big data technologies worked in the first place.

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These perspectives, however, motivate the question: have we lost or gained control over our ability to manage how the world perceives us? In 1993, the New Yorker famously published a cartoon with canines at the keyboard whose caption read: “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Internet,_nobody_knows_you%27re_a_dog). At the time, this was funny because it was true. Today, however, in the age of prevalent big data, it is not only possible for people to know that you’re a dog, but also what breed you are, your favorite snacks, your lineage, and whether you’ve ever won any awards at a dog show.

Speaking Code: Coding as Aesthetic and Political Expression by Geoff Cox, Alex McLean

4chan, Amazon Mechanical Turk, augmented reality, bash_history, bitcoin, Charles Babbage, cloud computing, commons-based peer production, computer age, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, crowdsourcing, dematerialisation, Donald Knuth, Douglas Hofstadter, en.wikipedia.org, Everything should be made as simple as possible, finite state, Free Software Foundation, Gabriella Coleman, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hacker Conference 1984, Ian Bogost, Jacques de Vaucanson, language acquisition, Larry Wall, late capitalism, means of production, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, new economy, Norbert Wiener, Occupy movement, packet switching, peer-to-peer, power law, Richard Stallman, Ronald Coase, Slavoj Žižek, social software, social web, software studies, speech recognition, SQL injection, stem cell, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, The Nature of the Firm, Turing machine, Turing test, Vilfredo Pareto, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler

./") state_str = ['queued', 'checking', 'downloading metadata', 'downloading', 'finished', 'seeding', 'allocating'] while (1): s = h.status() print '%.2f%% complete (down: %.1f kb/s up: %.1f kB/s peers: %d) %s' % (s.progress * 100, s.download_rate / 1000, s.upload_rate / 1000, s.num_peers, state_str[s.state]) time.sleep(5) Notes 0 Double Coding 1. For more on the Befunge programming language, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befunge. 2. The Hello World Collection, compiled by Wolfram Roesler (with help from many people around the world), includes 421 “Hello world” programs in many more or less well-known programming languages, plus 63 human languages (available at http://roesler-ac.de/wolfram/hello.htm). 3.

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table=Object&id=2011&lang=). 41. Brigitte Felderer, “Orality,” in Zauberhafte Klangmaschinen: Von der Sprechmaschine bis zur Soundkarte (Hainburg: IMA Institut für Medienarchäologie, Schott Music, 2008), 92. The speaking machine can still be seen in the Deutsches Museum, Munich. 42. See Wikipedia entry, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Kempelen% 27s_Speaking_Machine. 43. Rée, I See a Voice, 258. 44. Ong, Orality and Literacy, 86. 45. See http://www.omniglot.com/writing/korean.htm. 46. Rée, I See a Voice, 262. 47. George Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion (1916). Also see Ovid’s Metamorphoses, book X. 48. Alan Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950), in Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort, eds., The New Media Reader (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003), 49–64. 49.

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HAL is a computer capable of speech, speech recognition, facial recognition, natural language processing, lip reading, art appreciation, interpreting and reproducing emotional behaviors, reasoning, and playing chess. Notes to Pages 67–70 125 121. The full story was on the Forumwarz blog but is no longer available. See http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forumwarz. Thanks to Robert Jackson for identifying this example. 122. Ibid. 123. Berardi, The Soul at Work, 89. 124. Ibid., 207. 125. This is something that Berardi also identifies in the article “An Introduction to Therapoetry: The Voice Against the Image / Poetry Against Semiocapital,” in Geoff Cox, Nav Haq, and Tom Trevor, eds., “Art, Activism and Recuperation,” Concept Store Journal 3 (Bristol: Arnolfini, 2010). 3 Coding Publics 1.

pages: 536 words: 73,482

Programming Clojure by Stuart Halloway, Aaron Bedra

continuous integration, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, functional programming, general-purpose programming language, Gödel, Escher, Bach, higher-order functions, Neal Stephenson, Paul Graham, Ruby on Rails, type inference, web application

Footnotes [33] http://norvig.com/21-days.html [34] http://lampwww.epfl.ch/papers/idealhashtrees.pdf [35] http://tinyurl.com/clojure-persistent-vector [36] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number [37] For more on how the JVM manages its stack, see “Runtime Data Areas” at http://tinyurl.com/jvm-spec-toc. [38] On today’s JVMs, languages can provide automatic TCO for some kinds of recursion but not for all. Since there is no general solution, Clojure forces you to be explicit. When and if general TCO becomes widely supported on the JVM, Clojure will support it as well. [39] Hat tip to Jeff Brown, who posed this problem over breakfast at a No Fluff, Just Stuff symposium. [40] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstadter_sequence [41] 3.06 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo, 4 GB 667 MHz DDR2 SDRAM, Ubuntu 10.10, SSD Copyright © 2012, The Pragmatic Bookshelf.

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In the next chapter, you will see how Clojure is bringing macros to mainstream programming. Footnotes [50] http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/2232 [51] http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-clojure-protocols/?ca=drs- [52] http://clojure.org/datatypes [53] Notice more than one pitch maps to 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10. [54] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage [55] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleatoric_music Copyright © 2012, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Chapter 7 Macros Macros give Clojure great power. With most programming techniques, you build features within the language. When you write macros, it is more accurate to say that you are “adding features to” the language.

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You have Clojure running in your own environment, and you have written short programs at the REPL to demonstrate functional programming and the reference model for dealing with state. Now it is time to explore the entire language. Footnotes [8] Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art [McC06] is a great read and makes the case that smaller is cheaper. [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoiconicity [10] http://www.paulgraham.com/icad.html [11] http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html [12] http://github.com/technomancy/leiningen [13] http://github.com/technomancy/leiningen [14] pst is available only in Clojure 1.3.0 and greater

pages: 266 words: 79,297

Forge Your Future with Open Source by VM (Vicky) Brasseur

AGPL, anti-pattern, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), call centre, continuous integration, Contributor License Agreement, Debian, DevOps, don't repeat yourself, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, FOSDEM, Free Software Foundation, Guido van Rossum, information security, Internet Archive, Larry Wall, microservices, Perl 6, premature optimization, pull request, Richard Stallman, risk tolerance, Turing machine

Footnotes [5] https://octoverse.github.com [6] https://www.fsf.org [7] https://sfconservancy.org [8] https://opensource.org/ [9] https://www.spi-inc.org [10] https://fsfe.org/index.en.html [11] https://opensourceprojects.eu [12] https://linux.org.au [13] http://opensource.asia [14] https://fossasia.org [15] http://www.fossfa.net [16] https://africaopendata.org [17] https://softwarelivre.org [18] https://flisol.info [19] https://www.softwarelibre.org.pe [20] https://wikipedia.org [21] https://creativecommons.org [22] https://okfn.org/about/ [23] https://archive.org [24] https://osseeds.org [25] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman [26] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project [27] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Manifesto [28] https://www.fsf.org [29] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Peterson [30] https://opensource.org/ [31] https://opensource.org/osd [32] https://opensource.org/osd-annotated [33] https://opensource.org/licenses [34] https://about.gitlab.com/2017/12/18/balanced-piaa/ [35] https://github.com/blog/2337-work-life-balance-in-employee-intellectual-property-agreements [36] https://opensource.org/licenses [37] https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0 [38] https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT [39] https://opensource.org/licenses/gpl-license [40] https://opensource.org/licenses/lgpl-license [41] https://opensource.org/licenses/MPL-2.0 Copyright © 2018, The Pragmatic Bookshelf.

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Now that you know how to communicate with others in a FOSS community, it’s time to get to know them, and what better way to do that than getting together in person? Footnotes [92] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds; The inventor of Linux. [93] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Wall; The inventor of rn, patch, Perl, and Perl 6. [94] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee; The inventor of the World Wide Web. [95] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastebin [96] https://www.xkcd.com/386/ [97] https://opensource.com/life/16/6/irc Copyright © 2018, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Chapter 8 It’s About the People By now you’ve noticed a large part of the book is dedicated to methods and tips for interacting with others.

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To everyone on the channel, who knows who they are and who are there for me through it all: Thank you. I love each and every one of you and I will never tire of saying so. And finally to you, who will help shape the future of technology through your free and open source contributions: Thank you. Footnotes [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whac-A-Mole#Colloquial_usage [2] https://pragprog.com/titles/vbopens/errata [3] https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=%23fossforge [4] https://opensource.com/life/16/6/irc-quickstart-guide Copyright © 2018, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Chapter 1 The Foundations and Philosophies of Free and Open Source When we think or talk about free and open source software, there’s a strong tendency to focus on that last bit: the software.

pages: 255 words: 76,834

Creative Selection: Inside Apple's Design Process During the Golden Age of Steve Jobs by Ken Kocienda

1960s counterculture, anti-pattern, Apple Newton, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, bash_history, Bill Atkinson, Charles Lindbergh, conceptual framework, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, Free Software Foundation, HyperCard, Kickstarter, Lao Tzu, lock screen, premature optimization, profit motive, proprietary trading, QWERTY keyboard, reality distortion field, Richard Feynman, Richard Stallman, Robert X Cringely, Silicon Valley, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, The Soul of a New Machine, Tony Fadell, work culture , zero-sum game

Wikipedia contributors, “Ben Shneiderman,” Wikipedia, The Free En-cyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Shneiderman&oldid=838578865. Accessed November 16, 2018. Wikipedia contributors, “Direct Manipulation Interface,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Direct_manipulation_interface&oldid=831492190. Accessed November 16, 2017. 6. Wikipedia contributors, “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two&oldid=841444468. Accessed November 16, 2017.

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Mat Honan, “Remembering the Apple Newton’s Prophetic Failure and Lasting Impact,” Wired, August 5, 2013. https://www.wired.com/2013/08/remembering-the-apple-newtons-prophetic-failure-and-lasting-ideals/. Accessed November 14, 2017. 2. Wikipedia contributors, “International Talk Like a Pirate Day,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day&oldid=831048898. Accessed November 14, 2017. 3. Wikipedia contributors, “QWERTY,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QWERTY&oldid=842348998. Accessed May 14, 2018. 4. Samantha, Today I Found Out, “The Origin of the Qwerty Keyboard,” January 7, 2012. http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2012/01/the-origin-of-the-qwerty-keyboard/.

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I thought it was a great show, the stuff of Silicon Valley legend. https://vimeo.com/8235099 4. Sam Williams, Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman’s Crusade for Free Software (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly & Associates, 2001). https://www.oreilly.com/openbook/freedom/index.html 5. Wikipedia contributors, “Gratis versus Libre,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&oldid=840748752. Accessed May 14, 2018. 6. David Flanagan, JavaScript: The Definitive Guide, 3rd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 1998). O’Reilly & Associates books were ubiquitous in 1990s high tech. All the programmers I knew had these books and cherished them.

pages: 237 words: 65,794

Mining Social Media: Finding Stories in Internet Data by Lam Thuy Vo

barriers to entry, correlation does not imply causation, data science, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Archive, natural language processing, social web, web application

For example, to run the function on the Wikipedia page, we just add the following line to our script: scrape_content("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Women_computer_scientists") However, we need to run the function multiple times. If we want to run it on one or two URLs, this works great, but we’ll likely need to run it on hundreds of URLs. To run it for more than one URL, we can create a list that contains each URL as a string; that way, we can loop through the list to run the function for each link. To do this, add the code in Listing 5-12 to your script after the code from Listing 5-11. # open the website urls = ➊["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Women_computer_scientists", "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

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# Import our modules or packages that we will need to scrape a website import csv import time from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import requests # Your identification headers = {"user-agent" : "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2228.0 Safari/537.36;", "from": "Your name example@domain.com"} # make an empty array for your data rows = [] # open the website urls = ["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Women_computer_scientists", "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Women_computer_scientists &pagefrom=Lin%2C+Ming+C.%0AMing+C.+Lin#mw-pages"] def scrape_content(url): time.sleep(2) page = requests.get(url, headers= headers) page_content = page.content # parse the page through the BeautifulSoup library soup = BeautifulSoup(page_content, "html.parser") content = soup.find("div", class_="mw-category") all_groupings = content.find_all("div", class_="mw-category-group") for grouping in all_groupings: names_list = grouping.find("ul") category = grouping.find("h3").get_text() alphabetical_names = names_list.find_all("li") for alphabetical_name in alphabetical_names: # get the name name = alphabetical_name.text # get the link anchortag = alphabetical_name.find("a",href=True) link = anchortag["href"] # get the letter letter_name = category # make a data dictionary that will be written into the csv row = { "name": name, "link": link, "letter_name": letter_name} rows.append(row) for url in urls: scrape_content(url) # make a new csv into which we will write all the rows with open("all-women-computer-scientists.csv", "w+") as csvfile: # these are the header names: fieldnames = ["name", "link", "letter_name"] # this creates your csv writer = csv.DictWriter(csvfile, fieldnames=fieldnames) # this writes in the first row, which are the headers writer.writeheader() # this loops through your rows (the array you set at the beginning and have updated throughtout) for row in rows: # this takes each row and writes it into your csv writer.writerow(row) Listing 5-16: The completed scraper script To run and test your scraper, make sure you are connected to the internet and save your file.

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Keeping in mind those ethical and technical considerations, now we’ll get started scraping data from a live website. Scraping from a Live Website For this example, we’ll scrape a list of women computer scientists from Wikipedia, which has a robots.txt file that allows for benign robots to scrape their content. The URL of the page we’ll scrape, shown in Figure 5-2, is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Women_computer_scientists. Figure 5-2: Wikipedia’s list of women computer scientists As we did in previous chapters, we begin our script by loading all the libraries we need. Open your text editor and save a new file called wikipediascraper.py in a folder you can easily access.

pages: 288 words: 85,073

Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think by Hans Rosling, Ola Rosling, Anna Rosling Rönnlund

"World Economic Forum" Davos, animal electricity, clean water, colonial rule, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, fake news, first square of the chessboard, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, global pandemic, Hans Rosling, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), jimmy wales, linked data, lone genius, microcredit, purchasing power parity, revenue passenger mile, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steven Pinker, systems thinking, TED Talk, Thomas L Friedman, Walter Mischel

Wikipedia[1]. “Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom. Wikipedia[2]. “Capital punishment by country: Abolition chronology.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country#Abolition_chronology. Wikipedia[3]. “Feature film: History.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film#History. Wikipedia[4]. “Women’s suffrage.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage. Wikipedia[5]. “Sound recording and reproduction: Phonoautograph.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction#Phonautograph. Wikipedia[6].

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Wikipedia[6]. “World War II casualties.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties. Wikipedia[7]. “List of terrorist incidents: 1970–present.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents#1970–present. Wikipedia[8]. “Cobratoxin: Multiple sclerosis.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobratoxin#cite_note-pmid21999367-8. Wikipedia[9]. “Charles Waterton.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Waterton. Wikipedia[10]. “Recovery position.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_position. World Bank[1]. “Indicator GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2011 international $).” International Comparison Program database.

pages: 314 words: 94,600

Business Metadata: Capturing Enterprise Knowledge by William H. Inmon, Bonnie K. O'Neil, Lowell Fryman

affirmative action, bioinformatics, business cycle, business intelligence, business process, call centre, carbon-based life, continuous integration, corporate governance, create, read, update, delete, database schema, en.wikipedia.org, folksonomy, informal economy, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, semantic web, tacit knowledge, The Wisdom of Crowds, web application

. ✦ Von Krogh, Georg, Ichijo, Kazuo, and Nonaka, Ikujiro. Enabling Knowledge Creation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. ✦ Wikipedia. “Tacit Knowledge.” Referenced July 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Tacit knowledge ✦ Wikipedia. “Knowledge Worker.” Referenced July 12, 2006. http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_worker ✦ Wikipedia. “Internet.” Referenced July 20, 2006. http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Internet ✦ Wikipedia. “Groupware.” Referenced July 16, 2006. http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Groupware C H A P T E R TA B L E O F CO N T E N T S 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................121 Technical Sources of (Both Business and Technical) Metadata ...............................................................................122 Editing the Metadata as It Passes into the Enterprise Metadata Repository .....................................................128 Turning Technical Metadata into Business Metadata .......................................................................................................135 Summary .......................................................................................................137 Introduction CHAPTER 7 Capturing Business Metadata from Existing Data This chapter explores all the general sources of metadata.

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January, 2004. http://www.sun.com/br/0104_ezine/man_graying.html ✦ Von Krogh, Georg, et al. Enabling Knowledge Creation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ✦ Wikipedia. “Knowledge Base.” Referenced on November 26, 2006, http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_base ✦ Wikipedia. “Knowledge Management.” Referenced on November 25, 2006, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management ✦ Wikipedia. “Tacit Knowledge.” Referenced on November 25, 2006, http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit_knowledge This page intentionally left blank In Summary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 16.1 Introduction ................................................................................................273 The Importance of Business Metadata .......................................274 Business Metadata and Metadata Initiatives...........................275 The Essence of Business Metadata................................................276 Lessons Learned in the Field .............................................................278 What Does the Future Hold?.............................................................

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Outside Innovation, 2006. http://outsideinnovation.blogs.com/ pseybold/2006/06/where_do_search.html ✦ Wahl, Zach. “Masterclass: Business Taxonomy, Part I.” Inside Knowledge, October 31, 2006. http://www.ikmagazine.com/ ✦ Wikipedia. “NATO Bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade.”Referenced on October 26, 2006. http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/NATO_Bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade C H A P T E R TA B L E O F CO N T E N T S 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................79 Why Consolidate or Integrate Metadata? ....................................80 Metadata Project Planning and Scoping Considerations .................................................................................................... 82 Defining the Scope of the Metadata Repository ....................85 Summary ..........................................................................................................87 Introduction As organizations moved to an understanding of the need for enterprise information, rather than just application information, corporations recognized that they needed to do something about their metadata.

pages: 588 words: 131,025

The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine Is in Your Hands by Eric Topol

23andMe, 3D printing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Anne Wojcicki, Atul Gawande, augmented reality, Big Tech, bioinformatics, call centre, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, conceptual framework, connected car, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, dark matter, data acquisition, data science, deep learning, digital divide, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, don't be evil, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Firefox, gamification, global village, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, information asymmetry, interchangeable parts, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, job automation, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, license plate recognition, lifelogging, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, meta-analysis, microbiome, Nate Silver, natural language processing, Network effects, Nicholas Carr, obamacare, pattern recognition, personalized medicine, phenotype, placebo effect, quantum cryptography, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, Snapchat, social graph, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, Steve Jobs, synthetic biology, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, traumatic brain injury, Turing test, Uber for X, uber lyft, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, WikiLeaks, X Prize

“The Ninety-Five Theses,” Wikipedia, accessed August 13, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ninety-Five_Theses. 42. J. Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), 7–8. 43. American Medical Association, Code of Medical Ethics, 1847, http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-history/history-ama-ethics.page. 44. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, 303. 45. “Sacrosanctum Concilium,” Wikipedia, accessed August 13, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium. 46. “Ad Orientem,” Wikipedia, accessed August 13, 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_orientem. 47.

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That may be especially apropos, given the symbol’s original suggestion of a godlike nature of physicians, and the tradition of paternalism that the AMA, along with many physicians, inherited from the ancient world. FIGURE 2.2: Evolution of the caduceus symbol in medicine and its adoption by the American Medical Association. Sources: (left and middle) “Caduceus,” Wikipedia, accessed August 13, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caduceus; and (right) “History of AMA Ethics,” American Medical Association, accessed August 13, 2014, http://www.ama-assn.org/ama. The American Medical Association The American Medical Asssociation was founded in 1847, and for more than 160 years since, says its website, the AMA’s Code of Medical Ethics has been the “authoritative ethics guide for practicing physicians.”25 Authoritative it has been.

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This is the first chapter of the “My” section of the book; each one is about different components of your information. Later in the book we’ll get to the transformative implications of having and owning your GIS data. FIGURE 5.1: Differences in our ability to map an infectious disease epidemic. Sources: (left) “1854 Broad Street Cholera Outbreak,” Wikipedia, accessed August 13, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak; and (right) J. L. Gardy et al., “Whole-Genome Sequencing and Social-Network Analysis of a Tuberculosis Outbreak,” New England Journal of Medicine 364 (2011): 730–739. The human GIS comprises multiple layers of demographic, physiologic, anatomic, biologic, and environmental data (Figure 5.2) about a particular individual.5 This is a rich, multi-scale, mosaic of a human being, which can be used to define one’s medical essence; when fully amassed and integrated, it is what a digitized person looks like, at least for the sake of how medical care can be rendered.

pages: 459 words: 138,689

Slowdown: The End of the Great Acceleration―and Why It’s Good for the Planet, the Economy, and Our Lives by Danny Dorling, Kirsten McClure

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Anthropocene, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boeing 747, Boris Johnson, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, carbon tax, clean water, creative destruction, credit crunch, Donald Trump, drone strike, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Extinction Rebellion, fake news, Flynn Effect, Ford Model T, full employment, future of work, gender pay gap, global supply chain, Google Glasses, Great Leap Forward, Greta Thunberg, Henri Poincaré, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, James Dyson, Jeremy Corbyn, jimmy wales, John Harrison: Longitude, Kickstarter, low earth orbit, Mark Zuckerberg, market clearing, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, meta-analysis, military-industrial complex, mortgage debt, negative emissions, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, Overton Window, pattern recognition, Ponzi scheme, price stability, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, QWERTY keyboard, random walk, rent control, rising living standards, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, School Strike for Climate, Scramble for Africa, sexual politics, Skype, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, structural adjustment programs, Suez crisis 1956, the built environment, Tim Cook: Apple, time dilation, transatlantic slave trade, trickle-down economics, very high income, wealth creators, wikimedia commons, working poor

Moreover, in contrast with the first diagram, it is now clear how the rate of change in its position itself changes. The first diagram shows only position. 5. Three different ways of describing the movement of the perpetual pendulum. (Adapted from an illustration in the Wikipedia entry “Phase Portrait,” probably by Krishnatej Vedala, accessed 7 September 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_portrait#/media/File:Pendulum_phase_portrait_illustration.svg.) The final of the three diagrams, shown at the bottom of figure 5, takes time off any axis. This phase portrait of the pendulum is a circle around which the pendulum is swinging anti-, or counter-, clockwise. Deceleration toward its highest position on the circle, which is furthest right in real space (number 3), occurs after a slowdown between points 2 and 3.

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Perhaps it is the case that many people, worldwide, are very interested in between 1 and 2 million things and that, after that number is reached, each additional million entries are generally of less interesting content than the previous million were. The encyclopedias of the past had far fewer than a million entries. 10. Articles in Wikipedia, 15 January 2001–1 January 2019. (Data adapted from “Wikipedia: Size of Wikipedia,” Wikipedia, accessed 24 February 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_of_Wikipedia.) A second change can be seen in the trend that occurred in 2015, when Wikipedia’s growth rate briefly accelerated again. It is possible that people had started assuming that they would find a Wikipedia entry for anything and everything they thought was important or interesting, and so those who could edit (and computer literacy was increasing quickly back then) added more “stubs” to make the existing gaps apparent, and other people coming across the stubs were invited to do something about it via a notice on the page itself.

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They are all directly involved either in the production of oil and gas, in making the cars that run on the oil, in building and running the enormous supermarkets with gigantic car parks to which you drive in your car using that oil (in the case of Walmart), or—they are the “largest shareholder in United Airlines and Delta Air Lines and a top 3 shareholder in Southwest Airlines and American Airlines” (in the case of Berkshire Hathaway, run by Warren Buffet), among much else.12 Table 5. Ten largest companies in the world by revenue, 2018 Source: “List of Largest Companies by Revenue,” Wikipedia, accessed 22 April 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue. ONE DEGREE ABOVE NORMAL BY 2018 The timeline in figure 17 shows what is widely believed to be the effect of the relentless rise in CO2 pollution around the planet. That pollution is measured each June high up on a mountain on a Hawaiian island in the Pacific Ocean.

pages: 733 words: 184,118

Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age by W. Bernard Carlson

1960s counterculture, air gap, Albert Einstein, Charles Babbage, Clayton Christensen, creative destruction, disruptive innovation, en.wikipedia.org, Ford Model T, Henri Poincaré, invention of radio, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Joseph Schumpeter, Menlo Park, packet switching, Plato's cave, popular electronics, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Strategic Defense Initiative, undersea cable, yellow journalism

Tim Judah, The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 5. 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lika. 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilitaryFrontier. 6. NY Herald, 1893, 92. See also Notecard on Kosanović’s criticism of O’Neill’s mss., KSP. 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian provinces. 8. NY Herald, 1893. 9. Cheney and Uth, Master of Lightning, 5. 10. Mrkich, “NT Father.” See also [Dan] Mrkich, Nikola Tesla: The European Years (Ottawa: Commoners’ Publishing, 2004), 52–53. 11. The French established twenty-five gymnasia in the Illyrian provinces; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_provinces. 12. Mrkich, “NT Father.” 13.

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TCM, “Nikola Tesla,” The Century Magazine 47 (February 1894): 582–86 in TC 9:1–4. 20. TCM to RUJ, 7 February 1894 and TCM to NT, 17 February 94, in Seifer, Wizard, 129. 21. NT to RUJ, 15 February 1894, Bakken Museum of Electricity, Minneapolis. 22. NT, New York Academy of Sciences Lecture, 31. 23. On Jefferson and Crawford, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jefferson and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Marion_Crawford. 24. TCM, “Tesla’s Oscillator and Other Inventions,” 928. 25. NT to RUJ, 2 May 1894, in Seifer, Wizard, 128; NT to KJ, 2 May 1894, in Cheney, Tesla: Man out of Time, 95. 26. Martin, “Tesla’s Oscillator.” 27. Arthur Brisbane, “Our Foremost Electrician,” New York World, 22 July 1894, p. 1; John Foord, “Nikola Tesla and His Work,” New York Times, 30 September 1894; and Curtis Brown, “A Man of the Future,” Savannah Morning News, 21 October 1894, all in TC 9:44–48, 64–67, 84–87; TCM, “The Burning of Tesla’s Laboratory,” Engineering Magazine, April 1895, pp. 101–4, on 101 in TC 9:162–64. 28.

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Here was confirmation of the hunch Tesla had had while walking in the park with Szigeti: that alternating current could create the rotating magnetic field he wanted for his motor. FIGURE 3.1. First transformers developed by Zipernowsky, Bláthy, and Déri in 1884–1885 in the Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest. Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZBD.jpg. To be sure, the ball spinning on the top of the broken ring transformer did not reveal to Tesla how to control several alternating currents so that they created a rotating magnetic field; again, the spinning ball only confirmed that Tesla’s ideal of the motor was possible.

pages: 161 words: 39,526

Applied Artificial Intelligence: A Handbook for Business Leaders by Mariya Yao, Adelyn Zhou, Marlene Jia

Airbnb, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Amazon Web Services, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, business intelligence, business process, call centre, chief data officer, cognitive load, computer vision, conceptual framework, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, future of work, Geoffrey Hinton, industrial robot, information security, Internet of things, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, job automation, machine translation, Marc Andreessen, natural language processing, new economy, OpenAI, pattern recognition, performance metric, price discrimination, randomized controlled trial, recommendation engine, robotic process automation, Salesforce, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, single source of truth, skunkworks, software is eating the world, source of truth, sparse data, speech recognition, statistical model, strong AI, subscription business, technological singularity, The future is already here

Retrieved from http://blog.clarifai.com/customer-case-studies/” (7) http://probcomp.csail.mit.edu/ (8) Reading List. (n.d.). MIT Probabilistic Computing Project. Retrieved November 16, 2017, from http://probcomp.org/reading-list/ (9) Optical computing. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 16, 2017, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_computing (10) Quantum computing. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 16, 2017, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing 2. The Machine Intelligence Continuum If you’re not an AI researcher or engineer, understanding the subtle differences and applications of various machine learning approaches can be challenging.

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Facebook’s head of AI wants us to stop using the Terminator to talk about AI. The Verge. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/RtDL5” (2) “http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-real-story-of-2016/” (3) “Symbolic Artificial Intelligence. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 16, 2017, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence” (4) “Le, Q.V., & Schuster, M. (2016, September 27). A Neural Network for Machine Translation, at Production Scale [blog post]. Retrieved from: https://research.googleblog.com/2016/09/a-neural-network-for-machine.html” (5) “Huang, X.D. (2017, August 20).

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Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/google-ai-images-raise-100000-at-auction-2016-2 (15) Goleman, D. (2008, March 24). When Emotional Intelligence Does Not Matter More Than IQ. Retrieved from http://www.danielgoleman.info/whenemotional-intelligence-does-not-matter-more-than-iq (16) Sentiment analysis. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved on November 17, 2017, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiment_analysis (17) Knight, W. (2016, June 13). Emotional intelligence might be a virtual assistant’s secret weapon. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved from http://www.technologyreview.com/s/601654/amazon-working-on-making-alexarecognize-your-emotions/ (18) Talbot, D. (2014, September 19).

pages: 398 words: 86,855

Bad Data Handbook by Q. Ethan McCallum

Amazon Mechanical Turk, asset allocation, barriers to entry, Benoit Mandelbrot, business intelligence, cellular automata, chief data officer, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, combinatorial explosion, commoditize, conceptual framework, data science, database schema, DevOps, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Flash crash, functional programming, Gini coefficient, hype cycle, illegal immigration, iterative process, labor-force participation, loose coupling, machine readable, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), power law, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, recommendation engine, selection bias, sentiment analysis, SQL injection, statistical model, supply-chain management, survivorship bias, text mining, too big to fail, web application

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Slow connections cause timeouts when loading pages, so your program has to fail gracefully and move on, keeping a history of what you were and were not able to save so that you can make a second (or third or fourth) pass to get more data. However, it is sometimes a fun challenge to reverse-engineer a website and figure out how they do things under the hood, notice common design approaches, and end up with some interesting data to work with in the end. * * * [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act [6] http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/ [7] https://github.com/bolinfest/chickenfoot/ Chapter 6. Detecting Liars and the Confused in Contradictory Online Reviews Jacob Perkins Did you know that people lie for their own selfish reasons?

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* * * [8] http://www.weotta.com [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing [10] http://citygrid.com/ [11] http://bit.ly/X9sqWR [12] http://nltk.org [13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_classification [14] http://www.cs.cornell.edu/people/pabo/movie-review-data/ [15] http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/llee/papers/sentiment.pdf [16] http://bit.ly/QibGfE [17] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier [18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_entropy_classifier [19] https://github.com/japerk/nltk-trainer [20] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging [21] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_(computational_linguistics) [22] http://www.slideshare.net/japerk/corpus-bootstrapping-with-nltk Chapter 7. Will the Bad Data Please Stand Up? Philipp K. Janert Among hikers and climbers, they say that “there is no such thing as bad weather—only inappropriate clothing.” And as anybody who has spent some time outdoors can attest, it is often precisely trips undertaken under more challenging circumstances that lead to the most noteworthy memories. But one has to be willing to put oneself out there. In a similar spirit, I don’t think there is really such a thing as “bad data”—only inappropriate approaches.

pages: 999 words: 194,942

Clojure Programming by Chas Emerick, Brian Carper, Christophe Grand

Amazon Web Services, Benoit Mandelbrot, cloud computing, cognitive load, continuous integration, database schema, domain-specific language, don't repeat yourself, drop ship, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, finite state, Firefox, functional programming, game design, general-purpose programming language, Guido van Rossum, higher-order functions, Larry Wall, mandelbrot fractal, no silver bullet, Paul Graham, platform as a service, premature optimization, random walk, Ruby on Rails, Schrödinger's Cat, semantic web, software as a service, sorting algorithm, SQL injection, Turing complete, type inference, web application

* * * [6] Clojure is by no means the only homoiconic language, nor is homoiconicity a new concept. Other homoiconic languages include all other Lisps, all sorts of machine language (and therefore arguably Assembly language as well), Postscript, XSLT and XQuery, Prolog, R, Factor, Io, and more. [7] The natural language parse tree was mostly lifted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse_tree. The Reader Although Clojure’s compilation and evaluation machinery operates exclusively on Clojure data structures, the practice of programming has not yet progressed beyond storing code as plain text. Thus, a way is needed to produce those data structures from textual code.

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In Clojure, functional programming means: A preference for working with immutable values; this includes: The use of immutable data structures that satisfy simple abstractions, rather than mutable bags of state The treatment of functions as values themselves, enabling higher-order functions A preference for declarative processing of data over imperative control structures and iteration The natural incremental composition of functions, higher-order functions, and immutable data structures in order to solve complex problems by working with higher-level (or, right-level) abstractions These are all part of the foundation for many of the more advanced features of Clojure that you may have heard of—in particular, Clojure’s fantastic support for concurrency, parallelism, and more generally, providing defined semantics for the management of identities and changing state, which we’ll cover separately in Chapter 4. * * * [35] After you’ve internalized what we provide here, you may find the Wikipedia entry for functional programming to be a surprisingly good springboard for diving deeper into a variety of related topics: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming. [36] Note that it is possible to use functional programming principles even in languages—like Java—that do little to encourage (and sometimes actively discourage) FP styles. This is made much easier if you have some quality persistent data structures and implementations of FP fundamentals like those provided by the Google Guava (https://code.google.com/p/guava-libraries/) or Functional Java (http://functionaljava.org) libraries.

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[46] Perhaps you recall the confusion and uncertainty that existed around double-checked locking some years ago—eventually resolved, but with much complexity and the help of a new JVM memory model: http://www.cs.umd.edu/~pugh/java/memoryModel/DoubleCheckedLocking.html. [47] A.k.a. Heisenbugs, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisenbug. First-Class and Higher-Order Functions Despite the great variability about what “functional programming” means in different languages, one requirement is consistent: functions must themselves be values, so that they may be treated like any other data, accepted as arguments and returned as results by other functions.

pages: 385 words: 101,761

Creative Intelligence: Harnessing the Power to Create, Connect, and Inspire by Bruce Nussbaum

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Berlin Wall, Black Swan, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, clean water, collapse of Lehman Brothers, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, Danny Hillis, declining real wages, demographic dividend, disruptive innovation, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, fail fast, Fall of the Berlin Wall, follow your passion, game design, gamification, gentrification, housing crisis, Hyman Minsky, industrial robot, invisible hand, James Dyson, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Gruber, John Markoff, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, Larry Ellison, lone genius, longitudinal study, manufacturing employment, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, Max Levchin, Minsky moment, new economy, Paul Graham, Peter Thiel, QR code, race to the bottom, reality distortion field, reshoring, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, SimCity, six sigma, Skype, SoftBank, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, supply-chain management, Tesla Model S, The Chicago School, The Design of Experiments, the High Line, The Myth of the Rational Market, thinkpad, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, tulip mania, Tyler Cowen, We are the 99%, Y Combinator, young professional, Zipcar

It was eye-opening, and I asked him to present it to my class, which he did, in the spring of 2011. He’s the only designer I know who was named after a car, the Tucker, which his father designed. http://www.friedrichfroebel.com/, accessed October 20, 2012. 136 the progressive education movement expanded: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montessori_education, accessed September 13, 2012; http://www.montessori-ami.org, accessed September 13, 2012; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wal dorf_schools, accessed September 13, 2012. 136 In 2007, Katie Salen: interview with Katie Salen, June 6, 2011. 136 received a MacArthur Foundation grant: http://www.instituteofplay.org/about, accessed September 13, 2012. 137 Salen puts on a weeklong summer: interview with Katie Salen, June 6, 2011, Institute of Play, http://www.instituteofplay.org/work/ projects/mobile-quest, accessed September 13, 2012. 137 Perhaps that is why 72 percent: Video Game Voters, http://videogamevoters.org/pages/top_10_gamer_facts/, accessed September 13, 2012. 137 StarCraft II: John Gaudiosi, “Major League Gaming Wraps Record-Breaking 2011 Season with Over $600,000 in Cash and Prizes,” GamerLive.TV, November 21, 2011, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.gamerlive.tv/article/major-league-gaming-wraps-record-breaking -2011-season-over-600000-cash-and-prizes; Gunnar Technology Eyewear, http://www.gunnars.com/events/gunnar-mlg-providence-national-championships/, accessed September 13, 2012. 138 Re-Mission is a game: Re-Mission website, http://www.re-mission.net/, accessed September 13, 2012. 138 The game was created by HopeLab: “About HopeLab,” http://www.hopelab.org/about-us/, accessed September 13, 2012. 138 According to a study conducted: Pamela M.

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page=1,accessed September 13, 2012; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity, accessed October 21, 2012. 139 Humans vs. Mosquitoes: http://humansvsmosquitoes.com/background/, accessed September 13, 2012; Lauren Graham, “Climate Conversations—Can a Game Combat Malaria?” AlertNet, July 17, 2012, accessed October 20, 2012, http://www.trust.org/alertnet/blogs/climate- conversations/can-a-game-combat-malaria/. 139 It was designed by students: Ibid. 140 In 1485, Leonardo da Vinci: http://www.flyingmachines.org/davi.html, accessed September 13, 2012. 140 It was not only a beautiful work: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithopter, accessed September 13, 2012. 140 in 1959, a wealthy British businessman: Aza Raskin, “Wanna Solve Impossible Problems?

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__source=vty, accessed September 9, 2012. 191 Corning is developing new: http://9to5mac.com/2012/ 06/04/corning-announces-slim-flexible-willow-glass-video/, accessed September 5, 2012; http://www.apple.com/about/job-creation/, accessed September 9, 2012; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Glass, accessed September 9, 2012. 191 From its founding in 1939: In the spring of 2012, I assembled a panel of six retired HP engineers and researchers who’d worked there from the early glory days through the company’s decline, and spent two days talking with them in order to understand the culture of HP and how it had changed. 191 advanced degrees in electrical engineering: Lee Fleming, “Finding the Organizational Sources of Technological Breakthroughs: The Story of Hewlett-Packard’s Thermal InkJet,” Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 11, no. 5, 1059–84 (Oxford University Press, 2002); “Case Study: Spitting Image,” Economist, September 19, 2002, accessed September 10, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/1324685. 192 “HP Labs was a wonderful place”: Fleming, “Finding the Organizational Sources of Technological Breakthroughs.” 192 “I bore easily”: Ibid. 192 “very far, very fast”: Ibid. 192 In 1978, Vaught and Donald: Ibid. 192 From the beginning of what: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer, accessed September 5, 2012; http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id325.htm, accessed September 5, 2012. 192 Dot-matrix printers were “impact printers”: Stan Retner, “History of Inkjet Printers Development,” Toner Cartridge Depot, November 21, 2007, accessed September 5, 2012, http://blog.tonercartridgedepot.com/2007/ 11/21/history-of-inkjet-printers-development/. 192 Printing was slow and loud: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_per_inch, accessed September 5, 2012. 192 In fact, the joke going: personal interviews with the six retired HP engineers I talked with in Portland, Oregon, in the spring of 2012. 193 For most of its early history: Ibid.; Frank Cloutier, “Building One of the World’s Largest Technology Businesses (and How to Have Fun and Profit from Your Hobbies),” presentation at MIT, March, 2, 2004, accessed at http://techtv-dev.mit.edu/videos/ 15930-building-one-of-the-world-s-largest-technology-businesses-and-how-to-have-fun-and-profit-from-your-home. 193 “We weren’t the largest”: Cloutier, “Building One of the World’s Largest Technology Businesses.” 193 And yet on Christmas Eve: Fleming, “Finding the Organizational Sources of Technological Breakthroughs; “Case Study: Spitting Image.” 193 as Vaught caught sight: Fleming, “Finding the Organizational Sources of Technological Breakthroughs.” 193 “Inventors just don’t go home”: Ibid. 193 “if you think about it”: Ibid. 193 (Because of this explosive process): Thomas Kraemer, “Printing Enters the Jet Age,” American Heritage Invention and Technology, Spring 2001, vol. 6, no. 4, 18–27; accessed September 5, 2012, http://tomsosu.blogspot.com/2012/ 02/history-of-hp-inkjet-printers-in.html. 194 “They had tremendous fun”: Alan G.

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You've Been Played: How Corporations, Governments, and Schools Use Games to Control Us All by Adrian Hon

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", 4chan, Adam Curtis, Adrian Hon, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Astronomia nova, augmented reality, barriers to entry, Bellingcat, Big Tech, bitcoin, bread and circuses, British Empire, buy and hold, call centre, computer vision, conceptual framework, contact tracing, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, David Graeber, David Sedaris, deep learning, delayed gratification, democratizing finance, deplatforming, disinformation, disintermediation, Dogecoin, electronic logging device, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, fake news, fiat currency, Filter Bubble, Frederick Winslow Taylor, fulfillment center, Galaxy Zoo, game design, gamification, George Floyd, gig economy, GitHub removed activity streaks, Google Glasses, Hacker News, Hans Moravec, Ian Bogost, independent contractor, index fund, informal economy, Jeff Bezos, job automation, jobs below the API, Johannes Kepler, Kevin Kelly, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, knowledge worker, Lewis Mumford, lifelogging, linked data, lockdown, longitudinal study, loss aversion, LuLaRoe, Lyft, Marshall McLuhan, megaproject, meme stock, meta-analysis, Minecraft, moral panic, multilevel marketing, non-fungible token, Ocado, Oculus Rift, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, Parler "social media", passive income, payment for order flow, prisoner's dilemma, QAnon, QR code, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, r/findbostonbombers, replication crisis, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Ronald Coase, Rubik’s Cube, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, scientific management, shareholder value, sharing economy, short selling, short squeeze, Silicon Valley, SimCity, Skinner box, spinning jenny, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, TED Talk, The Nature of the Firm, the scientific method, TikTok, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Twitter Arab Spring, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, urban planning, warehouse robotics, Whole Earth Catalog, why are manhole covers round?, workplace surveillance

David Pogue, “6 Billion Degrees of Separation,” Pogue’s Posts, New York Times, January 22, 2007, https://pogue.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/6-billion-degrees-of-separation/; “Find Satoshi,” Find Satoshi, accessed November 28, 2021, https://findsatoshi.com. 26. “Satoshi Nakamoto,” Wikipedia, updated November 28, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto. 27. u/th0may, “Found someone similar looking on a Japanese webpage,” r/FindSatoshi, Reddit, December 26, 2020, www.reddit.com/r/FindSatoshi/comments/kktjhc/found_someone_similar_looking_on_japanese_webpage. 28. “Cicada 3301,” Wikipedia, updated November 8, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicada_3301. 29. “The Code for BBC Two,” Six to Start, accessed November 28, 2021, www.sixtostart.com/the-code. 30. Patrick Di Justo, “The Cicada’s Love Affair with Prime Numbers,” New Yorker, May 13, 2013, www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-cicadas-love-affair-with-prime-numbers. 31.

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Harvey Rosenfield and Laura Antonini, “Opinion: Data Isn’t Just Being Collected from Your Phone. It’s Being Used to Score You.” Washington Post, July 31, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/31/data-isnt-just-being-collected-your-phone-its-being-used-score-you. 29. “Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act,” Wikipedia, updated October 4, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_and_Accurate_Credit_Transactions_Act; Laura Gleason, “An Overview of the Credit Score Disclosure Requirements for Risk-Based Pricing Notices,” Consumer Compliance Outlook (Third Quarter 2011), https://consumercomplianceoutlook.org/2011/third-quarter/overview-of-the-credit-score. 30.

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id=com.actil.android.app; Aaron Bandler, “How Act.IL Mobilized Community Against Ending Haifa Program at Pitzer,” Jewish Journal, April 15, 2019, https://jewishjournal.com/los_angeles/296953/how-act-il-mobilized-community-against-ending-haifa-program-at-pitzer. 42. “Special Force (2003 video game),” Wikipedia, updated April 19, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Force_(2003_video_game). 43. “Sardar Naqdi: We Hope to Take Back This Occupied Khorramshahr Cyberspace from the Enemy / One of the Needs of the Country Is the Development of Prayer Software,” Khabar Online, accessed November 28, 2021, https://www.khabaronline.ir/news /1435542/. 44.

pages: 138 words: 40,787

The Silent Intelligence: The Internet of Things by Daniel Kellmereit, Daniel Obodovski

Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, business intelligence, call centre, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, commoditize, connected car, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, first square of the chessboard, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Freestyle chess, Google X / Alphabet X, Internet of things, lifelogging, Metcalfe’s law, Network effects, Paul Graham, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Robert Metcalfe, Salesforce, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart grid, software as a service, Steve Jobs, The future is already here, the long tail, Tony Fadell, vertical integration, web application, Y Combinator, yield management

We will also continue our discussions with industry experts about what is happening, what might happen, and what needs to happen to bring about the vision of the Internet of Things. 1 Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, Race Against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy (Lexington, MA: Digital Frontier Press, 2011), p.297. 2 Nokia, Machine-to-Machine: Let Your Machines Talk (2004). http://www.m2mpremier.com/uploadFiles/m2m-white-paper-v4.pdf. 3 The observation that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law.) 4 Motorola, Aspira Intelligence Everywhere (1999). 5 Mark Weiser, “The Computer for the 21st Century,” Scientific American, Special Issue: Communications, Computers, and Networks, September 1991. 6 Glen Allmendinger and Ralph Lombreglia, “Four Strategies for the Age of Smart Services,” Harvard Business Review, October 2005. 7 Ericsson, More Than 50 Billion Connected Devices (February 2011). http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/wp-50-billions.pdf. 8 W.

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OBD systems give the vehicle owner or a repair technician access to information for various vehicle subsystems. Modern OBD implementations use a standardized digital communications port to provide real-time data, in addition to a standardized series of diagnostic trouble codes, or DTCs, which allow one to identify and remedy malfunctions within the vehicle. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBD-II#OBD-II.) Chapter 3 THE FUTURE OF THE SILENT INTELLIGENCE Business is going to change more in the next ten years than it has in the last fifty. ~ Bill Gates We made a point in chapter 1 that the exponential growth of the Internet of Things is going to have a profound effect on our lives over the next five to ten years.

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Also Garry Kasparov, “The Chess Master and the Computer,” New York Review of Books, February 11, 2010. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/feb/11/the-chess-master-and-the-computer/. 17 Second Life is an online virtual world developed by Linden Lab. It was launched on June 23, 2003. A number of free client programs, or Viewers, enable Second Life users to interact with one another through avatars (also called Residents). (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Life.) 18 Peer-to-peer car-sharing services like Getaround, JustShareIt, and others are in operation. We don’t know if they’ll be successful, but this type of service would not be possible without M2M. 19 After this interview and just before this book was published, BodyMedia was acquired by Jawbone.

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Life as a Passenger: How Driverless Cars Will Change the World by David Kerrigan

3D printing, Airbnb, airport security, Albert Einstein, autonomous vehicles, big-box store, Boeing 747, butterfly effect, call centre, car-free, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, Chris Urmson, commoditize, computer vision, congestion charging, connected car, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, deskilling, disruptive innovation, Donald Shoup, driverless car, edge city, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, Ford Model T, future of work, General Motors Futurama, hype cycle, invention of the wheel, Just-in-time delivery, Lewis Mumford, loss aversion, Lyft, Marchetti’s constant, Mars Rover, megacity, Menlo Park, Metcalfe’s law, Minecraft, Nash equilibrium, New Urbanism, QWERTY keyboard, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rodney Brooks, Sam Peltzman, self-driving car, sensor fusion, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, smart cities, Snapchat, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steve Jobs, technological determinism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, the built environment, Thorstein Veblen, traffic fines, transit-oriented development, Travis Kalanick, trolley problem, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, Unsafe at Any Speed, urban planning, urban sprawl, warehouse robotics, Yogi Berra, young professional, zero-sum game, Zipcar

_r=0 Blogs: A selection of blogs on the topic of Driverless cars: http://penguindreams.org/blog/self-driving-cars-will-not-solve-the-transportation-problem/# http://utilware.com/autonomous.html http://ideas.4brad.com/rodney-brooks-pedestrian-interaction-andrew-ng-infrastructure-and-both-human-attitudes https://medium.com/@alexrubalcava/a-roadmap-for-a-world-without-drivers-573aede0c968 http://www.newgeography.com/content/005024-preparing-impact-driverless-cars http://blog.piekniewski.info/2017/05/11/a-car-safety-myths-and-facts/ https://medium.com/@christianhern/self-driving-cars-as-the-new-toolbar-8c8a47a3c598 https://backchannel.com/self-driving-cars-will-improve-our-cities-if-they-dont-ruin-them-2dc920345618#.4va0brsyg Videos: A selection of Videos on the topic of Driverless cars: Video of Tesla Auto pilot - https://thescene.com/watch/arstechnica/cars-technica-hands-on-with-tesla-s-autopilot https://youtu.be/tiwVMrTLUWg (15 Minute TED Talk by Chris Urmson of Google, 2015) * * * [1] http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/McKinsey%20Digital/Our%20Insights/Disruptive%20technologies/MGI_Disruptive_technologies_Full_report_May2013.ashx [2] http://www.morganstanley.com/articles/autonomous-cars-the-future-is-now [3] http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Media/WEF_FutureofJobs.pdf [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Amara [5] https://twitter.com/BenedictEvans/status/763209924302090240 [6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes#Dichotomy_paradox [7] https://twitter.com/BenedictEvans/status/771115479393906688 [8] https://lilium.com/ [9] https://www.uber.com/info/elevate/ [10] The Salmon of Doubt, Douglas Adams, 2002 [11] http://farmerandfarmer.org/mastery/builder.html [12] https://global.oup.com/academic/product/innovation-and-its-enemies-9780190467036?

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Urban Land Institute Terwilliger Center for Housing: 19. 2014 [52] https://twitter.com/NelsonNygaard/status/684042745216798720 [53] http://www.uspirg.org/news/usp/new-report-shows-mounting-evidence-millennials%E2%80%99-shift-away-driving [54] https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/751 [55] http://www.cnet.com/uk/news/a-future-of-self-driving-cars-were-ready-now/ [56] http://www.bbc.com/news/business-35242514 [57] https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-travel-survey-2014 [58] http://www.people-press.org/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ [59] http://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/car-of-future-is-autonomous-electric-shared-mobility [60] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_car [61] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/411471/road-traffic-forecasts-2015.pdf [62] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchetti%27s_constant [63] https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-theory/wp/2016/02/29/are-americans-leaving-cars-behind/ [64] Door to Door: The Magnificent, Maddening, Mysterious World of Transportation, Edward Humes, 2016 [65] http://la.curbed.com/2016/9/9/12824240/self-driving-cars-plan-los-angeles [66] http://sustainablemobility.ei.columbia.edu/files/2012/12/Transforming-Personal-Mobility-Jan-27-20132.pdf [67] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_C5 [68] http://www.segway.com/ [69] https://www.wired.com/2016/10/teslas-self-driving-car-plan-seems-insane-just-might-work/ [70] Alphabet is Google’s parent company and owner of Waymo, formerly known as Google Self Driving Car project

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cc=us&lang=en& [13] Profiles of the Future, 1962 [14] http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2026224_2200963,00.html [15] The Tempest, Act I, Scene I [16] Disruptive Mobility: AV Deployment Risks and Possibilities, Barclays Research, Jul 2015 [17] https://cleantechnica.com/2017/02/04/us-electric-car-sales-59-january-2017/ [18] http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/art-and-architecture/architecture/shopping-center [19] http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-chicago-auto-show-early-cars-flashback-0208-jm-20150207-story.html [20] Peter Norton, 2002 [21] Proceedings of the National Safety Council, Tenth Annual Safety Congress, Boston 1922 [22] http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan-history/2015/04/26/auto-traffic-history-detroit/26312107/ [23] Frank R Coates, American Electric Railway Association, US Chamber of Commerce, Washington, May 1926 [24] https://medium.com/@anthonymobile/peak-city-b5457846ce11 [25] https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Report.pdf [26] https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/oct/19/oslo-moves-to-ban-cars-from-city-centre-within-four-years [27] https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/pubs/hf/pl11028/chapter1.cfm [28] https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/pubs/hf/pl11028/chapter4.cfm [29] 'Traffic', Tom Vanderbilt (2008) [30] https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/consumer-expenditures/2015/home.htm [31] http://inrix.com/scorecard/ [32] https://mobility.tamu.edu/ums/report/ [33] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10505818 [34] http://assets.highways.gov.uk/our-road-network/pope/major-schemes/POPE___meta_2011___main_report___final.pdf [35] https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/subject_areas/national_household_travel_survey/daily_travel.html [36] http://cityminded.org/daily-commute-need-talk-99-12436 [37] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5409622/?reload=true&tp=&arnumber=5409622&url=http:%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F4149681%2F5409610%2F05409622.pdf%3Farnumber%3D5409622 [38] http://360.here.com/2014/04/30/jams-game-theory-equations-science-of-traffic/ [39] http://engineering.illinois.edu/news/article/21938 [40] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braess%27s_paradox [41] http://chester.faculty.asu.edu/library/access39_parking.pdf [42] http://www.transportationlca.org/losangelesparking/ [43] Rethinking a Lot (2012), Eran Ben-Joseph [44] http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/CruisingForParkingAccess.pdf [45] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/10082461/Motorists-spend-106-days-looking-for-parking-spots.html [46] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/news/london-parking-space-goes-on-sale-for-350000/ [47] http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/12/us/12parking.html [48] Edge City: Life on the New Frontier, Joel Garreau, 2011 [49] http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21720269-dont-let-people-park-free-how-not-create-traffic-jams-pollution-and-urban-sprawl [50] https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/Housing_Development_Toolkit%20f.2.pdf [51] Bending the Cost Curve – Solutions to Expand the Supply of Affordable Rentals.”

pages: 315 words: 70,044

Learning SPARQL by Bob Ducharme

database schema, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, G4S, linked data, machine readable, semantic web, SPARQL, web application

@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> . d:c1 a skos:Concept ; xl:prefLabel d:label1 . d:c2 a skos:Concept ; xl:prefLabel d:label2 ; skos:broader d:c1 . d:c3 a skos:Concept ; xl:prefLabel d:label3 ; skos:broader d:c1 . d:label1 a xl:Label ; xl:literalForm "Mammal" ; dc:source <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal> . d:label2 a xl:Label ; xl:literalForm "Dog" ; dc:source <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog> . d:label3 a xl:Label ; xl:literalForm "Cat" ; dc:source <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat> . Note Note that this SKOS-XL example includes extra triples about the source of each term, using the Dublin Core source property, to show SKOS-XL’s flexibility. You can add all the metadata you want, from any namespaces you want, to these terms.

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DBpedia’s SNORQL web form I want DBpedia to give me a list of albums produced by the hip-hop producer Timbaland and the artists who made those albums. If Wikipedia has a page for Some Topic at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Topic, the DBpedia URI to represent that resource is usually http://dbpedia.org/resource/Some_Topic, so after finding the Wikipedia page for the producer at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland, I sent a browser to http://dbpedia.org/resource/Timbaland, found plenty of information (although it was redirected to http://dbpedia.org/page/Timbaland, because when a browser asks for the information, DBpedia redirects it to the HTML version of the data), and knew that this was the right URI to represent him in queries.

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@en | | skos:subject | cat:Cornish_writers | | skos:subject | cat:English_Methodist_clergy | | skos:subject | cat:19th-century_Methodist_clergy | | skos:subject | cat:People_from_St_Stephen-in-Brannel | | skos:subject | cat:1860_births | | skos:subject | cat:1937_deaths | | skos:subject | cat:English_novelists | | rdfs:label | "Joseph Hocking"@en | | foaf:page | <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hocking> | ------------------------------------------------------------------ This result doesn’t have a ton of data, but only because I deliberately picked an obscure person to ask about. I also trimmed the data in the two places where you see ... above to make it easier to fit on the page; the rdfs:comment value describing the British novelist/minister is actually an entire paragraph.

pages: 310 words: 89,653

The Interstellar Age: Inside the Forty-Year Voyager Mission by Jim Bell

Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, crowdsourcing, dark matter, Edmond Halley, Edward Charles Pickering, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, gravity well, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Kuiper Belt, Mars Rover, Neil Armstrong, Pierre-Simon Laplace, planetary scale, Pluto: dwarf planet, polynesian navigation, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Stephen Hawking, Virgin Galactic

perhaps some other complex hydrocarbons: This and other early pioneering planetary spectroscopic discoveries were made by the Dutch-American astronomer Gerard P. Kuiper, who is widely regarded as one of the founding fathers of modern planetary science. There’s a nice Wikipedia biography of Kuiper online at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper. could have led to the formation of life on Earth: Wikipedia’s entry on the Miller-Urey experiments at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey_experiment is a great starting point for learning more about these famous early efforts at understanding the possible origins of life on Earth and other habitable worlds. Voyager’s cameras were blind to the surface itself: Uncovering those secrets, including discovering the hoped-for seas of ethane and methane, would have to wait more than twenty-five years, when the Cassini Saturn orbiter, armed with cloud-penetrating radar inspired by Voyager’s discoveries, would finally map the fascinating geology and hydrology of Titan and when the ESA Huygens probe would get near-surface images just before landing.

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modern-day spacecraft forensics: For more details, see The Planetary Society’s director of projects Bruce Betts’s April 19, 2012, blog post “Pioneer Anomaly Solved!” at planetary.org/blogs/bruce-betts/3459.html. just under four light-years away: For information about Voyager 1’s predicted encounter with Gliese 445, see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_445, and for information about Voyager 2’s predicted encounter with Ross 248, see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_248. “redirect the spacecraft as closely as possible . . .”: Carl Sagan, et al., Murmurs of Earth, pages 235–36. evidence of planets around other nearby stars: The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia, online at exoplanet.eu/catalog, contains lists, plots, and links to the now more than 1,800 planets discovered around nearby stars that are (mostly) like our sun, via a variety of ground-based and space-based methods.

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Garber’s article “Searching for Good Science: The Cancellation of NASA’s SETI Program,” Journal of British Interplanetary Society 52 (1999): 3–12 (online at history.nasa.gov/garber.pdf). Why should American taxpayers support NASA?: Wikipedia has a fairly comprehensive entry on the history of the NASA budget, with links to more information, at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_of_NASA. inspiration is priceless during tough times: Watch and read Neil deGrasse Tyson’s passionate 2012 testimony to the US Senate’s Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee on Neil’s own website, at haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2012/03/07/past-present-and-future-of-nasa-us-senate-testimony.

pages: 344 words: 104,077

Superminds: The Surprising Power of People and Computers Thinking Together by Thomas W. Malone

Abraham Maslow, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Asperger Syndrome, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, bitcoin, blockchain, Boeing 747, business process, call centre, carbon tax, clean water, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data science, deep learning, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, drone strike, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, experimental economics, Exxon Valdez, Ford Model T, future of work, Future Shock, Galaxy Zoo, Garrett Hardin, gig economy, happiness index / gross national happiness, independent contractor, industrial robot, Internet of things, invention of the telegraph, inventory management, invisible hand, Jeff Rulifson, jimmy wales, job automation, John Markoff, Joi Ito, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, knowledge worker, longitudinal study, Lyft, machine translation, Marshall McLuhan, Nick Bostrom, Occupy movement, Pareto efficiency, pattern recognition, prediction markets, price mechanism, radical decentralization, Ray Kurzweil, Rodney Brooks, Ronald Coase, search costs, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, slashdot, social intelligence, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, technological singularity, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, Tim Cook: Apple, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, Uber for X, uber lyft, Vernor Vinge, Vilfredo Pareto, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!

But if you are a stickler for the historical plausibility of hypothetical examples, you may be wondering whether lions and mangoes ever existed together in ancient times as I posited here. The answer is: they probably did. Lions were common in Africa, and so were African mangoes. See Wikipedia, s.v. “lion,” accessed February 11, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion; “Historic vs Present Geographical Distribution of Lions,” Brilliant Maps, April 26, 2016, http://brilliantmaps.com/distribution-of-lions/; Wikipedia, s.v. “Irvingia gabonensis,” accessed February 11, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis. It is less likely that lions would have been in a rainforest, since they typically inhabit grasslands and savannas. But perhaps the imaginary scenarios described here took place near the edge of a rainforest or involved unusual lions who liked rainforests.

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Scott Wong, Irving Lin, Jayanth Komarneni, and Shantanu Nundy, “Machine Classifier Trained on Low-Volume, Structured Data Predicts Diagnoses Near Physician-Level: Chest Pain Case Study,” presented at the 39th annual North American Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making, Pittsburgh, PA, October 22, 2017, https://smdm.confex.com/smdm/2017/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/11058. CHAPTER 16 1. Erik Eckermann, World History of the Automobile (Warrendale, PA: SAE Press, 2001), 14; Wikipedia, s.v. “Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot,” last modified August 12, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot; Wikipedia, s.v. “history of the automobile,” last modified September 28, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_automobile. 2. Orville C. Cromer and Charles L. Proctor, s.v. “gasoline engine,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, published March 20, 2013, https://www.britannica.com/technology/gasoline-engine/Fuel#toc47239. 3.

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cmp=usbrb&cm=s&csr=watson.site_20140319&cr=work&ct=usbrb301&cn=s1healthcare. 5. Shai Wininger, “The Secret Behind Lemonade’s Instant Insurance,” Lemonade, November 23, 2016, https://stories.lemonade.com/the-secret-behind-lemonades-instant-insurance-3129537d661. 6. Wikipedia, s.v. “Wikipedia:Bots,” accessed August 18, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots. 7. Aniket Kittur, Boris Smus, Susheel Khamkar, and Robert E. Kraut, “CrowdForge: Crowdsourcing Complex Work,” in Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (New York: ACM Press, 2011), http://smus.com/crowdforge/crowdforge-uist-11.pdf. 8.

pages: 519 words: 104,396

Priceless: The Myth of Fair Value (And How to Take Advantage of It) by William Poundstone

availability heuristic, behavioural economics, book value, Cass Sunstein, collective bargaining, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, delayed gratification, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, equal pay for equal work, experimental economics, experimental subject, feminist movement, game design, German hyperinflation, Henri Poincaré, high net worth, index card, invisible hand, John von Neumann, Kenneth Arrow, laissez-faire capitalism, Landlord’s Game, Linda problem, loss aversion, market bubble, McDonald's hot coffee lawsuit, mental accounting, meta-analysis, Nash equilibrium, new economy, no-fly zone, Paul Samuelson, payday loans, Philip Mirowski, Potemkin village, power law, price anchoring, price discrimination, psychological pricing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, random walk, RFID, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, rolodex, social intelligence, starchitect, Steve Jobs, The Chicago School, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, three-martini lunch, ultimatum game, working poor

., 429. 29 “Psychophysics is an exact doctrine”: Fechner 1966, 8. 30 “Carving Meat and Setting the Table”: Heidelberger 2004, 43. 30 “But then I ruined my eyesight”: Fechner’s autobiographical note is translated in ibid., 322. 30 “People called Fechner a fool”: quoted in ibid., 323. 30 Little Book on Life After Death: See ibid., 44. 31 “How much stronger or weaker”: quoted in Stevens 1975, 59. 31 Plateau biography: Ibid., 7; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Plateau. 33 power curve rule can be stated in seven words: Stevens 1975, 16. 33 “As an experimental fact”: Ekman and Sjöberg 1965, quoted in Stevens 1975, 266. 5. Black Is White 34 “tell us how matters stand out there”: Stevens 1975, 18. 34 “For example, is it the differences”: Ibid., 18. 35 “The print in this book looks black”: Ibid., 79. 35 Category and magnitude scales: There is a concise, nontechnical discussion of response scales in Kahneman, Schkade, and Sunstein 1998, 53–55.

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., 235–37. 44 Social status: Ibid., 244–45. 44 Seriousness of theft: Ibid., 258–59. 8. Input to Output 49 Mob types: See Tuohy 2001. Goffstein took over the Riviera after his boss, Gus Greenbaum, was murdered by the Chicago mob (apparently). 49 Murphy biography: See Wikipedia entry, “Charles B. G. Murphy,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._G._Murphy. Murphy’s Wood Kalb Foundation also supported psychiatry at Yale. 49 He came up with Ward Edwards: Paul Slovic interview, July 1, 2008. 49 Murphy asked to use the Four Queens for experiments: Phillips and von Winterfeldt 2006. 51 “revealed preference”: See Samuelson 1947. 51 “impossible for the behavior”: Simon 1945, 79. 51 “How any grown-up”: quoted in Mirowski 2002, 454. 52 “Do you think the ratio”: Phillips and von Winterfeldt 2006. 53 “was nutty”: Barbara Tversky interview, July 8, 2008. 53 “occasional colorful and forthright behavior”: Phillips and von Winterfeldt 2006. 53 “Ruth’s excellent, if often exotic cooking”: Ibid. 53 Paper titled “Behavioral Decision Theory”: Edwards 1961. 53 (“a marvelous person”): Lichtenstein interview, July 28, 2008. 53 “was actually interested in the economic theories”: Ibid. 53 “comparing incomparables”: cited in Goldstein and Einhorn 1987, 250. 53 “Always choose the bet”: Edwards 1961, describing “A Study of Decision Making Under Risk” by C.

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He doubts there were any profits after expenses. 73 Game unpopular, Ponticello wanted to improve: Slovic interview, July 1, 2008. 74 “The results of this experiment”: Lichtenstein and Slovic 2006, 75. 74 “There is a natural concern”: Ibid. 76 “I call them as I see them”: Tversky and Thaler 1990, 210. 76 “It would be an overstatement”: Lichtenstein and Slovic 2006, xvi. 76 “Each of the blind men was partly right”: See Wikipedia entry, “Blind Men and an Elephant,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Men_and_an_Elephant. 12. Cult of Rationality 77 “If you can’t talk about a preference”: Lichtenstein interview, July 29, 2008. 77 “The first time I talked about it”: Lichtenstein interview, July 28, 2008. 78 “I was very young”: Camerer interview, Nov. 28, 2008. 78 “would get taken advantage of in the markets”: Ibid. 78 Economics and “irrationality”: This capsule history is indebted to the more detailed account in Laibson and Zeckhauser 1998. 78 “to discredit the psychologists’ work”: Grether and Plott 1979, reprinted in Lichtenstein and Slovic 2006, 77. 79 “We knew Charlie Plott”: Lichtenstein interview, July 29, 2008 79 “Plott is pretty good at spotting”: Camerer interview, Nov. 28, 2008. 79 “In a very real sense”: Grether and Plott 1979, reprinted in Lichtenstein and Slovic 2006, 85. 79 “Unsophisticated Subjects,” other hypotheses: Grether and Plott 1979. 80 “amplifier”: Colin Camerer’s word, in Camerer interview, Nov. 28, 2008. 80 Admiring letters from cranks: Ibid. 13.

Drink?: The New Science of Alcohol and Your Health by David Nutt

Boris Johnson, Bullingdon Club, carbon footprint, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, impulse control, Kickstarter, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, microbiome, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

In 2010 The Times Eureka science magazine voted him one of the 100 most important figures in British Science, and the only psychiatrist in the list. In 2013 he was awarded the John Maddox Prize from Nature/Sense about Science for standing up for science and in 2017 a Doctor of Laws hon causa from the University of Bath. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nutt www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6170/478.full www1.imperial.ac.uk/departmentofmedicine/divisions/brainsciences/psychopharmacology DRINK? The New Science of Alcohol and Your Health Professor David Nutt www.yellowkitebooks.co.uk This book contains research findings and the opinions of the author.

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path=/bmj/363/8172/This_Week.full.pdf 3 www.gov.uk/government/news/public-health-england-and-drinkaware-launch-drinkfree-days 4 www.theguardian.com/society/2019/may/15/britons-get-drunk-more-often-than-35-other-nations-survey-finds 5 ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/alcoholrelateddeathsintheunitedkingdom/registeredin2017 6 who.int/news-room/detail/21-09-2018-harmful-use-of-alcohol-kills-more-than-3-million-people-each-year-most-of-them-men 7 www.alcoholchange.org.uk/alcohol-facts/fact-sheets/alcohol-statistics 8 digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-alcohol/2019 9 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihenstephan_Abbey 10 www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3944 11 www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/fulltext www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922421 journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881119841569?journalCode=jopa 12 doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27553 How Drinking Affects Your Body and Brain 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216062 2 Additional information from: www.alcohol.org/effects/blood-alcohol-concentration 3 pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9bb9/846bf3eec9fd7b1a37ae6e0e8cc025d34563.pdf 4 foodanddrink.scotsman.com/drink/the-controversial-story-of-buckfasts-rise-to-prominence-in-scotland 5 www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3242494/Revenge-PM-s-snub-billionaire-funded-Tories-years-sparked-explosive-political-book-decade.html 6 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2426682 7 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27380261 8 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC543875 9 theconversation.com/lining-your-stomach-with-milk-before-a-big-night-out-and-other-alcohol-myths-88116 10 pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa72/aa72.htm 11 www.researchgate.net/publication/263287740 _Editorial_Can_Hangover_Immunity_be_Really_Claimed 12 www.researchgate.net/publication/26693901 _Are_Some_Drinkers_Resistant_to_Hangover_A_Literature_Review 13 www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2015/p1015-excessive-alcohol.html 14 www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325619.php 15 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230485 16 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434663 17 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180514095530.htm 18 news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8416431.stm 19 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5515685 20 journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2050324517741038 The Health Harms of Alcohol 1 www.researchgate.net/publication/235971838_Alcohol_consumption_alcohol_dependence_and_attributable_burden_of_disease_in_Europe_Potential_gains_from_effective_interventions_for_alcohol_dependence 2 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181003102732.htm 3 understandinguncertainty.org/files/2012bmj-microlives.pdf 4 assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/489795/summary.pdf 5 www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32744-2/fulltext 6 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27073140 7 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15770105 8 www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5843059/NHS-pharmacy-worker-37-died-toxic-poisoning-misjudging-alcohol-measures-holiday.html 9 www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-related-liver-disease-arld/treatment 10 Personal communication from Professor Nick Sheron 11 eprints.soton.ac.uk/427505/1/1_s2.0_S246826671830241X_main.pdf 12 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3992057 13 www.drinkaware.co.uk/alcohol-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/diseases/alcohol-and-liver-cancer 14 www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/exposures/alcoholic-drinks 15 www.aicr.org/continuous-update-project/reports/breast-cancer-report-2017.pdf 16 www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/exposures/alcoholic-drinks 17 cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/92876/reporting/en 18 www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314539.php 19 www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-673618)31772-0/fulltext 20 www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/8/29/17790118/alcohol-lancet-health-study 21 Milwood et al., 2019 Lancet on Kadoorie study 22 www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.HYP.33.2.653 23 www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/strokeaha.108.520817 24 www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(17)30003-8/fulltext 25 www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j2353 26 www.bmj.com/company/newsroom/both-long-term-abstinence-and-heavy-drinking-may-increase-dementia-risk 27 www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.787440 28 www.nytimes.com/2018/06/18/health/nih-alcohol-study.html 29 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26294775 30 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29103170 31 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590619 AAA: Alcohol, Accidents and Aggression 1 www.theguardian.com/society/2019/sep/04/violence-nhs-staff-face-routine-assault-intimidation 2 assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/827834/drink-drive-final-estimates-2017.pdf 3 www.gov.iruk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-in-great-britain-final-estimates-involving-illegal-alcohol-levels-2017 4 webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100921035247/http:/northreview.independent.gov.uk/docs/NorthReview-Report.pdf 5 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4814299 6 www.alcoholhelpcenter.net/Program/BAC_Standalone.aspx 7 www.researchgate.net/publication/223136111_Alcohol-Related_Risk_of_Driver_Fatalities_An_Update_Using_2007_Data 8 ibid 9 webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100921035247/http:/northreview.independent.gov.uk/docs/NorthReview-Report.pdf 10 www.sussex.ac.uk/broadcast/read/48912 11 etsc.eu/wp-content/uploads/report_reducing_drink_driving_final.pdf 12 www.ias.org.uk/uploads/pdf/bloodalcoholcontenteffectivenessreview.pdf 13 eprints.gla.ac.uk/189646 14 www.oisevi.org/a/archivos/estudios-especificos/ong/Union-Europea-Druid-Final-Report.pdf 15 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955613 16 www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/why-the-effects-of-a-boozy-bank-holiday-binge-could-last-longer-than-you-think 17 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20497803 18 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago 19 www.historyextra.com/period/viking/the-truth-about-viking-berserkers 20 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090218081624.htm 21 www.inverse.com/article/49228-who-alcohol-report-drinking-deaths 22 www.drinkaware.co.uk/research/data/consequences 23 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353113105000520 24 www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20630771 25 metro.co.uk/2011/06/17/ascot-fight-on-ladies-day-stuns-horse-racing-fans-47597/ 26 alcoholchange.org.uk/publication/are-you-looking-at-me 27 theconversation.com/if-england-gets-beaten-so-will-she-the-link-between-world-cup-and-violence-explained-99769 28 www.ias.org.uk/uploads/IAS%20report%20Alcohol%20domestic%20abuse%20and%20sexual%20assault.pdf What Alcohol Does to Your Mental Health 1 www.nhs.uk/news/mental-health/alcohol-and-depression 2 www.cmaj.ca/content/191/27/E753 3 pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh26-2/130-135.htm 4 adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder/social-anxiety-and-alcohol-abuse 5 www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/loss-of-consciousness-and-posttraumatic-stress-disorder/E82CD29771CBD412EBA3D51A896CB059 6 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770804 7 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29183241 8 academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/99/1/57/1523792 9 www.verywellmind.com/adult-alcoholism-adhd-connected-63078 10 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/088761859290009V 11 jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/497548 12 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460398000094 13 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6598815 14 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460396000536 15 link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-005-0981-3 16 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22983943 Hormones and Fertility 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1772851 2 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527168 3 www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-research-on-alcohol-intake-and-male-fertility 4 www.bionews.org.uk/page_137273 5 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141002221232.htm 6 ibid 7 www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.I4262 8 www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-14261-8 9 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3367299 10 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170411090205.htm 11 www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/alcohol-medicines-drugs-pregnant 12 pubs.niaaa.nih.gov › publications › arh22-1 13 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128154000.htm 14 www.nhs.uk/conditions/foetal-alcohol-syndrome 15 bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/12/e022578 16 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5609722 17 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445685 18 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_South_African_Wine_Initiative#cite_note-AFP-2 19 www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/27/mothers-children-foetal-alcohol-syndrome-south-africa 20 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/08/170821122756.htm 21 ibid 22 www.cochrane.org/CD011445/PREG_ethanol-alcohol-preventing-preterm-birth 23 academic.oup.com/humupd/article/22/4/516/2573866 24 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500807 25 www.breastcancer.org/research-news/20080311 26 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171107092906.htm 27 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24118767 28 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453011003350 29 www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2009/06/26/0812809106.full.pdf 30 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30738971 How Alcohol Affects Your Quality of Life 1 www.nhs.uk/apps-library/sleepio 2 science.howstuffworks.com/life/sleep-obesity1.htm 3 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170420114020.htm 4 jech.bmj.com/content/71/12/1177 5 www.sussex.ac.uk/broadcast/read/47131 6 www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/the-incredible-shrinking-man-5544531.html 7 www.euro.who.int/–data/assets/pdf_file/0018/319122/Public-health-successes-and-missed-opportunities-alcohol-mortality-19902014.pdf 8 www.researchgate.net/publication/26314858_Beer_consumption_and_the_‘beer_belly’_Scientific_basis_or_common_belief 9 www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanpub/PIIS2468-2667(17)30089-0.pdf 10 https://www.alcoholpolicy.net/2019/06/a-new-report-from-the-institute-of-alcohol-studies-ias-says-the-cost-of-hangovers-is-up-to-14-billion-a-year-with-as-ma.html 11 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180825124245.htm 12 medicalxpress.com/news/2019-08-hangovers-brain-function.html 13 www.drinkaware.co.uk/alcohol-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/lifestyle/can-alcohol-affect-sports-performance-and-fitness-levels 14 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629692 15 www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/tony-adams-life-alcoholic-knew-play-football-didnt-know 16 www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-47864761 17 www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/arsenal-news-nitrous-oxide-laughing-gas-latest-ozil-lacazette-guendouzi-aubameyang-video-club-a8672061.html 18 www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-3037536/Raheem-Sterling-filmed-taking-hippy-crack-just-days-pictures-Liverpool-star-smoking-shisha-pipe.html 19 www.theguardian.com/science/sifting-the-evidence/2015/nov/17/sex-does-alcohol-really-make-you-better-in-bed 20 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1403295 21 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160804141034.htm 22 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160918214439.htm 23 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S205011611830120X 24 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917074 25 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140328102907.htm 26 www.forbes.com/sites/chunkamui/2016/03/22/wine-and-sleep-make-for-better-decisions/#38f815a824b1 27 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810016303713 28 www.forbes.com/sites/chunkamui/2016/03/22/wine-and-sleep-make-for-better-decisions/#38f815a824b1 29 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_ration 30 www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/darts/6637884/Andy-Fordham-I-became-world-darts-champion-despite-never-being-sober.html 31 www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2794310/drunk-belgian-anaesthetist-killed-british-mother-caesarean-told-police-need-vodka-don-t-shake.html 32 www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/03/british-woman-dies-botched-caesarean-france 33 www.bmj.com/content/2/5103/993 34 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117735687 Addiction: Have I Got an Alcohol Problem?

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., 2019 Lancet on Kadoorie study 22 www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.HYP.33.2.653 23 www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/strokeaha.108.520817 24 www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(17)30003-8/fulltext 25 www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j2353 26 www.bmj.com/company/newsroom/both-long-term-abstinence-and-heavy-drinking-may-increase-dementia-risk 27 www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.787440 28 www.nytimes.com/2018/06/18/health/nih-alcohol-study.html 29 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26294775 30 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29103170 31 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590619 AAA: Alcohol, Accidents and Aggression 1 www.theguardian.com/society/2019/sep/04/violence-nhs-staff-face-routine-assault-intimidation 2 assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/827834/drink-drive-final-estimates-2017.pdf 3 www.gov.iruk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-in-great-britain-final-estimates-involving-illegal-alcohol-levels-2017 4 webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100921035247/http:/northreview.independent.gov.uk/docs/NorthReview-Report.pdf 5 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4814299 6 www.alcoholhelpcenter.net/Program/BAC_Standalone.aspx 7 www.researchgate.net/publication/223136111_Alcohol-Related_Risk_of_Driver_Fatalities_An_Update_Using_2007_Data 8 ibid 9 webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100921035247/http:/northreview.independent.gov.uk/docs/NorthReview-Report.pdf 10 www.sussex.ac.uk/broadcast/read/48912 11 etsc.eu/wp-content/uploads/report_reducing_drink_driving_final.pdf 12 www.ias.org.uk/uploads/pdf/bloodalcoholcontenteffectivenessreview.pdf 13 eprints.gla.ac.uk/189646 14 www.oisevi.org/a/archivos/estudios-especificos/ong/Union-Europea-Druid-Final-Report.pdf 15 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955613 16 www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/why-the-effects-of-a-boozy-bank-holiday-binge-could-last-longer-than-you-think 17 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20497803 18 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago 19 www.historyextra.com/period/viking/the-truth-about-viking-berserkers 20 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090218081624.htm 21 www.inverse.com/article/49228-who-alcohol-report-drinking-deaths 22 www.drinkaware.co.uk/research/data/consequences 23 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353113105000520 24 www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20630771 25 metro.co.uk/2011/06/17/ascot-fight-on-ladies-day-stuns-horse-racing-fans-47597/ 26 alcoholchange.org.uk/publication/are-you-looking-at-me 27 theconversation.com/if-england-gets-beaten-so-will-she-the-link-between-world-cup-and-violence-explained-99769 28 www.ias.org.uk/uploads/IAS%20report%20Alcohol%20domestic%20abuse%20and%20sexual%20assault.pdf What Alcohol Does to Your Mental Health 1 www.nhs.uk/news/mental-health/alcohol-and-depression 2 www.cmaj.ca/content/191/27/E753 3 pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh26-2/130-135.htm 4 adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder/social-anxiety-and-alcohol-abuse 5 www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/loss-of-consciousness-and-posttraumatic-stress-disorder/E82CD29771CBD412EBA3D51A896CB059 6 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770804 7 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29183241 8 academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/99/1/57/1523792 9 www.verywellmind.com/adult-alcoholism-adhd-connected-63078 10 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/088761859290009V 11 jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/497548 12 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460398000094 13 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6598815 14 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460396000536 15 link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-005-0981-3 16 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22983943 Hormones and Fertility 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1772851 2 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527168 3 www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-research-on-alcohol-intake-and-male-fertility 4 www.bionews.org.uk/page_137273 5 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141002221232.htm 6 ibid 7 www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.I4262 8 www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-14261-8 9 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3367299 10 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170411090205.htm 11 www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/alcohol-medicines-drugs-pregnant 12 pubs.niaaa.nih.gov › publications › arh22-1 13 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128154000.htm 14 www.nhs.uk/conditions/foetal-alcohol-syndrome 15 bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/12/e022578 16 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5609722 17 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445685 18 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_South_African_Wine_Initiative#cite_note-AFP-2 19 www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/27/mothers-children-foetal-alcohol-syndrome-south-africa 20 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/08/170821122756.htm 21 ibid 22 www.cochrane.org/CD011445/PREG_ethanol-alcohol-preventing-preterm-birth 23 academic.oup.com/humupd/article/22/4/516/2573866 24 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500807 25 www.breastcancer.org/research-news/20080311 26 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171107092906.htm 27 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24118767 28 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453011003350 29 www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2009/06/26/0812809106.full.pdf 30 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30738971 How Alcohol Affects Your Quality of Life 1 www.nhs.uk/apps-library/sleepio 2 science.howstuffworks.com/life/sleep-obesity1.htm 3 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170420114020.htm 4 jech.bmj.com/content/71/12/1177 5 www.sussex.ac.uk/broadcast/read/47131 6 www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/the-incredible-shrinking-man-5544531.html 7 www.euro.who.int/–data/assets/pdf_file/0018/319122/Public-health-successes-and-missed-opportunities-alcohol-mortality-19902014.pdf 8 www.researchgate.net/publication/26314858_Beer_consumption_and_the_‘beer_belly’_Scientific_basis_or_common_belief 9 www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanpub/PIIS2468-2667(17)30089-0.pdf 10 https://www.alcoholpolicy.net/2019/06/a-new-report-from-the-institute-of-alcohol-studies-ias-says-the-cost-of-hangovers-is-up-to-14-billion-a-year-with-as-ma.html 11 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180825124245.htm 12 medicalxpress.com/news/2019-08-hangovers-brain-function.html 13 www.drinkaware.co.uk/alcohol-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/lifestyle/can-alcohol-affect-sports-performance-and-fitness-levels 14 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629692 15 www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/tony-adams-life-alcoholic-knew-play-football-didnt-know 16 www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-47864761 17 www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/arsenal-news-nitrous-oxide-laughing-gas-latest-ozil-lacazette-guendouzi-aubameyang-video-club-a8672061.html 18 www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-3037536/Raheem-Sterling-filmed-taking-hippy-crack-just-days-pictures-Liverpool-star-smoking-shisha-pipe.html 19 www.theguardian.com/science/sifting-the-evidence/2015/nov/17/sex-does-alcohol-really-make-you-better-in-bed 20 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1403295 21 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160804141034.htm 22 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160918214439.htm 23 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S205011611830120X 24 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917074 25 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140328102907.htm 26 www.forbes.com/sites/chunkamui/2016/03/22/wine-and-sleep-make-for-better-decisions/#38f815a824b1 27 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810016303713 28 www.forbes.com/sites/chunkamui/2016/03/22/wine-and-sleep-make-for-better-decisions/#38f815a824b1 29 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_ration 30 www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/darts/6637884/Andy-Fordham-I-became-world-darts-champion-despite-never-being-sober.html 31 www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2794310/drunk-belgian-anaesthetist-killed-british-mother-caesarean-told-police-need-vodka-don-t-shake.html 32 www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/03/british-woman-dies-botched-caesarean-france 33 www.bmj.com/content/2/5103/993 34 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117735687 Addiction: Have I Got an Alcohol Problem?

pages: 201 words: 21,180

Designing for the Social Web by Joshua Porter

barriers to entry, classic study, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, fail fast, Howard Rheingold, late fees, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Milgram experiment, Paradox of Choice, Paul Buchheit, Ralph Waldo Emerson, recommendation engine, social bookmarking, social software, social web, Steve Jobs, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, web application, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

The Attention Economy, as it has come to be called, is all about the exchange of attention in a world where it is increasingly scarce. Much of what we do on the web is about this exchange of attention. To circle back to the reviews at Amazon, it is deﬁnitely about more than money: it’s about attention. 8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_economy CHAPTER 1 THE RISE OF THE SOCIAL WEB At its very core, social software is about connecting people virtually who already have relationships in the physical world. That’s why MySpace and Facebook are so popular. What do most people do on those sites when they sign up?

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Starting with the social software precursors mentioned above, the web has evolved toward more mature social software. What follows is a very abridged history of the web from a social software point of 9 For more insight into the reasons why people use MySpace, read Danah Boyd’s: Identity Production in a Networked Culture: Why Youth Heart MySpace http://www.danah.org/papers/AAAS2006.html 10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email 11 Super cool link: Tim Berners-Lee announcing the World Wide Web on Usenet: http://groups.google. com/group/alt.hypertext/msg/395f282a67a1916c 13 14 DESIGNING FOR THE SOCIAL WEB view. This is important because our audiences, except the youngest ones, have lived through and experienced this history and it shapes their expectations.

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Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process. Moreover, even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear, and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority.3 3 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milgram_experiment for the fascinating details of the Milgram experiment. CHAPTER 4 DESIGN FOR SIGN-UP Authority works because it makes people pay attention. The mere fact that Seth Godin uses this software is impressive. But notice, too, that this element doesn’t overplay Godin’s involvement.

Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge by Cass R. Sunstein

affirmative action, Andrei Shleifer, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, Build a better mousetrap, c2.com, Cass Sunstein, cognitive bias, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, feminist movement, framing effect, Free Software Foundation, hindsight bias, information asymmetry, Isaac Newton, Jean Tirole, jimmy wales, market bubble, market design, minimum wage unemployment, prediction markets, profit motive, rent control, Richard Stallman, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, slashdot, stem cell, systematic bias, Ted Sorensen, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Wisdom of Crowds, winner-take-all economy

For those interested in the original WikiWikiWeb site, the place to go is http:/c2.com/cgi/wiki; it includes many thousands of pages with discussions of software design. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid., 17. 5. All quotations from the Wikipedia site are available via http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. 252 / Notes to Pages 140–50 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Replies_to_common_ objections. 7. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Stop_hand.png. 8. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category: NPOV_disputes. 9. Taken from http://www.lessig.org/blog/archives/003012.shtml. 10. See “A Wiki For Your Thoughts” (June 17, 2005), available at http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-edwiki17jun17,1,1789326.story. 11.

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See James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, and Nations (New York: Doubleday, 2004). 2. John Zajc, “This Week in SABR” (Society for American Baseball Research, Cleveland, Ohio), Oct. 9, 2004 (Results of playoff prediction survey), available at http://www.sabr.org/ sabr.cfm?a=cms,c,1123,3,212. 3. The story is told in “Kasparov Against the World,” http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasparov_versus_The_World. 4. See Cass R. Sunstein et al., “Assessing Punitive Damages,” Yale Law Journal 107 (1998): 2095–99 (showing that small groups often reflect judgments of community as whole, at least when their judgments are made on a bounded scale). 5. See Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page, “The Anatomy of a LargeScale Hypertextual Web Search Engine,” Computer Networks & ISDN System 30 (1998): 107–10, available at http://dbpubs .stanford.edu:8090/pub/1998–8. 6.

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See “A Wiki For Your Thoughts” (June 17, 2005), available at http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-edwiki17jun17,1,1789326.story. 11. See Where is the Wikitorial? (undated), available at http:// www.latimes.com/news/opinion/editorials/la-wiki-splash,0, 1349109.story. 12. For the full story, and the final version, see http://en.wikipedia. org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Improve_this_article_about_ Wikipedia&direction=next&oldid=23806738. 13. See http://www.liswiki.com/wiki/Main_Page. 14. http://www.ssrc.org/wiki/POSA/index.php?title=Main_Page. 15. See ibid. 16. http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/World_Wind. 17. See “Email Is So Five Minutes Ago,” Business Week, Nov. 28, 2005. 18.

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Conscious Capitalism, With a New Preface by the Authors: Liberating the Heroic Spirit of Business by John Mackey, Rajendra Sisodia, Bill George

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, Bear Stearns, benefit corporation, Berlin Wall, Buckminster Fuller, business process, carbon footprint, collective bargaining, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, crony capitalism, cross-subsidies, do well by doing good, en.wikipedia.org, Everything should be made as simple as possible, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, Flynn Effect, income per capita, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, job satisfaction, John Elkington, lone genius, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, microcredit, Nelson Mandela, Occupy movement, profit maximization, Ralph Waldo Emerson, shareholder value, six sigma, social intelligence, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, systems thinking, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, union organizing, wealth creators, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

.§ * Vineet Nayar, Employees First, Customers Second: Turning Conventional Management Upside Down (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2010); see also Gary Hamel, The Future of Management (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007). † Nayar, Employees First, Customers Second. § HCL Technologies, Annual Report (US GAAP), 2005–2006; and Wikipedia, s.v. “HCL Technologies,” last modified June 24, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCL_Technologies. A Journey Worth Taking Building a conscious business is a challenging but wonderfully rewarding and meaningful undertaking, whether such a business is created from scratch or is the outcome of a transformation. We recognize that many leaders have become weary of change.

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“South Korea GDP,” Trading Economics Web page, n.d., www.tradingeconomics.com/south-korea/gdp. 5. Matt Rosenberg, “Current World Population,” About.com, January 1, 2011, http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm. 6. Wikipedia, s. v. “life expectancy,” last modified June 5, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM ed. (New York: United Nations, 2011). 7. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “Hunger,” Web portal, 2012, www.fao.org/hunger/en/; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food Insecurity in the World (Rome: FAO, 2010); Population Reference Bureau, 2010 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 2010). 8.

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Jack Hollander, The Real Environmental Crisis: Why Poverty, Not Affluence, Is the Environment’s Number One Enemy (Berkeley: University of California, 2004). Chapter Eleven 1. Sam Walton, Made in America (New York: Bantam, 1993). 2. Wikipedia, s.v. “labor unions in the United States,” last modified June 8, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States; Morgan Reynolds, “A History of Labor Unions from Colonial Times to 2009,” Mises Daily (Ludwig von Mises Institute), July 17, 2009, http://mises.org/daily/3553#part12. 3. Ibid. 4. Steven Greenhut, Plunder: How Public Employee Unions Are Raiding Treasuries, Controlling Our Lives and Bankrupting the Nation (Santa Ana, Calif.: Forum Press, 2009). 5.

pages: 823 words: 220,581

Debunking Economics - Revised, Expanded and Integrated Edition: The Naked Emperor Dethroned? by Steve Keen

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Alan Greenspan, banking crisis, banks create money, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Black Swan, Bonfire of the Vanities, book value, business cycle, butterfly effect, capital asset pricing model, cellular automata, central bank independence, citizen journalism, clockwork universe, collective bargaining, complexity theory, correlation coefficient, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, debt deflation, diversification, double entry bookkeeping, en.wikipedia.org, equity risk premium, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, experimental subject, Financial Instability Hypothesis, fixed income, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, Greenspan put, Henri Poincaré, housing crisis, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, information asymmetry, invisible hand, iterative process, John von Neumann, Kickstarter, laissez-faire capitalism, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, mandelbrot fractal, margin call, market bubble, market clearing, market microstructure, means of production, minimum wage unemployment, Money creation, money market fund, open economy, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Phillips curve, place-making, Ponzi scheme, Post-Keynesian economics, power law, profit maximization, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, random walk, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk/return, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Savings and loan crisis, Schrödinger's Cat, scientific mainstream, seigniorage, six sigma, South Sea Bubble, stochastic process, The Great Moderation, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, time value of money, total factor productivity, tulip mania, wage slave, zero-sum game

7 The actual equations were: ‘the rate of change of x with respect to time equals the constant a multiplied by (y–z); the rate of change of y with respect to time equals x multiplied by (b–z) minus y; the rate of change of z with respect to time equals (x multiplied by y) minus (c multiplied by z).’ 8 I use chapter and section references for Marx, rather than page numbers, since his work is now freely accessible via the Internet from the site www.marxists.org/archive/marx/. 9 The two equations are linked, because workers’ wage demands depend on the rate of employment, while investment – which determines the rate of growth – depends on income distribution (a higher workers’ share means lower profits, and hence lower investment). 10 For more details, see the Wikipedia entries en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_flow_block_diagram, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_space_(controls) and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering. Chapter 10 1 he became Fed chairman in February 2006, having briefly served as chairman of the president’s Council of economic advisers before that. 2 more strictly, a market demand curve can have any shape that can be described by a polynomial equation.

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It is properly defined by the Wiktionary (en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ergodic), and the Wikipedia entry on ergodic Theory (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ergodic_theory) makes the important point that ‘For the special class of ergodic systems, the time average is the same for almost all initial points: statistically speaking, the system that evolves for a long time “forgets” its initial state.’ This is not the case for complex or chaotic models, which show ‘sensitive dependence on initial conditions’ (see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_effect and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory). 35 I can think of no more apt term to describe the group that led the campaign to make macroeconomics a branch of neoclassical microeconomics.

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To regard someone who has worked only one hour in a week as employed is simply absurd – at least fifteen hours of work at the minimum wage are needed to be paid even the equivalent of unemployment benefits. Similar distortions apply in other countries. The USA, for example, ceases counting someone as unemployed if they have been out of work for more than a year – a change in definition introduced in 1994 (see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment# United_States_Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Population _Survey#Employment_classification for more details). Abuses of statistics like this have prompted private citizens to record what official statistics ignore. The opinion-polling organization Roy Morgan Research (www.roymorgan.com.au/) now publishes its own survey of Australian unemployment, which it puts at 7.9 percent versus the recorded figure of 5.5 percent (the not-seasonally-adjusted figure as of January 2011).

pages: 520 words: 129,887

Power Hungry: The Myths of "Green" Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future by Robert Bryce

Abraham Maslow, addicted to oil, An Inconvenient Truth, Apollo 11, Bernie Madoff, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, clean tech, collateralized debt obligation, corporate raider, correlation does not imply causation, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, decarbonisation, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, flex fuel, Ford Model T, Glass-Steagall Act, greed is good, Hernando de Soto, hydraulic fracturing, hydrogen economy, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jevons paradox, Menlo Park, Michael Shellenberger, new economy, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, smart grid, Stewart Brand, Ted Nordhaus, Thomas L Friedman, uranium enrichment, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

Africa 15 Indonesia Australia 16 Turkey Mexico 17 Iran Taiwan 18 Australia Iran 19 Taiwan Turkey 20 Netherlands Saudi Arabia Sources: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/2009_downloads/renewables_section_2009.pdf; Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook (data retrieved via Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP). From Pearl Street to EveryGenerator.com: A Story of Rising Power Density and Falling Costs Electricity and electricity generation have become so commonplace that we forget just how cheap electricity has become. But a comparison of the hardware used by Edison with today’s generators brings the enormous improvements made over the past century into focus.

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., http://www.howstuffworks.com/horsepower.htm/printable. 4 Joule invented the British Thermal Unit (Btu). 5 One joule is the amount of energy needed to move an object with a force of 1 newton (N) over a distance of 1 meter (m). The newton is a unit of force named after Isaac Newton. One watt is equal to 1 joule per second (1 W = 1 J/s). Americans are well acquainted with the watt from buying lightbulbs, hair dryers, and various other appliances. 6 Wikipedia, “Joule,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule. 7 Richard A. Muller, Physics for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 72. 8 Renewableenergyworld.com, “US Geothermal Capacity Could Top 10 GW,” October 2, 2009, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/10/us-geothermal-capacity-could-top-10-gw. 9 Arnulf Grübler, “Transitions in Energy Use,” Encyclopedia of Earth, 2008, http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_transitions, 163. 10 Energy-density metrics for area are uncommon. 11 John Pearley Huffman, “Generations,” May 8, 2003, http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=93327#3. 12 “2010 Ford Fusion Review,” n.d., http://www.edmunds.com/ford/fusion/2010/review.html. 13 Here’s the math.

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., http://www.internetautoguide.com/car-specifications/09-int/1999/acura/tl/index.html. 26 “2010 Ford Fusion Review.” 27 John Pearley Huffman, “Generations,” May 8, 2003, http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=93327#3. 28 Calculated by author from home A/C unit, which draws 19.2 amps at 220 volts, for 4,224 watts. 29 Wikipedia, “Honda Super Cub,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Super_Cub. 30 Based on author’s personal Yard Machines lawnmower. 31 Measured at author’s home with a Kill A Watt, August 27, 2009. 32 “Home Wattage Calculator,” n.d., http://www.poweredgenerators.com/wattage-calculator.html. This source puts a toaster at 1,250 watts. 33 Ben Hewitt, “Tour de Lance,” Wired, July 2004, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.07/armstrong.html. 34 “Home Wattage Calculator,” n.d., http://www.poweredgenerators.com/wattage-calculator.html.

pages: 511 words: 111,423

Learning SPARQL by Bob Ducharme

business logic, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, G4S, hypertext link, linked data, machine readable, place-making, semantic web, SPARQL, web application

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For our experiments, we’ll stick with “Browse” as our result format. I want DBpedia to give me a list of albums produced by the hip-hop producer Timbaland and the artists who made those albums. If Wikipedia has a page for “Some Topic” at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Topic, the DBpedia URI to represent that resource is usually http://dbpedia.org/resource/Some_Topic. So, after finding the Wikipedia page for the producer at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland, I sent a browser to http://dbpedia.org/resource/Timbaland. I found plenty of data there, so I knew that this was the right URI to represent him in queries. (The browser was actually redirected to http://dbpedia.org/page/Timbaland, because when a browser asks for the information, DBpedia redirects it to the HTML version of the data.)

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pages: 521 words: 110,286

Them and Us: How Immigrants and Locals Can Thrive Together by Philippe Legrain

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, AlphaGo, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, call centre, centre right, Chelsea Manning, clean tech, coronavirus, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data science, David Attenborough, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, demographic dividend, digital divide, discovery of DNA, Donald Trump, double helix, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, eurozone crisis, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, future of work, illegal immigration, immigration reform, informal economy, Jane Jacobs, job automation, Jony Ive, labour market flexibility, lockdown, low cost airline, low interest rates, low skilled workers, lump of labour, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, Mary Meeker, mass immigration, moral hazard, Mustafa Suleyman, Network effects, new economy, offshore financial centre, open borders, open immigration, postnationalism / post nation state, purchasing power parity, remote working, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rishi Sunak, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Skype, SoftBank, Steve Jobs, tech worker, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, Tim Cook: Apple, Tyler Cowen, urban sprawl, WeWork, Winter of Discontent, women in the workforce, working-age population

Accessed on 24 January 2020 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density 48 Alan W. Evans and Oliver Marc Hartwich, ‘The best laid plans: How planning prevents economic growth’, Policy Exchange, 2007. https://www.policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/the-best-laid-plans-jan-07.pdf 49 Liam Halligan, ‘How to fix Britain’s housebuilding problem’, Financial Times, 14 February 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/a63013ea-4da1-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5 50 ‘List of English districts by population density’, Wikipedia. Accessed on 24 January 2020 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population_density 51 Philippe Legrain, European Spring: Why Our Economies and Politics are in a Mess – and How to Put Them Right, CB Books, 2014. 52 In the UK, migrants were much more likely to be in private rented accommodation (39 percent) than people born in Britain (14 percent) and much less likely to be homeowners (43 percent) than the UK-born (68 percent), Office for National Statistics, ‘Labour Force Survey, 2015, Q1’. 53 See, for instance, Christian Hilber, ‘UK Housing and Planning Policies’, CEP Election Analysis 3, 2015. http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/EA033.pdf 54 Liam Halligan, ‘How to fix Britain’s housebuilding problem’, Financial Times, 14 February 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/a63013ea-4da1-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5 55 Christian Hilber and Wouter Vermeulen, ‘The extraordinarily rigid planning system is the main reason homes in England are unaffordable’, LSE British Politics and Policy, 12 March 2016. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/three-reasons-homes-in-england-are-unaffordable/ 56 Gianmarco Ottaviano and Giovanni Peri, ‘Rethinking the effect of immigration on wages’ Journal of the European Economic Association, 10:1, 2012, pp. 152–97. https://academic.oup.com/jeea/article-abstract/10/1/152/2182016?

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Williamson, ‘Global Migration’. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/09/williams.htm 15 Amy J. Lloyd, ‘Emigration, Immigration and Migration in Nineteenth-Century Britain’, British Library Newspapers, Gale, 2007. https://www.gale.com/binaries/content/assets/gale-us-en/primary-sources/intl-gps/intl-gps-essays/full-ghn-contextual-essays/ghn_essay_bln_lloyd1_website.pdf 16 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_the_United_Kingdom 17 Kevin H. O’Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy, MIT, 1999. 18 Adam McKeown, ‘Global Migration, 1846–1940’, Journal of World History, 15:2, 2004, pp. 155–89. 19 Oriana Bandiera, Imran Rasul and Martina Viarengo, ‘The Making of Modern America: Migratory Flows in the Age of Mass Migration’, Journal of Development Economics, 102, 2013, pp. 23–47. 20 Quoted in John Torpey, The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State, Cambridge, 2000. 3 Post-1945 Migration 1 Richard Cavendish, ‘Arrival of SS Empire Windrush’, History Today, 48:6, June 1998. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/arrival-ss-empire-windrush 2 David Olusoga, ‘The Windrush story was not a rosy one even before the ship arrived’, Guardian, 22 April 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/22/windrush-story-not-a-rosy-one-even-before-ship-arrived 3 Marc Wadsworth, ‘Sam King obituary’, Guardian, 30 June 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/jun/30/sam-king-obituary 4 Rachel Sylvester, ‘Both sides now: inside the rise of Sajid Javid’, Prospect, 27 January 2019. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/both-sides-now-inside-the-rise-of-sajid-javid 5 Dave Hill, ‘Zac Versus Sadiq: The Fight to Become London Mayor’, Double Q, 2016. 6 Henry McDonald, ‘Leo Varadkar, gay son of Indian immigrant, to be next Irish PM’, Guardian, 2 June 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/02/leo-varadkar-becomes-irelands-prime-minister-elect 7 ONS, ‘Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality.

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id=29770 14 ‘Facing Facts: The impact of migrants on London, its workforce and its economy’, PWC and London First, March 2017. https://www.londonfirst.co.uk/sites/default/files/documents/2018-04/Facing-Facts.pdf 15 Paul McQueen, ‘The Famous Fashion Designers Behind Paris’s Biggest Fashion Houses’, Culture Trip, 1 July 2019. https://theculturetrip.com/europe/france/paris/articles/the-leading-creatives-behind-paris-most-famous-fashion-houses/ 16 ‘List of highest-grossing films’, Wikipedia. Accessed on 23 January 2020 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films 17 In 2010, 5.31 percent of highly educated residents aged twenty-five and older had emigrated, compared with 1.29 percent of those with medium skills and 1.4 percent of those with low skills. ‘The IAB brain-drain data’, IAB. Accessed on 23 January 2020 at http://www.iab.de/en/daten/iab-brain-drain-data.aspx 18 Carsten Fink and Ernest Miguelez, ‘Measuring the International Mobility of Inventors: A New Database’, WIPO Economic Research Working Paper 8, 2013. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_econstat_wp_8.pdf 19 ‘List of Nobel laureates’, Wikipedia.

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The Nature of Software Development: Keep It Simple, Make It Valuable, Build It Piece by Piece by Ron Jeffries

Amazon Web Services, anti-pattern, bitcoin, business cycle, business intelligence, business logic, business process, c2.com, call centre, cloud computing, continuous integration, Conway's law, creative destruction, dark matter, data science, database schema, deep learning, DevOps, disinformation, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, fault tolerance, Firefox, Hacker News, industrial robot, information security, Infrastructure as a Service, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, Kanban, Kubernetes, load shedding, loose coupling, machine readable, Mars Rover, microservices, Minecraft, minimum viable product, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Morris worm, move fast and break things, OSI model, peer-to-peer lending, platform as a service, power law, ransomware, revision control, Ruby on Rails, Schrödinger's Cat, Silicon Valley, six sigma, software is eating the world, source of truth, SQL injection, systems thinking, text mining, time value of money, transaction costs, Turing machine, two-pizza team, web application, zero day

We will see what it takes to deploy, monitor, and intervene with systems running in production. Footnotes [22] http://www.squid-cache.org [23] http://www.haproxy.org [24] http://httpd.apache.org [25] https://nginx.org [26] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%27s_law [27] http://www.perfdynamics.com/Tools/PDQ.html [28] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol#Destination_unreachable [29] http://zookeeper.apache.org [30] https://coreos.com/etcd [31] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAP_theorem [32] https://medium.com/@Pinterest_Engineering/zookeeper-resilience-at-pinterest-adfd8acf2a6b [33] https://www.consul.io Copyright © 2018, The Pragmatic Bookshelf.

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That’s in contrast to designing for change inside the software but disregarding the act of making that change live in production. Footnotes [83] http://www.itworld.com/article/2832818/it-management/the-day-a-software-bug-almost-killed-the-spirit-rover.html [84] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDCA [85] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OODA_loop [86] http://www.laputan.org/mud [87] http://scs-architecture.org [88] http://www.winchestermysteryhouse.com [89] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Mystery_House [90] http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2979&context=compsci [91] https://martinfowler.com/articles/201701-event-driven.html [92] http://kafka.apache.org Copyright © 2018, The Pragmatic Bookshelf.

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It’s time to emerge from this vale of shadows into the light. It’s time to talk about the stability patterns you can apply to protect your software. Footnotes [3] http://venturebeat.com/2016/07/27/facebook-passes-1-billion-mobile-daily-active-users [4] http://www.wireshark.org [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_reference [6] http://www.memcached.org [7] http://www.redis.io [8] http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/appendix/notes.html#h-B.4.1.1 [9] http://www.arin.net [10] http://www.oracle.com/applications/customer-experience/ecommerce/products/commerce-platform/index.html [11] http://www.reddit.com/r/announcements/comments/4y0m56/why_reddit_was_down_on_aug_11 [12] http://zookeeper.apache.org [13] http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_4.html#5 Copyright © 2018, The Pragmatic Bookshelf.

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The Business of Platforms: Strategy in the Age of Digital Competition, Innovation, and Power by Michael A. Cusumano, Annabelle Gawer, David B. Yoffie

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Airbnb, AltaVista, Amazon Web Services, AOL-Time Warner, asset light, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, bitcoin, blockchain, business logic, Cambridge Analytica, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cloud computing, collective bargaining, commoditize, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, deep learning, Didi Chuxing, distributed ledger, Donald Trump, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, Firefox, general purpose technology, gig economy, Google Chrome, GPS: selective availability, Greyball, independent contractor, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, Jeff Hawkins, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kevin Roose, Lean Startup, Lyft, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Metcalfe’s law, move fast and break things, multi-sided market, Network effects, pattern recognition, platform as a service, Ponzi scheme, recommendation engine, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Metcalfe, Salesforce, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, SoftBank, software as a service, sovereign wealth fund, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, subscription business, Susan Wojcicki, TaskRabbit, too big to fail, transaction costs, transport as a service, Travis Kalanick, two-sided market, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, vertical integration, Vision Fund, web application, zero-sum game

Norton, 2016). 3.“Track Gauge in the United States,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gauge_in_the_United_States (accessed April 26, 2018). 4.For one source on the history, see AT&T, “Evolution of the SBC and AT&T Brands: A Pictorial Timeline,” http://www.att.com/Common/files/pdf/logo_evolution_factsheet.pdf (accessed April 26, 2018). 5.The concept of network externalities was apparently first introduced in the 1908 Bell Telephone annual report by the CEO, Theodore Vail, according to “Network Effect,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_effect (accessed April 26, 2018). The most influential early technical paper on the economics of network externalities in the communications industry is Jeffrey Rohlfs, “A Theory of Interdependent Demand for a Communications Service,” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 5, no. 1 (Spring 1974): 16–37.

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In this and other papers, the concept of network externalities was used to justify pricing the service low enough (below cost, for example), especially to new users, to achieve universal coverage, that is, with old users (especially in cities) subsidizing new users (especially in rural areas), on the assumption that everyone in the network potentially benefits from each additional user. 6.Michael DeGusta, “Are Smart Phones Spreading Faster than Any Technology in Human History?” MIT Technology Review, May 9, 2012. 7.See “Telephone Directory,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_directory (accessed April 26, 2018). 8.We describe the concept of “free but not free” in Michael A. Cusumano and David B. Yoffie, Competing on Internet Time: Lessons from Netscape and Its Battle with Microsoft (New York: Free Press/Simon & Schuster, 1998), 100. 9.For the history of the Yellow Pages, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_pages (accessed April 26, 2018). 10.Evan D. White and Michael F. Sheehan, “Monopoly, the Holding Company, and Asset Stripping: The Case of the Yellow Pages,” Journal of Economic Issues 26, no. 1 (March 1992): 159–82. 11.Michael J. de la Merced, “AT&T Sells Majority Stake in Yellow Pages to Cerberus,” New York Times, April 9, 2012. 12.To offer your product or service as a “core” or an essential ingredient in a solution to an industry-wide problem is a strategy that, in previous writings, we have called “coring.”

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utm_medium=organic&utm_source=google_rich_qa&utm_campaign=google_rich_qa (accessed May 21, 2018). 7.Yoffie and Cusumano, Strategy Rules, 114. 8.Mathew Rosenberg and Sheera Frenkel, “Facebook’s Role in Data Misuse Sets Off a Storm on Two Continents,” New York Times, March 18, 2018; and Katrin Benhold, “Germany Acts to Tame Facebook, Learning from Its Own History of Hate,” New York Times, May 19, 2018. 9.Politico Staff, “Full Text: Mark Zuckerberg’s Wednesday Testimony to Congress on Cambridge Analytica,” Politico, April 11, 2018, https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/09/transcript-mark-zuckerberg-testimony-to-congress-on-cambridge-analytica-509978 (accessed May 15, 2018). 10.See “List of Unicorn Start-Up Companies,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unicorn_start-up_companies (accessed May 21, 2018). 11.Brian X. Chen, “Google’s File on Me Was Huge. Here’s Why It Wasn’t as Creepy as My Facebook Data,” New York Times, May 16, 2018. 12.See Lina Khan, “Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox,” Yale Law Journal 126, no. 3 (January 2017): 710–805; and “How Many Products Does Amazon Sell?

pages: 244 words: 20,327

Structuring Backbone Code With RequireJS and Marionette Modules by David Sulc

en.wikipedia.org, MVC pattern, web application

You’ll now understand how region definitions work (line 16): the key on the left is what we call our region within our Marionette application, while the value on the right is a jQuery selector present in our page. In other words, by declaring a region with mainRegion: "#main-region", we’re saying that calling ²¹http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns ²²https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/JavaScript/Guide/Working_with_objects Download from Wow! eBook <www.wowebook.com> Displaying a Static View 9 ContactManager.mainRegion.show(staticView); means “put the contents of staticView inside the element corresponding to the jQuery selector #main-region”.

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You’ll notice that we’ve got some special <%= %> tags in there. These serve the same purpose as in many templating languages (ERB in Rails, PHP, JSP, etc.): they allow the templating engine to interpret them and include the resulting output within the rendered result. By default, Marionette ²⁷http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller ²⁸http://backbonejs.org/#Model Download from Wow! eBook <www.wowebook.com> Displaying a Model 16 uses Underscore’s templating engine²⁹ where <%= %> means output will be displayed, and <% %> tags which allow arbitrary javascript to be executed (such as an if condition).

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Instead, let’s leverage events (line 6): Triggering an event in assets/js/app.js 1 2 3 ContactManager.on("initialize:after", function(){ if(Backbone.history){ Backbone.history.start(); 4 if(this.getCurrentRoute() === ""){ ContactManager.trigger("contacts:list"); } 5 6 7 8 9 } }); Then, we update the URL fragement and call the appropriate action within our controller by listening for that same event (lines 15-18): Responding to the navigation event in assets/js/apps/contacts/contacts_app.js 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ContactManager.module("ContactsApp", function(ContactsApp, ContactManager, Backbone, Marionette, $, _){ ContactsApp.Router = Marionette.AppRouter.extend({ appRoutes: { "contacts": "listContacts" } }); 8 9 10 11 12 13 var API = { listContacts: function(){ ContactsApp.List.Controller.listContacts(); } }; 14 ⁸⁸http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself Download from Wow! eBook <www.wowebook.com> Implementing Routing 15 16 17 18 79 ContactManager.on("contacts:list", function(){ ContactManager.navigate("contacts"); API.listContacts(); }); 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ContactManager.addInitializer(function(){ new ContactsApp.Router({ controller: API }); }); }); Much better!

pages: 516 words: 116,875

Greater: Britain After the Storm by Penny Mordaunt, Chris Lewis

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, 3D printing, accelerated depreciation, Ada Lovelace, Airbnb, banking crisis, battle of ideas, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Bob Geldof, Boeing 747, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, British Empire, carbon footprint, Charles Babbage, collective bargaining, Corn Laws, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, credit crunch, crowdsourcing, data is not the new oil, data is the new oil, David Attenborough, death from overwork, Deng Xiaoping, Diane Coyle, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, experimental economics, failed state, fake news, Firefox, fixed income, full employment, gender pay gap, global pandemic, global supply chain, green new deal, happiness index / gross national happiness, high-speed rail, impact investing, Jeremy Corbyn, Khartoum Gordon, lateral thinking, Live Aid, lockdown, loss aversion, low skilled workers, microaggression, mittelstand, moral hazard, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, Ocado, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, Panamax, Ponzi scheme, post-truth, quantitative easing, remote working, road to serfdom, Salesforce, Sheryl Sandberg, Skype, smart cities, social distancing, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, surveillance capitalism, transaction costs, transcontinental railway

lang=en 27 https://www.statista.com/statistics/940867/number-of-banks-in-europe-by-country/ 28 https://www.gfmag.com/magazine/november-2019/worlds-safest-banks-2019 29 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_law_firms_by_revenue 30 https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56263582 31 https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/robert-peston-itv-says-declining-trust-in-bbc-is-bad-for-all-impartial-news-providers/ 32 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_London 33 https://www.france24.com/en/20170222-france-uk-macron-takes-presidential-campaign-london-meets-theresa-may 34 https://www.centreforcities.org/press/london-generating-30-uk-economy-taxes-serious-implications-post-brexit-britain/ PART TWO OUR MISSION TO MODERNISE 6 MODERNISING THE MANDATES THAT REPRESENT US Britain’s modern democracy is a mixture of ancient statute and precedence.

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sc=XE23 19 https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-by-density 20 https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/china-ends-one-child-policy 21 https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/10_26_11_CapitalTradeSOEStudy.pdf 22 https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/28-incredible-made-in-china-innovations-that-are-changing-the-world/ss-BBRWnlD#image=3 23 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/23/world/asia/air-pollution-china-india.html 24 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-swinefever-smithfield-foods-foc/at-smithfield-foods-slaughterhouse-china-brings-home-u-s-bacon-idUSKBN1XF0XC 25 https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/chinas-not-so-great-wall-debt-28-trillion-counting-18537 26 https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/092415/chinas-stock-markets-vs-us-stock-markets.asp 27 https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/GBR/united-kingdom/military-spending-defense-budget https://www.ted.com/talks/yasheng_huang_does_democracy_stifle_economic_growth?language=en 28 https://www.mylifeelsewhere.com/country-size-comparison/china/united-states 29 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age 30 https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/USA/united-states/birth-rate 31 https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CHN/china/birth-rate 32 https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/electricity-consuming-countries/ 33 https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/electricity-consuming-countries/ 34 https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/China/gasoline_consumption/ 35 https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/USA/united-states/military-spending-defense-budget 36 https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2019/12/19/uk-government-to-launch-radical-assessment-of-britains-place-in-the-world/ 37 https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/fs_2020_04_milex_0_0.pdf 38 https://educationdata.org/number-of-college-graduates 39 https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/20/u-s-women-near-milestone-in-the-college-educated-labor-force/ 40 https://www.statista.com/statistics/227272/number-of-university-graduates-in-china/ 41 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_spending_in_the_United_States 42 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-13/unraveling-the-mysteries-of-china-s-multiple-budgets-quicktake 43 https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-natural-gas.pdf 44 https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/carbon/ 45 https://www.worldometers.info/co2-emissions/china-co2-emissions/ 46 https://www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/china.united-states 47 https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/each-countrys-share-co2-emissions 48 http://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index 49 https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-2036,00.html 50 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48347081 51 https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/03/in-past-elections-u-s-trailed-most-developed-countries-in-voter-turnout/ 52 https://qz.com/1605690/european-election-belgiums-voter-turnout-rate-is-an-outlier/ 53 https://www.statista.com/statistics/1050929/voter-turnout-in-the-uk/ 54 https://thecommonwealth.org/about-us 55 https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d674d78456a4d33457a6333566d54/index.html 56 https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/10/g7-d10-democracy-trump-europe/ 57 https://www.visualcapitalist.com/100-most-spoken-languages/ 58 https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2018/01/13/renewable-energy-cost-effective-fossil-fuels-2020/#226572fd4ff2 5 WHAT SHOULD WE BE DOING?

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language=en 28 https://www.mylifeelsewhere.com/country-size-comparison/china/united-states 29 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age 30 https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/USA/united-states/birth-rate 31 https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CHN/china/birth-rate 32 https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/electricity-consuming-countries/ 33 https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/electricity-consuming-countries/ 34 https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/China/gasoline_consumption/ 35 https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/USA/united-states/military-spending-defense-budget 36 https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2019/12/19/uk-government-to-launch-radical-assessment-of-britains-place-in-the-world/ 37 https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/fs_2020_04_milex_0_0.pdf 38 https://educationdata.org/number-of-college-graduates 39 https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/20/u-s-women-near-milestone-in-the-college-educated-labor-force/ 40 https://www.statista.com/statistics/227272/number-of-university-graduates-in-china/ 41 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_spending_in_the_United_States 42 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-13/unraveling-the-mysteries-of-china-s-multiple-budgets-quicktake 43 https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-natural-gas.pdf 44 https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/carbon/ 45 https://www.worldometers.info/co2-emissions/china-co2-emissions/ 46 https://www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/china.united-states 47 https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/each-countrys-share-co2-emissions 48 http://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index 49 https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-2036,00.html 50 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48347081 51 https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/03/in-past-elections-u-s-trailed-most-developed-countries-in-voter-turnout/ 52 https://qz.com/1605690/european-election-belgiums-voter-turnout-rate-is-an-outlier/ 53 https://www.statista.com/statistics/1050929/voter-turnout-in-the-uk/ 54 https://thecommonwealth.org/about-us 55 https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d674d78456a4d33457a6333566d54/index.html 56 https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/10/g7-d10-democracy-trump-europe/ 57 https://www.visualcapitalist.com/100-most-spoken-languages/ 58 https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2018/01/13/renewable-energy-cost-effective-fossil-fuels-2020/#226572fd4ff2 5 WHAT SHOULD WE BE DOING?

pages: 462 words: 172,671

Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship by Robert C. Martin

business logic, continuous integration, database schema, disinformation, domain-specific language, don't repeat yourself, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, finite state, G4S, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, iterative process, place-making, Rubik’s Cube, web application

Fourth, it violates the Open Closed Principle8 (OCP) because it must change whenever new types are added. But possibly the worst problem with this function is that there are an unlimited number of other functions that will have the same structure. For example we could have 7. a. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_responsibility_principle b. http://www.objectmentor.com/resources/articles/srp.pdf 8. a. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open/closed_principle b. http://www.objectmentor.com/resources/articles/ocp.pdf isPayday(Employee e, Date date), or deliverPay(Employee e, Money pay), or a host of others. All of which would have the same deleterious structure.

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The Law of Demeter There is a well-known heuristic called the Law of Demeter2 that says a module should not know about the innards of the objects it manipulates. As we saw in the last section, objects hide their data and expose operations. This means that an object should not expose its internal structure through accessors because to do so is to expose, rather than to hide, its internal structure. 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Demeter More precisely, the Law of Demeter says that a method f of a class C should only call the methods of these: • C • An object created by f • An object passed as an argument to f • An object held in an instance variable of C The method should not invoke methods on objects that are returned by any of the allowed functions.

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[AOSD]: Aspect-Oriented Software Development port, http://aosd.net [ASM]: ASM Home Page, http://asm.objectweb.org/ [AspectJ]: http://eclipse.org/aspectj [CGLIB]: Code Generation Library, http://cglib.sourceforge.net/ [Colyer]: Adrian Colyer, Andy Clement, George Hurley, Mathew Webster, Eclipse AspectJ, Person Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2005. [DSL]: Domain-specific programming language, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_programming_language [Fowler]: Inversion of Control Containers and the Dependency Injection pattern, http://martinfowler.com/articles/injection.html [Goetz]: Brian Goetz, Java Theory and Practice: Decorating with Dynamic Proxies, http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-jtp08305.html [Javassist]: Javassist Home Page, http://www.csg.is.titech.ac.jp/~chiba/javassist/ [JBoss]: JBoss Home Page, http://jboss.org [JMock]: JMock—A Lightweight Mock Object Library for Java, http://jmock.org [Kolence]: Kenneth W.

pages: 628 words: 107,927

Node.js in Action by Mike Cantelon, Marc Harter, Tj Holowaychuk, Nathan Rajlich

Amazon Web Services, business logic, Chris Wanstrath, create, read, update, delete, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Google Chrome, machine readable, MITM: man-in-the-middle, MVC pattern, node package manager, p-value, pull request, Ruby on Rails, SQL injection, web application, WebSocket

Both are event-driven (they use an event loop) and non-blocking when handling I/O (they use asynchronous I/O). Let’s look an example to explain what that means. Event Loops and Asynchronous I/O For more about event loops and asynchronous I/O, see the relevant Wikipedia articles at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_loop and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_I/O. Take this common snippet of jQuery performing an Ajax request using XMLHttp-Request (XHR): This program performs an HTTP request for resource.json. When the response comes back, an anonymous function is called (the “callback” in this context) containing the argument data, which is the data received from that request.

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JavaScript is a compilation target, and there are a number of languages that compile to it already.[4] 4 See the “List of languages that compile to JS”: https://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/wiki/List-of-languages-that-compile-to-JS. Node uses one virtual machine (V8) that keeps up with the ECMAScript standard.[5] In other words, you don’t have to wait for all the browsers to catch up to use new JavaScript language features in Node. 5 For more about the ECMAScript standard, see Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript. Who knew JavaScript would end up being a compelling language for writing server-side applications? Yet, due to its sheer reach, performance, and other characteristics mentioned previously, Node has gained a lot of traction. JavaScript is only one piece of the puzzle though; the way Node uses JavaScript is even more compelling.

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But when serving files via HTTP, it’s usually not enough to just send the contents of a file; you also should include the type of file being sent. This is done by setting the Content-Type HTTP header with the proper MIME type for the file. To look up these MIME types, you’ll use a third-party module called mime. MIME types MIME types are discussed in detail in the Wikipedia article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME. To handle chat-related messaging, you could poll the server with Ajax. But to make this application as responsive as possible, you’ll avoid using traditional Ajax as a means to send messages. Ajax uses HTTP as a transport mechanism, and HTTP wasn’t designed for real-time communication.

pages: 380 words: 109,724

Don't Be Evil: How Big Tech Betrayed Its Founding Principles--And All of US by Rana Foroohar

"Susan Fowler" uber, "World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic bias, algorithmic management, AltaVista, Andy Rubin, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, book scanning, Brewster Kahle, Burning Man, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, cashless society, clean tech, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, Colonization of Mars, computer age, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, data is the new oil, data science, deal flow, death of newspapers, decentralized internet, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, digital rights, disinformation, disintermediation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Etonian, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Filter Bubble, financial engineering, future of work, Future Shock, game design, gig economy, global supply chain, Gordon Gekko, Great Leap Forward, greed is good, income inequality, independent contractor, informal economy, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, job satisfaction, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, life extension, light touch regulation, low interest rates, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Martin Wolf, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, move fast and break things, Network effects, new economy, offshore financial centre, PageRank, patent troll, Paul Volcker talking about ATMs, paypal mafia, Peter Thiel, pets.com, price discrimination, profit maximization, race to the bottom, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Bork, Sand Hill Road, search engine result page, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, side hustle, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, smart cities, Snapchat, SoftBank, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, stock buybacks, subscription business, supply-chain management, surveillance capitalism, TaskRabbit, tech billionaire, tech worker, TED Talk, Telecommunications Act of 1996, The Chicago School, the long tail, the new new thing, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, Travis Kalanick, trickle-down economics, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, Upton Sinclair, warehouse robotics, WeWork, WikiLeaks, zero-sum game

“Mapping Inequalities Across the On-Demand Economy,” Data and Society, accessed May 9, 2019, https://datasociety.net/initiatives/future-of-labor/mapping-inequalities-across-the-on-demand-economy/. 62. Shoshana Zuboff, “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization,” Journal of Information Technology, April 17, 2015. 63. Wikipedia, s.v. “The Great Transformation,” last modified March 29, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book). 64. Zuboff, “Big Other,” 80. 65. Michael Winnick, “Putting a Finger on Our Phone Obsession,” June 16, 2016, https://blog.dscout.com/mobile-touches. 66. Nir Eyal with Ryan Hoover, Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2014), 1. 67.

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Fisher, “ ‘Google Was Not a Normal Place.’ ” 30. Battelle, The Search, 125. Chapter 4: Party Like It’s 1999 1. Joshua Cooper Ramo, “Jeffrey Preston Bezos, 1999 Person of the Year,” Time, December 27, 1999. 2. Wikipedia, graphic of dot-com bubble, accessed May 9, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble#/media/File:Nasdaq_Composite_dot-com_bubble.svg. 3. Simon Dumenco, “Touby Prize,” New York, July 20, 2007. 4. Rana Foroohar, “Europe’s Got Net Fever,” Newsweek International, September 5, 1999. 5. Ibid. 6. “Dotcom Darlings: Where Are They Now?”

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Varian, “Economic Scene: Comparing Nasdaq and Tulips Unfair to Flowers,” The New York Times, February 8, 2001. 11. Olson, Rise and Decline of Nations. 12. Rana Foroohar, Makers and Takers: How Wall Street Destroyed Main Street (New York: Crown Business, 2016), 130. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Wikipedia, s.v. “Dot-com bubble,” last modified May 22, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble. 16. Melanie Warner, “The Beauty of Hype: A Cautionary Tale,” Fortune, March 1, 1999. 17. Rana Foroohar, “Flight of the Dot-Coms,” Newsweek International, July 15, 2001. 18. Rana Foroohar and Stefan Theil, “The Dot-Com Witch Hunt,” Newsweek International, September 3, 2001. 19.

pages: 315 words: 89,861

The Simulation Hypothesis by Rizwan Virk

3D printing, Albert Einstein, AlphaGo, Apple II, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, Benoit Mandelbrot, bioinformatics, butterfly effect, Colossal Cave Adventure, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, DeepMind, discovery of DNA, Dmitri Mendeleev, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ernest Rutherford, game design, Google Glasses, Isaac Newton, John von Neumann, Kickstarter, mandelbrot fractal, Marc Andreessen, Minecraft, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, OpenAI, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Plato's cave, quantum cryptography, quantum entanglement, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Feynman, Schrödinger's Cat, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Silicon Valley, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, technological singularity, TED Talk, time dilation, Turing test, Vernor Vinge, Zeno's paradox

. [←32] https://www.sciencealert.com/wheeler-s-delayed-choice-experiment-record-distance-space [←33] David Toomey, The New Time Travelers (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007), 254. [←34] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Minimax.svg (Source: Nuno Nogueira, user: Nmnogueira) [←35] Thomas Campbell, My Big TOE, (Lightning Strike Books, 2003), 201. [←36] John Wheeler, Geons, Black Holes and Quantum Foam (Norton, 1998). [←37] George Johnson, “How is the Universe Built? Grain by Grain,” The New York Times, December 7, 1999. [←38] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_time [←39] https://www.space.com/20881-wormholes.html [←40] Credit: Shutterstock.com. [←41] https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/would-astronauts-survive-interstellar-trip-through-wormhole-180953269/ [←42] Credit: Shutterstock.com [←43] Fred Alan Wolf, The Dreaming Universe, (Touchstone, 1995), 81. [←44] Wolf, Fred Alan; The Dreaming Universe, p. 21 [←45] Serinity Young, Dreaming in the Lotus: Buddhist Dream Narratives, Imagery and Practice (Wisdom Publications, 1999). [←46] Credit: Shutterstock.com [←47] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma [←48] Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics, (New York: Bantam, 1975), 85-86. [←49] In Brad Steiger, In My Soul I Am Free (Eckankar, 1968), 95. [←50] Thomas Ashley-Ferrand, Healing Mantras (New York: Ballantine Wellspring, 1999), 3–7. [←51] Steiger, Brad; In My Soul I Am Free, 92. [←52] Mattheiu Ricard, The Quantum and the Lotus, (New York: Crown, 2001), 179–81. [←53] www.al-islam.org [←54] http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a12.htm [←55] https://insightswithbillyvee.wordpress.com/2010/02/19/question-is-god-keeping-a-record-rev-2012-heb-812/ [←56] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_angel [←57] Ibid. [←58] Ibid. [←59] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-death_experience [←60] https://dannionandkathrynbrinkley.com/dannions-ndes/ [←61] https://www.history.com/topics/paranormal/project-blue-book [←62] https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html [←63] https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612232/the-8-dimensional-space-that-must-be-searched-for-alien-life/ [←64] Jacques Vallee, “A Theory of Everything (Else),” TED Talk video presentation, 2011, www.jacquesvallee.com. [←65] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine_(Vedanta) [←66] Heisenberg, Werner, Physics and Philosophy (New York: Harper Perennial, 2007) 161. [←67] https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/amp/ncna913926 (Corey Powell) [←68] http://serious-science.org/skepticism-and-the-simulation-hypothesis-6189 [←69] https://www.simulation-argument.com/faq.html [←70] Andrew Masterson, “Matrix Phobia?

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. [←52] Mattheiu Ricard, The Quantum and the Lotus, (New York: Crown, 2001), 179–81. [←53] www.al-islam.org [←54] http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a12.htm [←55] https://insightswithbillyvee.wordpress.com/2010/02/19/question-is-god-keeping-a-record-rev-2012-heb-812/ [←56] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_angel [←57] Ibid. [←58] Ibid. [←59] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-death_experience [←60] https://dannionandkathrynbrinkley.com/dannions-ndes/ [←61] https://www.history.com/topics/paranormal/project-blue-book [←62] https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html [←63] https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612232/the-8-dimensional-space-that-must-be-searched-for-alien-life/ [←64] Jacques Vallee, “A Theory of Everything (Else),” TED Talk video presentation, 2011, www.jacquesvallee.com. [←65] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine_(Vedanta) [←66] Heisenberg, Werner, Physics and Philosophy (New York: Harper Perennial, 2007) 161. [←67] https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/amp/ncna913926 (Corey Powell) [←68] http://serious-science.org/skepticism-and-the-simulation-hypothesis-6189 [←69] https://www.simulation-argument.com/faq.html [←70] Andrew Masterson, “Matrix Phobia?

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., “Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning,” Deepmind Technologies (2013). [←14] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sophia_at_the_AI_for_Good_Global_Summit_2018_(27254369347).jpg [←15] https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/10/16617092/sophia-the-robot-citizen-ai-hanson-robotics-ben-goertzel [←16] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics [←17] Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near, (New York: Penguin, 2005), 10. [←18] Vernor Vinge, “Technological Singularity” (1993), https://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/book98/com.ch1/vinge.singularity.html [←19] https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612257/digital-version-after-death/ [←20] Nick Bostrom, “Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?”

pages: 188 words: 9,226

Collaborative Futures by Mike Linksvayer, Michael Mandiberg, Mushon Zer-Aviv

4chan, AGPL, Benjamin Mako Hill, British Empire, citizen journalism, cloud computing, collaborative economy, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, Debian, Eben Moglen, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, Firefox, informal economy, jimmy wales, Kickstarter, late capitalism, lolcat, loose coupling, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, Naomi Klein, Network effects, optical character recognition, packet switching, planned obsolescence, postnationalism / post nation state, prediction markets, Richard Stallman, semantic web, Silicon Valley, slashdot, Slavoj Žižek, stealth mode startup, technoutopianism, The future is already here, the medium is the message, The Wisdom of Crowds, web application, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler

It was great TV, but created problems for Wikipedia. So many people responded to Colbert’s rallying cry that Wikipedia locked the article on Elephants to protect it from further vandalism. <h p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2006-0807/Wikiality> Furthermore, Wikipedia banned the user Stephencolbert for using an unveriﬁed celebrity name (a violation of Wikipedia’s terms of use <en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Stephencolbert>. 53 Colbert and his viewers’ edits were perceived as mere vandalism that was disrespectful of the social contract that the rest of Wikipedia adhered to, thus subverting the underlying fabric of the community.

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As a pie ce of cutle ry or kitche nware , a fork is a tool consisting of a handle with se ve ral narrow tine s (usually two, thre e or four) on one e nd. The fork, as an e ating ute nsil, has be e n a fe ature primarily of the We st. <en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork> 2. (so ware ) Whe n a pie ce of so ware or othe r work is split into two branche s or variations of de ve lopme nt. In the past, forking has implie d a division of ide ology and a split of the proje ct. With the adve nt of distribute d ve rsion control, forking and me rging be come s a le ss pre cipitous, divisive action. <en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28so ware_development%29> The disruptive force of forking is greater in an environment whose default is to maintain code in centralized, collaboratively maintained repositories such as Subversion.

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Autonomous individuals and communities Glossary: Autonomy Autonomy is a conce pt found in moral, political, and bioe thical philosophy. Within the se conte xts it re fe rs to the capacity of a rational individual to make an informe d, un-coe rce d de cision. In moral and political philosophy, autonomy is o e n use d as the basis for de te rmining moral re sponsibility for one 's actions. <en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy> The work of late twe ntie th-ce ntury thinke rs and fe minist scholars proble matize s the notion that an individual subje ct could e ithe r pre ce de all social formations or could possibly make rational de cisions. Inste ad the body is se e n as a site in which all manne r of social force s are made manife st, articulate d in physiological, psychological and biological ways.

pages: 268 words: 76,702

The System: Who Owns the Internet, and How It Owns Us by James Ball

"World Economic Forum" Davos, behavioural economics, Big Tech, Bill Duvall, bitcoin, blockchain, Cambridge Analytica, Chelsea Manning, cryptocurrency, digital divide, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, financial engineering, Firefox, Frank Gehry, Internet of things, invention of movable type, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, Laura Poitras, Leonard Kleinrock, lock screen, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, Minecraft, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, Network effects, Oculus Rift, packet switching, patent troll, Peter Thiel, pre–internet, ransomware, RFC: Request For Comment, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Snapchat, Steve Crocker, Stuxnet, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, The Chicago School, the long tail, undersea cable, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks, yield management, zero day

aat=1&t=111&dnt=111 15https://www.eff.org/privacybadger 16https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere 17https://certbot.eff.org/ 18This is a pseudonym, but one Kidane uses in real life with his diaspora community too. 19https://uk.kantar.com/tech/social/2018/gen-z-is-the-generation-taking-a-stand-for-privacy-on-social-media/ 20Cohn notes this line of reasoning is central to Cory Doctorow’s online privacy themes in his young adult book, Little Brother. 21https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org 22https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/en.wikipedia.org 23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Statistics 24https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/2016-2017_Fundraising_Report 25https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/how-the-conduit-plans-to-change-the-world 26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomis 27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey 28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LE15_Gender_overall_in_2018.png 29https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ 30https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05947-8 31As highlighted in a Twitter thread from Demos’s Carl Miller here: https://twitter.com/carljackmiller/status/1022055586471534592 32Zittrain is the author of The Future of the Internet – And How To Stop It, which is well worth a read.

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noredirect=on&utm_term=.e7adba67bfe6 3https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-42745853 1 THE ARCHITECTS 1US broadband speed taken from http://fortune.com/2017/06/02/internet-speed-akamai-survey/ 2The narrative of the first internet message is taken from this (charming and very readable) transcript: https://archive.icann.org/meetings/losangeles2014/en/schedule/mon-crocker-kleinrock/transcript-crocker-kleinrock-13oct14-en.pdf 3https://www.internethalloffame.org//inductees/steve-crocker 4https://ai.google/research/people/author32412 5Wired have a great feature with much more detail on ‘the mother of all demos’ here: https://www.wired.com/2010/12/1209computer-mouse-mother-of-all-demos/ 6This was the recollection of Bob Taylor, who secured the funding (https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2011/03/man2011030004/13rRUxly9fL), but was disputed by Charles Herzfeld, who said he had agreed the funding, but had taken more than twenty minutes’ persuasion (https://www.wired.com/2012/08/herzfeld/). 7Full video and transcript: http://opentranscripts.org/transcript/steve-crocker-internet-hall-fame-2012-profile/ 8This is also from Kleinrock’s 2014 transcript: https://archive.icann.org/meetings/losangeles2014/en/schedule/mon-crocker-kleinrock/transcript-crocker-kleinrock-13oct14-en.pdf 9https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0675.txt 10ARPANET had operated as a packet switching network from its inception – TCP is just a specific implantation of the concept, and the one which came to be the standard. 11This paragraph borrows key dates from https://www.webfx.com/blog/web-design/the-history-of-the-internet-in-a-nutshell/ 12Everything from Steve Lukasik comes from his paper ‘Why the ARPANET Was Built’, published online here: https://www.academia.edu/34728504/WHY_THE_ARPANET_WAS_BUILT 13This is from the Crocker/Kleinrock discussion. 14https://webfoundation.org/about/vision/history-of-the-web/ 15These are sourced to the Internet Services Consortium, but most easily viewed on Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Internet_usage 16https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-32884867 17https://www.statista.com/statistics/471264/iot-number-of-connected-devices-worldwide/ 18This stat comes from TeleGeography (https://www2.telegeography.com/submarine-cable-faqs-frequently-asked-questions) – their map of the main undersea internet cables is well worth a look: https://www.submarinecablemap.com/ 2 THE CABLE GUYS 1http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/17/AR2007101702359.html?

pages: 420 words: 130,503

Actionable Gamification: Beyond Points, Badges and Leaderboards by Yu-Kai Chou

Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, bitcoin, Burning Man, Cass Sunstein, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, delayed gratification, Do you want to sell sugared water for the rest of your life?, don't be evil, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, Firefox, functional fixedness, game design, gamification, growth hacking, IKEA effect, Internet of things, Kickstarter, late fees, lifelogging, loss aversion, Maui Hawaii, Minecraft, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, performance metric, QR code, recommendation engine, Richard Thaler, Silicon Valley, Skinner box, Skype, software as a service, Stanford prison experiment, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transaction costs

The value games can provide us far exceeds simply killing time. Now is the time to harness that value and make the most out of our time. The journey begins here. Charles Coonradt. The Game of Work. Paperback. Gibbs Smith. Layton, Utah. 07/01/2012.↩ Wikipedia Entry “User-Centered Design”: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-centered_design↩ Human Centered Design Tookit by IDEO. URL: http://www.ideo.com/work/human-centered-design-toolkit/↩ Chapter 2: The PBL Fallacy A Story about Social Media The landscape of gamification development must be viewed within a historical context to see why gamification mechanics themselves don’t ultimately lead to effective design.

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Is it Explicit or Implicit Gamification? What are the pros and cons for using that type of implementation? Share what you come up with on Twitter or your preferred social network with the hashtag #OctalysisBook and see what ideas other people have. Wikipedia Article: “Gamification”, accessed 12/13/2014. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamification↩ Deterding, Sebastion. “A Quick Buck by Copy and Paste”, Gamification Research Network, Posted 09/15/2011.↩ Zichermann, Gabe. “A Teachable Moment” by Gabe Zichermann, Gamification.co, Posted 09/20/2011.↩ BusinessDictionary entry: “advergames”. Accessed 12/13/2014.↩ Mcgonigal, Jane.

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- Get Inspired Now that you are becoming familiar with the Octalysis Framework, check out my TEDx talk on how eight different world-changing products utilize each of the 8 Core Drives to make the world a better place. The TEDx talk can be accessed at http://yukaichou.com/tedx, or you can simply go on Google and search “Gamification Tedx.” Wikipedia Entry: “pwn”: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwn. Accessed 12/18/2014.↩ Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams. Wikinomics. P75. Portfolio Publishing. September 28, 2010.↩ Wikimedia Blog. “Who are Wikipedias Donors”. 02/05/2012.↩ Maney, Kevin. “Apple’s ‘1984’ Super Bowl Commercial Still Stands as Watershed Event”. USA Today. January 28, 2004.↩ Orwell, George.

pages: 518 words: 49,555

Designing Social Interfaces by Christian Crumlish, Erin Malone

A Pattern Language, Amazon Mechanical Turk, anti-pattern, barriers to entry, c2.com, carbon footprint, cloud computing, collaborative editing, commons-based peer production, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, folksonomy, Free Software Foundation, game design, ghettoisation, Howard Rheingold, hypertext link, if you build it, they will come, information security, lolcat, Merlin Mann, Nate Silver, Network effects, Potemkin village, power law, recommendation engine, RFC: Request For Comment, semantic web, SETI@home, Skype, slashdot, social bookmarking, social graph, social software, social web, source of truth, stealth mode startup, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, telepresence, the long tail, the strength of weak ties, The Wisdom of Crowds, web application, Yochai Benkler

You (vs. i),” http://www.graphpaper.com/2007/08-17_me-vs-you-vs-i (Chris Fahey’s Graphpaper blog) “Rule 1,” by Dave Winer, http://archive.scripting.com/2002/09/29#rule1? “User vs. You,” http://www.graphpaper.com/2007/08-02_user-vs-you (Chris Fahey’s Graphpaper blog Wikipedia entry on Cargo Cult Programming, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cargo_cult_programming “You vs. I,” http://www.graphpaper.com/2007/08-11_you-vs-i (Chris Fahey’s Graphpaper blog) “Your Web Application as a Text Adventure,” http://2007.sxsw.com/blogs/podcasts. php/2007/05/31/your_web_application_as_a_text_adventure? (Michael Buffington, podcast from South by Southwest 2007) Download at WoweBook.Com Download at WoweBook.Com Part II I Am Somebody The notion of self, something long discussed and debated by philosophers, psychologists, and scientists, is now part of the discussion in the user experience design world.

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., winning a game against an opponent) rather than activity (e.g., 10 points for every message posted). Points that reward activity may lead users to perform that activity again and again with no regard for the quality of their contributions. The gaming world even has a term for this: grinding (http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Grind_(gaming)). In some communities, participants want a tangible measurement of their accomplishments for personal satisfaction and to make comparisons with other competitors. One exception to the performance recommendation: points may be a useful reward of activity the first time a user performs an action (e.g., “You completed your profile!

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Answers (Figure 6-17) awards points to users for a variety of actions (http:// answers.yahoo.com/info/scoring_system;_ylt=AqAAJlkazAoSjM8PHj5tvVbpy6IX;_ylv=3). Figure 6-17. The Yahoo! Answers points system is carefully calibrated to nudge users toward greater engagement. Xbox Live’s GamerScore (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live#Gamerscore) is a measure that corresponds to the number of points accumulated by an XBox Live player. eBay’s Feedback Score (http://pages.ebay.com/help/feedback/feedback-scores.html) is based on the number of successful transactions that a seller or buyer has completed. See OMGPOP.com (formerly the dating site iminlikewithyou.com) for examples of how to use reputation, levels, and points to keep people playing.

pages: 71 words: 14,237

21 Recipes for Mining Twitter by Matthew A. Russell

en.wikipedia.org, Google Earth, natural language processing, NP-complete, social web, web application

Analyzing friendship cliques (see http://github.com/ptwobrussell/Recipes-for-Mining -Twitter/blob/master/recipe__clique_analysis.py) # -*- coding: utf-8 -*import sys import json import networkx as nx 50 | The Recipes G = sys.argv[1] g = nx.read_gpickle(G) # # # # Finding cliques is a hard problem, so this could take a while for large graphs. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-complete and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique_problem cliques = [c for c in nx.find_cliques(g)] num_cliques = len(cliques) clique_sizes = [len(c) for c in cliques] max_clique_size = max(clique_sizes) avg_clique_size = sum(clique_sizes) / num_cliques max_cliques = [c for c in cliques if len(c) == max_clique_size] num_max_cliques = len(max_cliques) max_clique_sets = [set(c) for c in max_cliques] people_in_every_max_clique = list(reduce(lambda x, y: x.intersection(y), max_clique_sets)) print print print print print print print print print print 'Num 'Avg 'Max 'Num cliques:', num_cliques clique size:', avg_clique_size clique size:', max_clique_size max cliques:', num_max_cliques 'People in all max cliques:' json.dumps(people_in_every_max_clique, indent=4) 'Max cliques:' json.dumps(max_cliques, indent=4) For purposes of illustration, Mining the Social Web (O’Reilly) included an analysis conducted in mid-2010 that determined the following statistics for Tim O’Reilly’s ~700 friendships: Num Avg Max Num Num cliques: 762573 clique size: 14 clique size: 26 max cliques: 6 people in every max clique: 20 Some of the more interesting insight from the analysis was that there are six different cliques of size 26 in Tim O’Reilly’s friendships, which means that those six variations of 26 people all “know” one another to the point that they were at least interested in receiving each other’s status updates in their tweet stream.

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The implementation that NetworkX offers should work fine on commodity hardware for graphs containing high-hundreds to low-thousands of nodes (possibly even higher) before the time required to compute cliques becomes unbearable. See Also http://networkx.lanl.gov/reference/generated/networkx.algorithms.clique.find_cliques .html, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique_problem 1.19 Analyzing the Authors of Tweets that Appear in Search Results Problem You want to analyze user profile information as it relates to the authors of tweets that appear in search results. Solution Use the /search resource to fetch search results, and then extract the from_user field from each search result object to look up profile information by screen name using either the /users/show or /users/lookup resources.

pages: 201 words: 63,192

Graph Databases by Ian Robinson, Jim Webber, Emil Eifrem

Amazon Web Services, anti-pattern, bioinformatics, business logic, commoditize, corporate governance, create, read, update, delete, data acquisition, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, linked data, loose coupling, Network effects, recommendation engine, semantic web, sentiment analysis, social graph, software as a service, SPARQL, the strength of weak ties, web application

For example, we can represent the fact that London is in the UK, and that the postal code SW11 1BD is in Battersea, which is a district in London, which is in south-eastern England, which in turn is in Great Britain. And because UK postal codes are fine-grained, we can use that boundary to target people with somewhat similar tastes. 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-tree 22 | Chapter 2: Options for Storing Connected Data Such pattern matching queries are extremely difficult to write in SQL, and laborious to write against aggregate stores, and in both cases they tend to perform very poorly. Graph databases, on the other hand, are optimized for precisely these types of traversals and pattern matching queries, providing in many cases millisecond responses; moreover, most graph databases provide a query language suited to expressing graph constructs and graph queries—in the next chapter, we’ll look at Cypher, which is a pattern matching language tuned to the way we tend to describe graphs using diagrams.

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Continuing with our example use case, let’s assume that we can update the graph from our regular network monitoring tools, thereby providing us with a near real-time view of the state of the network 6. When a user reports a problem, we can limit the physical 6. With a large physical network, we might use Complex Event Processing to process streams of low-level network events, updating the graph only when the CEP solution raises a significant domain event. See: http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_event_processing 36 | Chapter 3: Data Modeling with Graphs fault-finding to problematic network elements between the user and the application and the application and its dependencies. In our graph we can find the faulty equipment with the following query: START user=node:users(id = 'User 3') MATCH (user)-[*1..5]-(asset) WHERE asset.status!

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Master Data Management Master data is data that is critical to the operation of a business, but which itself is nontransactional. Master data includes data concerning users, customers, products, sup‐ pliers, departments, geographies, sites, cost centers and business units. In large organ‐ 2. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-tree 3. Neo4j Spatial is an open source library of utilities that implement spatial indexes and expose Neo4j data to geotools. See https://github.com/neo4j/spatial 96 | Chapter 5: Graphs in the Real World isations, this data is often held in many different places, with lots of overlap and redun‐ dancy, in many different formats, and with varying degrees of quality and means of access.

pages: 151 words: 39,757

Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now by Jaron Lanier

4chan, Abraham Maslow, basic income, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Cambridge Analytica, cloud computing, context collapse, corporate governance, data science, disinformation, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, Filter Bubble, gig economy, Internet of things, Jaron Lanier, life extension, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, Milgram experiment, move fast and break things, Network effects, peak TV, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, Silicon Valley, Skinner box, Snapchat, Stanford prison experiment, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Ted Nelson, theory of mind, WikiLeaks, you are the product, zero-sum game

http://www.berkeleywellness.com/self-care/preventive-care/article/are-mobile-devices-ruining-our-eyes 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_that_Failed 5. https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethmacbride/2017/12/31/is-social-media-the-tobacco-industry-of-the-21st-century/ 6. https://www.hud.gov/sites/documents/20258_LEGISLATIVEHISTORY.PDF 7. The television era tried its best to be BUMMER, but without direct feedback loops to individuals. Through heroic effort, television was able to be slightly BUMMER even without much data. “Cultivation theory” studies the phenomenon. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivation_theory 8. This history will be recounted in later arguments. 9.

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https://gizmodo.com/former-facebook-exec-you-don-t-realize-it-but-you-are-1821181133. Though I must note that Palihapitiya walked back his statement a bit in the following days, talking about how he thought Facebook did good overall in the world. 3. https://mashable.com/2014/04/30/facebooks-new-mantra-move-fast-with-stability/ 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfishing 5. The optimization of timing is only one example out of many. Every design choice in your social media experiences is being optimized all the time on similar principles. Ex-Googler Tristan Harris has assembled more examples, including the way options of all kinds are shown to you, the way you are able to click on options, and the ways that you and others are shown options in tandem.

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In the United States, since the network neutrality rules are being relaxed, it’s possible that all texting, even native texting between phones, will become part of BUMMER, but as of this writing it doesn’t appear to have happened. 3. The most prominent current academic approach to the study of asshole creation is SIDE Theory. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_identity_model_of_deindividuation_effects, but please promise me you won’t become a jerk in an edit war about this entry, okay? If you want to read relevant research from a scientist working for Facebook, see the work of Justin Cheng: https://www.clr3.com/. 4. http://leesmolin.com/writings/the-trouble-with-physics/ 5.

pages: 192 words: 63,813

The End of Astronauts: Why Robots Are the Future of Exploration by Donald Goldsmith, Martin Rees

Apollo 11, Biosphere 2, blockchain, Colonization of Mars, cosmic abundance, crewed spaceflight, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, gravity well, hydroponic farming, Isaac Newton, James Webb Space Telescope, Jeff Bezos, Johannes Kepler, Kuiper Belt, low earth orbit, Menlo Park, microplastics / micro fibres, Neil Armstrong, operation paperclip, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, place-making, Planet Labs, planetary scale, Ronald Reagan, satellite internet, self-driving car, South China Sea, SpaceX Starlink, Stephen Hawking, UNCLOS, V2 rocket, Virgin Galactic, Yogi Berra

For a good summary of the Artemis program, SLS, the Orion spacecraft, and the Lunar Gateway, see “Artemis, NASA’s Moon Landing Program,” The Planetary Society, accessed August 15, 2021, https://www.planetary .org/space-missions/artemis. More detailed information is available at “Artemis Program,” Wikipedia, accessed August 15, 2021, https://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program. 7. For the space shuttle launch costs per pound, see “Criticism of the Space Shuttle Program,” Wikipedia, accessed August 15, 2021, https://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program#:~:text =S pace%20Shuttle%20incremental%20per%2Dpound,low%20 Earth%20orbit%20(LEO). 8. Martin Childs, “Qian Xuesen: Scientist and Pioneer of China’s Missile and Space Programmes,” The Independent, November 13, 2009, https://w ww.i ndependent.c o.u k/n ews/o bituaries/q ian-x uesen NOT E S TO PA G E S 1 2 4 – 1 2 9 · 171 -s cientist -a nd -p ioneer -c hina -s -m issile -a nd -s pace -p rogrammes -1819724.html. 9.

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Hearing before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials of the Committee on Science and Technology, US House of Repre- NOT E S TO PA G E S 1 8 – 2 5 · 161 sentatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, Second Session, Part 2 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984). From p. 340: “Mr. NELSON. Do you think there is some truth to the practicality of Washington politics, that ‘no Buck Rogers, no bucks’?” 17. Wikipedia, “Budget of NASA,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_of _NASA. 18. Patrick Chase, “NASA, Space Exploration, and American Public Opinion,” Medium, July 14, 2020, https://medium.com/westeastspace /nasa-space-e xploration-and-american-public-opinion-139cbc1c6cce. 19. National Research Council, Pathways to Exploration: Rationales and Approaches for a U.S.

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See “Your Guide to NASA’s Budget,” The Planetary Society, accessed August 15, 2021, https://www.planetary.o rg/space-policy/nasa-budget 2. Claus Jensen, No Downlink: A Dramatic Narrative about the Challenger Accident and Our Time (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1996). NOT E S TO PA G E S 3 2 – 4 5 · 163 3. “International Space Station,” Wikipedia, accessed August 15, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station. Updates are available at NASA’s International Space Station website, https://www .nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html. 4. “NASA Administrator Bill Nelson,” NASA, May 3, 2021, https://www .nasa.gov/feature/nasa-administrator-bill-nelson/. 5.

pages: 296 words: 83,254

After the Gig: How the Sharing Economy Got Hijacked and How to Win It Back by Juliet Schor, William Attwood-Charles, Mehmet Cansoy

1960s counterculture, Airbnb, algorithmic management, Amazon Mechanical Turk, American Legislative Exchange Council, back-to-the-land, barriers to entry, bike sharing, Californian Ideology, carbon footprint, clean tech, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, Community Supported Agriculture, COVID-19, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, deskilling, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, financial independence, future of work, gentrification, George Gilder, gig economy, global supply chain, global village, haute cuisine, income inequality, independent contractor, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, jitney, job satisfaction, John Perry Barlow, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kevin Kelly, Lyft, Marshall McLuhan, Mason jar, mass incarceration, Mitch Kapor, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, Occupy movement, peer-to-peer rental, Post-Keynesian economics, precariat, profit maximization, profit motive, race to the bottom, regulatory arbitrage, rent gap, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ruby on Rails, selection bias, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skype, smart cities, social distancing, Stewart Brand, TaskRabbit, technological determinism, technoutopianism, Telecommunications Act of 1996, The Nature of the Firm, the payments system, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, two-sided market, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, urban planning, wage slave, walking around money, Whole Earth Catalog, women in the workforce, working poor, Yochai Benkler, Zipcar

Quattrone et al. (2016). 42. Cox (2017). 43. Three richest Americans and top four hundred from Collins and Hoxie (2017). 44. Wolff (2017, table 2). 45. Saez (2019). 46. Travis Kalanick net worth: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Kalanick; Brian Chesky: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Chesky; Nathan Blecharczyk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Blecharczyk; Joe Gebbia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gebbia. 47. See Schor (2017). 48. Educational attainment figures are author’s calculations from BLS data for 2017: www.bls.gov/emp/tables/educational-attainment.htm. 49. Iqbal (2019). The exact number was 48 percent. 50. https://www.cnbc.com/id/100414962. 51.

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We have discussed this issue in Schor and Fitzmaurice (2015) and Schor and Attwood-Charles (2017). The sector was originally called “collaborative consumption,” a term coined by Rachel Botsman. By 2012, however, usage began to shift to the “sharing economy.” There is a lack of clarity about where the term came from. Wikipedia claims that its origin is unknown (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharing_economy) or attributable to Lawrence Lessig (2008) in his book Remix. But Lessig is discussing nonmonetary sharing. Benkler’s influential article (2004) uses the term social sharing. Nicholas John (2016) finds instances of the term sharing economy in reference to music and software in 2007 and 2008.

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A recent attempt to induce better treatment of workers via a voluntary code is the Fair Work Foundation, a new project from researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute. They are hoping to establish a certification system that signals adherence to a set of principles ensuring fair treatment of gig workers. See Graham et al. (2019). 14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_TNCs_by_jurisdiction. 15. Uber’s use of consumers to block regulations worked in New York City in 2015, when Mayor de Blasio attempted to cap the number of Uber vehicles. He backed down then. But this tactic was no longer effective in 2018. On consumer pressure see Walker (2016) and Culpepper and Thelen (2019). 16.

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Machine, Platform, Crowd: Harnessing Our Digital Future by Andrew McAfee, Erik Brynjolfsson

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, AI winter, Airbnb, airline deregulation, airport security, Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Andy Rubin, AOL-Time Warner, artificial general intelligence, asset light, augmented reality, autism spectrum disorder, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, backtesting, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, bitcoin, blockchain, blood diamond, British Empire, business cycle, business process, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, centralized clearinghouse, Chris Urmson, cloud computing, cognitive bias, commoditize, complexity theory, computer age, creative destruction, CRISPR, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, Dean Kamen, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, discovery of DNA, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, distributed ledger, double helix, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, family office, fiat currency, financial innovation, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, George Akerlof, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, Hernando de Soto, hive mind, independent contractor, information asymmetry, Internet of things, inventory management, iterative process, Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, Jim Simons, jimmy wales, John Markoff, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, law of one price, longitudinal study, low interest rates, Lyft, Machine translation of "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak." to Russian and back, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioﬀ, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Mitch Kapor, moral hazard, multi-sided market, Mustafa Suleyman, Myron Scholes, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, Norbert Wiener, Oculus Rift, PageRank, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer lending, performance metric, plutocrats, precision agriculture, prediction markets, pre–internet, price stability, principal–agent problem, Project Xanadu, radical decentralization, Ray Kurzweil, Renaissance Technologies, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, smart contracts, Snapchat, speech recognition, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, tacit knowledge, TaskRabbit, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Market for Lemons, The Nature of the Firm, the strength of weak ties, Thomas Davenport, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, transaction costs, transportation-network company, traveling salesman, Travis Kalanick, Two Sigma, two-sided market, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, ubercab, Vitalik Buterin, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, winner-take-all economy, yield management, zero day

-“Veronica-Mars”-Movie-Opens-March. 262 “One could argue that”: Marc Andreessen, interview by the authors, August 2015. 263 In early 2016, Indiegogo introduced: Jacob Kastrenakes, “Indiegogo Wants Huge Companies to Crowdfund Their Next Big Products,” Verge, January 6, 2016, http://www.theverge.com/2016/1/6/10691100/indiegogo-enterprise-crowdfunding-announced-ces-2016. 263 “real-time customer feedback”: Indiegogo, “Indiegogo for Enterprise,” accessed February 8, 2017, https://learn.indiegogo.com/enterprise. 263 including some of the world’s largest hedge funds: Telis Demos and Peter Rudegeair, “LendingClub Held Talks on Funding Deals with Och-Ziff, Soros, Third Point,” Wall Street Journal, last updated June 9, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/lendingclub-and-hedge-funds-have-discussed-major-funding-deals-1465476543. 263 In 2014, well over half: Shelly Banjo, “Wall Street Is Hogging the Peer-to-Peer Lending Market,” Quartz, March 4, 2015, https://qz.com/355848/wall-street-is-hogging-the-peer-to-peer-lending-market. 264 “Teespring is the modern method”: Andreessen, interview, August 2015. 264 “In general it is not the owner”: Joseph Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934), 66. 265 Eric von Hippel: Eric von Hippel, Democratizing Innovation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006). 265 “Wouldn’t it be nice”: Alexia Tsotsis, “TaskRabbit Turns Grunt Work into a Game,” Wired, July 15, 2011, https://www.wired.com/2011/07/mf_taskrabbit. 265 Apple acquired 70 companies: Wikipedia, s. v. “List of Mergers and Acquisitions by Apple,” last modified January 21, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple. 265 Facebook more than 50: Wikipedia, s. v. “List of Mergers and Acquisitions by Facebook,” last modified February 4, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Facebook. 265 Google nearly 200: Wikipedia, “List of Mergers and Acquisitions by Alphabet,” last modified February 2, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Alphabet. 266 Facebook paid $1 billion for Instagram: Evelyn M.

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McAfee, “Wikipedia (A),” Harvard Business School Courseware, 2007, https://courseware.hbs.edu/public/cases/wikipedia. 247 Nupedia had twelve completed articles: Ibid. 247 “Humor me”: Larry Sanger, “My Role in Wikipedia (Links),” LarrySanger.org, accessed February 8, 2017, http://larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html. 247 By 2016 there were 36 million articles: Wikipedia, s. v. “History of Wikipedia,” accessed February 8, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia. 248 Wikipedia was the sixth-most-popular website: Alexa, “Wikipedia.org Traffic Statistics,” last modified February 7, 2017, http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org. 248 “other people using the encyclopedia can check”: Wikipedia, s. v. “Wikipedia:Verifiability,” last modified February 27, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability. 249 Slack, a group-level tool: Josh Costine, “Slack’s Rapid Growth Slows as It Hits 1.25M Paying Work Chatters,” October 20, 2016, https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/20/slunk.

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ARTFL Project, “Chambers’ Cyclopaedia,” accessed February 7, 2017, https://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/content/chambers-cyclopaedia. ** “Verifiable accuracy” became part of the “five pillars” intended to guide the Wikipedia community. Wikipedia, “Wikipedia:Five Pillars,” last modified February 6, 2017, at 10:52, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars. †† Larry Sanger left the Wikipedia community in the early years of the twenty-first century over differences about its governance. He came to feel that it was harmfully antiauthoritarian. Larry Sanger [timothy, pseud.], “The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia, Part II,” Slashdot, April 19, 2005, https://slashdot.org/story/05/04/19/1746205/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-part-ii. ‡‡ Wikipedians are not paid for their contributions and are mostly anonymous, so fame is of limited power as an incentive.

pages: 351 words: 123,876

Beautiful Testing: Leading Professionals Reveal How They Improve Software (Theory in Practice) by Adam Goucher, Tim Riley

Albert Einstein, barriers to entry, Black Swan, business logic, call centre, continuous integration, Debian, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Grace Hopper, index card, Isaac Newton, natural language processing, off-by-one error, p-value, performance metric, revision control, six sigma, software as a service, software patent, SQL injection, the scientific method, Therac-25, Valgrind, web application

Static analysis can be used to find style issues, but the main reason to use it is to find subtle problems. Often these problems can occur in uncommon situations, such as error conditions (i.e., the worst possible time to make a bad situation worse). # http://pypi.python.org/pypi/fusil/ * http://svn.python.org/view?view=rev&revision=64775 † http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_code_analysis ‡ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_review BEAUTIFUL IS BETTER THAN UGLY 125 For example, static analysis can find invalid memory uses or memory leaks in error-handling code. Very often, the problems it finds can lead to crashes in conditions that rarely happen or that are hard to reproduce.

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The C function then needs to parse this tuple into C-native ints and chars that it can operate on. To make this easier, we provide a function called PyArg_ParseTuple()† that operates a lot like the C scanf()‡ function. One example call looks like the following: § http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_utilities ‖ http://docs.python.org/extending/index.html # http://pychecker.sourceforge.net/ * http://www.logilab.org/857 † http://docs.python.org/c-api/arg.html ‡ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanf 126 CHAPTER NINE static PyObject *string_replace(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args) { Py_ssize_t count = -1; PyObject *from, *to; if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO|n:replace", &from, &to, &count)) return NULL; ... } If from, to, or count has a different type than the format string claims, PyArg_ParseTuple could write garbage to memory and cause a crash or, worse, a security vulnerability.

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SQL injection is a problem that has a known solution: parameterized SQL and/or diligent escaping so code inspection is a quick and efficient way of identifying this type of problem. Appropriate permissions Can a user of a certain permission class do what they should be able to do? And only what they should be able to do? * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting † http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_injection 236 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Information leakage Can a user access/view/modify information they should not be able to access? Consider a multitenant system with Coke and Pepsi as two of your clients. Clearly, Coke should not be able to see Pepsi’s information, and vice versa.

pages: 504 words: 89,238

Natural language processing with Python by Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, Edward Loper

bioinformatics, business intelligence, business logic, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, Donald Knuth, duck typing, elephant in my pajamas, en.wikipedia.org, finite state, Firefox, functional programming, Guido van Rossum, higher-order functions, information retrieval, language acquisition, lolcat, machine translation, Menlo Park, natural language processing, P = NP, search inside the book, sparse data, speech recognition, statistical model, text mining, Turing test, W. E. B. Du Bois

This is a grammatically correct sentence, as explained at http://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buf falo. Consider the tree diagram presented on this Wikipedia page, and write down a suitable grammar. Normalize case to lowercase, to simulate the problem that a listener has when hearing this sentence. Can you find other parses for this sentence? How does the number of parse trees grow as the sentence gets longer? (More examples of these sentences can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ho mophonous_phrases.) ◑ You can modify the grammar in the recursive descent parser demo by selecting Edit Grammar in the Edit menu.

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('fir', ['F', 'ER1']) ('fire', ['F', 'AY1', 'ER0']) ('fire', ['F', 'AY1', 'R']) ('firearm', ['F', 'AY1', 'ER0', 'AA2', 'R', 'M']) ('firearm', ['F', 'AY1', 'R', 'AA2', 'R', 'M']) ('firearms', ['F', 'AY1', 'ER0', 'AA2', 'R', 'M', 'Z']) ('firearms', ['F', 'AY1', 'R', 'AA2', 'R', 'M', 'Z']) ('fireball', ['F', 'AY1', 'ER0', 'B', 'AO2', 'L']) For each word, this lexicon provides a list of phonetic codes—distinct labels for each contrastive sound—known as phones. Observe that fire has two pronunciations (in U.S. English): the one-syllable F AY1 R, and the two-syllable F AY1 ER0. The symbols in the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary are from the Arpabet, described in more detail at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpabet. Each entry consists of two parts, and we can process these individually using a more complex version of the for statement. Instead of writing for entry in entries:, we replace entry with two variable names, word, pron . Now, each time through the loop, word is assigned the first part of the entry, and pron is assigned the second part of the entry: >>> for word, pron in entries: ... if len(pron) == 3: ... ph1, ph2, ph3 = pron ... if ph1 == 'P' and ph3 == 'T': ... print word, ph2, ... pait EY1 pat AE1 pate EY1 patt AE1 peart ER1 peat IY1 peet IY1 peete IY1 pert ER1 pet EH1 pete IY1 pett EH1 piet IY1 piette IY1 pit IH1 pitt IH1 pot AA1 pote OW1 pott AA1 pout AW1 puett UW1 purt ER1 put UH1 putt AH1 The program just shown scans the lexicon looking for entries whose pronunciation consists of three phones .

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XML provides a powerful way to process this kind of corpus, and we will return to this topic in Chapter 11. The Rotokas language is spoken on the island of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. This lexicon was contributed to NLTK by Stuart Robinson. Rotokas is notable for having an inventory of just 12 phonemes (contrastive sounds); see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotokas_language 2.5 WordNet WordNet is a semantically oriented dictionary of English, similar to a traditional thesaurus but with a richer structure. NLTK includes the English WordNet, with 155,287 words and 117,659 synonym sets. We’ll begin by looking at synonyms and how they are accessed in WordNet.

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Future Politics: Living Together in a World Transformed by Tech by Jamie Susskind

3D printing, additive manufacturing, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, airport security, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Amazon Robotics, Andrew Keen, Apollo Guidance Computer, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, automated trading system, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, Big Tech, bitcoin, Bletchley Park, blockchain, Boeing 747, brain emulation, Brexit referendum, British Empire, business process, Cambridge Analytica, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, cashless society, Cass Sunstein, cellular automata, Citizen Lab, cloud computing, commons-based peer production, computer age, computer vision, continuation of politics by other means, correlation does not imply causation, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, digital divide, digital map, disinformation, distributed ledger, Donald Trump, driverless car, easy for humans, difficult for computers, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Filter Bubble, future of work, Future Shock, Gabriella Coleman, Google bus, Google X / Alphabet X, Googley, industrial robot, informal economy, intangible asset, Internet of things, invention of the printing press, invention of writing, Isaac Newton, Jaron Lanier, John Markoff, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, knowledge economy, Large Hadron Collider, Lewis Mumford, lifelogging, machine translation, Metcalfe’s law, mittelstand, more computing power than Apollo, move fast and break things, natural language processing, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, new economy, Nick Bostrom, night-watchman state, Oculus Rift, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, pattern recognition, payday loans, Philippa Foot, post-truth, power law, price discrimination, price mechanism, RAND corporation, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, road to serfdom, Robert Mercer, Satoshi Nakamoto, Second Machine Age, selection bias, self-driving car, sexual politics, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, smart contracts, Snapchat, speech recognition, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, tech bro, technological determinism, technological singularity, technological solutionism, the built environment, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas L Friedman, Tragedy of the Commons, trolley problem, universal basic income, urban planning, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, work culture , working-age population, Yochai Benkler

James Farr,‘Understanding Conceptual Change Politically’, in Political Innovation, 25. 33. Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (London: Vintage Books, 2011), 24–7. 34. Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (London: Harvill Secker, 2015), 167. 35. ‘Domesday Book’, Wikipedia, last modified 26 November 2017 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book> (accessed 28 November 2017). 36. Harari, Homo Deus, 167. 37. Paraphrasing Alain Desrosières, The Politics of Large Numbers:A History of Statistical Reasoning, translated by Camille Naish (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1998), 16. 38. Desrosières, Politics of Large Numbers, 9. 39.

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Bhavani, ‘Biometric Authorization System Using Gait Biometry’, arXiv, 2011 <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1108.6294.pdf% 3b%20Boden/39-40.pdf> (accessed 30 November 2017). 76. Khatchadourian, ‘We Know How You Feel’. 77. Boden, AI, 74. 78. Boden, AI, 162. 79. Alan Winfield, Robotics: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 16. 80. ‘Moravec’s Paradox’, Wikipedia, last modified 9 May 2017. <https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravec%27s_paradox> (accessed 6 December 2017). 81. Bostrom, Superintelligence, 15. 82. Schwab, Fourth Industrial Revolution, 153. 83. Susskind and Susskind, Future of the Professions, 168; Time, ‘Meet the Robots ShippingYour Amazon Orders’, Time Robotics, 1 December 2014 <http://time.com/3605924/amazon-robots/> (accessed 30 November 2017). 84.

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Bobby Johnson, ‘Amazon Kindle Users Surprised by “Big Brother” Move’, The Guardian, 17 July 2009 <https://www.theguardian. com/technology/2009/jul/17/amazon-kindle-1984> (accessed 8 December 2017). Jonathan Zittrain,‘Engineering an Election’, Harvard Law Review Forum, 20 June 2014 <https://harvardlawreview.org/2014/06/engineeringan-election/> (accessed 1 December 2017). Chapter 9 1. ‘Who? Whom?’ Wikipedia, last modified 3 June 2017 <https://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Who,_whom%3F> (accessed 7 December 2017). OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 30/05/18, SPi РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS 400 Notes 2. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality (New York: Basic Books, 1983), xiii. 3. Walzer, Spheres, 11. 4.

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One Way Forward: The Outsider's Guide to Fixing the Republic by Lawrence Lessig

collapse of Lehman Brothers, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, en.wikipedia.org, Filter Bubble, jimmy wales, Occupy movement, Ronald Reagan, Yochai Benkler

See Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of American Conservatism (2012), 158–161. 3 Mark Meckler and Jenny Beth Martin, Tea Party Patriots: The Second American Revolution (2012), 16. 4 Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 22. 5 Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 21. 6 Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 22. 7 Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 108. 8 Most surveys conclude that 55 to 60 percent of Tea Partiers are male (Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 42). They are “mainly white … married, older than 45, more conservative than the general population, and likely to be more wealthy and have more education” (“Tea Party movement,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_movement, accessed January 12, 2012). Sixty-two percent of Tea Partiers call themselves conservative Republicans (Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 27–28). 9 “Grassroots activists, roving billionaire advocates, and right-wing media purveyors—these three forces, together, create the Tea Party and give it the ongoing clout to buffet and redirect the Republican Party” (Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 13). 10 Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 12. 11 Glenn H.

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Sixty-two percent of Tea Partiers call themselves conservative Republicans (Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 27–28). 9 “Grassroots activists, roving billionaire advocates, and right-wing media purveyors—these three forces, together, create the Tea Party and give it the ongoing clout to buffet and redirect the Republican Party” (Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 13). 10 Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 12. 11 Glenn H. Reynolds, “Tea Parties: Real Grassroots,” New York Post, April 13, 2009; http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/item_kjS1kZbRyFntcyNhDJFlSK, accessed January 13, 2012. 12 “Occupy Wall Street,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street, accessed January 12, 2012. 13 Skocpol and Williamson, Tea Party, 32. 14 Pew Research Center, “Frustration with Congress Could Hurt Republican Incumbents” (December 15, 2011), 11. 15 Indeed, as I’ve traveled across the country to see these different groups, each of them has its own character.

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Res 97, 112th Cong. (2011); the Move to Amend Amendment (http://movetoamend.org/amendment, accessed January 2, 2012); and the Get Money Out Amendment (http://www.getmoneyout.com, accessed January 3, 2012). 43 Disclosure: I am a noncompensated member of the Advisory Board of Americans Elect. 44 “Icelandic Loan Guarantees Referendum, 2010,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_loan_guarantees_referendum,_2010 (accessed January 13, 2012). 45 See http://ohmygov.com/printfriendly.aspx?=7435. 46 State Elections Enforcement Commission, Citizens’ Election Program 2010: A Novel System with Extraordinary Results 2 (January 2011). 47 130 S.Ct. 876 (2010). 48 Dan Eggen, “Large Majority Opposes Supreme Court Decision,” Washington Post, February 17, 2010 (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/17/AR2010021701151.html ). 49 558 U.S. ___ (2010), slip.

pages: 696 words: 111,976

SQL Hacks by Andrew Cumming, Gordon Russell

Apollo 13, bioinformatics, book value, business intelligence, business logic, business process, database schema, en.wikipedia.org, Erdős number, Firefox, full text search, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, leftpad, Paul Erdős, SQL injection, Stewart Brand, web application

First, look at the equivalent Linux commands for sending data from a web page to MySQL (be sure to replace GO with a semicolon [;] in gross.xsl before you try to run this): $ wget -O source.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_ films --23:17:49-- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films => \Qsource.htm' Resolving en.wikipedia.org... 145.97.39.155 Connecting to en.wikipedia.org|145.97.39.155|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: unspecified [text/html] [ <=> ] 34,831 27.48K/s 23:17:50 (27.41 KB/s) - \Qsource.htm' saved [34831] $ xsltproc -o gross.sql gross.xsl source.htm $ mysql -u scott -ptiger dbname -e 'source gross.sql' ERROR 1064 (42000) at line 30 in file: 'gross.sql': You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 's Stone', 1058997333); INSERT INTO film VALUES ( 'Star ' at line 2 The preceding example uses the wget command to copy the web page to the filesystem and uses xsltproc to process the stylesheet (notice that the parameters are reversed compared to msxsl).

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The Input Document To extract data from an XHTML document you might need to use a little trial and error. You need to look at the raw HTML from the target page and identify the tag or tags that contain the data you are looking for. Look at the HTML from Wikipedia; this section is part of a much larger document (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films): <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>List of highest-grossing films (adjusted)</b></caption> <tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Movie name</th> <th>Worldwide Gross</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_%28film%29" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone With the Wind</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>)</td> <td>$2,699,710,936</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_%281937_film%29" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>)</td> <td>$2,425,862,786</td> </tr> You must identify enough of the surrounding structure to uniquely identify the text that you need.

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Running the Hack The XSLT processor will take a page directly from the Web, and you can store the results in the file gross.sql before loading it into SQL Server. In this example, the stylesheet, gross.xsl, is in the current directory, but it can be in any directory or even in a remote URL. You can run the hack from a Windows command prompt as follows: C:>msxsl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films gross.xsl -o gross.sql C:>sqlcmd -E -S(local)\SQLExpress -d dbname 1> CREATE TABLE film (title VARCHAR(256), gross BIGINT) 2> GO 1> QUIT C:>sqlcmd -E -S(local)\SQLExpress -d dbname -i gross.sql (1 row affected) (1 row affected) (1 row affected) (1 row affected) (1 row affected) (1 row affected) (1 row affected) Msg 102, Level 15, State 1, Server PUMA\SQLEXPRESS, Line 3 Incorrect syntax near 's'.

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The Rise of the Quants: Marschak, Sharpe, Black, Scholes and Merton by Colin Read

Abraham Wald, Albert Einstein, Bayesian statistics, Bear Stearns, Black-Scholes formula, Bretton Woods, Brownian motion, business cycle, capital asset pricing model, collateralized debt obligation, correlation coefficient, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, discovery of penicillin, discrete time, Emanuel Derman, en.wikipedia.org, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, floating exchange rates, full employment, Henri Poincaré, implied volatility, index fund, Isaac Newton, John Meriwether, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, margin call, market clearing, martingale, means of production, moral hazard, Myron Scholes, Paul Samuelson, price stability, principal–agent problem, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, RAND corporation, random walk, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk/return, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Sharpe ratio, short selling, stochastic process, Thales and the olive presses, Thales of Miletus, The Chicago School, the scientific method, too big to fail, transaction costs, tulip mania, Works Progress Administration, yield curve

New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1972. 8 The Early Years 1. www.rand.org/about/history.html, date accessed January 23, 2012. 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dantzig, date accessed January 23, 2012. 3. Ibid. 4. Harry Markowitz, “Portfolio Selection,” Journal of Finance, 7(1) (1952), 77–91. 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_L._Treynor, date accessed January 23, 2012. 6. William Sharpe, “How to Rate Management of Investment Funds,” Harvard Business Review, 43 (1965), 63–75. 7. William Sharpe and Kay Mazuy, “Can Mutual Funds Outguess the Market?” Harvard Business Review, 44 (1966), 131–6. 9 The Times 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360, date accessed January 23, 2012. 10 The Theory 1.

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Isaac de Pinto (1771), An Essay on Circulation of Currency and Credit in Four Parts and a Letter on the Jealousy of Commerce, translated with annotations by S. Baggs (1774), London; reprinted by Gregg International Publishers (1969). 6. Robert J. Leonard, “Creating a Context for Game Theory,” History of Political Economy, 24 (Supplement) (1992), 29–76, at p. 39. 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bachelier, date accessed January 23, 2012. 8. Alfred Cowles and H. Jones, “Some A Posteriori Probabilities in Stock Market Action,” Econometrica, 5(3) (1937), 280–94. 9. Louis Bachelier, “Theorie de la speculation,” Annales scientifiques de l’Ecole Normale Superieure, 3rd series, 17 (1900), 21–86. 10.

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Robert C. Merton, “Theory of Rational Option Pricing,” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 4(1) (1973), 141–83. 2. Robert C. Merton, “On the Pricing of Contingent Claims and the ModiglianiMiller Theorem,” Journal of Financial Economics, 5(3) (1977), 241–9. 21 Applications 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group, date accessed January 23, 2012. Notes 187 22 The Nobel Prize, Life, and Legacy 1. Paul Samuelson, “Mathematics of Speculative Price,” in R.H. Day and S.M. Robinson (eds), Mathematical Topics in Economic Theory and Computation, Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1972.

pages: 233 words: 71,775

The Joy of Tax by Richard Murphy

banking crisis, banks create money, carbon tax, carried interest, correlation does not imply causation, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, full employment, Gini coefficient, Global Witness, green new deal, high net worth, Jeremy Corbyn, land value tax, means of production, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, offshore financial centre, price elasticity of demand, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, savings glut, seigniorage, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transfer pricing

Exodus 30:15 and Nehemiah 10:33 6 Genesis 41:34 7 Amos 5:11 and 7:1 8 1 Kings 4:7 9 Leviticus 27:30–32 10 2 Kings 15:20 11 2 Kings 23:35 12 http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/v48/n28/AncientTaxes.html 13 Based on Clifford Ando, ‘The Administration of the Provinces’, in A Companion to the Roman Empire (Blackwell, 2010) as quoted on Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire#Taxation accessed 13 August 2014 14 13 August 2014 15 Matthew 17:27 16 Romans 13:7 17 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Liberties 18 http://magnacarta.cmp.uea.ac.uk/read/magna_carta_1215/Clause_12 19 http://magnacarta.cmp.uea.ac.uk/read/magna_carta_1215/Clause_14 20 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/citizen_subject/origins.htm 21 http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_transcript.html 22 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0042/00422987.pdf 23 http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/cgmanual/cg22100.htm 24 For more ideas on this theme refer to Taxation and State-building in Developing Countries by Deborah Brautigam, Odd-Helgre Fjeldstad and Mick Moore, Cambridge University Press, 2008 Chapter 2: What is tax?

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Kennedy, quoted at http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Quotations/Profiles-in-Courage-quotations.aspx based on page 265 of his posthumous book Profiles in Courage 7 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/31/newsid_2530000/2530763.stm 8 http://economia.icaew.com/news/november-2012/tax-avoidance-schemes-no-go-area-for-firms 9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita 10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_revenue_as_percentage_of_GDP 11 https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/spending-taxpayers-money-responsibly Chapter 3: Why we tax 1 http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetarypolicy/Pages/qe/default.aspx accessed 20 August 2014 2 All data compiled by the author from HM Treasury budget reports over the years in question 3 http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/pages/default.aspx.

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Galbraith, in Money: Whence it came, where it went, Houghton Mifflin, 1975, p. 29 9 It can be argued that there is a cost in paying interest at bank rate (currently 0.5%) on the new reserves created at the Bank of England as a result of the funds injected into the economy by the quantitative easing process, but as (Lord) Adair Turner has pointed out, the payment of this interest is optional and a choice by the Bank of England. http://www.socialeurope.eu/2014/03/monetization 10 http://budgetresponsibility.org.uk/pubs/March_2014_EFO_Charts_and_Tables.xls table T1.4 accessed 21 August 2014 11 Some of the author’s work on the issue of shadow economies worldwide is available at http://www.tackletaxhavens.com/Cost_of_Tax_Abuse_TJN%20Research_23rd_Nov_2011.pdf 12 Abstract of Lincoln’s Monetary Policy; Library of Congress No. 23, 76th Congress, 1st session, page 91; quoted at http://cpe.us.com/?article=famous-monetary-quotes. The rest is worth reading as well. 13 Sample measures of inequality – called the Gini coefficient – for a range of countries both before and after tax are available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality accessed 21 August 2014 Chapter 4: Dealing with the naysayers 1 http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/upldbook350pdf.pdf 2 http://www.adamsmith.org/blog/liberty-justice/democracys-not-all-its-cracked-up-to-be-you-know 3 http://www.adamsmith.org/blog/politics-government/democracy-must-restrain-the-mob-against-the-minority 4 http://www.2020tax.org 5 http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jan/08/climate-change-debt-inequality-threat-financial-stability 6 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_317365.pdf 7 http://www.ifs.org.uk/bns/bn43.pdf page 4 shows spending has not fallen below 36 per cent of GDP since 1948. 8 http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2009-10/fiscalresponsibility.html 9 http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmhansrd/cm100105/debtext/100105-0012.htm 10 http://web.stanford.edu/~rabushka accessed 1 September 2014 11 Quoted at http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2011/10/25/it-is-possible-to-have-a-flat-tax-or-to-have-democracy-but-not-both accessed 1 September 2014 12 Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney suggested at the TUC Congress on 9 September 2014 that on average incomes had declined by 10 per cent in the UK since 2009. 13 http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/quarterlybulletin/2014/qb14q102.pdf page 21 accessed 26 August 2014 14 Ibid., page 14 15 Ibid., page 15 16 From David Copperfield by Charles Dickens: ‘[Mr Micawber] solemnly conjured me, I remember, to take warning by his fate; and to observe that if a man had twenty pounds a year for his income, and spent nineteen pounds nineteen shillings and sixpence, he would be happy, but that if he spent twenty pounds one [shilling] he would be miserable.’ http://www.bartleby.com/380/prose/553.html 17 http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/pages/history/default.aspx#2 18 Current household savings ratio at the time of writing is about 6 per cent of income, which is well above the rate from 1997 to 2008 on average: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/personal-savings 19 http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/26/uk-business-investment-falls-at-fastest-rate-since-financial-crisis 20 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/1e1b9952-794f-11e3-91ac-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3d6hyf79D 21 http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/06/uk-trade-deficit-widens-four-year-high 22 http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/personal-savings accessed 27 August 2014 23 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/elmr/an-examination-of-falling-real-wages/2010-to-2013/art-an-examination-of-falling-real-wages.html accessed 27 August 2014 24 http://budgetresponsibility.org.uk/economic-fiscal-outlook-march-2014/ accessed 28 August 2014 25 http://cdn.budgetresponsibility.independent.gov.uk/March2015EFO_18-03-webv1.pdf page 73 accessed 16 June 2015 26 http://cdn.budgetresponsibility.independent.gov.uk/March2015EFO_18-03-webv1.pdf page 55 27 http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/balance-of-trade 28 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/budget/11465497/Budget-2015-There-are-two-versions-of-George-Osborne-and-the-radical-one-must-prevail.html accessed 16 June 2015 29 http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Documents/Intheshade.pdf accessed 1 September 2014 30 Ibid. 31 http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Documents/PCSTaxGap2014Full.pdf accessed 16 June 2015 32 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/345370/140819_Tackling_offshore_tax_evasion_-_A_new_criminal_offence.pdf 33 Scott Dyreng, Jeffrey L.

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Lean Analytics: Use Data to Build a Better Startup Faster by Alistair Croll, Benjamin Yoskovitz

Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, barriers to entry, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Ben Horowitz, bounce rate, business intelligence, call centre, cloud computing, cognitive bias, commoditize, constrained optimization, data science, digital rights, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Frederick Winslow Taylor, frictionless, frictionless market, game design, gamification, Google X / Alphabet X, growth hacking, hockey-stick growth, Infrastructure as a Service, Internet of things, inventory management, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, Lean Startup, lifelogging, longitudinal study, Marshall McLuhan, minimum viable product, Network effects, PalmPilot, pattern recognition, Paul Graham, performance metric, place-making, platform as a service, power law, price elasticity of demand, reality distortion field, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, rolodex, Salesforce, sentiment analysis, skunkworks, Skype, social graph, social software, software as a service, Steve Jobs, subscription business, telemarketer, the long tail, transaction costs, two-sided market, Uber for X, web application, Y Combinator

* * * [76] For full disclosure, it also hosts the companion website to this book. [77] http://www.startupcompass.co [78] http://paulgraham.com/growth.html [79] http://startup-marketing.com/authentic-growth-hacks/ [80] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_adoption_lifecycle [81] http://www.chasminstitute.com/METHODOLOGY/TechnologyAdoptionLifeCycle/tabid/89/Default.aspx [82] http://www.avc.com/a_vc/2011/07/301010.html/ [83] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand [84] http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/oct/22/smartphone-patent-wars-explained [85] http://mailchimp.com/resources/research/ [86] http://mailchimp.com/resources/research/email-marketing-benchmarks-by-industry/ [87] http://mailchimp.com/resources/research/email-marketing-subject-line-comparison/ [88] The 2012 Digital Marketer: Benchmark and Trend Report, Experian Marketing Services (http://go.experian.com/forms/experian-digital-marketer-2012)

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Ultimately, the intrapreneur must manage the relationship with the host organization as well as the relationship with the target market. Initially, this can be intentionally distant, but as the disruptive product becomes part of the host, the handoff must be graceful. * * * [151] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunkworks_project [152] http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/14/technology/at-google-x-a-top-secret-lab-dreaming-up-the-future.html?_r=2 [153] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_McCallum [154] http://beforeitsnews.com/banksters/2012/08/the-stanford-lectures-so-is-software-really-eating-the-world-2431478.html [155] Richard Templar, The Rules of Work (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2003), 142

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As you dig deeper and peel away more layers of what you’re doing—whether you’re looking at problems, solutions, customers, revenue, or anything else—you’re likely to find a lot more than you expected. If you’re opportunistic about it, you can expand your vision and understand how to get there faster, all at the same time. * * * [14] http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304458604577488822667325882.html [15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima Part II. Finding the Right Metric for Right Now You now have an understanding of analytics fundamentals. So let’s talk about the importance of focus, about specific business models, and about the stages every startup goes through as it discovers the right product and the best target market.

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Haskell Programming: From First Principles by Christopher Allen, Julie Moronuki

book value, c2.com, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, fizzbuzz, functional programming, heat death of the universe, higher-order functions, natural language processing, spaced repetition, tiling window manager, Turing complete, Turing machine, type inference, web application, Y Combinator

Where software libraries are code arranged in a manner so that they can be reused by the compiler in the building of other libraries and programs, executables are applications that the operating system will run directly. If you’d like to read further on this, here are a few links. 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_library 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable Editing the Cabal ﬁle Let’s get back to editing that cabal ﬁle a bit. Ours is named hellohaskell.cabal and is in the top level directory of the project. Right now, your cabal ﬁle should look something like : -- Initial hello-haskell.cabal generated by cabal init. -- For further documentation, -- see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/ name: version: 1 2 3 4 5 hello-haskell 0.1.0.0 lens library Github repository https://github.com/ekmett/lens Haddock website https://www.haskell.org/haddock/ Hackage guidelines https://wiki.haskell.org/Package_versioning_policy Pipes hackage page http://hackage.haskell.org/package/pipes Pandoc github repository https://github.com/jgm/pandoc/ CHAPTER 13.

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The idea is to take a template of phrases, ﬁll them in with blindly selected categories of words, and see if saying the ﬁnal version is amusing. Using an example from the Wikipedia article on Mad Libs: "___________! he said ______ as he jumped into his car exclamation adverb ____ and drove off with his _________ wife." noun adjective We can make this into a function, like the following: 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Libs CHAPTER 15. MONOID, SEMIGROUP 580 import Data.Monoid type type type type type Verb = String Adjective = String Adverb = String Noun = String Exclamation = String madlibbin' :: Exclamation -> Adverb -> Noun -> Adjective -> String madlibbin' e adv noun adj = e <> "! he said " <> adv <> " as he jumped into his car " <> noun <> " and drove off with this " <> adj <> " wife."

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When Haskellers refer to algebras, they’re usually talking about a somewhat informal notion of operations over a type and its laws, such as with semigroups, monoids, groups, semirings, and rings. 15.16 Follow-up resources 1. Algebraic structure; Simple English Wikipedia; https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_structure 2. Algebraic structure; English Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_structure Chapter 16 Functor Lifting is the ”cheat mode” of type tetris. Michael Neale 599 CHAPTER 16. FUNCTOR 16.1 600 Functor In the last chapter on Monoid, we saw what it means to talk about an algebra and turn that into a typeclass. This chapter and the two that follow, on Applicative and Monad, will be on a similar topic.

pages: 396 words: 116,332

Political Ponerology (A Science on the Nature of Evil Adjusted for Political Purposes) by Andrew M. Lobaczewski

anti-communist, corporate raider, disinformation, en.wikipedia.org, false flag, information security, John Nash: game theory, means of production, phenotype, Project for a New American Century

These were: Theological, Metaphysical, and Positive. He also created a universal hierarchy of all previous sciences, which he classified as organic or inorganic. Comte viewed “social physics” or sociology as the greatest of these; the science that would integrate all previous scientific knowledge. (See: Wikipedia, Auguste Comte, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte) (All online sources retrieved on January 10, .) [Editor’s note.] * * * [5]: John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was an English philosopher and political economist, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was an advocate of utilitarianism, the ethical theory that was systemised by his godfather Jeremy Bentham.

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Ingeniously, he also argued that even false opinions have worth, in that in refuting false opinions the holders of true opinions have their beliefs reaffirmed. Without having to defend one’s beliefs, Mill argued, the beliefs would become dead and we would forget why we held them at all. (Wikipedia, John Stuart Mill, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill) [Editor’s note.] * * * [6]: See: “A Mess in Psychiatry”, an interview with Robert van Voren, General Secretary of the Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry, published in the Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant on August 9, 1997, in which he says: “Since 1950 Soviet psychiatry has not just been standing still, but has gone downhill.

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When accepting the Nobel Prize, he apologized for a 1940 publication that included Nazi views of science, saying that “many highly decent scientists hoped, like I did, for a short time for good from National Socialism, and many quickly turned away from it with the same horror as I.” It seems highly likely that Lorenz’s ideas about an inherited basis for behavior patterns were congenial to the Nazi authorities, but there is no evidence to suggest that his experimental work was either inspired or distorted by Nazi ideas. (Wikipedia, Konrad Lorenz, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Konrad_Lorenz) [Editor’s note.] * * * [8]: Relating to or marked by sthenia; strong, vigorous, or active. [Editor’s note.] * * * [9]: Conversive thinking: using terms but giving them opposing or twisted meanings. Examples: peacefulness = appeasement; freedom = license; initiative = arbitrariness; traditional = backward; rally = mob; efficiency = small-mindedness.

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What's Your Future Worth?: Using Present Value to Make Better Decisions by Peter Neuwirth

backtesting, big-box store, Black Swan, collective bargaining, discounted cash flows, en.wikipedia.org, financial engineering, Long Term Capital Management, Rubik’s Cube, Skype, the scientific method

Among other things, David’s most important work on the appropriate way of funding a pension plan (“Objectives and methods for funding defined benefit pension schemes,” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, September 1987: 155–225) was never, in my opinion given the credit it deserves, and to this day very few actuaries have heard of the DABM (Defined Accrued Benefit Method). 23. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_System 24. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometric_model 25. Nassim N. Taleb, Fooled by Randomness, Random House (Trade Paperback Edition), 2005. 26. Ibid. pp. 113–115. 27. Ibid. pp. 116–131. 28. Ibid. pp. 126–127. 29. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory 30. See FCC Record, Volume 07, No. 09, p. 2724, April 20–May 1, 1992. 31. Nassim N. Taleb, The Black Swan (Random House [Trade Paperback edition], 2010). 32.

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This is not just with respect to applications for disability benefits, as one would expect when people experience economic hardship and seek income from other sources, but it turns out that when times are tough, the actual rates of disability increase as well. See for example the Statement of Stephen Goss (Chief Actuary of the Social Security Administration) given before the House Committee on Ways and Means on March 14, 2013 (www.ssa.gov/legislation/testimony_031413a.html). Chapter 10 39. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cash_flow 40. Nassim N. Taleb, The Black Swan (Random House [Trade Paperback edition], 2010). 41. Frederick, Shane, George Lowenstein, and Ted O’Donoghue, “Time Discounting and Time Preference: A Critical Review.” Journal of Economic Literature 40: 351–401. 42. See, for example www.forbes.com/sites/joannmuller/2014/02/21/pensions-spared-worst-pain-in-detroit-recovery-plan/. 43.

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The Year Without Pants: Wordpress.com and the Future of Work by Scott Berkun

barriers to entry, Big Tech, blue-collar work, Broken windows theory, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, future of work, Google Hangouts, Jane Jacobs, job satisfaction, Kanban, Lean Startup, lolcat, lone genius, Mark Zuckerberg, minimum viable product, post-work, remote working, Results Only Work Environment, Richard Stallman, Seaside, Florida, side project, Silicon Valley, six sigma, Skype, stealth mode startup, Steve Jobs, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the map is not the territory, The Soul of a New Machine, Tony Hsieh, trade route, work culture , zero-sum game

Notes 1 For the quote, famous in geek circles, go to “The Science in Science Fiction,” Talk of the Nation, November 30, 1999, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1067220. 2 A. J. Jacobs, The Year of Living Biblically (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007). 3 The full list of commandments in the Old Testament can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_commandments. 4 Jody Thompson and Cari Ressler proposed a concept called ROWE, or Results Only Work Environment, at Best Buy, and they consult with companies on the concept (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROWE). However, ROWE was never mentioned once at Automattic. 5 See Alex Williams, “Working Alone, Together,” New York Times, May 3, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/fashion/solo-workers-bond-at-shared-workspaces.html?

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There were plenty of questions about Hovercards and how they'd work in different situations. Most of what I remember are the notable oohs and aahs as we did our demonstration, sounds I hadn't heard about software I'd worked on with a team of people for far too long. Notes 1 A good overview of the history of fire teams is at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireteam. 2 David McCullough, The Great Bridge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 381. Chapter 8 The Future of Work, Part 1 Books about the future of work make the same mistake: they fail to look back at the history of work or, more precisely, the history of books about the future of work and how wrong they were.

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Kelling, “Broken Windows,” Atlantic Monthly (March 1982). 2 Just as a broken leg will take more time to fix than a scratch, a simple incoming-versus-fix chart discounts possibly important details such as the scope of each issue. 3 A good summary of the problems with evaluating programming work based on lines of code is at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_lines_of_code#Disadvantages. Chapter 11 Real Artists Ship In September 1983, the Apple Macintosh project was far behind schedule. The team was burning out but still had significant work left to do. Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple and visionary leader of the project, walked by the team's main hallway and wrote on a nearby easel what would become one of his best-known sayings: “Real Artists Ship.”

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We Are Bellingcat: Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News by Eliot Higgins

4chan, active measures, Andy Carvin, anti-communist, anti-globalists, barriers to entry, belling the cat, Bellingcat, bitcoin, blockchain, citizen journalism, Columbine, coronavirus, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, deepfake, disinformation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, fake news, false flag, gamification, George Floyd, Google Earth, hive mind, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, off-the-grid, OpenAI, pattern recognition, post-truth, rolodex, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, Skype, Tactical Technology Collective, the scientific method, WikiLeaks

v=EnmMZ2bSlnc 4 www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8754375/Gaddafis-ghost-town-after-the-loyalists-retreat.html 5 www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2011/aug/12/syria-libya-middle-east-unrest 6 af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFLDE77A0UN20110811?sp=true 7 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Battle_of_Brega 8 www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UGBP043dz8 9 www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?ie=UTF&msa=0&mid=1c5sA598QOpHNvF0x08yrPsjHy4U&ll=30.486213501292106%2C19.72388699999999&z=19 10 www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2014/07/09/ a-beginners- guide-to-geolocation/ 11 www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/20/muammar-gaddafi-killing-witnesses www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15390980www.youtube.com/watch?

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time_continue=47&v=dRJnStU4izg 38 A prolific Twitter poster, @HamaEcho, pointed this out to me. On 5 December 2012, the account tweeted: ‘#offline forever. We are going to Ghouta soon. I have a bad feeling about this but the only thing that can happen is martyrdom or victory.’ That was the last recorded tweet. (twitter.com/HamaEcho/status/276416201943576576) 39 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K32_Strela-2 40 brown-moses.blogspot.com/2012/06/even-more-increasingly-well-armed-free.html 41 web.archive.org/web/20130124155321/http://spectator.org/archives/2012/06/12/arming-the-free-syrian-army/ 42 www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-07/inside-syria-you-will-never-guess-who-arms-rebels www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-14/syria-s-rebels-learn-value-prisoner 43 www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9334707/US-holds-high-level-talks-with-Syrian-rebels-seeking-weapons-in-Washington.html 44 brown-moses.blogspot.com/2012/06/increasingly-well-armed-fsa-and-other.html brown-moses.blogspot.com/2012/06/even-more-increasingly-well-armed-free.htmlwww.youtube.com/watch?

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v=vJG698U2Mvo 45 Cq. twitter.com/EliotHiggins/status/222821174600663040 46 www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvCZNWxOZXg&feature=plcp 47 www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/06/2012611151436420866.html 48 www.hrw.org/news/2012/07/12/syria-evidence-cluster-munitions-use-syrian-forces brown-moses.blogspot.com/2012/06/evidence-of-unguided-bombs-being.html 49 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-IX-2 50 www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/clustermunitions/ 51 www.stopclustermunitions.org/en-gb/cluster-bombs/what-is-a-cluster-bomb.aspx www.stopclustermunitions.org/en-gb/the-treaty/treaty-status.aspxwww.stopclustermunitions.org/en-gb/cluster-bombs/use-of-cluster-bombs/a-timeline-of-cluster-bomb-use.aspx 52 youtu.be/F92m9eqKP14 53 www.uxoinfo.com/blogcfc/client/index.cfm 54 brown-moses.blogspot.com/2012/07/evidence-of-cluster-bombs-being.html 55 cjchivers.com/post/27009844587/has-the-syrian-government-used-cluster-bombs 56 www.hrw.org/news/2012/07/12/syria-evidence-cluster-munitions-use-syrian-forces 57 cjchivers.com/post/27063587043/syria-and-the-use-of-cluster-munitions-why-it 58 www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/ofab-250-270.htm www.armaco.bg/en/product/aerial-ammunitions-c17/ofab-250-270-p566arconpartners.net/products/ammunition/aircraft-bombs/ofab-250-270-high-explosive-fragmentation-bomb-he-frag/brown-moses.blogspot.com/2012/06/evidence-of-unguided-bombs-being.html 59 foreignpolicy.com/2012/07/30/syrias-diy-revolt/ 60 Robin Yassin-Kassab and Leila al-Shami, Burning Country: Syrians in Revolution and War, Pluto Press, 2016, p. 213. 61 www.youtube.com/watch?

Beautiful Visualization by Julie Steele

barriers to entry, correlation does not imply causation, data acquisition, data science, database schema, Drosophila, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, global pandemic, Hans Rosling, index card, information retrieval, iterative process, linked data, Mercator projection, meta-analysis, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, no-fly zone, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, performance metric, power law, QR code, recommendation engine, semantic web, social bookmarking, social distancing, social graph, sorting algorithm, Steve Jobs, the long tail, web application, wikimedia commons, Yochai Benkler

[6] For a thorough survey of tag cloud designs, with thoughtful commentary, see http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2007/11/07/tag-clouds-gallery-examples-and-good-practices/. [7] See http://manyeyes.alphaworks.ibm.com/manyeyes/page/Tag_Cloud.html. [8] See http://www.citeulike.org/user/andreacapocci/article/1326856. [9] See http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/wp-cumulus/. [10] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_packing_problem. [11] See http://levitated.net/daily/levEmotionFractal.html. [12] See http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap-history/. [13] See http://github.com/vcl/cue.language. [14] For an illuminating demonstration of this craft, see Peter Norvig’s chapter on natural-language processing in the sister O’Reilly book Beautiful Data

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Lattice: Multivariate Data Visualization with R. New York: Springer-Verlag. Tufte, Edward. 2001. Envisioning Information, Chapter 4. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. Ware, Colin. 2000. Information Visualization, Chapter 4. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann. [1] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIELUV_color_space. [2] See http://processing.org. Chapter Five Mapping Information: Redesigning the New York City Subway Map Eddie Jabbour, as told to Julie Steele Maps are one of the most basic data visualizations that we have; we’ve been making them for millennia.

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“The Senate Social Network: Slate presents a Facebook-style visualization of the Senate.” http://bit.ly/FD5QY. [1] I should note here that in this context, “graph” means a collection of nodes and edges, not an x, y data plot. [2] See http://bit.ly/4iZib. [3] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washingtons_Farewell_Address. [4] See http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp. Chapter Nine The Big Picture: Search and Discovery Todd Holloway Search and discovery are two styles of information retrieval. Search is a familiar modality, well exemplified by Google and other web search engines.

pages: 387 words: 119,409

Work Rules!: Insights From Inside Google That Will Transform How You Live and Lead by Laszlo Bock

Abraham Maslow, Abraham Wald, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, AltaVista, Atul Gawande, behavioural economics, Black Swan, book scanning, Burning Man, call centre, Cass Sunstein, Checklist Manifesto, choice architecture, citizen journalism, clean water, cognitive load, company town, correlation coefficient, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deliberate practice, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, Fairchild Semiconductor, Frederick Winslow Taylor, future of work, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Google Hangouts, Google X / Alphabet X, Googley, helicopter parent, immigration reform, Internet Archive, Kevin Roose, longitudinal study, Menlo Park, mental accounting, meta-analysis, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, nudge unit, PageRank, Paul Buchheit, power law, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Rana Plaza, random walk, Richard Thaler, Rubik’s Cube, self-driving car, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, six sigma, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, survivorship bias, Susan Wojcicki, TaskRabbit, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tony Hsieh, Turing machine, Wayback Machine, winner-take-all economy, Y2K

Whitman, and Chockalingam Viswesvaran, “Employee Proactivity in Organizations: A Comparative Meta-Analysis of Emergent Proactive Constructs,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 83, no. 2 (2010): 275–300. (A meta-analysis of 103 samples.) 225. Wikipedia, “Poka-yoke,” last modified May 11, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poka-yoke. 226. Steven F. Venti and David A. Wise, “Choice, Chance, and Wealth Dispersion at Retirement,” in Aging Issues in the United States and Japan, eds. Seiritsu Ogura, Toshiaki Tachibanaki, and David A. Wise (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 25–64. 227. Wikipedia, “Household Income in the United States,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States. Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011,” US Census Bureau (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2012).

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“Mission & Values,” McDonald’s, http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/mission_and_values.html. 43. “The Power of Purpose,” Proctor & Gamble, http://www.pg.com/en_US/company/purpose_people/index.shtml. 44. Wikipedia, “Timeline of Google Street View,” last modified May 19, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Google_Street_View. 45. South Base Camp, Mt. Everest, https://www.google.com/maps/@28.007168,86.86105,3a,75y,92.93h,87.22t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sUdU6omw_CrN8sm7NWUnpcw!2e0!3e2. 46. Heron Island, https://www.google.com/maps/views/streetview/oceans?gl=us. 47. Philip Salesses, Katja Schechtner, and César A.

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Swider, “Candidate Characteristics Driving Initial Impressions During Rapport Building: Implications for Employment Interview Validity,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 85, no. 2 (2012): 330–352. 81. J. T. Prickett, N. Gada-Jain, and F. J. Bernieri, “The Importance of First Impressions in a Job Interview,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL, May 2000. 82. Wikipedia, “Confirmation bias,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias#CITEREFPlous1993, citing Scott, Plous, The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), 233. 83. Gladwell, “The New-Boy Network, The New Yorker, May 29, 2000: 68–86. 84. N. Munk and S. Oliver, “Think Fast!” Forbes, 159, no. 6 (1997): 146–150.

pages: 394 words: 118,929

Dreaming in Code: Two Dozen Programmers, Three Years, 4,732 Bugs, and One Quest for Transcendent Software by Scott Rosenberg

A Pattern Language, AOL-Time Warner, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), Berlin Wall, Bill Atkinson, c2.com, call centre, collaborative editing, Computer Lib, conceptual framework, continuous integration, Do you want to sell sugared water for the rest of your life?, Donald Knuth, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Hofstadter, Dynabook, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Free Software Foundation, functional programming, General Magic , George Santayana, Grace Hopper, Guido van Rossum, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Howard Rheingold, HyperCard, index card, intentional community, Internet Archive, inventory management, Ivan Sutherland, Jaron Lanier, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, John von Neumann, knowledge worker, L Peter Deutsch, Larry Wall, life extension, Loma Prieta earthquake, machine readable, Menlo Park, Merlin Mann, Mitch Kapor, Neal Stephenson, new economy, Nicholas Carr, no silver bullet, Norbert Wiener, pattern recognition, Paul Graham, Potemkin village, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Stallman, Ronald Reagan, Ruby on Rails, scientific management, semantic web, side project, Silicon Valley, Singularitarianism, slashdot, software studies, source of truth, South of Market, San Francisco, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Strategic Defense Initiative, Ted Nelson, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, Therac-25, thinkpad, Turing test, VA Linux, Vannevar Bush, Vernor Vinge, Wayback Machine, web application, Whole Earth Catalog, Y2K

It is available online at http://www.arquitetura.ufmg.br/rcesar/alex/_city index.cfm. The story of Donn Denman and the cancellation of MacBasic is at Folklore.org, at http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh& story=MacBasic.txt. Wikipedia defines Foobar at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_bar, and fubar at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUBAR. “because people read these names”: Ward Cunningham’s talk at the OOPSLA Conference, October 2004, Vancouver, B.C. Alec Flett first posted his parody of Hungarian notation on a Mozilla newsgroup in 1999. He repeated it in a blog posting from June 14, 2004, at http://www.flett.org/archives/2004/06/14/16.34.17/ index.htm.

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“Three years” represents the time I spent observing the Chandler project from January 2003 through December 2005. “4,732 bugs” is the number of bugs entered into the Chandler Bugzilla database on the date I completed writing the manuscript for this book; the number has since climbed. CHAPTER O SOFTWARE TIME The game Sumer (also known as Hamurabi or Hammurabi) is documented in Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamurabi. Full Basic code for the game can be found in David H. Ahl, ed., BASIC Computer Games (Creative Computing, 1978). Salon’s content management software is documented in an article in the online magazine Design Interact at http://www.designinteract.com/features_d/salon/index.htm.

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Torvalds’s “Just a hobby” quotation is from his 1991 message announcing the Linux project to the comp.os.minix newsgroup. It is archived many places online, e.g. at http://www.linux.org/people/linus_post.htm. “that purists call GNU-Linux”: a good account of this issue is in Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_ controversy. The “Free speech” vs. “Free beer” argument is outlined at http://www.gnu.org/ philosophy/free-sw.htm. All quotations from “The Cathedral and the Bazaar” may be found in the online version at http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/index.htm.

pages: 286 words: 82,065

Curation Nation by Rosenbaum, Steven

Amazon Mechanical Turk, Andrew Keen, AOL-Time Warner, barriers to entry, citizen journalism, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, disintermediation, en.wikipedia.org, Ford Model T, future of journalism, independent contractor, Jason Scott: textfiles.com, Mary Meeker, means of production, off-the-grid, PageRank, pattern recognition, post-work, postindustrial economy, pre–internet, Sand Hill Road, Silicon Valley, Skype, social graph, social web, Steve Jobs, Tony Hsieh, Yogi Berra

Part I” latimes.com, February 18, 2009. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/twitter-creator.html “Twitter” retreived from wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter Kevin O’Keefe: “Twitter’s growth continues at super-linear rate: Powerful professional and business development tool for lawyers” kevin.lexblog.com, July 5, 2010. http://kevin.lexblog.com/2010/07/articles/twitter-1/twitters-growth-continues-at-superlinear-rate-powerful-professional-and-business-development-tool-for-lawyers/ “Esther Dyson” retrieved from wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Dyson James Turner: “Tim O’Reilly - Why Twitter Matters for News” radar.oreilly.com, May 7, 2009. http://radar.oreilly.com/2009/05/tim-oreilly-why-twitter-matt.html Rachel Sklar “Fair Use: Okay, Let’s Talk About It” mediaite.com, August 13, 2010. http://www.mediaite.com/online/fair-use-okay-lets-talk-about-it/ Chapter 9 Dylan Stableford: “Jay Rosen on Content Farms: Demand Media Not Evil, But Still Demonic” thewrap.com, July 7, 2010. http://www.thewrap.com/media/column-post/jay-rosen-content-farms-demand-media-not-evil-still-demonic-19027 “Web Site Interest: curation.” http://www.google.com/insights/search/#q=curation&cmpt=q Kara Swisher: “Demand Media Is Mad as Hell and, Well, Pens a Manifesto (And Here It Is!)”

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from=hp.featured Additional material from Amy Wilson re: StreamingGourmet from an interview with the author, July 2010 “Wallace, DeWitt—Overview, Personal Life, Career Details, Chronology: DeWitt Wallace, Social and Economic Impact.” http://encyclopedia.jrank.org. http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6384/Wallace-DeWitt.html#ixzz175HPPn00 Michael Kinsley: “Advice for Newsweek from Henry Luce” theatlanticwire.com, May 21, 2010. http://www.theatlanticwire.com/editor-at-large/view/article/Advice-for-Newsweek-from-Henry-Luce-11 “Cable Television History” retrieved from inventors.about.com. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcabletelevision.htm Diane Makar Murphy: “The History of Cable TV” ehow.com. http://www.ehow.com/about_5068693_history-cable-tv.html “Wallace, DeWitt—Overview, Personal Life, Career Details, Chronology: DeWitt Wallace, Social and Economic Impact” retrieved from encyclopedia.jrank.org. http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6384/Wallace-DeWitt.html Alan Brinkley: “What Would Henry Luce Make of the Digital Age?” time.com, April 8, 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1978794,00.html#ixzz0n9k5AEGK “Reader’s Digest” retrieved from wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest Steven Rosenbaum: “What Susan Boyle Taught Me About Advertising” mediabizblogger.com, May 4, 2009. http://www.jackmyers.com/commentary/media-business-bloggers/44299967.html Andrew LaVallee: “The Susan Boyle Bubble” blogs.wsj.com, April 16, 2009. http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2009/04/16/the-susan-boyle-bubble//?

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Penguin Group 2009 Josh Halliday, “Forbes to launch ‘major upgrade’ of social media” guardian.co.uk, August 3, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/pda/2010/aug/03/forbes-social-media Jeff Bercovici: “Lewis Dvorkin on the Future of Forbes: More ‘Entrepreneurial,’ ‘Scalable’” dailyfinance.com, July 1, 2010. http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/media/lewis-dvorkin-on-the-future-of-forbes-more-entrepreneurial-an/19537682/ Marshall Kirkpatrick: “Google CEO Schmidt: ‘People Aren’t Ready for the Technology Revolotion’” readwriteweb.com, August 4, 2010. http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/google_ceo_schmidt_people_arent_ready_for_the_tech.php Dan Tynan: “Prepare for Data Tsunami, Warns Google CEO” pcworld.com, August 6, 2010. http://www.pcworld.com/article/202817/prepare_for_data_tsunami_warns_google_ceo.html?tk=hp_new “Jeff Jarvis” retrieved from wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarvis David Chase: “Forbes Magazine, The History” ezinearticles.com. http://ezinearticles.com/?Forbes-Magazine,-The-History&id=88697 David Carr: “A Gamble on a Weekly That Paid Off” nyimes.com, August 8, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/09/business/09carr.html?_r=1&ref=david_carr Steven Rosenbaum: “Fast Company Founder on future of Curation & Magazines” huffingtonpost.com, January 30, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-rosenbaum/fast-company-founder-on-f_b_443152.html Steven Rosenbaum: “Is ‘Everyone’ the Media now?”

pages: 369 words: 80,355

Too Big to Know: Rethinking Knowledge Now That the Facts Aren't the Facts, Experts Are Everywhere, and the Smartest Person in the Room Is the Room by David Weinberger

airport security, Alfred Russel Wallace, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Mechanical Turk, An Inconvenient Truth, Berlin Wall, Black Swan, book scanning, Cass Sunstein, commoditize, Computer Lib, corporate social responsibility, crowdsourcing, Danny Hillis, David Brooks, Debian, double entry bookkeeping, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, en.wikipedia.org, Exxon Valdez, Fall of the Berlin Wall, future of journalism, Future Shock, Galaxy Zoo, Gregor Mendel, Hacker Ethic, Haight Ashbury, Herman Kahn, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, invention of the telegraph, Jeff Hawkins, jimmy wales, Johannes Kepler, John Harrison: Longitude, Kevin Kelly, Large Hadron Collider, linked data, Neil Armstrong, Netflix Prize, New Journalism, Nicholas Carr, Norbert Wiener, off-the-grid, openstreetmap, P = NP, P vs NP, PalmPilot, Pluto: dwarf planet, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Republic of Letters, RFID, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, semantic web, slashdot, social graph, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, technological singularity, Ted Nelson, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, Whole Earth Catalog, X Prize

May 11, 2010, http://blogs.hbr.org/imagining-the-future-of-leadership/2010/05/whats-your-primary-focus-leade.html. 8 From the Wikipedia entry “Virginia Tech Massacre,” http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech_massacre&oldid=4183 36016. 9 Andrea Forte and Amy Bruckman, “Scaling Consensus: Increasing Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance,” Proceedings of HICSS [Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences], Waikoloa, Hawaii, January 2008, http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/5638/ForteBruckmanScalingConsensus.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1. 10 “Virginia Tech Massacre,” http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech_massacre&oldid=418336016. 11 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOT. 12 Quoted in Forte and Bruckman, “Scaling Consensus,” p. 6. 13 See http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

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Pinter, 1984). 19 Wurman, Information Anxiety, p. 34. 20 Roger E. Bohn and James E. Short, “How Much Information? 2009 Report on American Consumers,” Global Information Industry Center, University of California–San Diego (2009), p. 7, http://hmi.ucsd.edu/howmuchinfo.php. 21 This figure is cited at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zettabyte. 22 Quoted in Ann Blair, “Reading Strategies for Coping with Information Overload ca. 1550–1700,” Journal of the History of Ideas 63, no. 1 (January 2003): 11–28 at 15. 23 Quoted in Daniel Rosenberg, “Early Modern Information Overload,” Journal of the History of Ideas 63, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–9. at 1, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3654292. 24 Quoted in Richard I.

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title=Virginia_Tech_massacre&oldid=418336016. 11 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOT. 12 Quoted in Forte and Bruckman, “Scaling Consensus,” p. 6. 13 See http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Notability&oldid=386469793. 14 Interview with Jimmy Wales, October 1, 2010. 15 Ibid. 16 Kristie Lu Stout, “Reclusive Linux Founder Opens Up,” World Business section of CNN.com, May 29, 2006, http://edition.cnn.com/2006/BUSINESS/05/18/global.office.linustorvalds/. One guess at the number of developers who worked on Windows 7 is 1,000, based on a post by Steve Sinofsky at the “Engineering Windows 7” blog on August 17, 2008 (http://blogs.msdn.com/b/e7/archive/2008/08/18/windows_5f00_7_5f00_team.aspx).

Exploring ES6 - Upgrade to the next version of JavaScript by Axel Rauschmayer

anti-pattern, domain-specific language, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, functional programming, Google Chrome, MVC pattern, web application, WebSocket

Typed Arrays are iterable Support for the species pattern An inheritance hierarchy where TypedArray<T> is the superclass of all Typed Array classes It may take a while until these are available everywhere. As usual, kangax’ “ES6 compatibility table²⁶” describes the status quo. ²⁴https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG#Syntax_and_structure ²⁵https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_File_Interchange_Format#File_format_structure ²⁶https://kangax.github.io/compat-table/es6/#typed_arrays 21. Iterables and iterators ECMAScript 6 introduces a new interface for iteration, Iterable. This chapter explains how it works, which language constructs consume data via it (e.g., the new for-of loop) and which sources provide data via it (e.g., Arrays). 21.1 Overview The following two entities play important roles in iteration: • Iterable: An iterable is a data structure that wants to make its elements accessible to the public.

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Such a media type can be associated with a file via an HTTP header: Content-Type: application/ecmascript;version=6 It can also be associated via the type attribute of the <script> element (whose default value² is text/javascript): <script type="application/ecmascript;version=6"> ··· </script> This specifies the version out of band, externally to the actual content. Another option is to specify the version inside the content (in-band). For example, by starting a file with the following line: ¹http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_media_type ²http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/scripting-1.html#attr-script-type 13 One JavaScript: avoiding versioning in ECMAScript 6 14 use version 6; Both ways of tagging are problematic: out-of-band versions are brittle and can get lost, in-band versions add clutter to code. A more fundamental issue is that allowing multiple versions per code base effectively forks a language into sub-languages that have to be maintained in parallel.

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If possible, cyclic dependencies should be avoided, they lead to A and B being tightly coupled – they can only be used and evolved together. Why support cyclic dependencies, then? Occasionally, you can’t get around them, which is why support for them is an important feature. A later section has more information. Let’s see how CommonJS and ECMAScript 6 handle cyclic dependencies. ⁵http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_dependency 253 Modules 17.3.5.1 Cyclic dependencies in CommonJS The following CommonJS code correctly handles two modules a and b cyclically depending on each other. //------ a.js -----var b = require('b'); function foo() { b.bar(); } exports.foo = foo; //------ b.js -----var a = require('a'); // (i) function bar() { if (Math.random()) { a.foo(); // (ii) } } exports.bar = bar; If module a is imported first then, in line i, module b gets a’s exports object before the exports are added to it.

Kanban in Action by Marcus Hammarberg, Joakim Sunden

Buckminster Fuller, business logic, call centre, continuous integration, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, index card, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kanban, Lean Startup, performance metric, place-making, systems thinking, the scientific method, Toyota Production System, transaction costs, Two Sigma

Finally, with three sigmas, you cover 99.7%. Calculating one sigma[15] from a sample is pretty advanced mathematics, but thankfully almost all spreadsheet programs have formulas for that in their arsenal.[16] With this sample, you get STDEVP(31,23,19,24,22,21) ≈ 3.4. 14 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68-95-99.7_rule. 15 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation. 16 In Excel it’s called DSTDEVP, and for Google spreadsheets it’s called STDEVP. The upper control limit is now (after doing the mind-bending sigma stuff) easy to calculate. You use an upper control limit of one sigma above the average, therefore, according to the 68-95-99.7 rule, taking 68% of the population into consideration.

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Practices from the agile software development community movement might help you to improve collaboration and quality and thereby improve the flow of your system. It’s up to you which route you take to improve your system. The important thing is that you react to the signals that your work is sending you and improve on it. 3 Visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_constraints to read about the Theory of Constraints (TOC). In reality, you’ll see the principles combined with each other a lot. For example, in order to get a quicker flow, you limit WIP, which is also shown visually on the board. With a visualized workflow, a limit for the WIP, and a focus on moving work through your workflow, you have set yourself up to easily spot improvement opportunities.

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Following are a few alternative strategies to solve different aspects of the benefits ascribed to estimates. Studying the nature and type of demands on the system enables the use of probabilistic forecasting and simulation to create robust plans based on historical data. One pioneer in this field is Troy Magennis, with his work on the Monte Carlo simulation.[18] 18 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method. Others reach a point where they don’t estimate but rely on what I’ve dubbed The Law of Average Averages. This law states that On average, an average work item will take average time to complete. The observation is that assuming requests are similar enough, or that the team has learned to instinctively break work down into “right-sized” chunks, you can skip estimation and consider them all average.

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Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa by Dambisa Moyo

affirmative action, Asian financial crisis, belling the cat, Bob Geldof, Bretton Woods, business cycle, buy and hold, colonial rule, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, diversification, diversified portfolio, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, failed state, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, Hernando de Soto, income inequality, information asymmetry, invisible hand, Live Aid, low interest rates, M-Pesa, market fundamentalism, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, microcredit, moral hazard, Multics, Ponzi scheme, rent-seeking, risk free rate, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, sovereign wealth fund, The Chicago School, trade liberalization, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, Washington Consensus, Yom Kippur War

African proverb Notes Preface 1. For details of the Battle of Adowa see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleofAdowa. Introduction 1. The 2001 Labour Party Conference was held in the City of Brighton and Hove. 1. The Myth of Aid 1. Various UNAIDS reports on the global AIDS epidemic. 2. Freedom House: http://www.freedomhouse.org; and International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance: http://www.idea.int/. 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSESecuritiesExchange; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZimbabweStockExchange. 4. In terms of Price/Earnings (essentially a measure of how much value investors predict in the future of African companies), African P/Es, at 15 times, have been roughly commensurate with the emerging economies’ (Brazil, Russia, India and China) average of 19 times. 5.

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Interview with Rwanda’s President Kagame, Time, September 2007, at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1666064,00.html. 11. From Brenthurst Foundation July 2007 Discussion Paper: ‘Speech by His Excellency President Paul Kagame’. 3. Aid Is Not Working 1. Details of the 1885 Berlin Conference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BerlinConference. 2. ‘Institutions that provide dependable property rights, manage conflict, maintain law and order, and align economic incentives with social costs and benefits are the foundation of long-term growth. The quality of institutions is key: good institutions are those that provide public offcials with the incentives to provide market-fostering public goods at least cost in terms of corruption and rent seeking.

pages: 292 words: 66,588

Learning Vue.js 2: Learn How to Build Amazing and Complex Reactive Web Applications Easily With Vue.js by Olga Filipova

Amazon Web Services, business logic, continuous integration, create, read, update, delete, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Google Chrome, leftpad, MVC pattern, pull request, side project, single page application, single source of truth, Skype, source of truth, web application

Or maybe I want to have bigger working Pomodoros, let's say 25 or 30 minutes. It should definitely be configurable. Let's thoroughly check the description of the Pomodoro technique in Wikipedia to see if we are missing something: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomodoro_Technique . I'm pretty sure we are. Check this point at the underlying principles: "After four pomodoros, take a longer break (15-30 minutes), reset your checkmark count to zero, then go to step 1." --https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomodoro_Technique Aha! Something should happen after four Pomodoros. Bigger interval, more time staring at cats (or doing whatever you want to do). Hmm, probably it would be nice to be able to configure this period of time as well!

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That's why I decided to add some neutral sound to our application during the working period of time. It was proven by some studies that different noises (white, pink, brown, and so on) are good for the kind of work where a high level of concentration is required. The Wikipedia entry about these studies can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_masking . And some Quora experts talking about this can be found at http://bit.ly/2cmRVW2 . In this section, we will use the Web Audio API ( https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Audio_API ) to create a plugin for Vue that generates white, pink, and brown noises. We will provide a mechanism to instantiate one noise or another using Vue directives and we will also provide global Vue methods that will start and pause these sounds.

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With this in mind, in this chapter, we are going to do the following: Set up a continuous integration process using Travis Set up a continuous deployment using Heroku Software deployment Before starting to deploy our applications, let's first try to define what it actually means: "Software deployment is all of the activities that make a software system available for use." – Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_deployment This definition means that after we perform all the necessary activities, our software will be accessible to the public. In our case, as we are deploying web applications, it means that there will be a public URL, and any person will be able to type this URL on their browser and access the application.

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API Design Patterns by Jj Geewax

Amazon Web Services, anti-pattern, bitcoin, blockchain, business logic, cognitive load, continuous integration, COVID-19, database schema, en.wikipedia.org, exponential backoff, imposter syndrome, Internet of things, Kubernetes, lateral thinking, loose coupling, machine readable, microservices, natural language processing, Paradox of Choice, ride hailing / ride sharing, social graph, sorting algorithm

If the API service knows something about when a request is likely to be successful if retried, it should indicate this using a Retry-After HTTP header. 30 Request authentication This chapter covers Requirements of a request authentication system Overview of digital signatures Credential generation, registration, and signing Fingerprinting HTTP requests Communicating the details of a signature Verifying signatures and authenticating HTTP requests In this pattern, we’ll explore how and why to use public-private key exchange and digital signatures (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature) to authenticate all incoming API requests. This ensures that all inbound requests have guaranteed integrity and origin authenticity and that they cannot be later repudiated by the sender. While alternatives (e.g., shared secrets and HMAC; https://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/HMAC) are acceptable in the majority of cases, these fail when it comes to introducing third parties where nonrepudiation is required. 30.1 Motivation So far, we’ve simply assumed that all API requests are guaranteed to be authentic, leaving security to be dealt with later on.

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Listing 3.7 Alterations to the example interfaces to include units interface CalculateImpulseResponse { impulsePoundForceSeconds: number; ❶ } interface CalculateManeuverRequest { impulseNewtonSeconds: number; ❶ } ❶ Here it becomes obvious that you can’t just take the output of one API method and feed it into the next method due to the different units. Obviously the Mars Climate Orbiter was a far more complicated piece of software and machinery than portrayed here, and it’s unlikely that this exact scenario (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter#Cause_of_failure) could have been avoided simply by using more descriptive names. That said, it’s a good illustration of why descriptive names are valuable and can help highlight differences in assumptions, particularly when coordinating between different teams. 3.7 Exercises Imagine you need to create an API for managing recurring schedules (“This event happens once per month”).

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We’ll explore more about hierarchies and both their drawbacks and benefits in section 4.2. 4.1.2 Entity relationship diagrams Throughout this chapter, you may have seen some interesting symbols at the ends of the lines connecting the different resources. While we don’t have time to go into a full deep dive of UML (Unified Modeling Language; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Unified_Modeling_Language), we can at least look at some of these arrows and explain how they work. In short, rather than an arbitrary arrow pointing from one resource to another, we can have the arrow ends convey important information about the relationship. More specifically, each arrow end can tell us how many resources might be on the other end.

pages: 151 words: 38,153

With Liberty and Dividends for All: How to Save Our Middle Class When Jobs Don't Pay Enough by Peter Barnes

adjacent possible, Alfred Russel Wallace, banks create money, basic income, Buckminster Fuller, carbon tax, collective bargaining, computerized trading, creative destruction, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, declining real wages, deindustrialization, diversified portfolio, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, It's morning again in America, Jaron Lanier, Jevons paradox, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, land reform, Mark Zuckerberg, Money creation, Network effects, oil shale / tar sands, Paul Samuelson, power law, profit maximization, quantitative easing, rent-seeking, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, Stuart Kauffman, the map is not the territory, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Upton Sinclair, Vilfredo Pareto, wealth creators, winner-take-all economy

“Robots don’t complain, or demand higher wages, or kill themselves,” Economist, August 6, 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/21525432. 15. Harold Meyerson, “Back from China?” American Prospect, December 2011, 43. Chapter 3: Fix the System, Not the Symptoms 1. “Pareto principle,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle. 2. Joshua M. Epstein and Robert L. Axtell, Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996). 3. Chuck Collins, 99 to 1: How Wealth Inequality Is Wrecking the World and What We Can Do about It (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2012). 4.

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Dean Baker, “Reducing Waste with an Efficient Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit,” Center for Economic and Policy Research Issue Brief, Washington, DC, January 2013, http://www.cepr.net/documents/publica-tions/medicare-drug-2012-12.pdf. 11. For an explanation of fractional reserve banking, see “Fractional reserve banking,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_reserve_banking. 12. For data on financial-industry profits, see Sameer Khatiwada, “Did the financial sector profit at the expense of the rest of the economy? Evidence from the United States,” Discussion paper 206, International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva, Switzerland, 2010, figure 1, p. 2, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_192804.pdf.

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Social Security and Medicare Boards of Trustees, A Summary of the 2013 Annual Reports, http://www.ssa.gov/oact/trsum/; US Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Financial Data Handbookfor 2012, http://workforcesecurity.doleta.gov/unemploy/hb394/hndbkrpt.asp. 3. When applied to nature, co-owned wealth user fees can be thought of as value subtracted fees—that is, compensation for harm done. They both internalize and discourage externalities, a benefit that value added taxes don’t provide. 4 “European Union value added tax,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_value_added_tax. Philippe van Parijs calculates that an EU-wide dividend of about $3,250 per year would require an increase in EU VAT rates of about 20 percent. Social European Journal, July 3, 2013, http://www.social-europe.eu/author/philippe-van-parijs. 5. CLEAR Act text, http://www.cantwell.senate.gov/issues/Leg_Text.pdf. 6.

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Mind in Motion: How Action Shapes Thought by Barbara Tversky

Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Asperger Syndrome, augmented reality, clean water, cognitive load, continuous integration, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, fundamental attribution error, Hans Rosling, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), John Snow's cholera map, Lao Tzu, meta-analysis, mirror neurons, natural language processing, neurotypical, patient HM, Richard Feynman, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, the new new thing, theory of mind, urban planning

He taught me how rich and funny and clever and beautiful the medium is. Cartoon guides: Larry Gonick: http://www.larrygonick.com Comics for kids: Toon Books: http://www.toon-books.com Journalism: Archcomix: http://www.archcomix.com; Palestine (comics) in Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(comics); The Influencing Machine: Brooke Gladstone on the Media: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influencing_Machine_(book) Compendium of excellent examples of comics art: Carlin, J., Karasik, P., & Walker, B. (2005). Masters of American comics. Los Angeles, CA: Hammer Museum and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, in association with Yale University Press.

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Pictorial and verbal tools for conveying routes. In C. Freksa & D. M. Mark (Eds.), Spatial information theory. Cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 1661). Berlin, Germany: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Figure 8.14. Source: Fibonacci. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_contours#/media/File:Kanizsa_triangle.svg Figure 8.15. Source: Zacks, J., & Tversky, B. (1999). Bars and lines: A study of graphic communication. Memory & Cognition, 27(6), 1073–1079. Figure 8.17. Source: Heiser, J., & Tversky, B. (2006). Arrows in comprehending and producing mechanical diagrams.

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Does a rock picture in the cave of Lascaux show the open star cluster of the Pleiades at the Magdalénien era (ca 15.300 BC)? In C. Jaschek & F. Atrio Barendela (Eds.), Proceedings of the IVth SEAC Meeting “Astronomy and Culture” (pp. 217–225). Salamanca, Spain: University of Salamanca. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Star chart. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_chart Native American hand maps, annotated with gestures Finney, B. (1998). Nautical cartography and traditional navigation in Oceania. In D. Woodward & G. M. Lewis (Eds.), The history of cartography. Vol. 2, Book Three: Cartography in the traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific societies (pp. 443–492).

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The Future Is Faster Than You Think: How Converging Technologies Are Transforming Business, Industries, and Our Lives by Peter H. Diamandis, Steven Kotler

Ada Lovelace, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Robotics, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, blockchain, blood diamond, Boston Dynamics, Burning Man, call centre, cashless society, Charles Babbage, Charles Lindbergh, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, Colonization of Mars, computer vision, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, Dean Kamen, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, digital twin, disruptive innovation, Donald Shoup, driverless car, Easter island, Edward Glaeser, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, experimental economics, fake news, food miles, Ford Model T, fulfillment center, game design, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, gig economy, gigafactory, Google X / Alphabet X, gravity well, hive mind, housing crisis, Hyperloop, impact investing, indoor plumbing, industrial robot, informal economy, initial coin offering, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of the telegraph, Isaac Newton, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, late fees, Law of Accelerating Returns, life extension, lifelogging, loss aversion, Lyft, M-Pesa, Mary Lou Jepsen, Masayoshi Son, mass immigration, megacity, meta-analysis, microbiome, microdosing, mobile money, multiplanetary species, Narrative Science, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, Nick Bostrom, Oculus Rift, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), out of africa, packet switching, peer-to-peer lending, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, planned obsolescence, QR code, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Richard Feynman, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, robo advisor, Satoshi Nakamoto, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart contracts, smart grid, Snapchat, SoftBank, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, stealth mode startup, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, supercomputer in your pocket, supply-chain management, tech billionaire, technoutopianism, TED Talk, Tesla Model S, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, unbanked and underbanked, underbanked, urban planning, Vision Fund, VTOL, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, X Prize

For its 2020 launch: Ibid. eVTOLs are being developed: Ibid. They’ve also teamed up with: For a full breakdown of Uber’s partners, see: https://www.uber.com/us/en/elevate/partners/. Vehicles capable of flight: “Vimana” is the name of the mythological flying chariots describe in early Hindu texts. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana. Even the more modern incarnations: Steven Kotler, Tomorrowland (New Harvest, 2015), pp. 97–105. Converging Technology Moore’s Law: See: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/silicon-innovations/moores-law-technology.html. as a human brain: Ray Kurzweil, How to Create a Mind (Viking, 2012), pp. 179–198.

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Census Bureau, “Average One-Way Commuting Time by Metropolitan Areas,” December 7, 2017. See: https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/travel-time.html. there were a hundred plus automotive brands: You can find an aggregated list of car brands, both in service and retired, at this Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_car_brands. the average car owner: Donald Shoup, The High Cost of Free Parking (Routledge, 2011), p. 624. America has almost half-a-million parking spaces: Richard Florida, “Parking Has Eaten American Cities,” CityLab, July 24, 2018. MIT professor of urban planning: Eran Ben-Joseph, ReThinking a Lot (MIT Press, 2012), pp. xi–xix.

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Dragon TV: Matt McFarland, “What Happened When a Chinese TV Station Replaced Its Meteorologist with a Chatbot,” Washington Post, January 12, 2016. consider the service economy: John Ward, “The Services Sector: How Best to Measure It?,” International Trade Organization, October 2010. forty-three different types of traffic signs: To track the progress in machine learning, Wikipedia has a useful chart here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_machine_learning. See also: Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson, Machine Platform Crowd (Norton, 2017), pp. 66–86. AI-piloted drone: For a demo, see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsfkGlSajHQ. AI assistant named Duplex: See: https://ai.googleblog.com/2018/05/duplex-ai-system-for-natural-conversation.html.

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The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty by Benjamin H. Bratton

1960s counterculture, 3D printing, 4chan, Ada Lovelace, Adam Curtis, additive manufacturing, airport security, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, algorithmic trading, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Robotics, Amazon Web Services, Andy Rubin, Anthropocene, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), Berlin Wall, bioinformatics, Biosphere 2, bitcoin, blockchain, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, call centre, capitalist realism, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, carbon-based life, Cass Sunstein, Celebration, Florida, Charles Babbage, charter city, clean water, cloud computing, company town, congestion pricing, connected car, Conway's law, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, dark matter, David Graeber, deglobalization, dematerialisation, digital capitalism, digital divide, disintermediation, distributed generation, don't be evil, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Evgeny Morozov, facts on the ground, Flash crash, Frank Gehry, Frederick Winslow Taylor, fulfillment center, functional programming, future of work, Georg Cantor, gig economy, global supply chain, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Guggenheim Bilbao, High speed trading, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, Ian Bogost, illegal immigration, industrial robot, information retrieval, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jacob Appelbaum, James Bridle, Jaron Lanier, Joan Didion, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Joi Ito, Jony Ive, Julian Assange, Khan Academy, Kim Stanley Robinson, Kiva Systems, Laura Poitras, liberal capitalism, lifelogging, linked data, lolcat, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, Masdar, McMansion, means of production, megacity, megaproject, megastructure, Menlo Park, Minecraft, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, Nick Bostrom, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, Oklahoma City bombing, OSI model, packet switching, PageRank, pattern recognition, peak oil, peer-to-peer, performance metric, personalized medicine, Peter Eisenman, Peter Thiel, phenotype, Philip Mirowski, Pierre-Simon Laplace, place-making, planetary scale, pneumatic tube, post-Fordism, precautionary principle, RAND corporation, recommendation engine, reserve currency, rewilding, RFID, Robert Bork, Sand Hill Road, scientific management, self-driving car, semantic web, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, skeuomorphism, Slavoj Žižek, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, Snow Crash, social graph, software studies, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, spectrum auction, Startup school, statistical arbitrage, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, Superbowl ad, supply-chain management, supply-chain management software, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, technological determinism, TED Talk, the built environment, The Chicago School, the long tail, the scientific method, Torches of Freedom, transaction costs, Turing complete, Turing machine, Turing test, undersea cable, universal basic income, urban planning, Vernor Vinge, vertical integration, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Washington Consensus, web application, Westphalian system, WikiLeaks, working poor, Y Combinator, yottabyte

1996, http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/sakamurainterview_tw42.html. Images of TRON diagrams can be found most easily on Wikipedia, but are also on this book's companion website, thestack.org. See http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/tronlogo.html; http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/homepage.html; and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRON_Project. 30. As discussed, the four-layer TCP/IP “won,” but for purposes of explication, the open systems interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model provides a more detailed profile. As indicated, the OSI model is a standardized subdivision of component zones and functions of information networks into logical discrete layers, each of which provides specific “services” to the layer just beneath in the stack and receives services from the layer just above it.

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See this discussion of Gelernter's influence on the conceptual development of the Cloud: David Gelernter, John Markoff, and Clay Shirky, “Lord of the Cloud,” Edge, April 29, 2009, http://edge.org/conversation/lord-of-the-cloud. For a sense of Gelernter's political conservatism, see http://www.nationalreview.com/author/david-gelernter. 7. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time. 8. Sun Microsystems’ old tagline, “the network is the computer” has been realized, especially if the definition of network is expanded to include both the physical computing network and the network of users providing content and feedback. 9. See Stu Woo, “Welcome to Amazon Town,” Wall Street Journal, December 20, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204058404577108821485438232. 10.

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See the white paper studies by Cisco: “The Zettabyte Era: Trends and Analysis,” June 10, 2014, http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/VNI_Hyperconnectivity_WP.pdf, and “Cisco Global Cloud Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2013–2018” http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/global-cloud-index-gci/Cloud_Index_White_Paper.pdf. 27. For a basic definition and explanation, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing. 28. See Eric Price and David P. Woodruff, “Applications of the Shannon-Hartley Theorem to Data Streams and Sparse Recovery,” 2012, retrieved from IBM Watson researcher site May 8, 2015, http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-dpwoodru/pw12.pdf. 29.

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The Lucky Years: How to Thrive in the Brave New World of Health by David B. Agus

"World Economic Forum" Davos, active transport: walking or cycling, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, autism spectrum disorder, butterfly effect, clean water, cognitive dissonance, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, Danny Hillis, Drosophila, Edward Jenner, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, fake news, Kickstarter, Larry Ellison, longitudinal study, Marc Benioﬀ, medical residency, meta-analysis, microbiome, microcredit, mouse model, Murray Gell-Mann, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, nocebo, parabiotic, pattern recognition, personalized medicine, phenotype, placebo effect, publish or perish, randomized controlled trial, risk tolerance, Salesforce, statistical model, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Thomas Malthus, wikimedia commons

Reprinted with permission of the Institut Pasteur—Musée Pasteur. Page 39: “End of History” illustration. Courtesy of author. Page 42: The Hydra image comes from Wikimedia Commons, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Hydra_magnipapillata.jpg. Page 44: The killifish image comes from Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothobranchius_furzeri#/media/File:Nothobranchius_furzeri_GRZ_thumb. Page 46: Quantification of biological aging graphic. Duke University School and Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences. Used with permission. Page 50: Tumor sequencing results (lung cancer). Courtesy of Foundation Medicine, Inc.

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Page 51: The CT image of the lung is taken from Wikimedia, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Biopsie_Lunge_Computertomographie_BC.png. Page 54: Tumor sequencing results (bladder cancer). Courtesy of Foundation Medicine, Inc. Page 68 The photo of the cave, entitled “Lechuguilla Cave Pearlsian Gulf,” comes from Wikipedia and was uploaded by Beyond Science, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechuguilla_Cave#/media/File:Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg, accessed August 7, 2015. Page 72: Photo of Sir William Osler. Medical archives of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Used with permission. Page 73: Caricature of Sir William Osler. Medical archives of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.

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Medical archives of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Used with permission. Page 96–100: Examples of the Bills of Mortality. Courtesy of Jay Walker, the Walker Library of the History of Human Imagination. Used with permission. Page 106: The illustration of the mitochondria comes from Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondrion_structure.svg. Page 110: The illustration of new reproductive techniques is an adaptation of a similar illustration featured in the article. Courtesy of author. Page 126: Chart of life expectancy. Figures based on data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.

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The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution by Walter Isaacson

1960s counterculture, Ada Lovelace, AI winter, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, AltaVista, Alvin Toffler, Apollo Guidance Computer, Apple II, augmented reality, back-to-the-land, beat the dealer, Bill Atkinson, Bill Gates: Altair 8800, bitcoin, Bletchley Park, Bob Noyce, Buckminster Fuller, Byte Shop, c2.com, call centre, Charles Babbage, citizen journalism, Claude Shannon: information theory, Clayton Christensen, commoditize, commons-based peer production, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, content marketing, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Debian, desegregation, Donald Davies, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Hofstadter, driverless car, Dynabook, El Camino Real, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, en.wikipedia.org, eternal september, Evgeny Morozov, Fairchild Semiconductor, financial engineering, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, Gary Kildall, Google Glasses, Grace Hopper, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hacker Ethic, Haight Ashbury, Hans Moravec, Howard Rheingold, Hush-A-Phone, HyperCard, hypertext link, index card, Internet Archive, Ivan Sutherland, Jacquard loom, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Leonard Kleinrock, Lewis Mumford, linear model of innovation, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, Mitch Kapor, Mother of all demos, Neil Armstrong, new economy, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, Norman Macrae, packet switching, PageRank, Paul Terrell, pirate software, popular electronics, pre–internet, Project Xanadu, punch-card reader, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, reality distortion field, RFC: Request For Comment, Richard Feynman, Richard Stallman, Robert Metcalfe, Rubik’s Cube, Sand Hill Road, Saturday Night Live, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, slashdot, speech recognition, Steve Ballmer, Steve Crocker, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Susan Wojcicki, technological singularity, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, Teledyne, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Coming Technological Singularity, The Nature of the Firm, The Wisdom of Crowds, Turing complete, Turing machine, Turing test, value engineering, Vannevar Bush, Vernor Vinge, Von Neumann architecture, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, wikimedia commons, William Shockley: the traitorous eight, Yochai Benkler

See also Larry Sanger, “My Role in Wikipedia,” http://larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html; “User:Larry Sanger/Origins of Wikipedia,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia; “History of Wikipedia” and its talk page, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia, along with Jimmy Wales edit changes to the article, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Wales&diff=next&oldid=29849184; Talk: Bomis, revisions made by Jimmy Wales, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=11139857. 99. Kovitz, “The Conversation at the Taco Stand.” 100. Larry Sanger, “Let’s Make a Wiki,” Nupedia message thread, Jan. 10, 2001, http://archive.is/yovNt. 101.

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Nupedia, http://archive.is/IWDNq. 93. Author’s interview with Jimmy Wales; Lih, The Wikipedia Revolution, 960. 94. Author’s interview with Jimmy Wales. 95. Larry Sanger, “Origins of Wikipedia,” Sanger user page, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia; Lih, The Wikipedia Revolution, 1049. 96. Ben Kovitz, “The Conversation at the Taco Stand,” Kovitz user page, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BenKovitz. 97. Jimmy Wales, “Re: Sanger’s Memoirs” thread, Apr. 2005, http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-April/021463.html. 98. Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, “Re: Sanger’s Memoirs” thread, Apr. 2005, http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-April/021460.html, http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-April/021469.html, and subsequent.

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Wikipedia press release, Jan. 15, 2002, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2002. 106. Author’s interview with Jimmy Wales. 107. Shirky, “Wikipedia—An Unplanned Miracle.” 108. Yochai Benkler, “Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and the Nature of the Firm,” Yale Law Journal (2002), http://soc.ics.uci.edu/Resources/bibs.php?793; Yochai Benkler, The Penguin and the Leviathan: How Cooperation Triumphs over Self-Interest (Crown, 2011). 109. Daniel Pink, “The Buck Stops Here,” Wired, Mar. 2005; Tim Adams, “For Your Information,” Guardian, June 30, 2007; Lord Emsworth user page, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lord_Emsworth; Peter Steiner, New Yorker cartoon, July 5, 1993, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Internet,_nobody_knows_you’re_a_dog. 110.

pages: 360 words: 100,991

Heart of the Machine: Our Future in a World of Artificial Emotional Intelligence by Richard Yonck

3D printing, AI winter, AlphaGo, Apollo 11, artificial general intelligence, Asperger Syndrome, augmented reality, autism spectrum disorder, backpropagation, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, brain emulation, Buckminster Fuller, call centre, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, computer age, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, crowdsourcing, deep learning, DeepMind, Dunning–Kruger effect, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Fairchild Semiconductor, friendly AI, Geoffrey Hinton, ghettoisation, industrial robot, Internet of things, invention of writing, Jacques de Vaucanson, job automation, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, Law of Accelerating Returns, Loebner Prize, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Metcalfe’s law, mirror neurons, Neil Armstrong, neurotypical, Nick Bostrom, Oculus Rift, old age dependency ratio, pattern recognition, planned obsolescence, pneumatic tube, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Rodney Brooks, self-driving car, Skype, social intelligence, SoftBank, software as a service, SQL injection, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, superintelligent machines, technological singularity, TED Talk, telepresence, telepresence robot, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, the scientific method, theory of mind, Turing test, twin studies, Two Sigma, undersea cable, Vernor Vinge, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Whole Earth Review, working-age population, zero day

., Przeworski M., Fisher S.E., Lai C.S., Wiebe V., Kitano T., Monaco A.P., Pääbo S. “Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language.” Nature 418, 869–872 (August 22, 2002). 12. Today we refer to such overconfidence as the Dunning-Kruger effect, a form of cognitive bias. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning–Kruger_effect. 13. Christiansen, M.H., Kirby, S. “Language evolution: consensus and controversies.” TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, Vol.7 No.7. July 2003. 14. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. “The neural and cognitive correlates of aimed throwing in chimpanzees: a magnetic resonance image and behavioural study on a unique form of social tool use,” January 12, 2012, vol. 367 no. 1585 37–47. 15.

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“Soldiers are developing relationships with their battlefield robots, naming them, assigning genders, and even holding funerals when they are destroyed.” Reddit, 2013. 3. Ibid. 4. “Personal Robot That Shows Emotions Sells Out in One Minute.” Gaudin, S. ComputerWorld. June 22, 2015. 5. Theory of mind. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind. 6. Reductionism in this context being the idea that the mind is reducible to a set of physical processes that could then be emulated or replicated in an alternate substrate or environment, given sufficiently advanced technology. Ney, A. Reductionism. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

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., Scassellati, B. “The Physical Presence of a Robot Tutor Increases Cognitive Learning Gains.” CogSci 2012 Proceedings. 6. Bloom, B. “The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-to-One Tutoring,” Educational Researcher, 13:6(4–16), 1984; Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom’s_2_Sigma_Problem. 7. In normal distributions, two sigma or two standard deviations is equal to about 95.45 percent. However, in his paper, Bloom references several data sources that exceed 90 percent and focuses on results of 98 percent. 8. Leyzberg, D., Spaulding, S., Scassellati, B.

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Getting Started with Pyparsing by Paul McGuire

en.wikipedia.org

Having this will: • Help clarify your thoughts on the problem • Guide your parser design • Give you a checklist of things to do as you implement your parser • Help you know when you are done Fortunately, in developing parsers, there is a simple notation to use to describe the layout for a parser called Backus-Naur Form (BNF). You can find good examples of BNF at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/backus-naur_form. It is not vital that you be absolutely rigorous in your BNF notation; just get a clear idea ahead of time of what your grammar needs to include. For the BNFs we write in this book, we'll just use this abbreviated notation: • ::= means "is defined as" • + means "1 or more" • * means "0 or more" • items enclosed in []are optional • succession of items means that matching tokens must occur in sequence • | means either item may occur Use the Grammar to Parse the Input Text In early versions of pyparsing, this step was limited to using the parseString method, as in: assignmentTokens = assignmentExpr.parseString("pi=3.14159") to retrieve the matching tokens as parsed from the input text.

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Here is a sample S-expression describing an authentication certificate: (certificate (issuer (name (public-key rsa-with-md5 (e |NFGq/E3wh9f4rJIQVXhS|) (n |d738/4ghP9rFZ0gAIYZ5q9y6iskDJwASi5rEQpEQq8ZyMZeIZzIAR2I5iGE=|)) aid-committee)) (subject (ref (public-key rsa-with-md5 (e |NFGq/E3wh9f4rJIQVXhS|) (n |d738/4ghP9rFZ0gAIYZ5q9y6iskDJwASi5rEQpEQq8ZyMZeIZzIAR2I5iGE=|)) tom mother)) (not-after "1998-01-01_09:00:00") (tag (spend (account "12345678") (* numeric range "1" "1000")))) The attraction of S-expressions is that they consist purely of lists of basic character or numeric strings, with structure represented using nested parentheses. The languages Lisp and Scheme use S-expressions as their actual program syntax. Here is a factorial function written in Common Lisp: (defun factorial (x) (if (zerop x) 1 (* x (factorial (- x 1))))) The online Wikipedia article (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/s-expression) has more background and additional links for further information on S-expressions. In computer science classes, it is common to assign as homework the development of an S-expression parser. Doing so with pyparsing is actually a fairly straightforward task. This is also our first case of a recursive grammar, in which some expressions can be written in terms of other expressions of the same type.

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Personal Finance with Python by Max Humber

asset allocation, backtesting, bitcoin, cryptocurrency, data science, Dogecoin, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, passive income, web application

It’s possible that you’re thinking, “That was a lot of work to calculate the IRR when Excel does it for free. Why do I need Python?” That’s a super-fair question. Although Python has a steep learning curve, the payoffs are huge. My hope is that the need for Python will become self-evident in the chapters to follow. Footnotes 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogecoin 2 https://gph.is/1VRbuEc 3 https://www.quora.com/Computer-Science-Where-did-the-phrase-Roll-your-own-come-from-and-why-is-it-used-in-CS?share=1 4 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method © Max Humber 2018 Max HumberPersonal Finance with Pythonhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3802-8_3 3.

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But a word of caution: although this budget tool can be incredibly powerful, if you do decide to use it, don’t be obsessive about it. Update your .yaml file every quarter to see where you’re at and where you’re headed. Otherwise, if you try to update it every day, you’re going to go crazy. Footnotes 1 https://i.stack.imgur.com/uiXQd.png 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601 3 https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/timeseries.html#offset-aliases 4 https://github.com/kvh/recurrent 5 https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2445.txt 6 https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12265451/ask-forgiveness-not-permission-explain © Max Humber 2018 Max HumberPersonal Finance with Pythonhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3802-8_6 6.

pages: 1,085 words: 219,144

Solr in Action by Trey Grainger, Timothy Potter

business intelligence, cloud computing, commoditize, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data science, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, fault tolerance, finite state, full text search, functional programming, glass ceiling, information retrieval, machine readable, natural language processing, openstreetmap, performance metric, premature optimization, recommendation engine, web application

We see evidence of this in the results for the second document where rain stands out because it’s a less frequent term in the index than blue or fireball, so it’s given more weight by BM25 scoring. 3 The mathematics behind BM25 are beyond the scope of this book, so we’ll refer you to the Wikipedia page for BM25; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi_BM25. The primary drawback of PostingsHighlighter is that it requires accurate term offsets to be set on terms during indexing. Let’s use the Solr Analysis form we worked with in chapter 6 to see how term offsets are calculated during text analysis. Figure 9.8 shows term offsets calculated during analysis of the example sighting we’ve been working with throughout this chapter.

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For example, the distance between atmosphear and atmosphere is 2: one change to remove the a and another to add an e on the end. A well-known algorithm for calculating the string distance between two terms is the Levenshtein distance;[2] setting distanceMeasure to internal uses the Levenshtein distance algorithm. 2 “Levenshtein distance,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance. The accuracy parameter is a floating value between 0 and 1 that determines how accurate the suggestions need to be. The higher the number, the more accurate the suggestions will be, but you will also have more misses, cases for which no suggestions are available.

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Once you’ve finished your Solr development (or downloaded the most recent official release to use out of the box), you’ll be ready to build Solr and deploy it to a production environment, which is covered in the following section. 12.2. Deploying Solr Solr builds into a standard Java web application archive (WAR file), which means it can be deployed in any modern servlet container. If you are unfamiliar with how WAR files integrate into Java servlet containers to power web applications, you can check out http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAR_file_format_(Sun) for a quick introduction. When you launch the example Solr application (using start.jar as we have throughout the book), an embedded version of Jetty, a Java servlet container, is launched to run the solr.war file, though many users choose to deploy Solr into Apache Tomcat or other servlet containers.

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Evil by Design: Interaction Design to Lead Us Into Temptation by Chris Nodder

4chan, affirmative action, Amazon Mechanical Turk, cognitive dissonance, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Donald Trump, drop ship, Dunning–Kruger effect, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, game design, gamification, haute couture, Ian Bogost, jimmy wales, Jony Ive, Kickstarter, late fees, lolcat, loss aversion, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, Monty Hall problem, Netflix Prize, Nick Leeson, Occupy movement, Paradox of Choice, pets.com, price anchoring, recommendation engine, Rory Sutherland, Silicon Valley, Stanford prison experiment, stealth mode startup, Steve Jobs, sunk-cost fallacy, TED Talk, telemarketer, Tim Cook: Apple, trickle-down economics, upwardly mobile

Recommendation engines: Xavier Amatriain and Justin Basilico. “Netflix Recommendations: Beyond the 5 stars (Part 1)” (techblog.netflix.com). April 6, 2012. Retrieved December 2012. Pre-pick your preferred option Priming: Wikipedia provides a great introduction and launching off point at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(psychology). Disclosure: I worked on the user experience for XP Service Pack 2, used as an example here. Make options hard to find or understand PC Pitstop EULA: Larry Magid. “It Pays To Read License Agreements.” (pcpitstop.com). Undated. Retrieved December 2012. NebuAd: Ed Markey.

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“Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk.” Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 47 (1979): 263–291. The Tom Sawyer effect Tom Sawyer quotes: Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens). The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The American Publishing Company, 1884. Instill doubt to prevent cancellations Statistics on BSE: Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy. Retrieved December 2012. Nearly 50 billion burgers/year in the USA: Ellen Rolfes. “The Hidden Costs of Hamburgers.” PBS Newshour“The Rundown” blog (pbs.org). August 2, 2012. Retrieved December 2012. Impatience leads to compliance People become more conservative under time pressure: Mark Hwang.

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Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 99.5 (2010): 771–784. Higher social classes are more selfish: Jennifer E. Stellar, Vida M. Manzo, Michael W. Kraus, and Dacher Keltner. “Class and compassion: Socioeconomic factors predict responses to suffering.” Emotion 12.3 (2012): 449–459. Learning from casinos Monty Hall Problem: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem. Lottery sales and gambling income data: North American Association of State and Provincial Lotteries. Lottery Sales and Profits (naspl.org). 60 percent of adults report playing at least once per year: National Gambling Impact Study Commission staff-generated report on lotteries (1999). 72 percent of all gambling: The majority of gambling income comes from casinos (41 percent) and lotteries (31 percent).

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The Geek Feminist Revolution by Kameron Hurley

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, clean water, commoditize, desegregation, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, Ferguson, Missouri, game design, Google Hangouts, hiring and firing, Kickstarter, means of production, microaggression, Nelson Mandela, Skype, the long tail, women in the workforce

Kameron Hurley, “What living in South Africa taught me about racism in America,” kameronhurley.com, http://www.kameronhurley.com/what-living-in-south-africa-taught-me-about-racism-in-america/. 2. “History of slavery in California,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_California. 3. Greg Nokes, “Black Exclusion Laws in Oregon,” The Oregon Encyclopedia, http://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/exclusion_laws/#.VSfNvPnF-So. 4. Elizabeth McLagan, “The Black Laws of Oregon, 1844–1857,” BlackPast.org, http://www.blackpast.org/perspectives/black-laws-oregon-1844-1857. 5. “The Eye of the Beholder,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eye_of_the_Beholder. 6. John Rudolf, “Where Mental Asylums Live On,” The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/opinion/sunday/where-mental-asylums-live-on.html?

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I’ll Make the Pancakes: On Opting In—and Out—of the Writing Game 1. Christine Miserandino, “The Spoon Theory,” butyoudontlooksick.com, http://www.butyoudontlooksick.com/articles/written-by-christine/the-spoon-theory/. PART II: GEEK Some Men Are More Monstrous Than Others: On True Detective’s Men and Monsters 1. “Dale Cooper,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Cooper. Die Hard, Hetaerae, and Problematic Pin-Ups: A Rant 1. “Clarion’s 2014 Literary Pin-up Calendar,” The Clarion Foundation, https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/clarion-s-2014-literary-pin-up-calendar#/story. 2. James M. Davidson, Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens.

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smtID=2&psid=3576. What Living in South Africa Taught Me About Being White in America 1. “A Matter of Color: African Americans Face Discrimination,” Oregon State Archives, http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/exhibits/ww2/life/minority.htm. 2. “History of African Americans in Chicago,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago. 3. Aura Bogado and Voting Rights Watch, “Watch a Colorado GOP Poll Watcher Report a ‘High Concentration of People of Color,’” The Nation, http://www.thenation.com/article/watch-colorado-gop-poll-watcher-report-high-concentration-people-color/. It’s About Ethics in Dating 1.

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The End of Absence: Reclaiming What We've Lost in a World of Constant Connection by Michael Harris

4chan, Albert Einstein, algorithmic management, AltaVista, Andrew Keen, augmented reality, Burning Man, Carrington event, cognitive dissonance, crowdsourcing, dematerialisation, disinformation, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Google Glasses, informal economy, information retrieval, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jaron Lanier, jimmy wales, Kevin Kelly, Lewis Mumford, lifelogging, Loebner Prize, low earth orbit, Marshall McLuhan, McMansion, moral panic, Nicholas Carr, off-the-grid, pattern recognition, Plato's cave, pre–internet, Republic of Letters, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social web, Steve Jobs, technological solutionism, TED Talk, the medium is the message, The Wisdom of Crowds, traumatic brain injury, Turing test

The world’s arbiter of truth: “Wikipedia: List of Hoaxes on Wikipedia,” accessed January 13, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_hoaxes_on_Wikipedia. Four years later, I asked: “Who is Erica Feldman . . . ?,” snapshot from January 6, 2014, via Google’s cache, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Q77Wj1JfErsJ:wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_is_erica_feldman_the_one_that_invented_the_hair_straightnener+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ca&client=firefox-a. There are even hoaxes about hoaxes: “List of Fictitious People,” Wikipedia.com, accessed January 15, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fictitious_people&diff=211003619&oldid=205705808.

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title=List_of_fictitious_people&diff=211003619&oldid=205705808. I see there are currently: “Wikipedia:Statistics,” Wikipedia, accessed January 17, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Statistics. Printing Wikipedia in a book: “Wikipedia:Size in Volumes,” Wikipedia, accessed January 17, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_in_volumes. “I guess we will just have to accept”: Roger C. Schank, Making Minds Less Educated Than Our Own (Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008), vii. In 2013, only 12 cases: Dave Craven, e-mail messages to author, June 26, 2013, and January 22, 2014. a stunning 91 percent of Wikipedia editors: “Editor Survey 2011,” Wikipedia: Meta-Wiki, accessed January 15, 2014, http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Editor_Survey_2011.

The Pattern Seekers: How Autism Drives Human Invention by Simon Baron-Cohen

23andMe, agricultural Revolution, airport security, Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, Asperger Syndrome, assortative mating, autism spectrum disorder, bioinformatics, coronavirus, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, David Attenborough, discovery of penicillin, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Fellow of the Royal Society, Greta Thunberg, intentional community, invention of agriculture, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jim Simons, lateral thinking, longitudinal study, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, neurotypical, out of africa, pattern recognition, phenotype, Rubik’s Cube, Silicon Valley, six sigma, Skype, social intelligence, Stephen Hawking, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, systems thinking, theory of mind, twin studies, zero-sum game

It is meant to convey that we see a small number of simple tools over the past 3.3 million years, but that since 100,000 years ago, the increase in the variety of complex tools has been exponential. Estimates that this growth rate in invention was exponential are based on a time line of human inventions that can be found in a variety of sources: for example, “Timeline of historic inventions,” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic _inventions; “Timeline of scientific discoveries,” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries; “Prehistory to 1650,” ScienceTimeline, www.sciencetimeline.net/prehistory.htm; C. Woodford, “Technology Timeline,” ExplainThatStuff!, www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html; and “Inventions Timeline,” www.datesandevents.org/events-timelines/09-inventions-timeline.htm.

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The form of the algorithm for tidal patterns would be, for example, if on Saturday at 10:00 a.m. the tide height is low, and the time changes to Saturday at 2:00 p.m., then the tide height will rise. Here’s an example of systemizing the shape of waves: if you take the length of the wave divided by its width, and it’s less than three, then it’s an “almond”-tube-shaped wave. See “Surfing,” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing#/media/File: Wave-shape-intensity.svg. 41. On systemizing the skateboard, see “Skateboard trick list,” www.skateboard here.com/skateboard-trick-list.html/. The gender split among skateboarders is currently about 80 percent male, 20 percent female; see “Who are skateboarders?,” Public Skateboard Development Guide, publicskateparkguide.org/vision/who-are-skateboarders/. 42.

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Note that although the latter website is related to applied behavioral analysis, this is not relevant to Tesla’s biography. 20. See P. Galanes (2018), “The mind meld of Bill Gates and Steven Pinker,” New York Times, January 27; and S. Levy (2019), “Inside Bill’s Brain calls BS on Malcolm Gladwell’s outliers theory,” Wired, September 20. 21. The sigma character is taken from Wikipedia, “The common Six Sigma symbol,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Sigma#/media/File:Six_sigma-2.svg; see also D. Dusharme, “Six sigma survey: Breaking through the six sigma hype,” Quality Digest, www.qualitydigest.com/nov01/html/sixsigmaarticle.html. The concept of Six sigma is not without its critics but is nevertheless now a powerful byword for making things work to an awesome level of quality. 22.

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The Personal MBA: A World-Class Business Education in a Single Volume by Josh Kaufman

Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Atul Gawande, Black Swan, Blue Ocean Strategy, business cycle, business process, buy low sell high, capital asset pricing model, Checklist Manifesto, cognitive bias, correlation does not imply causation, Credit Default Swap, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Heinemeier Hansson, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Dean Kamen, delayed gratification, discounted cash flows, Donald Knuth, double entry bookkeeping, Douglas Hofstadter, Dunning–Kruger effect, en.wikipedia.org, Frederick Winslow Taylor, George Santayana, Gödel, Escher, Bach, high net worth, hindsight bias, index card, inventory management, iterative process, job satisfaction, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, Lao Tzu, lateral thinking, loose coupling, loss aversion, Marc Andreessen, market bubble, Network effects, Parkinson's law, Paul Buchheit, Paul Graham, place-making, premature optimization, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rent control, scientific management, side project, statistical model, stealth mode startup, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, subscription business, systems thinking, telemarketer, the scientific method, time value of money, Toyota Production System, tulip mania, Upton Sinclair, Vilfredo Pareto, Walter Mischel, Y Combinator, Yogi Berra

A simple blood test by your doctor can verify the levels of many essential nutrients—always consult with your MD before making any major changes to your diet or supplement intake. 4 For more on the neurophysiology of the brain, check out Kluge: The Haphazard Construction of the Human Mind by Gary F. Marcus (Faber & Faber, 2008). 5 http://macfreedom.com. 6 http://www.proginosko.com/leechblock.html. 7 http://www.timessquarenyc.org/facts/PedestrianCounts.html. 8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_business_cycle_theory. 9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania. 10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble. 11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_housing_bubble. CHAPTER 8: WORKING WITH YOURSELF 1 http://www.pomodorotechnique.com/. 2 http://www.pnas.org/content/103/31/11778.abstract. 3 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hfes/hf/2006/00000048/00000002/art00014. 4 http://www.paulgraham.com/makersschedule.html. 5 http://crashcourse.personalmba.com. 6 Personally, I work with the folks at Timesvr.com—they’re skilled, fast, friendly, and cost effective. 7 http://davidseah.com/pceo/etp. 8 http://govleaders.org/powell.htm. 9 For a complete look at my personal productivity system, visit http://book.personalmba.com/bonus-training/. 10 http://www.markforster.net/autofocus-system/. 11 For an example of how I do this, visit http://book.personalmba.com/bonus-training/.

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CHAPTER 2 : VALUE CREATION 1 For an example of how I do this, visit http://book.personalmba.com/bonus-training/. 2 A legally binding contract or promise not to share information about a business or business idea with others. 3 Louviere called the approach “MaxDiff ” testing: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MaxDiff. 4 For an example of how to conduct Relative Importance Testing for your business idea, visit http://book.personalmba.com/bonus-training/. 5 http://www.kifaru.net/radio.htm. 6 http://www.youtube.com/user/miguelcaballerousa. CHAPTER 4: SALES 1 http://www.petradiamonds.com/im/press_display.php?Id=2010/26feb10. 2 You can find the formulas at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cash_flow. CHAPTER 5: VALUE DELIVERY 1 For an example of how I do this, visit http://book.personalmba.com/bonus-training/. 2 Before the advent of the printing press, bibles were copied and illuminated (decorated and illustrated) by cloistered monks, who spent years working on a single copy. 3 http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/01/better_than_fre.php. 4 We’ll discuss Toyota’s recall woes later in “The Paradox of Automation.” 5 “Inside the Box,” Wired, March 2010.

pages: 476 words: 132,042

What Technology Wants by Kevin Kelly

Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Apollo 13, Boeing 747, Buckminster Fuller, c2.com, carbon-based life, Cass Sunstein, charter city, classic study, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, computer vision, cotton gin, Danny Hillis, dematerialisation, demographic transition, digital divide, double entry bookkeeping, Douglas Engelbart, Edward Jenner, en.wikipedia.org, Exxon Valdez, Fairchild Semiconductor, Ford Model T, George Gilder, gravity well, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, interchangeable parts, invention of air conditioning, invention of writing, Isaac Newton, Jaron Lanier, Joan Didion, John Conway, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, knowledge economy, Lao Tzu, life extension, Louis Daguerre, Marshall McLuhan, megacity, meta-analysis, new economy, off grid, off-the-grid, out of africa, Paradox of Choice, performance metric, personalized medicine, phenotype, Picturephone, planetary scale, precautionary principle, quantum entanglement, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, refrigerator car, rewilding, Richard Florida, Rubik’s Cube, Silicon Valley, silicon-based life, skeuomorphism, Skype, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Stuart Kauffman, technological determinism, Ted Kaczynski, the built environment, the long tail, the scientific method, Thomas Malthus, Vernor Vinge, wealth creators, Whole Earth Catalog, Y2K, yottabyte

Biodiversity and Conservation, 4 (5). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00056336. 105 “Evolution is remarkably reproducible”: Sean Carroll. (2008) “The Making of the Fittest DNA and the Ultimate Forensic Record of Evolution.” Paw Prints, p. 154. 106 evolution is hundreds long and counting: (2009) “List of Examples of Convergent Evolution.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_examples_of_convergent_evolution&oldid=344747726. 107 many of which evolved independently: John Maynard Smith and Eors Szathmary. (1997) The Major Transitions in Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. 107 which uses a bubble to breathe: Richard Dawkins. (2004) The Ancestor’s Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution.

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Nature, 410 (6827). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35068645. 120 “encoded implicitly in the genome”: Lynn Helena Caporale. (2003) “Natural Selection and the Emergence of a Mutation Phenotype: An Update of the Evolutionary Synthesis Considering Mechanisms That Affect Genomic Variation.” Annual Review of Microbiology, 57 (1). 121 from the same starting point: (2009) “Skeuomorph.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeuomorph&oldid=340233294. 122 “the embodiment of contingency”: Stephen Jay Gould. (1989) Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 320. 123 The Triad of Evolution: Inspired by Stephen Jay Gould. (2002) The Structure of Evolutionary Theory.

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Film Junk. http://www.filmjunk.com/2007/03/07/when-movies-come-in-pairs-examples-of-hollywood-deja-vu/. 145 a device called Toto: Tad Friend. (1998, September 14) “Copy Cats.” New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1998/09/14/1998_09_14_051_TNY_LIBRY_000016335. 146 simultaneous spontaneous creation: (2009) “Harry Potter Influences and Analogues.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_influences_and_analogues&oldid=330124521. 148 Parallels in Blow Gun Culture: Collage by the author from archival materials. 149 the exquisite timing of when to blow: Robert L. Rands and Caroll L. Riley. (1958) “Diffusion and Discontinuous Distribution.” American Anthropologist, 60 (2), p. 282. 149 what we call abacus: John Howland Rowe. (1966) “Diffusionism and Archaeology.”

pages: 692 words: 167,950

The Ripple Effect: The Fate of Fresh Water in the Twenty-First Century by Alex Prud'Homme

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, big-box store, bilateral investment treaty, carbon credits, carbon footprint, clean water, commoditize, company town, corporate raider, Deep Water Horizon, en.wikipedia.org, Exxon Valdez, Garrett Hardin, hydraulic fracturing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Joan Didion, John Snow's cholera map, Louis Pasteur, mass immigration, megacity, oil shale / tar sands, oil-for-food scandal, peak oil, remunicipalization, renewable energy credits, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, urban sprawl, William Langewiesche

See also Sewell Chan, “Tunnelers Hit Something Big: A Milestone,” New York Times, August 10, 2006. 123 corruption plagued the Board of Water Supply: Grann, “City of Water.” This was confirmed to me by a source who asked not to be identified. 123 $4 billion to the new tunnel: Chan, “Tunnelers Hit Something Big.” 124 the world had 18 “megacities”: Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacity. 124 In 2007, 336 cities worldwide: Ibid., and Thomas Brinkhof, “The Principal Agglomerations of the World,” www.citypopulation.de. 124 in 2008, for the first time in history: UN Population Fund (UNFPA): State of World Population 2007: http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/english/introduction.html. 124 As of 2010, China alone had 43 cities: Christina Larson, “Chicago on the Yangtze,” Foreign Policy, September/October 2010. 125 Bruce Rolen: “As supplies dry up, growers pass on farming and sell water,” US Water News Online, February 2008. 125 Perth, Australia: Patrick Barta, “Amid Water Shortage, Australia Looks to the Sea,” Wall Street Journal, March 11, 2008. 125 America’s total water use: Susan S.

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node=282. 138 Senator Bill Heffernan: Tim Johnston, “A drought alters Australian ideas on global warming,” International Herald Tribune, November 7, 2006. 138 Lisa Jackson: John M. Broder, “E.P.A. Clears Way for Greenhouse Gas Rules,” New York Times, April 17, 2009. CHAPTER 13: REVENUE STREAMS 139 In its water laws: For an overview, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law_in_the_United_States. 141 NAWAPA: Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), pp. 487–94. Michael Campana, “Canadian Water Exports: Will NAWAPA Return?” WaterWired, January 25, 2008: http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/01/kennedy-to-cana.html?cid=119725788. 141 approximately 1 million miles of pipeline: “Water Trivia Facts,” US Environmental Protection Agency: http://water.epa.gov/learn/kids/drinkingwater/water_trivia_facts.cfm. 142 Roberts Tunnel: Chris Woodka, “Plumbing the Rockies,” Pueblo Chieftain, December 21, 2009. 142 national water fees average about $458: “Water on Tap: What You Need to Know,” US Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/wot/pdfs/book_waterontap_full.pdf. 142 Denver’s expanding suburbs charge $10,000: David Olinger and Chuck Plunkett, “Suburban aggression,” Denver Post, November 22, 2005. 142 Dave Miller: “Gunnison River Basin: Union Park Reservoir,” Coyote Gulch blog, August 20, 2010: http://coyotegulch.wordpress.com/2010/08/20/gunnison-river-basin-union-park-reservoir/. 143 Bob Moran: Author’s interviews with Robert Moran, 2006–10. 143 Maurice Strong (pronounced “Morris”): Moran interviews.

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See also Leslie Carlson, “Water Colors,” Los Angeles Times, November 22, 2005. 157 dust storms are said to remove: Molly Peterson, “Owens Lake dust kicks up questions about DWP’s eastern Sierra efforts,” Southern California Public Radio, December 12, 2010. 157 LADWP has built a $500 million sprinkler system: “DWP Chief seeks delay in Owens Valley dust clean-up,” Sierra Wave, March 16, 2010. 157 mayor Antonio Villaraigosa: Deborah Amos, “LA Returns Water to the Owens Valley,” National Public Radio, December 7, 2006. 158 Michael Prather: Author’s tour with Michael Prather, May 5, 2007. 158 sixty thousand acre-feet of water a year: Louis Sahagun, “Bird Census at Owens Lake shows nature returning,” Los Angeles Times, April 19, 2009. 158 Los Angeles’s population: “List of most highly populated countries,” Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_ highly_populated_countries. 159 In 1990, citizens in the Sierra foothills: John Walton, “Another Owens Valley,” Owens Valley Committee, vol. 5, no. 1 (Summer 2009). 159 Honey Lake Valley fought against: Ibid. 159 Fish Springs Ranch, Dr. Harry Brown and Franklin Raines: Author’s tour of the pipeline with Dr.

pages: 680 words: 157,865

Beautiful Architecture: Leading Thinkers Reveal the Hidden Beauty in Software Design by Diomidis Spinellis, Georgios Gousios

Albert Einstein, barriers to entry, business intelligence, business logic, business process, call centre, continuous integration, corporate governance, database schema, Debian, domain-specific language, don't repeat yourself, Donald Knuth, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, fault tolerance, financial engineering, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, functional programming, general-purpose programming language, higher-order functions, iterative process, linked data, locality of reference, loose coupling, meta-analysis, MVC pattern, Neal Stephenson, no silver bullet, peer-to-peer, premature optimization, recommendation engine, Richard Stallman, Ruby on Rails, semantic web, smart cities, social graph, social web, SPARQL, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Strategic Defense Initiative, systems thinking, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, traveling salesman, Turing complete, type inference, web application, zero-coupon bond

We will describe an information-driven architecture that supports “surfing” webs of data like you might “surf” the Web of documents. * * * [13] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-tag/2005Jun/0039 [14] http://rest.blueoxen.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?RestTriangle [15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REST [16] http://1060.org [17] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoization [18] http://dublincore.org [19] http://creativecommons.org/ns [20] http://mulgara.org [21] http://openrdf.org [22] http://talis.com Resource-Oriented Architectures The resource-oriented style is marked by a process of issuing logical requests for named resources.

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We have created tools and protocols that simultaneously support knowledge transfer between the leading scientific minds of the world as well as allowing our grandmothers to connect to their families and find content and communities that interest them. This is no small feat, and we would do well to consider the confluence of ideas that led to these realities. We have to live within the architectures we build, so we should build architectures that simultaneously satisfy and inspire us. * * * [11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet Conventional Web Services Before we begin looking at a new architecture for our information-driven environments, we should take a brief look at how we have been building similar systems recently and see what might be done better. We have been pitched a dominant vision for Enterprise Architecture for the last (nearly) 10 years that is built around the notion of reusable business services.

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Nor will we always need to advertise that we are using them behind the scenes if there is no need to do so. In order to take this next step, we need to look at the Web and why it has been so successful as a scalable, flexible, evolvable information-sharing platform. Implementation details are often not relevant to our information consumers. * * * [12] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtles_all_the_way_down The Web The prevailing mental model for the Web is document-centric. In particular, when we think about the Web, we think about consuming documents in web browsers because that is how we experience it. The real magic, however, is the explicit linkage between publicly available information, what that linkage represents, and the ease with which we can create windows into this underlying content.

pages: 321 words: 85,893

The Vegetarian Myth: Food, Justice, and Sustainability by Lierre Keith

British Empire, car-free, clean water, cognitive dissonance, correlation does not imply causation, Drosophila, dumpster diving, en.wikipedia.org, Gary Taubes, Haber-Bosch Process, longitudinal study, McMansion, meta-analysis, military-industrial complex, out of africa, peak oil, placebo effect, Rosa Parks, the built environment, vertical integration

“Age, Structure, and Sexuality: Reflections on the Anthropological Evidence on Homosexual Relations.” Journal of Homosexuality 11, 1985: pp. 19-33. Adolescent Medicine Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society, “Eating Disorders in Adolescents: Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment.” Paediatrics and Child Health 3, no. 3, 1998: pp. 189-92. “Agricultural Policy.” Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_policy#Dumping_is_harmful_to_developing_world_farmers (accessed on April 3, 2007). Aldana, Steven G. The Culprit and the Cure: Why Lifestyle Is the Culprit Behind America’s Poor Health and How Transforming That Lifestyle Can Be the Cure. North Mapleton, UT: Maple Mountain Press, 2005.

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Wasted: A Memoir of Anorexia and Bulimia. New York: Harper Perennial, 1999. Horwich, T.B., M.A. Hamilton, and G.C. Fonarow . “Low Serum Cholesterol Is Associated with Marked Increase in Mortality in Advanced Heart Failure.” Journal of Cardiac Failure 8, no. 4, 2002: pp. 216-224. “Inedia.” Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inedia (accessed on July 16, 2007). Jackson, Wes. New Roots for Agriculture. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1981. Jacobs D., et al. “Report of the Conference on Low Blood Cholesterol: Mortality Associations.” Circulation 86, no. 3, September 1992: pp. 1046-60. Jeffreys, Sheila.

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., 2007. Key, T.J., M. Thorogood, P.N. Appleby, and M.L. Burr. “Dietary Habits and Mortality in 11,000 Vegetarians and Non-vegetarians: Detailed Findings from a Collaborative Analysis of 5 Prospective Studies.” British Medical Journal, no. 313, 1996: pp. 775-9. “Keystone Species.” Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_species (accessed on November 12, 2008). Krech, Shepard. The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1999. Kunstler, James Howard. The Long Emergency: Surviving the End of Oil, Climate Change, and Other Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century.

pages: 459 words: 103,153

Adapt: Why Success Always Starts With Failure by Tim Harford

An Inconvenient Truth, Andrew Wiles, banking crisis, Basel III, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Black Swan, Boeing 747, business logic, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, charter city, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, complexity theory, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Dava Sobel, Deep Water Horizon, Deng Xiaoping, disruptive innovation, double entry bookkeeping, Edmond Halley, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fermat's Last Theorem, financial engineering, Firefox, food miles, Gerolamo Cardano, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, Herman Kahn, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, John Harrison: Longitude, knowledge worker, loose coupling, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Netflix Prize, New Urbanism, Nick Leeson, PageRank, Piper Alpha, profit motive, Richard Florida, Richard Thaler, rolodex, Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, South China Sea, SpaceShipOne, special economic zone, spectrum auction, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, tacit knowledge, the market place, The Wisdom of Crowds, too big to fail, trade route, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Virgin Galactic, web application, X Prize, zero-sum game

page=0%2C0 93 Duke Nukem Forever was never finished: Clive Thompson, ‘Learn to let go’, Wired, January 2010, http://www.wired.com/magazine/2009/12/fail_duke_nukem/all/1 93 Gamers have been eagerly awaiting Elite 4: ‘Frontier reveals Elite 4’, http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/092/092218p1.html 93 The plane took a quarter of a century to enter service: measuring time from original government specification. Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptor; Ben Rich & Leo Janos, Skunk Works (New York: Sphere, 1994), p. 350; Samuel H. Williamson, ‘Six ways to compute the relative value of a U.S. dollar amount, 1790 to present’, MeasuringWorth, 2009, http://www.mea-suringworth.com/uscompare/ 93 You will discover that by the year 2000: The Hudson Institute, The Year 2000: A Framework for Speculation on the Next 33 Years, Herman Kahn & Anthony J.

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Economy, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703344704574610350092009062.html 104 ‘Firms are reluctant to risk their money’: McKinstry, Spitfire, pp. 34–5. 105 There is an inconvenient tale behind this: I have drawn much of this account from Dava Sobel’s Longitude (London: Fourth Estate, 1996). 106 Compared with the typical wage of the day: Officer, ‘Purchasing power of British pounds’, cited above, n. 10. 107 In 1810 Nicolas Appert: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Appert 107 Ultimately the Académie began to turn down: Maurice Crosland, ‘From prizes to grants in the support of scientific research in France in the nineteenth century: The Montyon legacy’, Minerva, 17(3) (1979), pp. 355–80, and Robin Hanson, ‘Patterns of patronage: why grants won over prizes in science’, University of California, Berkeley, working paper 1998, http://hanson.gmu.edu/whygrant.pdf 108 Innovation prizes were firmly supplanted: Hanson, ‘Patterns of patronage’. 109 The prize was eventually awarded in September 2009: a follow-up prize was announced and then cancelled following a lawsuit over privacy.

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fta=y&pagewanted=all; and a press release from the Taiwan International Orchid Show 2010, http://www.tios.com.tw/tios_test/eng/5_2taiwan.php 148 Silicon Valley venture capitalists need lose little sleep: Jim Pickard, ‘Venture capital fund turned £74m into £5m’, Financial Times, 9 March 2010, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/76859892-2ae1-11df-886b-00144feabdc0.html; and Josh Lerner’s opening statement in The Economist debate on Industrial Policy: http://www.econo-mist.com/debate/overview/177/Industrial%20policy 149 The Holy Roman Emperor himself: Sebastian Mallaby, ‘The politically incorrect guide to ending poverty’, The Atlantic, July/August 2010, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-politically-incorrect-guide-to-ending-poverty/8134/1/; Wikipedia; Simon Heffer, ‘Lübeck: the town that said no to Hitler’, Daily Telegraph, 2 June 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/city-breaks/5428909/Lübeck-The-town-that-said-no-to-Hitler.html 151 Romer has pushed the charter city concept: Paul Romer, ‘For richer, for poorer’, Prospect, issue 167, 27 January 2010. 151 Before turning down the job of Chief Economist of the World Bank: David Warsh, ‘Learning by doing’, Economic Principals, 19 July 2009, http://www.economicprincipals.com/issues/2009.07.19/571.html 151 He argues that foreign ownership: author interview with Paul Romer, 20 September 2010. 152 It’s a free economic zone: Sean Campbell, ‘Metropolis from scratch’, Next American City, issue 8, April 2005, http://americancity.org/magazine/issue/i08/; and Greg Lindsay, ‘Cisco’s big bet on New Songdo: creating cities from scratch’, Fast Company, 1 February 2010, http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/142/the-new-new-urbanism.html 5 Climate change or: Changing the rules for success 154 ‘I think we’re going to find’: Prince Charles, interview with the BBC, October 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4382264.stm 154 ‘Evolution is cleverer than you are’: obituary: Professor Leslie Orgel, The Times, 6 December 2007, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3006557.ece 154 A dazzling lecturer at London’s Royal Insttution: Gabrielle Walker & Sir David King, The Hot Topic (Bloomsbury, 2008), pp. 14–18; Wikipedia entry on John Tyndall, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall; & James Rodger Fleming, Historical Perspectives on Climate Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 68–71. 155 Earth’s atmosphere contains traces of other gases: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report, Table 6.1, http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?

PostGIS in Action by Regina O. Obe, Leo S. Hsu

business logic, call centre, crowdsourcing, database schema, Debian, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, functional programming, Google Earth, job automation, McMansion, Mercator projection, Network effects, null island, openstreetmap, planetary scale, profit maximization, Ruby on Rails, Skype, South of Market, San Francisco, SQL injection, traveling salesman, web application

You’ll be hard pressed to find the following features in other spatial databases: Functions to work with GeoJSON and Keyhole Markup Language (KML), allowing web applications to talk directly to PostGIS without the need for additional serializing schemes or translations Comprehensive geometry-processing functions that go far beyond basic geometric operations, including functions for fixing invalid geometries and for simplifying and deconstructing geometries Built-in 3D and topology support Over 150 seamless operations for working with vectors and rasters in tandem, as well as for converting between the two families GeoJSON and KML data formats Geographic JavaScript Object Notation (GeoJSON; http://geojson.org) and Keyhole Markup Language (KML; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language) are two of the most popular vector formats used by web-mapping applications: GeoJSON is an extension of JSON that’s used for representing JavaScript objects. It adds to the JSON standard support for geographic objects. KML is an XML format developed by Keyhole (which was purchased by Google), first used in Google’s mapping products and later supported by various mapping APIs.

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Recall from basic geometry (or common sense) the minimum number of points needed to form an area? Three—a triangle. The mathematical underpinning of TINs is based on triangulating key peak and valley point locations of a surface to form non-overlapping connected area pockets. The most common form of triangulation used in GIS is Delaunay triangulation (explained on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaunay_triangulation). PostGIS 2.1 specifically added a powerful ST_DelaunayTriangles function to convert a “well-behaved” polygon collection into a TIN. But one shortcoming of ST_DelaunayTriangles is that it can’t convert polyhedral surfaces to TINs. For that conversion, you need to use ST_Tesselate, which is packaged with SFCGAL and will convert polygon collections as well.

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Although uDig allows you to write queries, uDig doesn’t understand SQL. Instead, you have to resort to a more obscure web query standard called Common Query Language (CQL). CQL As of version 1.2, CQL renamed itself Contextual Query Language. You can learn more about CQL on Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_Query_Language. 5.4.2. Connecting to PostGIS uDig has the easiest interface for connecting to PostGIS. Choose Layer > Add from the menu, and PostGIS appears as a data source (shown at the left in figure 5.13). Figure 5.13. Adding database connections in uDig You can alternatively use the GeoTools built into uDig to connect.

pages: 185 words: 52,089

Mastering Digital Photography: Jason Youn's Essential Guide to Understanding the Art & Science of Aperture, Shutter, Exposure, Light, & Composition by Jason Youn

en.wikipedia.org, framing effect, Wall-E

My contact information can be found at www.JasonYoun.com or at Amazon's webpage. References This book references these people, books, blogs, and organizations: View from the Window at Le Gras (La cour du domaine du Gras) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras Chase Jarvis - The Best Camera Is The One That's With You http://amzn.com/0321684788 The Library of Congress http://www.loc.gov Alfred Hitchcock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock Mark Rothko http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rothko Through Each Others Eyes http://www.teoe.org Arizona Highways Magazine http://www.arizhwys.com DIY Photography http://www.diyphotography.net Kolari Vision http://www.kolarivision.com LightStalking http://www.lightstalking.com PetaPixel http://petapixel.com Ian Ruhter http://www.ianruhter.com Chadwick Fowler http://www.chadwickfowler.com Patrick Madigan http://www.patrickmadigan.com Garry Ladd http://www.garyladdphotography.com Gregory Colbert https://gregorycolbert.com Hollye Schumacher http://www.hollye.com Roy Coulliette of Turf Soaring School http://turf-soaring.com Jason Youn http://JasonYoun.com

pages: 76 words: 20,238

The Great Stagnation by Tyler Cowen

Asian financial crisis, Bernie Madoff, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, confounding variable, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, financial innovation, Flynn Effect, income inequality, indoor plumbing, life extension, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Peter Thiel, RAND corporation, Savings and loan crisis, school choice, scientific management, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, urban renewal

For the chart on the U.S. health care system, I drew from R. Glenn Hubbard and Peter Navarro, Seeds of Destruction: Why the Path to Economic Ruin Runs Through Washington, and How to Reclaim American Prosperity, FT Press: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2010, p. 177. For one look at life expectancy figures, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy. There are differing measures of life expectancy, but it is well established that quite a few poorer countries do as well, or just about as well, as the United States. On the difficulties of measuring the value of health care spending, see Robin Hanson, “Showing that You Care: The Evolution of Health Altruism,” Medical Hypotheses, 2008, 70, 4, pp. 724-742, www.overcomingbias.com/2008/03/showing-that-yo.html.

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Lindseth, Schoolhouses, Courthouses, and Statehouses: Solving the Funding-Achievement Puzzle in America’s Public Schools, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. That same book, on p.298, offers the statistic on U.S. educational spending as a percentage of GDP and the comparison with Iceland. In 2006, government spending at all levels was 36.1 percent of U.S. GDP; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_spending. I am using a pre-crisis number to adjust for the fall in GDP from the financial crisis; in that sense, this number is an approximate one and thus a more conservative estimate than what a completely current calculation would yield. For one example of Michael Mandel’s writings, see “Official GDP, Productivity Stats Tell a Different Story of U.S.

Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents by Lisa Gitelman

Alvin Toffler, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrew Keen, Charles Babbage, computer age, corporate governance, Dennis Ritchie, deskilling, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, information retrieval, Internet Archive, invention of movable type, Ivan Sutherland, Jaron Lanier, Ken Thompson, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, machine translation, Marshall McLuhan, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, national security letter, Neal Stephenson, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, optical character recognition, profit motive, QR code, RAND corporation, RFC: Request For Comment, scientific management, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Turing test, WikiLeaks, Works Progress Administration

On the edgelessness of digital objects generally, see Craig Mod, “The Digital-Physical: On Building Flipboard for iPhone & Finding the Edges of Our Digital Narratives,” March 2012, accessed 25 May 2013, http://craigmod.com/journal/digital _physical/. For an extended inquiry into this point, see Alexander R. Galloway, The Interface Effect (Cambridge: Polity, 2012), chapter 1. “Portable Document Format,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF, accessed 31 July 2012. N OT E S TO I N T R O D U C T I O N 66. The executability of code is discussed in detail in Alexander R. Galloway, Protocol: How Control Exists after Decentralization (Cambridge, MA: mit Press, 2006), e.g., 165; Anne Eisenberg, “Hot off the Presses, Conductive Ink,” New York Times, 30 June 2012. 67.

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Lions, “Preface,” in “A Commentary on the Sixth Edition unix Operating System,” 1977, accessed 24 June 2013, http://warsus.github.io/lions-/. 61. Douglas C. Engelbart, “Quarterly Technical Letter Report 6,” 28 November 1967, Box 2, Douglas C. Engelbart Papers, 1953–1998 (MO638), Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, CA. See also Kelty, Two Bits, 198. 62. Wikipedia, “Living Document,” accessed 1 July 2011, http://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Living _document. “Functional documents” is the phrase used in Request for Comments 115: R. W. Watson and J. B. North, “Some Network Information Center Policies on Handling Documents,” April 1971, accessed 24 June 2013, http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc115.txt. 63. J. Brooks, “Profiles,” 47. 64.

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Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin, Remediation: Understanding New Media (Cambridge, MA: mit Press, 1999). pdfs can of course be edited and revised using software designed for that purpose. Kenneth Goldsmith, Uncreative Writing: Managing Language in the Digital Age (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 156. Wikipedia, “Portable Document Format,” accessed 17 July 2012, http://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document _Format. I explore this question in Lisa Gitelman, Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture (Cambridge, MA: mit Press, 2006), chapter 4. “Processural,” I believe, is a coinage by N. Katherine Hayles. See “Materiality Has Always Been in Play, An Interview with N.

pages: 304 words: 80,965

What They Do With Your Money: How the Financial System Fails Us, and How to Fix It by Stephen Davis, Jon Lukomnik, David Pitt-Watson

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Admiral Zheng, banking crisis, Basel III, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Black Swan, buy and hold, Carl Icahn, centralized clearinghouse, clean water, compensation consultant, computerized trading, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, David Brooks, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, diversification, diversified portfolio, en.wikipedia.org, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, fixed income, Flash crash, Glass-Steagall Act, income inequality, index fund, information asymmetry, invisible hand, John Bogle, Kenneth Arrow, Kickstarter, light touch regulation, London Whale, Long Term Capital Management, moral hazard, Myron Scholes, Northern Rock, passive investing, Paul Volcker talking about ATMs, payment for order flow, performance metric, Ponzi scheme, post-work, principal–agent problem, rent-seeking, Ronald Coase, seminal paper, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, statistical model, Steve Jobs, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transaction costs, Upton Sinclair, value at risk, WikiLeaks

Author Isaac Asimov claimed, almost certainly apocryphally, that Gauss was interrupted in the middle of solving a mathematics problem to be told his wife was dying. “Tell her to wait a moment ’til I am done” was his reply. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss. 7. Babylonian Talmud, Shabbos 31a. 8. En.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith. 9. Pitt speech on introducing his budget, February 17, 1792, quoted in John Kenneth Galbraith, A History of Economics (Hamish Hamilton, 1987), 61. 10. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (Oxford University Press, 2008), bk 1, chap 2. 11.

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Coase might also have noted that in making this bimodal distinction, economists were separating away those parts of the economy (what they called public goods) where economic models do not predict at all well, thus leaving economic models to cover “private goods.” They chose this route rather than noting that transaction costs in all goods complicated the economic models they were using. 32. Coase, The Firm, the Market, and the Law, 15. 33. Andrew Scott, private interview for this book, October 2014. 34. En.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_are_known_knowns. 35. Some economists, notably Frank Knight at the University of Chicago, have written extensively about the dichotomy between predictable risk and uncertainty, which cannot be calculated. But many continue to focus only on risk. 36. Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (Random House, 2010), xxxix. 37.

pages: 317 words: 87,048

Other Pandemic: How QAnon Contaminated the World by James Ball

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, 4chan, Abraham Wald, algorithmic bias, Bellingcat, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Boris Johnson, Charles Babbage, cognitive dissonance, Comet Ping Pong, coronavirus, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, deepfake, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, false flag, Gabriella Coleman, global pandemic, green transition, housing justice, informal economy, Jeffrey Epstein, Jeremy Corbyn, John Perry Barlow, Jon Ronson, Julian Assange, lab leak, lockdown, lolcat, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Minecraft, nuclear winter, paperclip maximiser, Peter Thiel, Piers Corbyn, post-truth, pre–internet, QAnon, real-name policy, Russell Brand, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Snapchat, social contagion, Steve Bannon, survivorship bias, TikTok, trade route, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, WikiLeaks

Brandy Zadrozny, ‘ “Carol’s Journey”: What Facebook knew about how it radicalized users’, www.nbcnews.com, 22 October 2021. 40. There are other sources used throughout, but to give credit where it is due, the Wikipedia timeline for this day is brilliantly done: ‘Timeline of the United States Capitol Attack’, https://en.wikipedia.org, accessed 13 October 2022. 41. Given that Mike Pence was still in the role at the time, I am using ‘his’ for simplicity. 42. Jane C. Timm, ‘Fact check: No, Pence can’t overturn the election results’, www.nbcnews.com, 5 January 2021. 43. ‘Trump tried to grab steering wheel to go to U.S. Capitol Jan 6-witness’, www.reuters.com, 28 June 2022. 44.

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‘How “Save the Children” Is Keeping QAnon Alive’, www.nytimes.com, 28 September 2020. 9. David J. Ley, ‘Forget Me Not: The Persistent Myth of Repressed Memories’, www.psychologytoday.com, 6 October 2019. 10. Another one where honestly the Wikipedia article is the best primer: ‘Day-care sex-abose hysteria’, https://en.wikipedia.org, accessed 13 October 2022. 11. Simon Murphy, ‘Revealed: how Carl Beech, the serial child abuse accuser, became the accused’, www.theguardian.com, 22 July 2019. 12. Facebook took down the group in November 2020, and suspended the accounts of both Ward and Davis. See https://twitter.com/Shayan86/status/1326276306871472133. 13.

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At https://qposts.online/post/4951. 5. Christopher Bing, ‘Senior U.S. cybersecurity official asked to resign amid Trump transition tumult’, www.reuters.com, 12 November 2020. 6. As covered in Chapter Six. 7. A good summary of one of the most infamous calls can be found here: ‘Trump–Raffensperger phone call’, https://en.wikipedia.org, accessed 17 October 2022. 8. Hugo Lowell, ‘ “Just say the election was corrupt,” Trump urged DoJ after loss to Biden’, www.theguardian.com, 30 July 2021. 9. ‘The president vaguely warned of a “criminal offense” as he pressured Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger in the call, according to an audio recording’, www.nytimes.com, 3 January 2021. 10.

pages: 95 words: 23,041

Mobile First by Luke Wroblewski

augmented reality, Benchmark Capital, en.wikipedia.org, Mary Meeker, RFID, Steve Jobs, web application

fa=Articles.showArticle&art_aid=120590 11http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1361 12http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1269 13http://techcrunch.com/2010/12/13/google-mobile-searches-grew-130-percent-in-q3/ 14http://www.mobiadnews.com/?p=5133 15http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8aaOtVJQcg0 16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T9_(predictive_text) 17http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html 18http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/3/Facebook_and_Twitter_Access_via_Mobile_Browser_Grows_by_Triple-Digits 19http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/ekits/Cisco_VNI_Global_Mobile_Data_Traffic_Forecast_2010_2015.pdf 20http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?

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mt=8 36http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1649086/detect-rotation-of-android-phone-in-the-browser-with-javascript 37http://mail.glustech.com/SnowGlobe/ 38http://thenextweb.com/apps/2010/12/21/hidden-safari-mobile-feature-reveals-augmented-reality-capability/ Chapter 4 39http://www.dmolsen.com/mobile-in-higher-ed/2011/02/07/the-university-home-page-mobile-first/ 40http://xkcd.com/773/ Chapter 5 41http://paidcontent.org/article/419-pontiflex-about-half-of-mobile-app-clicks-are-accidental/ 42http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/UserExperience/Conceptual/MobileHIG/Introduction/Introduction.html 43http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1085 44http://go.microsoft.com/?linkid=9713252 45http://www.lukew.com/touch 46http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1197 47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_enhancement Chapter 6 48http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1198 49http://mashable.com/2010/08/07/ebay-facts/ 50http://mashable.com/2011/01/07/40-of-all-tweets-come-from-mobile/ 51http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?691 52http://www.medien.ifi.lmu.de/pubdb/publications/pub/deluca2007pmc/deluca2007pmc.pdf 53http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?

Beautiful Data: The Stories Behind Elegant Data Solutions by Toby Segaran, Jeff Hammerbacher

23andMe, airport security, Amazon Mechanical Turk, bioinformatics, Black Swan, business intelligence, card file, cloud computing, computer vision, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data acquisition, data science, database schema, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, fault tolerance, Firefox, Gregor Mendel, Hans Rosling, housing crisis, information retrieval, lake wobegon effect, Large Hadron Collider, longitudinal study, machine readable, machine translation, Mars Rover, natural language processing, openstreetmap, Paradox of Choice, power law, prediction markets, profit motive, semantic web, sentiment analysis, Simon Singh, social bookmarking, social graph, SPARQL, sparse data, speech recognition, statistical model, supply-chain management, systematic bias, TED Talk, text mining, the long tail, Vernor Vinge, web application

THE DESIGN OF SENSE.US Download at Boykma.Com 187 I will largely spare you the details of what happened next. A straightforward yet tedious process of data processing, cleaning, and import ensued, ultimately resulting in a MySQL database containing the census data extract in queryable form. To facilitate analysis, we organized the data using a star schema (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_schema): we stored the census measures in a large fact table containing a column for each demographic variable, with compact keys used to indicate categorical variable values. A collection of dimension tables then stored the text labels and descriptions for the values taken by each demographic variable.

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The measurement techniques, precision, and accuracy of different contributions all vary, but all the background information is provided in human-readable form. This “radical sharing” approach of making the complete research record available as soon as the experiments are done, called Open Notebook Science (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Notebook_Science), is not common amongst professional researchers, but it is a good fit with our desire to make a complete and transparent data set available. We utilize a Wiki, hosted on Wikispaces (http://onschallenge.wikispaces. com) to hold these experimental records, and other services such as GoogleDocs (http://docs. google.com) and Flickr (http://flickr.com) to hold data (Figure 16-1).

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Unique Identifiers for Chemical Entities To make our data useful, it is important that the chemical entities be described using a recognized standard. Without this, integration with other data sets will be difficult or impossible. In chemistry, some would argue that CAS Registry Numbers (http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/CAS_registry_number) would be ideal for identifying chemical entities. However, CAS numbers are proprietary in nature, cannot be converted to the chemical structure, are a lookup only, and are dependent on an external organization to issue. We would prefer identifiers that are open in nature, freely available for exchange, and can be converted to and from a chemical connection table.

Programming Android by Zigurd Mednieks, Laird Dornin, G. Blake Meike, Masumi Nakamura

anti-pattern, business process, conceptual framework, create, read, update, delete, database schema, Debian, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, general purpose technology, Google Earth, interchangeable parts, iterative process, loose coupling, MVC pattern, revision control, RFID, SQL injection, systems thinking, web application

It is more of a conceptual framework for using HTTP as a basis for easy access to data. While REST implementations may differ, they all strive for simplicity. Android’s content provider API formalizes REST-like operations into an API and is designed in the spirit of REST’s simplicity. You can find more information on REST on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REST. Content provider components are the heart of the Android content model: by providing a ContentProvider, your application can share data with other applications and manage the data model of an application. A companion class, ContentResolver, enables other components in an Android system to find content providers.

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This can be important, for instance, if your app encounters an unfortunate occurrence such as a system crash. A transaction will guarantee that if the device fails partway through a given sequence of operations, none of the operations will affect the database. In database jargon, SQLite transactions support the widely recited ACID transaction properties: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID. With SQLite, every database operation that modifies a database runs in its own database transaction, which means a developer can be assured that all values of an insert will be written if the statement succeeds at all. You can also explicitly start and end a transaction so that it encompasses multiple statements.

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Finally, let’s delete a record using its ID: sqlite> DELETE FROM video WHERE _id = 1; sqlite> SELECT _id, description FROM videos; 2|Epic Fail Bicycle 3|Epic Fail Wagon 4|Epic Fail Sidewalk 5|Epic Fail Motorcycle SQL and the Database-Centric Data Model for Android Applications Now that you have some basic SQL programming knowledge, we can start thinking about how to put it to use in an Android application. Our goal is to create robust applications based on the popular Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern that underlies well-written UI programs, specifically in a way that works well for Android. Wikipedia has background information on MVC at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_view_controller. One fundamental difference between mobile phone apps and desktop apps is how they handle persistence. Traditional desktop-based applications—word processors, text editors, drawing programs, presentation programs, and so on—often use a document-centric form of the MVC pattern.

pages: 618 words: 146,557

Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979-89 by Rodric Braithwaite

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, clean water, en.wikipedia.org, friendly fire, full employment, Khyber Pass, Mikhail Gorbachev, trade route, V2 rocket

Sources: ‘Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century’ (http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat3.htm) contains tables and bibliographical references for a wide range of estimates of casualties in Indo-China and Algeria, and for the casualties in the civil wars and mass repressions that followed the American departure from Vietnam; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War_casualties) gives figures, with references, for losses on both sides in the US war in Vietnam; see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War_casualties#United_States_Armed_Forces); for statistical information about casualties of the Vietnam War see the National Archive (http://www.archives.gov/research/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics.html); G.

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Lyakhovski, Cold War International History Working Paper No. 51: Inside the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the Seizure of Kabul, December 1979, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, January 2007, pp. 30 and 32. 2 Yevgeni Kiselev, interview, Moscow, 24 March 2010. 3 Figures from http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ _« ». 4 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan. 5 A. Savinkin, Afganskie uroki: Vyvody dlya budushchego v svete ideinogo nasledia A. E. Snegareva (Moscow, 2003), p. 755. 6 L. Shebarshin, Ruka Moskvy: zapiski nachalnika sovetskoi razvadki (Moscow, 2002), p. 195. 7 Directive No. 312/12/001, signed by Ustinov and Ogarkov and despatched on 24 December.

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Belofastov and A. Rebrik (eds.), Mushavery (Moscow, 2005), p. 44. 9 The Americans lost twenty-four soldiers dead and 325 wounded. The Panamanian military lost about 205 dead. US military estimates of civilian casualties range from 200 to 1,000. Other estimates range from 2,000 to 5,000 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama). 10 Dmitri Ryurikov, interview, Moscow, 24 July 2009. 11 The Bonner and Sakharov texts are at www.hro.org-editions-karta. 12 M. Galeotti, Afghanistan: The Soviet Union’s Last War (London, 1995), pp. 139–54. 13 Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana, p.19; interview with Oleg Bogomolov, Moscow, May 2007. 14 Information from Dr Galina Yemelyanova, a former scholar from the institute, 6 June 2009. 15 Information from Sir Christopher Mallaby, who was serving in the Foreign Office at the time. 16 A.

Trend Commandments: Trading for Exceptional Returns by Michael W. Covel

Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Black Swan, business cycle, buy and hold, commodity trading advisor, correlation coefficient, delayed gratification, disinformation, diversified portfolio, en.wikipedia.org, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, family office, full employment, global macro, Jim Simons, Lao Tzu, Long Term Capital Management, managed futures, market bubble, market microstructure, Market Wizards by Jack D. Schwager, Mikhail Gorbachev, moral hazard, Myron Scholes, Nick Leeson, oil shock, Ponzi scheme, prediction markets, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, random walk, Reminiscences of a Stock Operator, Sharpe ratio, systematic trading, the scientific method, three-martini lunch, transaction costs, tulip mania, upwardly mobile, Y2K, zero-sum game

Moving Average: A moving average series can be calculated for any time series, but is most often applied to market prices. Moving averages are used to smooth out short-term fluctuations, thus highlighting potentially longerterm trends. A Vulcan mind-meld allows the sharing of thoughts, experiences, memories, and knowledge with another individual—via touch. Average True Range: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_True_ Range (look this one up if you don’t know it!). There’s no earthly way of knowing, Which direction we are going, There’s no knowing where we’re rowing, Or which way the rivers flowing, Is it raining? Is it snowing? Is a hurricane a-blowing? Not a speck of light is showing, So the danger must be growing, Are the fires of hell a-glowing?

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See http://www.bostonmagazine.com/articles/the_50_wealthiest_bostonians/. 4. Dr. Steve Sjuggerud, “How to Make $80 Million in a Brutal Bear Market.” Daily Wealth, April 11, 2009. See http://www.Dailywealth.com. 5. Martin Schwartz, Pit Bull: Lessons from Wall Street’s Champion Day Trader. New York: Harper Collins, 1999. 6. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Harding (mathematician). 7. Jack D. Schwager, Market Wizards. New York: NYIF Corp., 1989. 8. See http://www.absolutereturn-alpha.com. 9. Jack D. Schwager, The New Market Wizards. New York: HarperBusiness, 1992. 247 10. See http://www.forbes.com/profile/louis-bacon. 11. See http://www.forbes.com/profile/paul-tudor-jones. 12.

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Washington Post Foreign Service, May 3, 2008. See http://www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/02/AR2008050204009.html. Crowded House 1. Zen proverb. 2. Keith Campbell, Campbell & Co., Managed Account Reports. Black Box 1. South Park, “Chief Aid,” episode 27, October 7, 1998. 2. “Black box.” See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box. 3. Ben Hogan. 4. Shaun Jordan video interview, “Managed Futures with Abraham Trading Co.” March 8, 2011. See http://www.cmegroup.com/education/managed-futures-with-abrahamtrading-co.html. Endnotes 259 5. Blog entry. See http://www.michaelcovel.com. 6. Blog response to “The reason people gave Madoff money; same reason they don’t give it to Trend Followers.”

pages: 197 words: 59,656

The Most Good You Can Do: How Effective Altruism Is Changing Ideas About Living Ethically by Peter Singer

Albert Einstein, clean water, cognitive load, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, David Brooks, effective altruism, en.wikipedia.org, Flynn Effect, hedonic treadmill, Large Hadron Collider, Nick Bostrom, Peter Singer: altruism, purchasing power parity, randomized controlled trial, stem cell, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, trolley problem, William MacAskill, young professional

What Is Effective Altruism? 1. Emails from Matt Wage to the author, 2013–14, and Matt’s visit to my class at Princeton University, October 23, 2013. The class was recorded and is part of “Practical Ethics,” first offered on Coursera in March–June 2014. 2. “Effective Altruism,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_altruism, April 15, 2014. 3. Dean Karlan and Daniel Wood, “The Effect of Effectiveness: Donor Response to Aid Effectiveness in a Direct Mail Fundraising Experiment,” Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper No. 1038/Economics Department Working Paper No. 130, Yale University, April 15, 2014, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2421943; see especially pages 2–5 for a discussion of warm-glow giving, and page 15 for the reference to gifts that are less than the processing costs.

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,” University of Oxford Practical Ethics blog, May 22, 2012, http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2012/05/turning-cardinal-newman-on-his-head-just-how-bad-is-a-bad-intention/. Chapter 13. Reducing Animal Suffering and Protecting Nature 1. See, for example, the Wikipedia page “Animal Rescue Group,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rescue_group, which is about such organizations. 2. Humane Society of the United States, “Pets by the Numbers,” January 30, 2014, http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/pet_ownership_statistics.html. 3. Humane Society of the United States, “Farm Animal Statistics: Slaughter Totals,” April 17, 2014, http://www.humanesociety.org/news/resources/research/stats_slaughter_totals.html#.U27ZyvmSySo.

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Luke Muehlhauser, Facing the Intelligence Explosion, chap. 13, available at: intelligenceexplosion.com/2012/intelligence-explosion. 16. Nick Bostrom makes such a proposal at http://www.existential-risk.org/faq.html#10. Afterword 1. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature (New York: Viking, 2011). 2. For estimates of the death toll in the Syrian civil war, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War. At the time of writing the highest of these estimates is 171,509 for a period of a little over three years, which gives a daily average of 144 deaths. Index Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), (i), (ii) abstract reasoning, (i), (ii), (iii) Access Long Distance, (i) advocacy.

pages: 713 words: 93,944

Seven Databases in Seven Weeks: A Guide to Modern Databases and the NoSQL Movement by Eric Redmond, Jim Wilson, Jim R. Wilson

AGPL, Amazon Web Services, business logic, create, read, update, delete, data is the new oil, database schema, Debian, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, full text search, general-purpose programming language, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, linked data, MVC pattern, natural language processing, node package manager, random walk, recommendation engine, Ruby on Rails, seminal paper, Skype, social graph, sparse data, web application

Footnotes [9] http://allthingsdistributed.com/files/amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf [10] http://www.basho.com/ [11] http://www.erlang.org/ [12] http://ruby-lang.org [13] http://rubygems.org [14] http://rubygems.org/gems/riak-client [15] http://research.google.com/archive/mapreduce.html [16] http://wiki.basho.com/Replication.html [17] http://wiki.basho.com/MapReduce.html [18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapReduce [19] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_clock [20] http://wiki.basho.com/Vector-Clocks.html [21] http://lucene.apache.org/solr/ [22] http://code.google.com/p/leveldb/ [23] http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/ [24] http://wiki.basho.com/Loading-Data-and-Running-MapReduce-Queries.html [25] http://code.google.com/p/protobuf/ Copyright © 2012, The Pragmatic Bookshelf.

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Regardless of the database you choose as your SOR, you should certainly add Redis to the mix. Footnotes [53] http://redis.io [54] http://www.memcached.org/ [55] http://download.freebase.com/datadumps/latest/browse/book/isbn.tsv [56] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter [57] http://martinfowler.com/bliki/DatabaseThaw.html [58] http://download.freebase.com/datadumps/latest/browse/music/group_membership.tsv [59] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse Copyright © 2012, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Chapter 9 Wrapping Up Now that we’ve made it through the databases, congratulations are in order! We hope you’ve gained an appreciation for these seven databases.

pages: 339 words: 88,732

The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies by Erik Brynjolfsson, Andrew McAfee

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 3D printing, access to a mobile phone, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, basic income, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, Boston Dynamics, British Empire, business cycle, business intelligence, business process, call centre, carbon tax, Charles Lindbergh, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, clean water, combinatorial explosion, computer age, computer vision, congestion charging, congestion pricing, corporate governance, cotton gin, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data science, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, digital map, driverless car, employer provided health coverage, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, factory automation, Fairchild Semiconductor, falling living standards, Filter Bubble, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Frank Levy and Richard Murnane: The New Division of Labor, Freestyle chess, full employment, G4S, game design, general purpose technology, global village, GPS: selective availability, Hans Moravec, happiness index / gross national happiness, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, indoor plumbing, industrial robot, informal economy, intangible asset, inventory management, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, Jevons paradox, jimmy wales, job automation, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, Kiva Systems, knowledge worker, Kodak vs Instagram, law of one price, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Mars Rover, mass immigration, means of production, Narrative Science, Nate Silver, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, Nicholas Carr, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), pattern recognition, Paul Samuelson, payday loans, post-work, power law, price stability, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, Ralph Nader, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Rodney Brooks, Ronald Reagan, search costs, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, six sigma, Skype, software patent, sovereign wealth fund, speech recognition, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, TaskRabbit, technological singularity, telepresence, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, total factor productivity, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Vernor Vinge, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, winner-take-all economy, Y2K

Jules Verne, Works of Jules Verne (New York: V. Parke, 1911), http://archive.org/details/worksofjulesvern01vernuoft. 6. Shapiro and Varian, Information Rules, p. 21. 7. “Friendster,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friendster&oldid=559301831 (accessed June 27, 2013); “History of Wikipedia,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Wikipedia&oldid=561664870 (accessed June 27, 2013); “Blogger (service),” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_(service)&oldid=560541931 (accessed June 27, 2013). 8. “Top Sites,” Alexa: The Web Information Company, http://www.alexa.com/topsites (accessed September 8, 2012). 9.

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Albert Gore, The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change (New York: Random House, 2013), p. 45. 3. The English Wikipedia has over 2.5 billion words, which is over fifty times as many as Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Wikipedia: Size Comparisons,” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, July 4, 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Size_comparisons&oldid=562880212 (accessed August 17, 2013). 4. Actually, 90 percent of apps on smartphones are now free. Alex Cocotas, “Nine Out Of Ten Apps On Apple’s App Store Are Free,” Business Insider, July 19, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/nine-out-of-10-apps-are-free-2013-7#ixzz2cojAAOCy (accessed August 17, 2013). 5.

pages: 502 words: 82,170

The Book of CSS3 by Peter Gasston

centre right, disruptive innovation, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Google Chrome, Great Leap Forward, Salesforce, web application, wikimedia commons

(You may also note that this works in exactly the same way as a browser that is put into “quirks” mode.) Note If you’re a younger developer you may not remember “quirks” mode. It’s a system that emulates the incorrect way that Internet Explorer 5.5 used to lay out web pages; you can read more about it on Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirks_mode). I use the box-sizing property in a few examples throughout this book, so if the effects (and benefits) aren’t immediately apparent right now, they should become clearer as you work through the rest of the chapters. Browser-Specific Prefixes In the previous section, I briefly discussed using browser-specific prefixes on the box-sizing property.

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In this example, I don’t have to use an extra rule—without it, I would have to use something like this: p abbr { border-bottom: 6px double black; } p:last-child abbr { border-bottom-color: white; } Although this may not seem like a big savings, it means I can update the parent element color and not have to worry about setting the color on any relevant children. On a large site with many different color combinations, you can see that currentColor would be extremely handy. The currentColor value is currently implemented in Firefox, WebKit, and Opera, and is planned for inclusion in IE9. * * * [4] This image is taken from Wikimedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSL_color_solid_cylinder_alpha_lowgamma.png) and is published under a Creative Commons Attribution license. Matching the Operating System’s Appearance In CSS2, you could use colors from different aspects of your operating system to give websites a more “native” appearance.

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In the examples in the rest of this chapter I’ll use unitless values, because they are more common. If you want to skew an element, well, this is where it becomes a lot more complex—here’s where I need to introduce the trigonometric functions. You can read a full explanation of these functions on Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions#Sine.2C_cosine_and_tangent), but here’s a quick and dirty summary: The trigonometric functions are ratio values used to calculate angles in a triangle. The first trigonometric function I’ll use is tan (tangent), which is required to skew an element along the x- or y-axis.

pages: 316 words: 94,886

Decisive: How to Make Better Choices in Life and Work by Chip Heath, Dan Heath

behavioural economics, billion-dollar mistake, call centre, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, Cass Sunstein, classic study, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, Great Leap Forward, hindsight bias, index fund, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, job satisfaction, Kevin Kelly, loss aversion, Max Levchin, medical residency, mental accounting, meta-analysis, Mikhail Gorbachev, PalmPilot, Paradox of Choice, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, pets.com, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, unpaid internship, Upton Sinclair, US Airways Flight 1549, young professional

According to Wikipedia, Decca Records’ “regret at not signing The Beatles” made Decca willing to bend a great deal in the negotiations with the Rolling Stones. The Stones got “three times the typical royalty rate for a new act, full artistic control of recordings, and ownership of the recording masters” (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones). 10 Four steps. There is wide agreement across authors on the basic stages of a decision process, although in practice every decision book slices and labels them a tad differently. Our slicing of the steps probably owes the most to a great book by J. Edward Russo and Paul J.

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The Customer Officer of the Day and Focus 500 programs are described in Bertrand Marotte, “The New Xerox Battle Cry,” Globe and Mail, October 15, 2005, p. B3. The background financial information is in Kevin Maney, “Mulcahy Traces Steps of Xerox’s Comeback,” USA Today, September 21, 2006, p. B4. 9 Genba. Genba background comes from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemba. 10 Paul Smith, P&G. The Paul Smith story is from conversations between Chip Heath and Paul Smith in February and July 2012. Chapter 7: Ooch 1 “Ooch before we leap.” The material in this case study is from a conversation between Chip Heath and John Hanks in December 2010 and a follow-up between Dan Heath and Hanks in April 2011. 2 Physical therapy requirement.

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The background details of the story are told in a Harvard Business School case study by Adam Brandenburger and Vijay Krishna (1995), “Minnetonka Corporation: From Softsoap to Eternity” (HBS case 9-795-163). 8 An emergency landing. Readers in the United States will remember the remarkable story of US Airways Flight 1549, which experienced this event in 2009. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Airways_Flight_1549. 9 Safety factor. The safety factors given here come from Wayne Hale, “Factors of Safety,” Wayne Hale’s Blog, http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/waynehalesblog/posts/post_1229459081779.html. 10 Schedule buffers at Microsoft. See Michael A. Cusumano and Richard Selby (1995), Microsoft Secrets (New York: Free Press), p. 94. 11 Call center case study, Evolv.

pages: 320 words: 33,385

Market Risk Analysis, Quantitative Methods in Finance by Carol Alexander

asset allocation, backtesting, barriers to entry, Brownian motion, capital asset pricing model, constrained optimization, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, discounted cash flows, discrete time, diversification, diversified portfolio, en.wikipedia.org, financial engineering, fixed income, implied volatility, interest rate swap, low interest rates, market friction, market microstructure, p-value, performance metric, power law, proprietary trading, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, random walk, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, seminal paper, Sharpe ratio, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, stochastic process, stochastic volatility, systematic bias, Thomas Bayes, transaction costs, two and twenty, value at risk, volatility smile, Wiener process, yield curve, zero-sum game

Another useful law of matrix algebra is that the transpose of a product of two matrices is the product of the transposes in reverse order: AB = B A (I.2.1) A similar change of ordering is necessary when we take the inverse of a product of two square matrices – see below. I.2.2.3 Singular Matrices The unit or identity matrix I is a special square matrix with 1s along the main diagonal and 0s everywhere else. For instance, the 4 × 4 identity matrix is ⎛ ⎞ 1 0 0 0 ⎜0 1 0 0⎟ ⎟ I=⎜ ⎝0 0 1 0⎠ 0 0 0 1 4 See http://en.wikipedia.org for more information. For instance, the associative law is ABC = ABC. Thus, to multiply three matrices together, we can do the products in either order, provided we do not change the order of the matrices in the product. Essential Linear Algebra for Finance 41 It acts like the number 1 in ordinary algebra, i.e.

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One such add-in, developed by Leonardo Volpi of the Foxes team, Italy, has plenty of matrix functions including eigenvector and eigenvalue routines, Cholesky decomposition, covariance and correlation and so forth. It has been used for the examples in this book where Excel cannot perform the exercise without an add-in.7 6 7 For more details on this and other eigenvalue algorithms, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue_algorithm. This add-in should be loaded just like any other Excel add-in: under ‘Tools’ select ‘Add-Ins’ and then browse to locate the add-in as you have placed it on your machine. Having added this in once, you should not need to do so again. 54 Quantitative Methods in Finance Example I.2.10: Using an Excel add-in to ﬁnd eigenvectors and eigenvalues Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the correlation matrix ⎛ ⎞ 1 05 02 1 03 ⎠ C = ⎝ 05 02 03 1 Solution The power iteration method has been used for this example.

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In the spreadsheet for this example we use the add-in command MLU to obtain the matrices ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 −3 ⎜ 05 ⎜ 1 0 0⎟ −2 7 −05 ⎟ ⎟ U = ⎜0 ⎟ L=⎜ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −05 1 0 0 0 65 775 ⎠ 05 −05 038 1 0 0 0 −073 and then we verify the relationship (I.2.33). We cannot always guarantee the existence of an LU decomposition for a square matrix, but there are various alternatives that may be used. For instance, any square matrix will have an LU decomposition if we permute of the rows or columns of L and U. Further details can be found on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LU_decomposition. I.2.6 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS Principal component analysis is based on the spectral decomposition of a covariance matrix or a correlation matrix. That is, we use the relationship A = WW where A is either a covariance matrix or the corresponding correlation matrix.

pages: 797 words: 227,399

Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century by P. W. Singer

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Atahualpa, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bill Joy: nanobots, Bletchley Park, blue-collar work, borderless world, Boston Dynamics, Charles Babbage, Charles Lindbergh, clean water, Craig Reynolds: boids flock, cuban missile crisis, digital divide, digital map, Dr. Strangelove, en.wikipedia.org, Ernest Rutherford, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Firefox, Ford Model T, Francisco Pizarro, Frank Gehry, friendly fire, Future Shock, game design, George Gilder, Google Earth, Grace Hopper, Hans Moravec, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, if you build it, they will come, illegal immigration, industrial robot, information security, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of gunpowder, invention of movable type, invention of the steam engine, Isaac Newton, Jacques de Vaucanson, job automation, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, junk bonds, Law of Accelerating Returns, Mars Rover, Menlo Park, mirror neurons, Neal Stephenson, New Urbanism, Nick Bostrom, no-fly zone, PalmPilot, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, precautionary principle, private military company, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, robot derives from the Czech word robota Czech, meaning slave, Rodney Brooks, Ronald Reagan, Schrödinger's Cat, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Strategic Defense Initiative, strong AI, technological singularity, The Coming Technological Singularity, The Wisdom of Crowds, Timothy McVeigh, Turing test, Vernor Vinge, Virgin Galactic, Wall-E, warehouse robotics, world market for maybe five computers, Yogi Berra

Tremoglie, “Terrorist Tracking Technology,” American Daily, September 3, 2004, http://www.americandaily.com/article/2048. 277 “cannot guarantee the software” Graham-Rowe, “Intelligence Analysis Software to Predict Terrorist Attacks in the Future”; Applied Systems Intelligence, ASI Continues Growth by Putting Brains in Army’s Robots; Eng, Digital Warriors Artificial Intelligence May Help Spot Future Terrorism Attacks; Tremoglie, “Terrorist Tracking Technology.” 277 “is more terrifying than losing one’s privacy” Graham-Rowe, “Intelligence Analysis Software to Predict Terrorist Attacks in the Future”; “Orwellian” quote from Wikipedia, “Information Awareness Office,” December 25, 2007 (cited January 11, 2008); available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Awareness_Office. 14. LOSERS AND LUDDITES: THE CHANGING BATTLEFIELDS ROBOTS WILL FIGHT ON AND THE NEW ELECTRONIC SPARKS OF WAR 279 “Technological progress” “Albert Einstein Quotes,” Brainy Quote, 2008 (cited January 31, 2008); available at http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/a/alberteins164554.html. 279 “Increasingly, we live in a world” Ralph Peters, “The Culture of Future Conflict,” Parameters 25, no. 4 (1995). 279 “I am a miner’s son” “Ralph Peters,” Wikipedia, August 3, 2007 (cited August 3, 2007); available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Peters. 280 “simply one of the most creative” Ralph Peters, Beyond Baghdad: Postmodern War and Peace, 1st ed.

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Singer, March 22, 2007. 35 “it was a big problem” Ibid. 35 “It saddens me to know” Ibid. 35 In the words of one U.S. officer Boot, War Made New, 383. 35 Predators carried out 2,073 missions Bill Sweetman, “USAF Predators Come of Age in Iraq and Afghanistan as Reaper Waits in the Wings,” Jane’s International Defence Review 39, no. 6 (2006): 52. 36 Global Hawk can fly “RQ-4 Global Hawk,” Wikipedia, March 24, 2007 (cited March 30, 2007); available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Hawk. 36 “you basically hit the land button” Air force officer, interview at Pentagon, Peter W. Singer, March 31, 2008. 36 The plane itself costs some $35 million Renae Merle, “Price of Global Hawk Surveillance Program Rises,” Washington Post, 2004, A17. 36 the U.S. Air Force plans to spend Bill Sweetman, “Long Range Endurance UAS Targets the Adversary,” Jane’s International Defence Review 39, no. 8 (2006): 41. 37 “It is more of a rush” Kevin Maurer, “Pilotless Plane Guides 82nd,” Fayetteville (NC) Observer, August 13, 2004. 37 “You throw the bird up” Noah Shachtman, “Attack of the Drones,” Wired 13.06 (2005), http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.06/drones.html. 37 the number of Ravens in service Ibid. 37 “reconnaissance with firepower” Owen West and Bing West, “Lessons from Iraq,” Popular Mechanics 182, no. 8 (2005): 50. 37 there were 5,331 drones Tom Vanden Brook, “Report: Insurgents Benefit from Drone Shortage,” USA Today, March 25, 2008. 37 “given the growth trends” David A.

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pg=2&topic=robots&topic_set=. 45 the field of modern chemistry J. Boone Bartholomees Jr., “The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War through the Age of Enlightenment,” Parameters 35, no. 4 (2005): 136. 46 “to see what would happen” “Charles Babbage,” Wikipedia, April 20, 2007 (cited April 20, 2007); available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage. 46 “I called an official” Robert Finkelstein, “Military Robotics: Malignant Machines or the Path to Peace,” paper presented at the Military Robotics Conference, Institute for Defense and Government Advancement, Washington, DC, April 10-12, 2006. 47 the Germans protected their coast Steven M.

PostGIS in Action, 2nd Edition by Regina O. Obe, Leo S. Hsu

business logic, call centre, crowdsourcing, database schema, Debian, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, functional programming, Google Earth, job automation, McMansion, megacity, Mercator projection, Network effects, null island, openstreetmap, planetary scale, profit maximization, Ruby on Rails, Skype, South of Market, San Francisco, SQL injection, traveling salesman, web application

Licensed to tracy moore <nordick.an@gmail.com> www.it-ebooks.info Introducing PostGIS 9 You’ll be hard pressed to find the following features in other spatial databases:  Functions to work with GeoJSON and Keyhole Markup Language (KML), allow- ing web applications to talk directly to PostGIS without the need for additional serializing schemes or translations  Comprehensive geometry-processing functions that go far beyond basic geometric operations, including functions for fixing invalid geometries and for simplifying and deconstructing geometries  Built-in 3D and topology support  Over 150 seamless operations for working with vectors and rasters in tandem, as well as for converting between the two families GeoJSON and KML data formats Geographic JavaScript Object Notation (GeoJSON; http://geojson.org) and Keyhole Markup Language (KML; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language) are two of the most popular vector formats used by web-mapping applications:  GeoJSON is an extension of JSON that’s used for representing JavaScript objects. It adds to the JSON standard support for geographic objects.  KML is an XML format developed by Keyhole (which was purchased by Google), first used in Google’s mapping products and later supported by various mapping APIs.

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The mathematical underpinning of TINs is based on triangulating key peak and valley point locations of a surface to form non-overlapping connected area pockets. The most common form of Licensed to tracy moore <nordick.an@gmail.com> www.it-ebooks.info 43 Geometry triangulation used in GIS is Delaunay triangulation (explained on Wikipedia: http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaunay_triangulation). PostGIS 2.1 specifically added a powerful ST_DelaunayTriangles function to convert a “well-behaved” polygon collection into a TIN. But one shortcoming of ST_DelaunayTriangles is that it can’t convert polyhedral surfaces to TINs. For that conversion, you need to use ST_Tesselate, which is packaged with SFCGAL and will convert polygon collections as well.

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Although uDig allows you to write queries, uDig doesn’t understand SQL. Instead, you have to resort to a more obscure web query standard called Common Query Language (CQL). CQL As of version 1.2, CQL renamed itself Contextual Query Language. You can learn more about CQL on Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Contextual_Query_Language. Licensed to tracy moore <nordick.an@gmail.com> www.it-ebooks.info 134 5.4.2 CHAPTER 5 Using PostGIS on the desktop Connecting to PostGIS uDig has the easiest interface for connecting to PostGIS. Choose Layer > Add from the menu, and PostGIS appears as a data source (shown at the left in figure 5.13).

pages: 505 words: 127,542

If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Happy? by Raj Raghunathan

behavioural economics, Blue Ocean Strategy, Broken windows theory, business process, classic study, cognitive dissonance, deliberate practice, do well by doing good, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, fundamental attribution error, hedonic treadmill, job satisfaction, longitudinal study, Mahatma Gandhi, market clearing, meta-analysis, Neil Armstrong, new economy, Phillip Zimbardo, placebo effect, science of happiness, Skype, sugar pill, TED Talk, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Thorstein Veblen, Tony Hsieh, work culture , working poor, zero-sum game, Zipcar

., “Immune Neglect: A Source of Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75(3) (1998): 617. For misforecasting in consumer contexts, see V. M. Patrick, D. J. MacInnis, and C. W. Park, “Not as Happy as I Thought I’d Be? Affective Misforecasting and Product Evaluations,” Journal of Consumer Research 33(4) (2007): 479–89. For a more reader-friendly version, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_forecasting. we . . . give . . . negative events from . . . past a positive spin: See A. Keinan and R. Kivetz, “Productivity Orientation and the Consumption of Collectable Experiences,” Journal of Consumer Research 37(6) (2011): 935–50. It is precisely because: For findings on how women are less willing to have another child during childbirth, but change their mind later, see J.

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Begley, The Mind and the Brain (New York: Springer Science and Business Media, 2009). 100,000 students on January 1, 2016: Projection based on expected growth in number of enrolled learners in the course. the world’s most popular MOOC: Coursera is an initiative of Stanford University to democratize education. You can learn more about it by going to: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coursera. top-ten list of Coursera courses: In terms of number of “active learners” (which refers to the number of students who have watched at least one lecture). class-central.com: See https://www.class-central.com/provider/coursera?sort=rating-up. As of October 27, 2015, the course ranked #4 of all Coursera courses offered up until that point.

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Park, and C. Peterson, “Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions,” American Psychologist 60(5) (2005): 410–21, and S. L. Gable and J. Haidt, “What (and Why) Is Positive Psychology?” Review of General Psychology 9(2) (2005): 103–10. For a more user-friendly version, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology. the tendency to find closure or meaning: Work by Pennebaker and others suggests that the attempt to find meaning and closure for events, even negative ones, helps improve happiness levels. See J. W. Pennebaker, “Putting Stress into Words: Health, Linguistic, and Therapeutic Implications,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 31(6) (1993): 539–48.

pages: 448 words: 71,301

Programming Scala by Unknown

billion-dollar mistake, business logic, domain-specific language, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, functional programming, general-purpose programming language, higher-order functions, information security, loose coupling, type inference, web application

[Szyperski1998] Clemens Szyperski, Component Software: Beyond Object-Oriented Programming, Addison-Wesley Longman Limited, 1998. [TDD] Test-Driven Development, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_develop ment. [Terracotta] Terracotta, http://terracotta.org/. [TestNG] TestNG, http://testng.org/. [Turbak2008] Franklyn Turbak, David Gifford, and Mark A. Sheldon, Design Concepts of Programming Languages, The MIT Press, 2008. [TypeInference] Type inference, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_inference. [VanRoy2004] Peter Van Roy and Seif Haridi, Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming, The MIT Press, 2004.

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[DesignByContract] Building bug-free O-O software: An introduction to Design by Contract™, http://archive.eiffel.com/doc/manuals/technology/contract/. 387 Download at WoweBook.Com [Deursen] Arie van Deursen, Paul Klint, and Joost Visser, Domain-Specific Languages: An Annotated Bibliography, http://homepages.cwi.nl/~arie/papers/dslbib/. [EBNF] Extended Backus-Naur Form, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Backus– Naur_Form. [Eiffel] Eiffel Software, http://eiffel.com. [Ford] Bryan Ford, The Packrat Parsing and Parsing Expression Grammars Page, http: //pdos.csail.mit.edu/~baford/packrat/. [Ford2009] Neal Ford, Advanced DSLs in Ruby, http://github.com/nealford/presenta tions/tree/master.

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[Ortiz2007] Jorge Ortiz, Fun with Project Euler and Scala, http://scala-blogs.org/2007/ 12/project-euler-fun-in-scala.html. [Ortiz2008] Jorge Ortiz, Manifests: Reified Types, http://scala-blogs.org/2008/10/mani fests-reified-types.html. [OSullivan2009] Bryan O’Sullivan, John Goerzen, and Don Steward, Real World Haskell, O’Reilly Media, 2009. [PEG] Parsing Expression Grammar, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsing_expression _grammar. [Pierce2002] Benjamin C. Pierce, Types and Programming Languages, The MIT Press, 2002. [Pollak2007] David Pollak, The Scala Option class and how lift uses it, http://blog.lostlake .org/index.php?/archives/50-The-Scala-Option-class-and-how-lift-uses-it.html. [QuickCheck] QuickCheck, Automated Specification-Based Testing, http://www.cs .chalmers.se/~rjmh/QuickCheck/.

pages: 436 words: 98,538

The Upside of Inequality by Edward Conard

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, assortative mating, bank run, Berlin Wall, book value, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Climatic Research Unit, cloud computing, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, disruptive innovation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, future of work, Gini coefficient, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, informal economy, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the telephone, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kodak vs Instagram, labor-force participation, Larry Ellison, liquidity trap, longitudinal study, low interest rates, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, meta-analysis, new economy, offshore financial centre, paradox of thrift, Paul Samuelson, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, randomized controlled trial, risk-adjusted returns, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, survivorship bias, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, total factor productivity, twin studies, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, University of East Anglia, upwardly mobile, War on Poverty, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population, zero-sum game

Ibid. 9. Paul Krugman, “The Conscience of a Liberal: Inequality and Economic Performance,” New York Times, December 2, 2014, http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/inequality-and-economic-performance/?module=BlogPost-Title&version=Blog. 10. Gross World Product, Wikipedia (n.d.), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_world_product. International Monetary Fund, “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects,” World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=67&pr.y=8&sy=2012&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH&grp=0&a. 11.

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Robert Reich, Saving Capitalism: For the Many, Not the Few (New York: Knopf, 2015). Paul Krugman, “Challenging the Oligarchy,” New York Review of Books, December 17, 2015. 30. Lawrence Summers, “The Future of Work in the Age of the Machine.” 31. “ExxonMobil,” Wikipedia, retrieved September 30, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil. 32. Brianna Cardiff-Hicks, Francine Lafontaine, and Kathryn Shaw, “Do Large Modern Retailers Pay Premium Wages?” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 20313, July 2014, http://www.nber.org/papers/w20313. 33. Theo Francis and Ryan Knutson, “Wave of Megadeals Tests Antitrust Limits in U.S.,” Wall Street Journal, October 18, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/wave-of-megadeals-tests-antitrust-limits-in-u-s-1445213306.

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Paul Krugman, “The Conscience of a Liberal: Monetary Policy in a Liquidity Trap,” New York Times, April 11, 2013, http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/11/monetary-policy-in-a-liquidity-trap. 54. Martin Wolf, “Lunch with the FT: Ben Bernanke,” Financial Times, October 23, 2015, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0c07ba88-7822-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.html. 55. “Pushing on a String,” Wikipedia, accessed December 18, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushing_on_a_string. 56. Paul Krugman, “The Conscience of a Liberal: Rethinking Japan,” New York Times, October 20, 2015, http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/10/20/rethinking-japan. 57. John Cochrane, “The Fed Needn’t Rush to ‘Normalize,’” Wall Street Journal, September 16, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-fed-neednt-rush-to-normalize-1442441737.

pages: 370 words: 100,856

Moonshot: The Inside Story of Mankind's Greatest Adventure by Dan Parry

Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Apollo Guidance Computer, Charles Lindbergh, Dr. Strangelove, en.wikipedia.org, Gene Kranz, low earth orbit, Neil Armstrong, Norman Mailer, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, undersea cable, white flight

See NASA's Lunar Surface Journal, at http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/a12_lmpcuff.pdf 2 Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire. 3 David Harland, The First Men on the Moon; and http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_11/samples/ 4 http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_11/samples/ 5 David West Reynolds, Apollo, The Epic Journey to the Moon; and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon 6 Harland, op. cit. 7 Collins, op. cit. 8 Ibid. 9 Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid.; http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/specials/space/article2582966.ece; and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin 13 Buzz Aldrin, roll 382, 22:13:01:17. 14 Harland, op. cit. 15 Neil Armstrong in conversation with Eric Jones, at NASA's Lunar Surface Journal http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.html 16 BBC News, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2272321.stm; and http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2410431.stm GLOSSARY AGS Abort Guidance System AOS Acquisition of Signal BIG Biological Isolation Garment CapCom Spacecraft Communicator CMP Command Module Pilot CSM Command and Service Module DAP Digital Autopilot DOI Descent Orbit Insertion DPS Descent Propulsion System DSKY [Computer] Display and Keyboard EASEP Early Apollo Surface Experiment Package EMU Extra-vehicular Mobility Unit EVA Extra-vehicular Activity FIDO Flight Dynamics Officer GET Ground Elapsed Time IMU Inertial Measurement Unit LEB Lower Equipment Bay LES Launch Escape System LEVA Lunar Extra-vehicular Visor Assembly LLTV Lunar Landing Training Vehicle LM Lunar Module LMP Lunar Module Pilot LOI Lunar Orbit Insertion LOS Loss Of Signal LRL Lunar Receiving Laboratory RRR Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector MCC Mid-Course Correction MESA Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly MOCR Mission Operations Control Room MQF Mobile Quarantine Facility MSFN Manned Space Flight Network NASCOM NASA Communications Network PDI Powered Descent Initiation PGNS Primary Guidance and Navigation System PLSS Portable Life Support System PPK Personal Preference Kit PSE Passive Seismic Experiment PTC Passive Thermal Control S-IC First Stage of the Saturn V S-II Second Stage of the Saturn V S-IVB Third Stage of the Saturn V SWC Solar Wind Composition (Collector) TEI Trans-Earth Injection TLI Trans-lunar Injection BIBLIOGRAPHY Books, focusing on contemporary works and first-hand accounts Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth, Random House, 1973 David A.

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.; and Andrew Chaikin, A Man on the Moon (Penguin,1994). 11 Chaikin, op. cit. 12 Hansen, op. cit. 13 Kranz, op. cit. 14 Hansen, op. cit. 15 Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth; and Slayton, op. cit. 16 Kranz, op. cit. 17 Chris Kraft, Flight. 18 Collins, op. cit. 19 Kraft, op. cit. 20 Collins, op. cit. 21 Ibid. 22 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.; also see Hansen, op. cit. 23 Hansen, op. cit. 24 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, with Gene Farmer and Dora Jane Hamblin, First on the Moon. 25 NASA's Lunar Surface Journal, at http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.1201-fm.html; and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer 26 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.; and Collins, op. cit. 27 http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/a11.jo.fc.1.html 28 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit. 29 Collins, op. cit. 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid. Chapter 7: Risks and Risky Remedies 1 Deke Slayton, Deke!. 2 David Shayler, Disasters and Accidents in Manned Spaceflight. 3 Slayton, op. cit. 4 Ibid. 5 Dr James Hansen, First Man. 6 Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid. 9 Frank Borman, roll 386, 06:30:10. 10 Collins, op. cit. 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 Frank Borman, roll 386, 06:30:10. 14 Susan Borman, roll 388, 08:02:47:21. 15 Collins, op. cit. 16 Bill Anders, roll 1376, 16:14:22:28. 17 Andrew Chaikin, A Man on the Moon. 18 Ibid.; and Bill Anders, roll 1376 16:39:02:27. 19 Hansen, op. cit. 20 Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth; and Hansen, op. cit. 21 Hansen, op. cit.; and personal conversation between the author and Neil Armstrong, Barcelona, 12/4/08. 22 Hansen, op. cit. 23 Ibid. 24 Ibid. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid. 27 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, with Gene Farmer and Dora Jane Hamblin, First on the Moon. 28 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit. 29 Slayton, op. cit.; and Hansen, op. cit. 30 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit. 31 Slayton, op. cit. 32 Ibid. 33 Chris Kraft, Flight. 34 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit. 35 Ibid. 36 Hansen, op. cit. 37 Collins, op. cit. 38 Ibid. 39 Hansen, op. cit. 40 Collins, op. cit. 41 Hansen, op. cit. 42 Ibid. 43 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit. 44 Buzz Aldrin interview, roll 382, 22:29:40:29. 45 Hansen, op. cit. 46 Slayton, op. cit.; Kraft, op. cit.; Hansen, op. cit.; and Andrew Smith, Moondust 47 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit. 48 Kraft, op. cit.; and Hansen, op. cit. 49 Buzz Aldrin, roll 383, 23:01:05:14. 50 Buzz Aldrin, roll 382, 22:13:01:17. 51 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit. 52 Ibid. 53 Slayton, op. cit. 54 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit. 55 Ibid. 56 Hansen, op. cit.; and Collins, op. cit.

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.), Before This Decade Is Out, University Press of Florida, 2002 Loyd Swenson, James Grimwood and Charles Alexander, This New Ocean, NASA, 1998 Guenter Wendt, The Unbroken Chain, Apogee Books, 2001 Websites history.nasa.gov/monograph4 history.msfc.nasa.gov/saturn_apollo/first_saturn_rocket.html history.nasa.gov/SP-4205 www.thespacereview.com/article/735/1 www.chron.com/content/chronicle/special/jfk/houston/stories/dinner.html www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057747/Outer-Space-Treaty#145193.hook www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/670127.asp www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.1201-fm.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/a11.jo.fc.1.html www.thespacereview.com/article/188/3 www.thespacereview.com/article/735/1 www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/peopleevents/p_wives.html news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7085003.stm www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4204 www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11 www.uss-hornet.org/history/apollo www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_11/samples news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2272321.stm news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2410431.stm Use the following NASA link to find out when the International Space Station can be seen with the naked eye above your home town: spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/sightings/index.html INDEX Aaron, John Abernathy, Reverend Ralph Agena target vehicle Air and Space Museum see Smithsonian Institution Aldrin, Buzz (Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr) Apollo 8 career post-Apollo 11 childhood Gemini flights landing on the moon launch, Apollo 11 launch preparation, Apollo 11 MIT moon, on appearance of moon walk, NASA, joins Neil Armstrong and position in Apollo program PR duties, Apollo 11 quarantine, Apollo 11 re-entry and landing, Apollo 11 rendezvous expert return to Eagle, Apollo 11 return to earth, Apollo 11 selected for Apollo 11 selection for moon walk on surface of moon, Apollo 11 training undocking, Apollo 11 command and lunar modules US Navy Aldrin, Gene Aldrin, Joan Algranti, Joe Anders, Bill Apollo, Project Apollo 1 tragedy, effect upon costs of Kennedy and see Kennedy, John F.

pages: 332 words: 100,601

Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations by Nandan Nilekani

Airbnb, Atul Gawande, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, bitcoin, call centre, carbon credits, cashless society, clean water, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, congestion charging, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data science, dematerialisation, demographic dividend, digital rights, driverless car, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, fail fast, financial exclusion, gamification, Google Hangouts, illegal immigration, informal economy, information security, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, land reform, law of one price, M-Pesa, machine readable, Mahatma Gandhi, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, mobile money, Mohammed Bouazizi, more computing power than Apollo, Negawatt, Network effects, new economy, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, price mechanism, price stability, rent-seeking, RFID, Ronald Coase, school choice, school vouchers, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, single source of truth, Skype, smart grid, smart meter, software is eating the world, source of truth, Steve Jobs, systems thinking, The future is already here, The Nature of the Firm, transaction costs, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, work culture

http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512250915629460 6. Saran, Rohit. 26 December 2005. ‘1995: Cell phones arrive’. India Today. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bengal-cm-jyoti-basu-made-indias-first-cell-phone-call-to-telecom-minister-sukh-ram-in-1995/1/192421.html 7. Telecommunications statistics in India: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_statistics_in_India Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. 4 July 2012. ‘Highlights on Telecom subscription data as on 31st May 2012’. http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/PressRealease/Document/PRTSD-May12.pdf Press Trust of India. 29 January 2014. ‘India to have 243 million Internet users by June 2014: Report’.

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The Fourth Revolution: The Global Race to Reinvent the State. Penguin Books. 13. Guha, Ramachandra. 2007. India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy. Pan Macmillan. 14. Anand, Umesh. September 2012. ‘Ratnauli’s wired hero’. http://www.civilsocietyonline.com/pages/HOF_Details.aspx?185 15. Growth of Facebook. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Facebook_growth 16. Shah, Ajay. 2006. ‘Improving Governance Using Large IT systems’. Documenting Reforms: Case Studies from India. S. Narayan (ed.). New Delhi: Macmillan India, pp. 122–148. NSDL charges. https://nsdl.co.in/about/charges.php 17. 2001 Census of India: Migration.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBATYKn_cBY 2. 10 June 2008. ‘Karnataka farmers on rampage over fertilizer shortage’. Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karnataka-farmers-on-rampage-over-fertilizer-shortage/articleshow/3115597.cms 3. Green Revolution. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution 4. Mukherji, Biman. 8 July 2014. ‘India to Keep Grain Supplies on Fears of Poor Monsoon Rains’. Wall Street Journal. http://www.wsj.com/articles/india-to-keep-grain-supplies-on-fears-of-poor-monsoon-rains-1404814017 Statistics on Agricultural Production, FAOSTAT. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx 5.

pages: 346 words: 97,330

Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley From Building a New Global Underclass by Mary L. Gray, Siddharth Suri

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Apollo 13, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, basic income, benefit corporation, Big Tech, big-box store, bitcoin, blue-collar work, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, cloud computing, cognitive load, collaborative consumption, collective bargaining, computer vision, corporate social responsibility, cotton gin, crowdsourcing, data is the new oil, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, deindustrialization, deskilling, digital divide, do well by doing good, do what you love, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, employer provided health coverage, en.wikipedia.org, equal pay for equal work, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, financial independence, Frank Levy and Richard Murnane: The New Division of Labor, fulfillment center, future of work, gig economy, glass ceiling, global supply chain, hiring and firing, ImageNet competition, independent contractor, industrial robot, informal economy, information asymmetry, Jeff Bezos, job automation, knowledge economy, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, machine translation, market friction, Mars Rover, natural language processing, new economy, operational security, passive income, pattern recognition, post-materialism, post-work, power law, race to the bottom, Rana Plaza, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Coase, scientific management, search costs, Second Machine Age, sentiment analysis, sharing economy, Shoshana Zuboff, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, software as a service, speech recognition, spinning jenny, Stephen Hawking, TED Talk, The Future of Employment, The Nature of the Firm, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, two-sided market, union organizing, universal basic income, Vilfredo Pareto, Wayback Machine, women in the workforce, work culture , Works Progress Administration, Y Combinator, Yochai Benkler

Dirtbag Requesters on Amazon Mechanical Turk (blog), August 29, 2013. http://scumbagrequester.blogspot.com/2013/08/what-is-jon-brelig-and-oscar-smith.html. Wikipedia. S.v. “Corporate Social Responsibility.” Accessed June 20, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility. Wikipedia. S.v. “Pareto Principle.” Accessed June 15, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle. Williams, Joan C., Susan J. Lambert, Saravanan Kesavan; Peter J. Fugiel, Lori Ann Ospina, Erin Devorah Rapoport, Meghan Jarpe, Dylan Bellisle, Pradeep Pendem, Lisa McCorkell, and Sarah Adler-Milstein. “Stable Scheduling Increases Productivity and Sales: The Stable Scheduling Study.”

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Julie Yujie Chen, “Thrown Under the Bus and Outrunning It! The Logic of Didi and Taxi Drivers’ Labour and Activism in the On-Demand Economy,” New Media & Society, September 6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817729149. [back] 17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Pareto Principle,” accessed June 15, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle. [back] 18. United Nations Development Programme, Global Dimensions of Human Development, Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). [back] 19. Jesse Chandler, Pam Mueller, and Gabriele Paolacci, “Nonnaïveté Among Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers: Consequences and Solutions for Behavioral Researchers,” Behavior Research Methods 46, no. 1 (March 2014): 112–30, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0365-7.

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See Mike Isaac and Noam Scheiber, “Uber Settles Cases with Concessions, but Drivers Stay Freelancers,” New York Times, April 21, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/22/technology/uber-settles-cases-with-concessions-but-drivers-stay-freelancers.html; Alex Rosenblat and Luke Stark, “Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers,” International Journal of Communication 10 (July 27, 2016): 27. [back] 6. Alex Rosenblat, Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work (Oakland: University of California Press, 2018). [back] 7. Wikipedia, s.v. “Corporate Social Responsibility,” accessed June 20, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility. [back] 8. Gray et al., “The Crowd,” 134–47. [back] 9. Parikh’s approach to corporate social responsibility took things one step further. He asked company founders to design products and services that made a market for themselves, filling a societal need rather than using profits from a popular product to fund philanthropy.

pages: 257 words: 64,285

The End of Traffic and the Future of Transport: Second Edition by David Levinson, Kevin Krizek

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 3D printing, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Bay Area Rapid Transit, big-box store, bike sharing, carbon tax, Chris Urmson, collaborative consumption, commoditize, congestion pricing, crowdsourcing, DARPA: Urban Challenge, dematerialisation, driverless car, Dutch auction, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ford Model T, Google Hangouts, high-speed rail, Induced demand, intermodal, invention of the printing press, jitney, John Markoff, labor-force participation, Lewis Mumford, lifelogging, Lyft, means of production, megacity, Menlo Park, Network effects, Occam's razor, oil shock, place-making, pneumatic tube, post-work, printed gun, Ray Kurzweil, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, tacit knowledge, techno-determinism, technological singularity, Tesla Model S, the built environment, The future is already here, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, transaction costs, transportation-network company, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, urban renewal, women in the workforce, working-age population, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game, Zipcar

Sept. 2006. http://www.nber.org/papers/w12530 102 Figure 3.9 Source: Schoner, Jessica, Greg Lindsey, and David Levinson (2015) Travel Behavior Over Time. MnDOT Report. 103 Occam's Razor, named for William of Ockham (1287-1347) says "among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor 104 This is discussed in more detail in Garrison, W. L., & Levinson, D. M. (2014). The Transportation Experience: Policy, Planning, and Deployment. Oxford University Press. 105 Figure 3.10 Source: Historian, US Postal Service (2015-03) Pieces of Mail Handled, Number of Post Offices, Income, and Expenses Since 1789. https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/pieces-of-mail-since-1789.pdf 106 Kurzweil, Ray (2005) The Singularity is Near: When Human Transcend Biology.

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The Transportation Futures Project: Planning for Technology Change. Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/177640. 136 The standard for EV charging in North America is SAE J1772 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_J1772. The standards for fast chargers (superchargers) are still more up in the air. The Tesla Supercharger is not compatible with others e.g. See Kane, Mark (2013) "DC Quick Charging Battle Just Beginning: CHAdeMO Vs. SAE Combo Vs. Tesla Supercharger" InsideEVs http://insideevs.com/dc-quick-charging-battle-just-beginning-chademo-vs-sae-combo-vs-tesla-supercharger/ 137 Battery swap was first proposed in 1900 by L.R.

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Source US Census Statistical Abstract http://www.census.gov/prod/2/gen/96statab/app4.pdf and US Federal Highway Administration: Highway Statistics http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2012/vmt422c.cfm 223 See: http://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2015/3/2/transportations-missing-middle 224 See taxonomy of modes at: http://transportationist.org/category/transportation/ 225 Car seats that fit your children is another factor of personal space that favors ownership. 226 List of metros, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metro_systems 227 Like anything, different surveys with different assumptions produce different transit mode shares. For a comparison see Polzin, S. E., & Chu, X. (2005). A closer look at public transportation mode share trends. Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 8(3), 41-53.

pages: 250 words: 64,011

Everydata: The Misinformation Hidden in the Little Data You Consume Every Day by John H. Johnson

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, autism spectrum disorder, Black Swan, business intelligence, Carmen Reinhart, cognitive bias, correlation does not imply causation, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, lake wobegon effect, Long Term Capital Management, Mercator projection, Mercator projection distort size, especially Greenland and Africa, meta-analysis, Nate Silver, obamacare, p-value, PageRank, pattern recognition, publication bias, QR code, randomized controlled trial, risk-adjusted returns, Ronald Reagan, selection bias, statistical model, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, Thomas Bayes, Tim Cook: Apple, wikimedia commons, Yogi Berra

Peter Coy, “FAQ: Reinhart, Rogoff, and the Excel Error That Changed History,” Bloomberg Business website, April 18, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2013-04-18/faq-reinhart-rogoff-and-the-excel-error-that-changed-history. 29. “Wikipedia: About,” Wikipedia, accessed June 13, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About. 30. That said, even when the data does come from a trusted media source, you should at least recognize the fact that a few large media conglomerates are responsible for much of the news and entertainment you consume on a daily basis, which could have a significant effect on what you see and hear. 31. “Ten Things You May Not Know About Wikipedia,” Wikipedia, accessed June 13, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ten_things_you_may_not_know_about_Wikipedia#You_can.27t_actually_change_anything_in_Wikipedia.E2.80.A6. 32.

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Hoch, “Cherry-Picking,” Journal of Marketing 69, no. 1 (2005): 46–62. 10. John Allen Paulos, “Why Do We Believe That Catastrophes Come in Threes?,” ABC News website, July 5, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/WhosCounting/story?id=7988416. 11. “2009: Deaths,” Wikipedia website, accessed April 25, 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009#Deaths. And no, we don’t recommend Wikipedia as a primary source. 12. And, in case you’re wondering, the three teams that won game one and went on to win the World Series were the ’87 Twins, ’84 Tigers, and the ’80 Phillies. “1988 World Series-Game 1-Bottom of the 9th,” Dailymotion website, accessed April 25, 2015, http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xd2fhk_1988-world-series-game-1-bottom-of_sport. 13.

pages: 317 words: 71,776

Inequality and the 1% by Danny Dorling

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, banking crisis, battle of ideas, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Branko Milanovic, buy and hold, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, centre right, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, corporate governance, credit crunch, David Attenborough, David Graeber, delayed gratification, Dominic Cummings, double helix, Downton Abbey, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, family office, financial deregulation, full employment, gentrification, Gini coefficient, high net worth, housing crisis, income inequality, land value tax, Leo Hollis, Londongrad, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, lump of labour, mega-rich, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, Mont Pelerin Society, mortgage debt, negative equity, Neil Kinnock, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, precariat, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, Robert Shiller, Russell Brand, TaskRabbit, TED Talk, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trickle-down economics, unpaid internship, very high income, We are the 99%, wealth creators, working poor

(Cambridge: Polity, 2013), p. 10, for a very well-articulated opposing view that current trends do now appear to be a little like just such a machine. 39. Dorling, ‘Fairness and the Changing Fortunes of People in Britain’. 40. For a short history of UK tax, see ‘Income Tax’ at politics.co.uk. 41. There are many sources. One that is easily edited but currently good is ‘History of Taxation in the United Kingdom’, at en.wikipedia.org. 42. W. Streeck, ‘The Crises of Democratic Capitalism’, New Left Review II/71 (September–October 2011). 43. D. Box, ‘Bond Markets, Not Politicians, Control Our Future’, Ecologist, 29 April 2010, at theecologist.org. 44. P. Roscoe, I Spend Therefore I Am (London: Penguin, 2014), p. 154. 45.

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Press Association, ‘Church Could Take Control of Secular Schools under New Deal, Report Says’, Huffington Post, 4 July 2013, at huffingtonpost.co.uk. 47. Although it is speculated that he attended Durham School, a private all-boys school that only started taking girls from 1985. See ‘List of Old Dunelmians’, at en.wikipedia.org. 48. J. Merrick, ‘Michael Gove Held Talks with “IQ Genes” Professor’, Independent, 13 October 2013, at independent.co.uk. 49. Benyamin et al., ‘Childhood Intelligence is Heritable’. 50. C. M. A. Haworth, K. Asbury, P. S. Dales and R. Plomin ‘Added Value Measures in Education Show Genetic as Well as Environmental Influence’, PLoS One 6: 2 (2011).

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Warrell, ‘Gove Takes Aim at Cameron’s Etonians’, Financial Times, 14 March 2014. 43. P. Wintour, ‘Ed Miliband Attacks Coalition’s Growth Strategy in which Rich Will Gain Most’, Guardian, 17 March 2014. 44. ‘He was later widely reported as saying that Labour would “tax the rich until the pips squeak”, which Healey denied.’ Denis Healey, at en.wikipedia.org. 45. Apparently income inequality has been falling worldwide since the year 2000. Figure 3 in B. Milanovic, ‘Global Income Inequality by the Numbers: in History and Now’, Policy Research Working Paper 6259, November 2012, World Bank, at elibrary.worldbank.org. 46. CROP, ‘Mobilizing Critical Research for Preventing and Eradicating Poverty’, Policy Brief, January 2013, Bergen, Centre For Research on Poverty. 47.

Spite: The Upside of Your Dark Side by Simon McCarthy-Jones

affirmative action, Atul Gawande, Bernie Sanders, Brexit referendum, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark triade / dark tetrad, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, experimental economics, Extinction Rebellion, greed is good, Greta Thunberg, income inequality, Jeremy Corbyn, Jon Ronson, loss aversion, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, New Journalism, Nick Bostrom, p-value, profit maximization, rent-seeking, rewilding, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), shareholder value, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Tragedy of the Commons, ultimatum game, WikiLeaks

., “Support for Redistribution Is Shaped by Compassion, Envy and Self-Interest, but Not a Taste for Fairness,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 31 (2017): 8420–8425. 59. N. Bostrom, “The Vulnerable World Hypothesis,” Global Policy 10, no. 4 (2019): 455–476. 60. For a cautionary tale relating to nuclear fission, see Wikipedia, s.v. “David Hahn,” last modified July 25, 2020, 17:56, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hahn. For an inspiring tale of nuclear fusion, see S. Worrall, “Why This 14-Year-Old Kid Built a Nuclear Reactor,” National Geographic, July 26, 2015, www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/07/150726-nuclear-reactor-fusion-science-kid-ngbooktalk/. Or perhaps just leave things well enough alone. 61.

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., “Is Costly Punishment Altruistic?” 39. J. C. Cardenas, “Social Norms and Behavior in the Local Commons as Seen Through the Lens of Field Experiments,” Environmental and Resource Economics 48, no. 3 (2011): 451–485. 40. Wikipedia, s.v. “Milgram Experiment,” accessed August 5, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milgram_experiment&oldid=971251066. 41. Brethel-Haurwitz et al., “Is Costly Punishment Altruistic?” 42. E. Fehr and K. M. Schmidt, “A Theory of Fairness, Competition and Cooperation,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, no. 3 (1999): 817–868. 43. Fehr and Schmidt, “A Theory of Fairness, Competition and Cooperation.” 44.

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Rousseau, as cited in I. Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1969). 2. S. Pinker, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress (New York: Penguin, 2018), 8. 3. Wikipedia, s.v. “Milgram Experiment,” accessed August 5, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milgram_experiment&oldid=971251066. 4. To get a sense of this, you can see the illusionist Derren Brown’s re-creation of the experiment here: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xxq4QtK3j0Y. 5. J. M. Burger, Z. M. Girgis, and C. C. Manning, “In Their Own Words: Explaining Obedience to Authority Through an Examination of Participants’ Comments,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 2, no. 5 (2011): 460–466. 6.

pages: 214 words: 31,751

Software Engineering at Google: Lessons Learned From Programming Over Time by Titus Winters, Tom Manshreck, Hyrum Wright

anti-pattern, computer vision, continuous integration, defense in depth, en.wikipedia.org, functional programming, Jevons paradox, job automation, loss aversion, microservices, reproducible builds, supply-chain attack, transaction costs, Turing complete

Somewhere between 5-10 years seems like a conservative estimate for this transition in general. 7 To his credit: Hyrum tried really hard to humbly call this “The Law of Implicit Dependencies,” but “Hyrum’s Law” is the shorthand that most people at Google have settled on. 8 “Workflow”, http://xkcd.com/1172/ 9 A type of DoS attack in which an untrusted user knows the structure of a hash table and the hash function and provides data in such a way as to degrade the algorithmic performance of operations on the table. 10 “The Heartbleed Bug” http://heartbleed.com/ 11 “Meltdown and Spectre” https://meltdownattack.com/ 12 Site Reliability Engineering: How Google Runs Production Systems, O’Reilly Media, April 2016, Betsy Beyer, Chris Jones, Jennifer Petoff, Niall Richard Murphy 13 Whenever we use “scalable” in an informal context in this chapter, we mean “sublinear scaling wrt. human interactions.” 14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_frog#As_metaphor 15 This is a reference to the popular song “Single Ladies” which includes the refrain “If you liked it then you shoulda put a ring on it.” 16 Specifically: interfaces from the C++ standard library needed to be referred to in namespace std, and an optimization change for std::string turned out to be a significant pessimization for our usage, thus requiring some additional workarounds. 17 Ibid.

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If your tasks require effort that scales with lines of code, that’s concerning. 19 This is not to say that decisions need to be made unanimously, or even with broad consensus - in the end, someone has to be the decider. This is primarily a statement of how the decision making process should flow for whoever is actually responsible for the decision. 20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox Chapter 2. Build Systems & Build Philosophy Written by Erik Kueffler Edited by Lisa Carey If you ask Google engineers what they like most about working at Google (besides the free food and cool products), you might hear something surprising: engineers love the build system1.

pages: 416 words: 106,532

Cryptoassets: The Innovative Investor's Guide to Bitcoin and Beyond: The Innovative Investor's Guide to Bitcoin and Beyond by Chris Burniske, Jack Tatar

Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, altcoin, Alvin Toffler, asset allocation, asset-backed security, autonomous vehicles, Bear Stearns, bitcoin, Bitcoin Ponzi scheme, blockchain, Blythe Masters, book value, business cycle, business process, buy and hold, capital controls, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, correlation coefficient, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, cryptocurrency, disintermediation, distributed ledger, diversification, diversified portfolio, Dogecoin, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fiat currency, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, Future Shock, general purpose technology, George Gilder, Google Hangouts, high net worth, hype cycle, information security, initial coin offering, it's over 9,000, Jeff Bezos, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, Leonard Kleinrock, litecoin, low interest rates, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, Network effects, packet switching, passive investing, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, Peter Thiel, pets.com, Ponzi scheme, prediction markets, quantitative easing, quantum cryptography, RAND corporation, random walk, Renaissance Technologies, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, Robert Shiller, Ross Ulbricht, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, seminal paper, Sharpe ratio, Silicon Valley, Simon Singh, Skype, smart contracts, social web, South Sea Bubble, Steve Jobs, transaction costs, tulip mania, Turing complete, two and twenty, Uber for X, Vanguard fund, Vitalik Buterin, WikiLeaks, Y2K

Introduction to Distributed Communications Networks (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1964), http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3420.html. 3. http://www.Internetsociety.org/Internet/what-Internet/history-Internet/brief-history-Internet. 4. http://www.Internetlivestats.com/google-search-statistics/. 5. https://www.textrequest.com/blog/texting-statistics-answer-questions/. 6. https://www.lifewire.com/how-many-emails-are-sent-every-day-1171210. 7. https://hbr.org/2016/05/the-impact-of-the-blockchain-goes-beyond-financial-services. 8. https://dailyfintech.com/2014/08/28/hey-banks-your-fat-margin-is-my-opportunity/. 9. http://www.coindesk.com/microsoft-blockchain-azure-marley-gray/. 10. http://fortune.com/2016/08/19/10-stocks-beaten-googles-1780-gain/. 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble#cite_note-40. 12. https://coinmarketcap.com/historical/20161225/. 13. https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/12/25/buffettbooks.aspx. Chapter 1 1. https://www.stlouisfed.org/financial-crisis/full-timeline; http://historyofbitcoin.org/. 2. http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/651322.pdf. 3. http://wayback.archive.org/web/20120529203623/http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/profile/SatoshiNakamoto. 4. http://observer.com/2011/10/did-the-new-yorkers-joshua-davis-nail-the-identity-of-bitcoin-creator-satoshi-nakamoto/. 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto#cite_note-betabeat-12. 6. http://www.economist.com/news/business-and-finance/21698060-craig-wright-reveals-himself-as-satoshi-nakamoto. 7. https://www.wired.com/2016/05/craig-wright-privately-proved-hes-bitcoins-creator/. 8. http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21698294-quest-find-satoshi-nakamoto-continues-wrightu2019s-wrongs. 9. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/17/business/17bear.html?

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Ibid. 40. https://www.thebalance.com/what-do-financial-advisers-think-of-bitcoin-391233. 41. https://www.onefpa.org/journal/Pages/SEP14-The-Value-of-Bitcoin-in-Enhancing-the-Efficiency-of-an-Investor%E2%80%99s-Portfolio.aspx. 42. https://www.thebalance.com/what-do-financial-advisers-think-of-bitcoin-391233. Chapter 16 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law. 2. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Intel-Corporation. 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel. 4. http://ben-evans.com/benedictevans/2015/6/15/us-tech-funding. 5. https://site.warrington.ufl.edu/ritter/ipo-data/. 6. http://ben-evans.com/benedictevans/2015/6/15/us-tech-funding. 7. http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnchisholm/2013/08/06/the-regulatory-state-is-strangling-startups-and-destroying-jobs/2/#1d88e9112651. 8.

pages: 364 words: 99,897

The Industries of the Future by Alec Ross

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, 3D printing, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic bias, algorithmic trading, AltaVista, Anne Wojcicki, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bernie Madoff, bioinformatics, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, Brian Krebs, British Empire, business intelligence, call centre, carbon footprint, clean tech, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, connected car, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, data science, David Brooks, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, disintermediation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, distributed ledger, driverless car, Edward Glaeser, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, fiat currency, future of work, General Motors Futurama, global supply chain, Google X / Alphabet X, Gregor Mendel, industrial robot, information security, Internet of things, invention of the printing press, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, Joi Ito, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, lifelogging, litecoin, low interest rates, M-Pesa, machine translation, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Max Levchin, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mobile money, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Nelson Mandela, new economy, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, open economy, Parag Khanna, paypal mafia, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, Peter Thiel, precision agriculture, pre–internet, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rubik’s Cube, Satoshi Nakamoto, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, social graph, software as a service, special economic zone, supply-chain management, supply-chain management software, technoutopianism, TED Talk, The Future of Employment, Travis Kalanick, underbanked, unit 8200, Vernor Vinge, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, women in the workforce, work culture , Y Combinator, young professional

By contrast, in more rigidly: Li Qian, “Chinese Dominate Ranking of Young CEOs,” China Daily, January 24, 2007, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-01/24/content_791703.htm. China’s biggest social media: “Ma Huateng,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Huateng. Its largest e-commerce company: Michelle FlorCruz, “Who Is Jack Ma? Five Things to Know about the Alibaba Founder before the IPO,” International Business Times, May 6, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.com/who-jack-ma-five-things-know-about-alibaba-founder-ipo-1580890; “Lei Jun,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Jun. Grain is nicknamed “white oil” because: Jon Gosier, “A Look at the Apps4Africa 2011 Winners,” Appfrica (blog), January 14, 2012, http://blog.appfrica.com/2012/01/14/a-look-at-the-apps4africa-2011-winners/.

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As of this writing: “AADHAAR Generation Progress in India,” Unique Identification Authority of India, Government of India, https://portal.uidai.gov.in/uidwebportal/dashboard.do?lc=h. In the 2000s, Brazil did: Patti Domm, “Growing Middle Class Fuels Brazil’s Economy,” CNBC, April 28, 2011, http://www.cnbc.com/id/42785493#. During the same period, Argentina: “Immigration to Argentina,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Argentina#cite_note-ref1-1. By 1914, Argentina ranked: “A Century of Decline,” Economist, February 15, 2014, http://www.economist.com/node/21596582/print. With oil reserves set to dry: Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, “Saudi Oil Well Dries Up,” Telegraph, September 5, 2012, http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/finance/ambroseevans-pritchard/100019812/saudi-oil-well-dries-up/; “Gross Domestic Product 2014,” World Development Indicators database, World Bank, July 1, 2015, http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf.

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In the developing world: Katty Kay and Claire Shipman, “Fixing the Economy Is Women’s Work,” Washington Post, July 12, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/10/AR2009071002358.html. According to the World Bank: “Women, Business and the Law,” World Bank Group, http://wbl.worldbank.org/data. The world’s largest Muslim-majority: “List of Islands of Indonesia,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia. This culture extends to government: Yenni Kwok, “Indonesia’s Elections Feature Plenty of Women, But Respect in Short Supply,” Time, April 8, 2014, http://time.com/53191/indonesias-election-features-plenty-of-women-but-respect-in-short-supply/. In factories they were given: “The Lives of Rural and Urban Chinese Women under State Capitalism,” Mount Holyoke College, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~jejackso/Women%20Under%20Mao.htm.

The Deep Learning Revolution (The MIT Press) by Terrence J. Sejnowski

AI winter, Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, algorithmic trading, AlphaGo, Amazon Web Services, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, behavioural economics, bioinformatics, cellular automata, Claude Shannon: information theory, cloud computing, complexity theory, computer vision, conceptual framework, constrained optimization, Conway's Game of Life, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, Danny Hillis, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, delayed gratification, Demis Hassabis, Dennis Ritchie, discovery of DNA, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, Drosophila, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Flynn Effect, Frank Gehry, future of work, Geoffrey Hinton, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, Guggenheim Bilbao, Gödel, Escher, Bach, haute couture, Henri Poincaré, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, industrial robot, informal economy, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, Jim Simons, John Conway, John Markoff, John von Neumann, language acquisition, Large Hadron Collider, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, Minecraft, natural language processing, Neil Armstrong, Netflix Prize, Norbert Wiener, OpenAI, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, PageRank, pattern recognition, pneumatic tube, prediction markets, randomized controlled trial, Recombinant DNA, recommendation engine, Renaissance Technologies, Rodney Brooks, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Socratic dialogue, speech recognition, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Stuart Kauffman, theory of mind, Thomas Bayes, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, traveling salesman, Turing machine, Von Neumann architecture, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, world market for maybe five computers, X Prize, Yogi Berra

This is a 40-page evaluation of early results from learning in multilayer perceptrons, which is well worth reading in the light of subsequent developments. 19. See https://www.dartmouth.edu/~ai50/homepage.html. See also https://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/AI@50/. 20. Marvin Minsky, The Society of Mind (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985). 318 Notes 21. See “Society of Mind,” Wikipedia, last edited August 22, 2017. https://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Mind. 22. Cynthia Breazeal at MIT and Javier Movellan have developed social robots that interact with humans and use facial expressions to communicate, promising first steps toward a computational theory of emotions. 23.

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A standard deviation is the half width of a bell-shaped curve. Only 16 percent of the samples are larger than one standard deviation from the mean. Only three in ten thousand samples are more than four standard deviations from the mean. 288 Notes 28. The scenario in the 1983 science fiction movie WarGames, comes to mind. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarGames. 29. See D. Silver, A. Huang, C. J. Maddison, A. Guez, L. Sifre, G. v. d. Driessche, et al., “Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search,” Nature 529, no. 7587 (2016): 484–489. 30. “I don’t know how to start or what to say today,” Sedol told members of the press, “but I think I would have to express my apologies first.

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If a network of simulated neurons is trained to read and then is damaged, it produces strikingly similar behavior” (76). 15. N. Srivastava, G. Hinton, A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, and R. Salakhutdinov, “Dropout: A Simple Way to Prevent Neural Networks from Overfitting,” Journal of Machine Learning Research 15 (2014):1929–1958. 16. “Netflix Prize,” Wikipedia, last modified, August 23, 2017, https://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Netflix_Prize. 17. Carlos A. Gomez-Uribe, Neil Hunt, “The Netflix Recommender System: Algorithms,” ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems 6, no. 4 (2016) , article no. 13. 18. T. M. Bartol Jr., C. Bromer, J. Kinney, M. A. Chirillo, J. N. Bourne, K. M. Harris, and T. J. Sejnowski, “Nanoconnectomic Upper Bound on the Variability of Synaptic Plasticity,” eLife, 4:e10778, 2015, doi:10.7554/eLife.10778. 19.

pages: 415 words: 102,982

Who’s Raising the Kids?: Big Tech, Big Business, and the Lives of Children by Susan Linn

Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, augmented reality, benefit corporation, Big Tech, big-box store, BIPOC, Black Lives Matter, British Empire, cashless society, clean water, coronavirus, COVID-19, delayed gratification, digital divide, digital rights, disinformation, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, gamification, George Floyd, Howard Zinn, impulse control, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, Kevin Roose, Khan Academy, language acquisition, late fees, lockdown, longitudinal study, Mark Zuckerberg, market design, meta-analysis, Minecraft, neurotypical, new economy, Nicholas Carr, planned obsolescence, plant based meat, precautionary principle, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, retail therapy, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, surveillance capitalism, techlash, theory of mind, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple

Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire’s Slaves (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005). 3. “Women’s Suffrage in the United States,” Wikipedia, December 8, 2021, en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&oldid=1059301611. 4. “Same-Sex Marriage in the United States,” Wikipedia, October 24, 2021, en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States&oldid=1051634688. 5. Vincent Harding, There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981). 6. Ariel Schwartz, “Computer Algorithms Are Now Deciding Whether Prisoners Get Parole,” Business Insider, December 15, 2015, www.businessinsider.com/computer-algorithms-are-deciding-whether-prisoners-get-parole-2015-12. 7.

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., “Population, Development, and Climate Change: Links and Effects on Human Health,” Lancet 382, no. 9905 (November 16, 2013): 1665–73, doi.org/10.1016/S0140−6736(13)61460-9. 10. Joe Pinsker, “A Cultural History of the Baseball Card,” The Atlantic, December 17, 2014. 11. See “Happy Meal” in Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Meal&oldid=1043595386. 12. Craig Donofrio and Brittany Alexandra Sulc, “Most Valuable Beanie Babies,” Work + Money, January 4, 2022, www.workandmoney.com/s/most-valuable-beanie-babies-e902756fef944af3. 13. Bulbapedia, the Community-Driven Pokémon Encyclopedia, s.v.

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Let’s Make a Sandwich, produced by Simmel-Meservey in collaboration with the American Gas Association (1950), www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xz4SYkwSxTM. 2. “The Story of Lubricating Oil: Standard Oil Educational Film,” Periscope Films, 1949, www.youtube.com/watch?v=4noZ0OaSyFc. 3. “Wikipedia: Pollution of the Hudson River,” Wikimedia Foundation, last modified March 27, 2021, 23:50, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Hudson_River. 4. Faith Boninger, “The Demise of Channel One,” interview by NEPC Newsletter (Boulder, CO: National Education Policy Center), August 2, 2018, nepc.colorado.edu/publication/newsletter-channel-one-080218. 5. “About Channel One News,” Channel One, www.channelone.com/common/about. 6.

How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain by Lisa Feldman Barrett

airport security, Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, autism spectrum disorder, Drosophila, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, framing effect, Google Glasses, Higgs boson, Isaac Newton, language acquisition, longitudinal study, luminiferous ether, meta-analysis, nocebo, phenotype, placebo effect, randomized controlled trial, Shai Danziger, Skype, Steven Pinker, sugar pill, systems thinking, TED Talk, the scientific method, theory of mind, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions

[back] 25. that don’t exist in English: Good summaries can be found in Russell 1991a; Mesquita and Frijda 1992; and Pavlenko 2014. calling it “Forelsket”: So Bad So Good 2012. certain feeling of close friendship: Verosupertramp85 2012. “Tocka” is a spiritual anguish: Ibid. a strong, spiritual longing: Wikipedia, s.v. “Saudade,” last modified April 1, 2016, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudade. called “Pena Ajena”: So Bad So Good 2012. [back] 26. something that is unbearably adorable: Garber 2013; So Bad So Good 2012. [back] 27. before the event takes place: “Better Than English” 2016. [back] 28. looking worse after a haircut: Pimsleur 2014. [back] 29. depending on context: Lutz 1980; Russell 1991b.

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See more on phantom limb syndrome at heam.info/phantom-1. [back] 24. likely to develop persistent pain: Beggs et al. 2012. heightened pain in later childhood: Hermann et al. 2006; Walker et al. 2009. routinely not anesthetized: Wikipedia, s.v. “Pain in Babies,” last modified February 23, 2016, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_babies. linked to bad nociceptive predictions: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke 2013; Maihöfner et al. 2005; Birklein 2005. [back] 25. scans will look somewhat different: In chapter 1, we discussed the use of pattern classification to diagnose instances of different emotion categories (e.g., distinguishing instances of anger from fear).

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[back] 34. sex, or ethnicity: Haney 2005, 189–209; Lynch and Haney 2011. See also heam.info/empathy-1. So much for the idea of being judged by a jury of your peers (which is enshrined in the Magna Carta and the U.S. Bill of Rights). [back] 35. the “Chechen wolf”: Wikipedia, s.v. “Chechen Wolf,” last modified March 18, 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_wolf. [back] 36. painful to shame your family: Nisbett and Cohen 1996. [back] 37. leading to his death sentence: Imagine if a defendant in a murder case smiled through the proceedings; see heam.info/trial-1. [back] 38. as evidence from the trial: Keefe 2015. See also Gertner 2015.

pages: 497 words: 150,205

European Spring: Why Our Economies and Politics Are in a Mess - and How to Put Them Right by Philippe Legrain

3D printing, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Asian financial crisis, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Basel III, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, book value, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, business process, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, Celtic Tiger, central bank independence, centre right, clean tech, collaborative consumption, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, Crossrail, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, debt deflation, Diane Coyle, disruptive innovation, Downton Abbey, Edward Glaeser, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, eurozone crisis, fear of failure, financial deregulation, financial engineering, first-past-the-post, Ford Model T, forward guidance, full employment, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, Growth in a Time of Debt, high-speed rail, hiring and firing, hydraulic fracturing, Hyman Minsky, Hyperloop, immigration reform, income inequality, interest rate derivative, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Irish property bubble, James Dyson, Jane Jacobs, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, labour market flexibility, labour mobility, land bank, liquidity trap, low interest rates, margin call, Martin Wolf, mittelstand, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open economy, peer-to-peer rental, price stability, private sector deleveraging, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, Richard Florida, rising living standards, risk-adjusted returns, Robert Gordon, savings glut, school vouchers, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart grid, smart meter, software patent, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, total factor productivity, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, working-age population, Zipcar

In 2012, the figure was 306 per cent in Ireland, 230 per cent in Portugal and 104 per cent in Britain. 67 http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2010/11/08/397221/the-likely-cost-of-irelands-bank-bailout/ GNP figure in 2012 is €127 billion: https://namawinelake.wordpress.com/2012/12/16/irelands-gnp-and-gdp-in-2012/ 68 See in particular pages 72-75 of Aftershock: Reshaping the World After the Crisis, Little, Brown: 2010. 69 Ibid, page 74 70 See http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123371182830346215.html and http://blogs.ft.com/maverecon/2009/01/the-good-bank-solution/ 71 Philippe Legrain, Aftershock: Reshaping the World After the Crisis, Little, Brown: 2010, page 75. 72 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bank_failures_in_the_United_States_(2008–present). Checked on 18 May 2013 73 http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/02/01/uk-dutch-finance-cbank-idUKBRE9100A420130201 74 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/645b24e6-adbc-11e2-82b8-00144feabdc0.html 75 http://www.eba.europa.eu/-/eba-publishes-results-of-the-basel-iii-monitoring-exercise-as-of-end-2012 Around a third of the 170 banks surveyed by the EBA failed to meet the very weak Basel target of a 3-per-cent equity buffer, with a combined capital shortfall of €133 billion.

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Code: nasq_ki 102 Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations, Yale: 1984 103 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b31dd248-d785-11e2-a26a-00144feab7de.html 104 At the European Summit in The Hague in 1969, the heads of state and government of the European Community agreed to prepare a plan for economic and monetary union. The Werner Report was drawn up by a working group chaired by Pierre Werner, Luxembourg’s prime minister and minister for finances, and presented in October 1970. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Plan 105 If the debt-to-GDP ratio exceeded the 60 per cent limit, it should at least have "sufficiently diminished and must be approaching the reference value at a satisfactory pace". 106 More precisely, ten-year government bond yields close to the EU average. 107 The no-bailout clause was initially in the 1993 Maastricht Treaty and later in the 2009 Lisbon Treaty that encompasses and amends the Maastricht Treaty.

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The Bank of England could buy the bonds of the new British Investment Bank, simultaneously providing more effective monetary stimulus and improving businesses’ access to credit, as Adam Posen, a former member of the Bank of England’s monetary policy committee, has advocated. 441 The government has already published a National Infrastructure Plan, but has so far done little actual investment. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/209279/PU1524_IUK_new_template.pdf 442 Kevin Cahill, Who Owns the World: The Hidden Facts Behind Landownership, Mainstream, 2006 443 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elected_hereditary_peers_under_the_House_of_Lords_Act_1999 444 Simon Tilford, "Why British prosperity is hobbled by a rigged land market", Centre for European Reform, 13 February 2013 http://centreforeuropeanreform.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/why-british-prosperity-is-hobbled-by.html 445 Idem 446 Idem 447 Idem 448 http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21592646-monetary-policy-may-call-end-house-price-party-castles-made-sand 449 Idem 450 http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/25/merkel-germany-europe-tortoise-us-china 451 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4f975822-1405-11e3-9289-00144feabdc0.html 452 http://www.economist.com/node/21552567 453 Eurostat, gross domestic product at market prices, volume, index 2005 =100.

Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World by Cal Newport

8-hour work day, Albert Einstein, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Bluma Zeigarnik, business climate, Cal Newport, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Clayton Christensen, David Brooks, David Heinemeier Hansson, deliberate practice, digital divide, disruptive innovation, do what you love, Donald Knuth, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, experimental subject, follow your passion, Frank Gehry, Hacker News, Higgs boson, informal economy, information retrieval, Internet Archive, Jaron Lanier, knowledge worker, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Merlin Mann, Nate Silver, Neal Stephenson, new economy, Nicholas Carr, popular electronics, power law, remote working, Richard Feynman, Ruby on Rails, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Snapchat, statistical model, the medium is the message, Tyler Cowen, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, winner-take-all economy, work culture , zero-sum game

Information about David Heinemeier Hansson comes from the following websites: • David Heinemeier Hanson. http://david.heinemeierhansson.com/. • Lindberg, Oliver. “The Secrets Behind 37signals’ Success.” TechRadar, September 6, 2010. http://www.techradar.com/us/news/internet/the-secrets-behind-37signals-success-712499. • “OAK Racing.” Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAK_Racing. For more on John Doerr’s deals: “John Doerr.” Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/profile/john-doerr/. The $3.3 billion net worth of John Doerr was retrieved from the following Forbes.com profile page on April 10, 2014: http://www.forbes.com/profile/john-doerr/. “We are in the early throes of a Great Restructuring” and “Our technologies are racing ahead”: from page 9 of Brynjolfsson, Erik, and Andrew McAfee.

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A Psychological Argument for Depth For more on the experience sampling method, read the original article here: Larson, Reed, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. “The Experience Sampling Method.” New Directions for Methodology of Social & Behavioral Science. 15 (1983): 41-56. You can also find a short summary of the technique at Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_sampling_method. “The best moments usually occur”: from page 3 of Csikszentmihalyi, Flow. “Ironically, jobs are actually easier to enjoy”: Ibid., 162. “jobs should be redesigned”: Ibid., 157. A Philosophical Argument for Depth “The world used to be”: from page xi of Dreyfus, Hubert, and Sean Dorrance Kelly.

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Tim Ferriss’s 2007 mega-seller, The 4-Hour Workweek (New York: Crown, 2007), popularized it further, especially among the technology entrepreneur community. The Wikipedia page on the Pareto principle has a good summary of various places where this general idea applies (I drew many of my examples from here): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle. Quit Social Media “Everything’s more exciting when it’s a party” and general information on Ryan Nicodemus’s “packing party”: “Day 3: Packing Party.” The Minimalists. http://www.theminimalists.com/21days/day3/. Average number of Twitter followers statistic comes from: “Average Twitter User Is an American Woman with an iPhone and 208 Followers.”

pages: 265 words: 74,807

Our Robots, Ourselves: Robotics and the Myths of Autonomy by David A. Mindell

Air France Flight 447, air gap, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Apollo Guidance Computer, autonomous vehicles, Beryl Markham, Boeing 747, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, Charles Lindbergh, Chris Urmson, digital map, disruptive innovation, driverless car, drone strike, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, fudge factor, Gene Kranz, human-factors engineering, index card, John Markoff, low earth orbit, Mars Rover, Neil Armstrong, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, telepresence, telerobotics, trade route, US Airways Flight 1549, William Langewiesche, zero-sum game

Ehrhard, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the United States Armed Services: A Comparative Study of Weapon System Innovation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 16. their arrow-straight trajectories: David Mindell, Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing Before Cybernetics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000). A few even flew in Iraq in 2003: “Ryan Firebee,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Firebee, accessed June 16, 2015. little evidence of this “white scarf syndrome”: Ehrhard, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, 41. “only the obscure novelty of a mechanical feat”: Ibid., 652, 674. Karem said in a recent interview: Mark Harris, “The Dronefather,” The Economist 405, no. 8813 (December 2012).

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“US Military Announces New Medal for Cyberwarfare and Drone Operation,” The Verge, http://www.theverge.com/2013/2/13/3985802/us-military-announces-distinguished-warfare-medal-for-cyberwarfare-drones, accessed May 17, 2014. “US Defense Secretary Downgrades Drone Medal after Outcry,” The Verge, http://www.theverge.com/2013/4/15/4228112/defense-secretary-downgrades-drone-medal-distinguishing-device, accessed May 17, 2014. “Distinguished Warfare Medal,” Wikipedia, May 4, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distinguished_Warfare_Medal&oldid=607013488, accessed May 16, 2014. “Medals for Drone Warriors Canceled,” New York Times, April 15, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/us/politics/medals-for-drone-warriors-canceled.html, accessed July 23, 2014. “whether there isn’t danger enough to give us glory”: William Keeler, quoted in David Mindell, Iron Coffin: War, Technology, and Experience Aboard the USS Monitor, 2nd edition (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012).

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Also see the blog of the Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Committee of the American Bar Association, http://apps.americanbar.org/dch/committee.cfm?com=ST248008. The certification approach for software on life-critical systems: See, for example, DO-178B, the software certification standard required by the FAA: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DO-178B. define levels of automation in cars: Erik Stayton, “Driverless Dreams: Narratives, Ideologies, and the Shape of the Automated Car,” Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. “Navy Drones with a Mind of Their Own”: James Paduano, et al., “TALOS: An Unmanned Cargo Delivery System for Rotorcraft Landing to Unprepared Sites.”

pages: 231 words: 71,248

Shipping Greatness by Chris Vander Mey

business logic, corporate raider, don't be evil, en.wikipedia.org, fudge factor, Google Chrome, Google Hangouts, Gordon Gekko, Jeff Bezos, Kickstarter, Lean Startup, minimum viable product, performance metric, recommendation engine, Skype, slashdot, sorting algorithm, source of truth, SQL injection, Steve Jobs, Superbowl ad, two-pizza team, web application

It’s incredibly easy to sign up—you use your Facebook account—and your landing page is great because Pinterest suggests people for you to follow and fills your page with lovely images that you care about. Here’s a tip to help ensure you experience what new users experience: when you hit feature complete and again when you hit code complete, make sure you delete all your data and accounts and start from scratch. * * * [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle Chapter 6. How to Measure Greatness YOU CAN FREQUENTLY ASSESS the quality of a team by the quality of their metrics. Metrics are the lifeblood of a team lead because everything in your job is a negotiation, and metrics provide a rational foundation for discussion.

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Sounds good. (…and go talk to senior management. There’s no point in asking a team that’s happily playing catch to win the World Series unless that’s actually the stated goal.) Thank God you’re here. You’re welcome. What did the last person do that helped you so much? * * * [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Maze Chapter 9. How to Build Great, Shippable Technology IF YOU WANT TO ship a great product quickly, you must be able to ask insightful questions, provide good directional guidance, and make smart technical decisions about what you must build now and what you can build later.

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Just as we discussed having the answer service and the decider service return results independently, you too should ask if there are parts of the system that can be decoupled. For example, if you can load the advertising separately, such that those systems can function fully independently, you’ll have a much more resilient system, and users will be able to complete their primary task even if the advertising system is broken. * * * [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law Chapter 10. How to Be a Great Shipping Communicator IF YOU ARE TRYING to ship software, you almost certainly have a ton of information to disseminate, statuses to gather, checkups to perform, and other details to sweat. You’re going to need to send a lot of email and run a lot of meetings.

pages: 230 words: 71,834

Building the Cycling City: The Dutch Blueprint for Urban Vitality by Melissa Bruntlett, Chris Bruntlett

"World Economic Forum" Davos, active transport: walking or cycling, ASML, autonomous vehicles, bike sharing, car-free, crowdsourcing, en.wikipedia.org, fixed-gear, Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Bilbao, intermodal, Jones Act, Loma Prieta earthquake, megacity, new economy, oil shale / tar sands, safety bicycle, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, starchitect, Stop de Kindermoord, the built environment, the High Line, transit-oriented development, urban planning, urban renewal, wikimedia commons

“Post-War Reconstruction.” W (blog). https://www.wederopbouwrotterdam.nl/en/post-war-reconstruction/, accessed June 28, 2017. Wikipedia. “Cycling in the Netherlands.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands, accessed December 12, 2017. —————. “German Bombing of Rotterdam.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam, accessed June 21, 2017. —————. “List of Countries by Vehicles Per Capita.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita, accessed December 12, 2017. WIRED Magazine. “8 Cities That Show You What the Future Will Look Like.” https://www.wired.com/2015/09/design-issue-future-of-cities/, accessed November 10, 2017.

pages: 271 words: 77,448

Humans Are Underrated: What High Achievers Know That Brilliant Machines Never Will by Geoff Colvin

Ada Lovelace, autonomous vehicles, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, behavioural economics, Black Swan, call centre, capital asset pricing model, commoditize, computer age, corporate governance, creative destruction, deskilling, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, flying shuttle, Freestyle chess, future of work, Google Glasses, Grace Hopper, Hans Moravec, industrial cluster, industrial robot, interchangeable parts, job automation, knowledge worker, low skilled workers, Marc Andreessen, meta-analysis, Narrative Science, new economy, rising living standards, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Skype, social intelligence, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, theory of mind, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen

James Merlino, Service Fanatics: How to Build Superior Patient Experience the Cleveland Clinic Way (McGraw Hill Education, 2015). CHAPTER SIX The F-4 Phantom fighter jet . . . See http://web.archive.org/web/20110604105623/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/f4/firsts.htm. Also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II, which directs to various statistical sources. Their top-of-the-line plane, the MiG-21 . . . See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21. In the first few years of the Vietnam War . . . Description of the history and operations of the Navy Fighter Weapons School, and later quotations from “Mugs” McKeown, are from “‘You Fight Like You Train’ and TOP GUN Crews Train Hard,” Armed Forces Journal International, May 1974, pp. 25–26, 34.

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Azinger tells the story of captaining the 2008 U.S. Ryder Cup team in Cracking the Code (Looking Glass Books, 2010), which he cowrote with Ron Braund, a clinical therapist who helped him devise his strategy. They had lost five of the six previous tournaments . . . Data on Ryder Cup history and players are from www.rydercup.com and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup. His doctors had ordered him not to play . . . Reported in Hank Haney, The Big Miss: My Years Coaching Tiger Woods (Three Rivers Press, 2012). “No grand idea was ever born in a conference . . .” http://classiclit.about.com/od/fitzgeraldfsco/a/F-Scott-Fitzgerald-Quotes_2.htm.

pages: 276 words: 78,094

Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering Beauty by David Kadavy

Airbnb, complexity theory, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Hacker News, Isaac Newton, John Gruber, Paul Graham, Ruby on Rails, semantic web, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Steve Jobs, TaskRabbit, web application, wikimedia commons, Y Combinator

Farmers had to keep records on agricultural practices, and the formation of government and commerce called for the recording of tax payments. Figure 3-8 These cave paintings in Lascaux are some of the earliest known drawings. Figure 3-9 Petroglyphs such as these consist of pictographs and ideographs, which are some of the earliest forms of written language. Jrbouldin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jrbouldin) The earliest of such records are clay tablets that have been scrawled with a stylus into an organized grid of pictographs (see Figure 3-10). As more record-keeping was necessary, and the profession of the scribe was born, efficiency was improved by developing a writing system that consisted of vertical columns, so that a scribe would not smear the clay as he rested his hands on the tablet.

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Figure 5-17 A logarithmic spiral that decays by a factor of 0.75 fits perfectly over this spiral from the cutaway of the Nautilus shell. Chris 73 / Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Chris_73) Figure 5-18 The clownfish has some interesting proportional relationships with the golden ratio. Fir0002/Flagstaffotos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Fir0002), licensed under http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:GNU_Free_Documentation_License_1.2 The powder blue tang also shows some proportional relationships with the golden ratio, although its proportions are different from those of the clownfish. As you can see in Figure 5-19, the body of the fish fits within a golden-ratio rectangle that has had another golden-ratio rectangle appended to it.

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Because the Munsell system is based upon the sensitivity of human perception, it is not uniform in shape, like the Farbenkugel (see Figure 8-14). The Munsell system was developed in the early 1900s but is still in active use today. Figure 8-13 The Munsell color system codes colors according to their hue, value, and chroma. Jacob Rus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jacobolus) The success of the Munsell system lies in its aim at perceptual uniformity. The codifications of color within the Munsell system are based upon scientific measurement of human subjects’ response to color. Because of this, two colors of different hues but identical values within the Munsell system will be equal in perceptual lightness to the human eye.

Where Does Money Come From?: A Guide to the UK Monetary & Banking System by Josh Ryan-Collins, Tony Greenham, Richard Werner, Andrew Jackson

bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Basel III, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, book value, Bretton Woods, business cycle, capital controls, cashless society, central bank independence, credit crunch, currency risk, double entry bookkeeping, en.wikipedia.org, eurozone crisis, fiat currency, financial innovation, fixed income, floating exchange rates, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, global reserve currency, Goodhart's law, Hyman Minsky, inflation targeting, interest rate derivative, interest rate swap, Joseph Schumpeter, low skilled workers, market clearing, market design, market friction, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, Post-Keynesian economics, price mechanism, price stability, proprietary trading, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, Real Time Gross Settlement, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, seigniorage, special drawing rights, the payments system, trade route, transaction costs

Evidence to the Indian Currency Committee in Marshall, A. (n.d.). Correspondence of Alfred Marshall, Economist, Volume II, 1891-1902 at the Summit. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 17 Pigou (1949). op. cit. 18 Sidrauski, M., (1967). Rational choice and patterns of growth in a monetary economy. Retrievable from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Review American Economic Review 57(2): 534-544 19 Fisher, I., (1911). The Purchasing Power of Money. New York: Macmillan. 20 Clower, R., (1967). A reconsideration of the microfoundations of money. Western Economics Journal. Retrievable from http://www.carlostrub.ch/sites/default/files/Clower1967.pdf, in Walker D.

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Banking Law and Journal May: 377-408 41 Davies (2002). op. cit., p. 663 42 Wray, L. R., (1998). Understanding Modern Money: The Key to Full Employment and Price Stability, Chapter 3. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar p. 43 43 Grierson, P., (1977). The Origins of Money, London: Athlone Press, pp. 19-21 44 Wikipedia (n.d.) Retrievable from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wergeld 45 Greirson (1977). op. cit. p. 43 46 Innes (1913). op. cit. 47 Wray (1998). op. cit. Chapter 3 48 Innes (1913). op. cit. p. 398 49 Mosler, W., (2010). Seven Deadly Innocent Frauds of Economic Policy. Valance Co. Inc., p. 18 50 Knapp, G. F., (1905). The State Theory of Money.

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., p. 130 80 Ibid. 81 Ferguson (2008). op. cit. Chapter 2 82 Pressnell, L.S., (1956). Country Banking in the Industrial Revolution. Oxford: University Press / Clarendon Press 83 Davies (2002). op. cit. pp. 286-92 84 Ibid. p. 311 85 Galbraith (1975) op. cit. pp. 48-9 86 Ibid. 87 Retrievable from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Charter_Act_1844 88 Bagehot, W., (1876). Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market, New York: Scribner, Armstrong and Co., p. 25 89 Werner (2005). op. cit. p. 179 90 Cobbett, W., (1828). Paper Against Gold, p. 5, quoted in El Diwany (2003) op. cit. 91 Davies (2002). op. cit. p. 321 92 Nichols (1992-61). op. cit. p. 3 93 Davies (2002). op. cit. p. 372 94 Remarks by Governor Ben S.

pages: 298 words: 43,745

Understanding Sponsored Search: Core Elements of Keyword Advertising by Jim Jansen

AltaVista, AOL-Time Warner, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Black Swan, bounce rate, business intelligence, butterfly effect, call centre, Claude Shannon: information theory, complexity theory, content marketing, correlation does not imply causation, data science, en.wikipedia.org, first-price auction, folksonomy, Future Shock, information asymmetry, information retrieval, intangible asset, inventory management, life extension, linear programming, longitudinal study, machine translation, megacity, Nash equilibrium, Network effects, PageRank, place-making, power law, price mechanism, psychological pricing, random walk, Schrödinger's Cat, sealed-bid auction, search costs, search engine result page, second-price auction, second-price sealed-bid, sentiment analysis, social bookmarking, social web, software as a service, stochastic process, tacit knowledge, telemarketer, the market place, The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, Vickrey auction, Vilfredo Pareto, yield management

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is another concept without basis from the psychology domain.1 The same goes for Bloom’s Taxonomy in the area of learning.2 The Three Laws of Robotics is a pure science fiction creation from Isaac Asimov.3 In the area of Web searching, there is no theoretical grounding for the informational-navigational-transactional categories [33]. In each of these areas, however, the paradigms caught on and shaped future thought, practice, and research. â•‡ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow’s_hierarchy_of_needs â•‡ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom’s_Taxonomy 3 â•‡ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics 1 2 So, what could account for this widely accepted model not accurately describing actual consumer behavior? One possible explanation is the principle of least effort [10]. Built on information-processing theory [21, 22], the buying funnel is a rational process that assumes potential consumers act rationally and expend resources to find the optimal solution.

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., filthy words) are seven English words that the American comedian George Carlin used in a 1972 monologue, “Seven Words You Can’t Say on Television.” The seven words became symbolic of both the U.S. government regulation of the national airwaves and efforts to limit lurid content during family television-viewing time, illustrating the impact and varied meaning that these terms can have. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_dirty_words A quick note on terminology: A keyphrase is a set of one or more keywords that an advertiser selects to trigger an ad. The ad is triggered when a searcher enters a query that matches the keyphrase. A query is a set of one or more terms (a.k.a., keyterms) submitted by a searcher to a search engine.

System Error by Rob Reich

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Aaron Swartz, AI winter, Airbnb, airport security, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, AltaVista, artificial general intelligence, Automated Insights, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Ben Horowitz, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Big Tech, bitcoin, Blitzscaling, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, clean water, cloud computing, computer vision, contact tracing, contact tracing app, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, data is the new oil, data science, decentralized internet, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, deplatforming, digital rights, disinformation, disruptive innovation, Donald Knuth, Donald Trump, driverless car, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, Fairchild Semiconductor, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Filter Bubble, financial engineering, financial innovation, fulfillment center, future of work, gentrification, Geoffrey Hinton, George Floyd, gig economy, Goodhart's law, GPT-3, Hacker News, hockey-stick growth, income inequality, independent contractor, informal economy, information security, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, Jim Simons, jimmy wales, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John Perry Barlow, Lean Startup, linear programming, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, minimum wage unemployment, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, move fast and break things, Myron Scholes, Network effects, Nick Bostrom, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, NP-complete, Oculus Rift, OpenAI, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parler "social media", pattern recognition, personalized medicine, Peter Thiel, Philippa Foot, premature optimization, profit motive, quantitative hedge fund, race to the bottom, randomized controlled trial, recommendation engine, Renaissance Technologies, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, scientific management, self-driving car, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, side project, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, social distancing, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, software is eating the world, spectrum auction, speech recognition, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, strong AI, superintelligent machines, surveillance capitalism, Susan Wojcicki, tech billionaire, tech worker, techlash, technoutopianism, Telecommunications Act of 1996, telemarketer, The Future of Employment, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, traveling salesman, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, trolley problem, Turing test, two-sided market, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, ultimatum game, union organizing, universal basic income, washing machines reduced drudgery, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, When a measure becomes a target, winner-take-all economy, Y Combinator, you are the product

more than 3.9 million articles: Camille Slater, “Wikipedia vs Britannica: A Comparison Between Both Encyclopedias,” SciVenue, November 17, 2017, http://scivenue.com/2017/11/17/wikipedia-vs-britannica-encyclopedia/. more than 6.2 million articles: Wikipedia, s.v., “Wikipedia: Statistics,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Statistics; “Wikistats: Statistics for Wikimedia Projects,” Wikimedia Statistics, https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org/reading/total-page-views/normal%7Cbar%7C2-year%7C~total%7Cmonthly. two-thirds of visits: Wikipedia, s.v., “Google Statistics,” May 1, 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Google_statistics&oldid=553012140. spending on SEO: Greg Sterling, “Forecast Says SEO-Related Spending Will Be Worth $80 Billion by 2020,” Search Engine Land, April 19, 2016, https://searchengineland.com/forecast-says-seo-related-spending-will-worth-80-billion-2020-247712.

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And It Was Amazing,” Washington Post, October 21, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/10/21/the-white-houses-first-website-launched-20-years-ago-this-week-and-it-was-amazing/. there were fewer than ten thousand websites: Wikipedia, s.v., “List of Websites Founded Before 1995,” https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_websites_founded_before_1995&oldid=997260381. “an oasis from regulation”: Ehrlich, “A Brief History of Internet Regulation.” Americans also pay much higher prices: Emily Stewart, “America’s Monopoly Problem, Explained by Your Internet Bill,” Vox, February 18, 2020, https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2020/2/18/21126347/antitrust-monopolies-internet-telecommunications-cheerleading; Becky Chao and Claire Park, “The Cost of Connectivity 2020,” New America Open Technology Institute, July 2020, https://www.newamerica.org/oti/reports/cost-connectivity-2020/global-findings/.

pages: 412 words: 116,685

The Metaverse: And How It Will Revolutionize Everything by Matthew Ball

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", 3D printing, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Amazon Web Services, Apple Newton, augmented reality, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, business process, call centre, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, deepfake, digital divide, digital twin, disintermediation, don't be evil, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, game design, gig economy, Google Chrome, Google Earth, Google Glasses, hype cycle, intermodal, Internet Archive, Internet of things, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, John Gruber, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, Metcalfe’s law, Minecraft, minimum viable product, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, non-fungible token, open economy, openstreetmap, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer model, Planet Labs, pre–internet, QR code, recommendation engine, rent control, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, satellite internet, self-driving car, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, skeuomorphism, Skype, smart contracts, Snapchat, Snow Crash, social graph, social web, SpaceX Starlink, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, thinkpad, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, TSMC, undersea cable, Vannevar Bush, vertical integration, Vitalik Buterin, Wayback Machine, Y2K

John Koetsier, “The 36 Most Interesting Findings in the Groundbreaking Epic Vs Apple Ruling That Will Free The App Store,” Forbes, September 10, 2021, accessed January 3, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2021/09/10/the-36-most-interesting-findings-in-the-groundbreaking-epic-vs-apple-ruling-that-will-free-the-app-store/?sh=56db5566fb3f. 11. Wikipedia, s.v. “Internet,” last edited October 13, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet. 12. Paul Krugman, “Why Most Economists’ Predictions Are Wrong,” Red Herring Online, June 10, 1998, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/19980610100009/http://www.redherring.com/mag/issue55/economics.html. 13. Wired Staff, “May 26, 1995: Gates, Microsoft Jump on ‘Internet Tidal Wave,’ ” Wired, May 26, 2021, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.wired.com/2010/05/0526bill-gates-internet-memo/. 14.

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Dean Takahashi, “How Pixar Made Monsters University, Its Latest Technological Marvel,” Venture Beat, April 24, 2013, accessed January 5, 2022, https://venturebeat.com/2013/04/24/the-making-of-pixars-latest-technological-marvel-monsters-university/. 2. Wikipedia, s.v. “Metaphysics,” last edited October 28, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics. 3. Stephenson, Snow Crash, 27. 4. CCP Team, “Infinite Space: An Argument for Single-Sharded Architecture in MMOs,” Game Developer, August 9, 2010, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/infinite-space-an-argument-for-single-sharded-architecture-in-mmos. 5.

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Ben Gilbert, “Almost No One Knows about the Best Android Phones on the Planet,” Insider, October 25, 2015, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.businessinsider.com/why-google-makes-nexus-phones-2015-10. 3. Wikipedia, s.v. “Possession is Nine-Tenths of the Law,” last edited December 6, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_is_nine-tenths_of_the_law. 4. Hannah Murphy and Joshua Oliver, “How NFTs Became a $40bn Market in 2021,” Financial Times, December 31, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022. Note, this sum, $40.9 billion, is limited to the Ethereum blockchain, which is estimated to have 90% share of NFT transactions. 5.

pages: 144 words: 43,356

Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence by Calum Chace

3D printing, Ada Lovelace, AI winter, Airbnb, Alvin Toffler, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, barriers to entry, basic income, bitcoin, Bletchley Park, blockchain, brain emulation, Buckminster Fuller, Charles Babbage, cloud computing, computer age, computer vision, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, deep learning, DeepMind, dematerialisation, Demis Hassabis, discovery of the americas, disintermediation, don't be evil, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, Flash crash, friendly AI, Geoffrey Hinton, Google Glasses, hedonic treadmill, hype cycle, industrial robot, Internet of things, invention of agriculture, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, life extension, low skilled workers, machine translation, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer model, Peter Thiel, radical life extension, Ray Kurzweil, Robert Solow, Rodney Brooks, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skype, South Sea Bubble, speech recognition, Stanislav Petrov, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, strong AI, technological singularity, TED Talk, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, theory of mind, Turing machine, Turing test, universal basic income, Vernor Vinge, wage slave, Wall-E, zero-sum game

ENDNOTES (1) The term economic singularity was first used (as far as I can tell) by the economist Robin Hanson: http://mason.gmu.edu/~rhanson/fastgrow.html (2) http://arxiv.org/pdf/0712.3329v1.pdf (3) http://skyview.vansd.org/lschmidt/Projects/The%20Nine%20Types%20of%20Intelligence.html (4) The term AGI has been popularised by AI researcher Ben Goertzel, although he gives credit for its invention to Shane Legg and others: http://wp.goertzel.org/who-coined-the-term-agi/ (5) The Shape of Automation for Men and Management by Herbert Simon, 1965 (6) Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines by Marvin Minsky, 1967 (7) http://www.internetlivestats.com/google-search-statistics/ (8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_trading (9) The Big Switch by Nicholas Carr (p 212) (10) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army#Third_Department (11) The Big Switch by Nicholas Carr (p 212) (12) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Skfw282fJak (13) The Economist, December 4, 2003 (14) Douglas Adams, The Salmon of Doubt (15) http://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-of-artificial-intelligence/ (16) http://lazooz.org/ (17) https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/11/19/losing-humanity (18) http://www.ifr.org/industrial-robots/statistics/ (19) “Economic possibilities for our grandchildren”: http://www.econ.yale.edu/smith/econ116a/keynes1.pdf (20) https://www.youtube.com/watch?

pages: 302 words: 86,614

The Alpha Masters: Unlocking the Genius of the World's Top Hedge Funds by Maneet Ahuja, Myron Scholes, Mohamed El-Erian

"World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Alan Greenspan, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, asset-backed security, backtesting, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, book value, Bretton Woods, business process, call centre, Carl Icahn, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, computerized trading, corporate governance, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, diversification, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, family office, financial engineering, fixed income, global macro, high net worth, high-speed rail, impact investing, interest rate derivative, Isaac Newton, Jim Simons, junk bonds, Long Term Capital Management, managed futures, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, merger arbitrage, Michael Milken, Myron Scholes, NetJets, oil shock, pattern recognition, Pershing Square Capital Management, Ponzi scheme, proprietary trading, quantitative easing, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, Renaissance Technologies, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, rolodex, Savings and loan crisis, short selling, Silicon Valley, South Sea Bubble, statistical model, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, systematic bias, systematic trading, tail risk, two and twenty, zero-sum game

Sonia Gardner, cofounder, Avenue Capital Group, June 2011. Marc Lasry, cofounder, Avenue Capital Group, February 2011. Charles Spiller, director, Pennsylvania Public School Employees Retirement System, August 2011. References Avenue Capital Management, www.avenuecapital.com, August 2011. Avenue Capital Group, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Capital, August 2011 Burton, Katherine, Hedge Hunters, New York: Bloomberg Press, 2007. Griffiths, Tony. “The HFMWeek 50 Most Influential People in Hedge Funds,” Hedge Fund Manager Week, October 2010. Skoglund, Jeff, and Michael Marczak. “Automotive High Yield and Bank Loan Weekly Relative Value.”

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“Ackman Questions Lampert on Sears,” New York Times Dealbook, May 6, 2008, http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2008/05/06/ackman-grills-lampert-on-sears/. “Activist Investor Bids for Barnes & Noble, Borders Merger,” Business Pundit, December 7, 2010, www.businesspundit.com/activist-investor-bids-for-barnes-noble-borders-merger/. “Bill Ackman.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ackman. “Bill Ackman Buys Sears Holdings Corp., Target Corp., Greenlight Capital Re, LTD., Sells Staples Inc.” Guru News, November 17, 2007. http://www.gurufocus.com/forum/read.php?1,17371. Burton, Katherine. “Ackman’s Reputation May Get Marked Down in Target War (Update1).” Bloomberg, April 16, 2009, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?

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Chapter 9: The Derivatives Pioneer: Boaz Weinstein, Saba Capital Management Interviews Boaz Weinstein, founder, Saba Capital, June 2011. Boaz Weinstein, founder, Saba Capital, May 2011. References Agnew, Harriet. “Weinstein’s Saba Raises ‘Black Swan’ Fund.” Financial News, January 27, 2011. “Boaz Weinstein,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boaz_Weinstein. Patterson, Scott. “Star Trader Who Lost Big to Quit Deutsche.” Wall Street Journal, January 10, 2009. Patterson, Scott, and Serena Ng. “Deutsche Bank Fallen Trader Left Behind $1.8 Billion Hole.” Wall Street Journal, February 6, 2009. Phillips, Matt, Jonathan Cheng, and Stephen Grocer.

pages: 270 words: 79,992

The End of Big: How the Internet Makes David the New Goliath by Nicco Mele

4chan, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, Andy Carvin, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, big-box store, bitcoin, bread and circuses, business climate, call centre, Cass Sunstein, centralized clearinghouse, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, collaborative editing, commoditize, Computer Lib, creative destruction, crony capitalism, cross-subsidies, crowdsourcing, David Brooks, death of newspapers, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, Exxon Valdez, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Filter Bubble, Firefox, global supply chain, Google Chrome, Gordon Gekko, Hacker Ethic, Ian Bogost, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Lean Startup, lolcat, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, military-industrial complex, minimum viable product, Mitch Kapor, Mohammed Bouazizi, Mother of all demos, Narrative Science, new economy, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, old-boy network, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), peer-to-peer, period drama, Peter Thiel, pirate software, public intellectual, publication bias, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, satellite internet, Seymour Hersh, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, social web, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, Ted Nelson, Ted Sorensen, Telecommunications Act of 1996, telemarketer, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Wisdom of Crowds, transaction costs, uranium enrichment, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, Zipcar

Michel, “Get Off the Bus.” 34. http://www.propublica.org/special/reportingnetwork-signup 35. http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php 36. http://www.cjr.org/feature/the_josh_marshall_plan.php 37. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeff-cohen/josh-marshall-on-the-grow_b_131571.html 38. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeff-cohen/josh-marshall-on-the-grow_b_131571.html 39. http://www.niemanlab.org/encyclo/talking-points-memo/ 40. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars 41. http://blog.oregonlive.com/mapesonpolitics/2010/04/kitzhaber_opponent_of_gorge_ca.html 42. http://storify.com/acarvin/rep-gifford 43. http://storify.com/jcstearns/tracking-journalist-arrests-during-the-occupy-prot 3. Big Political Parties 1.

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v=7GSmDsAET7I 29. http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/05/11/hagel_reagan _wouldn_t_identify_with_today_s_gop 30. https://secure.actblue.com/about 31. http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/07/tech/web/meetup-2012-campaign-sifry/index.html 32. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.01/dean.html 33. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/jobs/06boss.html?_r=1 34. Ibid. 35. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_Elect#Ballot_status 36. http://www.americanselect.org/ 37. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/sunday-review/direct-democracy-2-0.html 38. http://transparency.globalvoicesonline.org/ 39. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/04/04/110404fa_fact_ioffe?currentPage=all 40. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16057045 41. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203986604577257321601811092.html 42. http://techpresident.com/news/wegov/22198/culture-hacking-how-one-project-changing-transparency-chile 43. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/07/business/web-sites-shine-light-on-petty-bribery-worldwide.html?

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page_id=401. 24. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.11/brands.html 25. http://blogs.forrester.com/jp_gownder/11-10-04-brand_loyalty_is_declining_total_product_experience_chains_can_help 26. http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/reviews/preview/local-motors-rally-fighter-off-road-test-drive 27. http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/05/67612?currentPage=all 28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_web_browsers#Historical_usage_share 29. http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/6491 30. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-05-10/more-farms-vie-for-the-1-billion-spent-at-farmers-markets 31. http://www.indyweek.com/BigBite/archives/2011/07/18/crop-mob-raids-66-cities-nationwide 32. http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/pbull/job_creating_solar_energy_is_o.html 33. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2011/1107/Bank-Transfer-Day-How-much-impact-did-it-have 34. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/17/fashion/17etsy.html?

pages: 309 words: 84,539

The Burning Shore: How Hitler's U-Boats Brought World War II to America by Ed Offley

Bletchley Park, British Empire, en.wikipedia.org, escalation ladder, operational security, trade route

Cate (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955), http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/VI/AAF-VI-17.html. 12.BT-13 Valiant specifications from “Vultee BT-13A Valiant,” Combat Air Museum (Forbes Field, Kansas), www.combatairmuseum.org/aircraft/vultee.html. 13.Barksdale Field history from Barksdale Air Force Base website at Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barksdale_Air_Force_Base#Origins; twin-engine aircraft procurement during 1940–1941 from “Army Air Forces Statistical Digest (World War II),” US Air Force, June 1947 (hereafter “USAAF Statistical Digest”). 14.Kane graduation date from Kane Oral Interview. 15.Christmas crew gathering recounted by U-701 survivor Gerhard Schwendel to Günther Degen. 16.U-701 movements from the U-boat’s Kriegstagebüch (daily war diary) from July 16, 1941, through February 9, 1942 (hereafter “U-701 KTB 1”); crew size from “Report of Interrogation of Survivors of U-701 Sunk by U.S.

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Spector, Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan (New York: Vintage Books, 1985), 96; B-Dienst message from “German Navy Reports of Intercepted Radio Messages,” NARA RG 457, cited in Gannon, Drumbeat, xv; B-Dienst telegram stuns Hitler from Blair, Hitler’s U-boat War, 1:435; Oshima and Ribbentrop talks from “Hiroshi Oshima,” Wikipedia, www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Oshima. 8.Raeder and Dönitz urge unrestricted U-boat campaign from Blair, Hitler’s U-boat War, 1:360; also Abbazia, Mr. Roosevelt’s Navy, 230; Führerprinzip from Heinrich Winkler with Alexander Sager, Germany: The Long Road West: 1933–1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 37. 9.Jodl repeated Hitler’s comment on Japan and the United States to his interrogators at Nuremberg in 1945 and details of the Rainbow Five leak both cited in Thomas Fleming, “The Big Leak,” American Heritage 38, no. 8 (December 1987). 10.Hitler meets with military commanders in Fleming, “The Big Leak”; Roosevelt radio address on December 9, 1941, from Mount Holyoke College World War II archive at https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/radio.htm; Hitler’s December 11 Reichstag speech from “Germany’s Declaration of War Against the United States,” Institute for Historical Review, www.ihr.org/jhr/v08/v08p389_Hitler.html; Hitler takes over army command from Fleming, “The Big Leak.” 11.Details of HMS Duke of York arrival in Norfolk from “Telegram: Prime Minister Churchill to President Roosevelt,” in “The Conference at Washington, 1941–42” (hereafter “Arcadia Proceedings”), in US State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States, posted at the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections at http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?

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Roosevelt’s Navy, 230; Führerprinzip from Heinrich Winkler with Alexander Sager, Germany: The Long Road West: 1933–1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 37. 9.Jodl repeated Hitler’s comment on Japan and the United States to his interrogators at Nuremberg in 1945 and details of the Rainbow Five leak both cited in Thomas Fleming, “The Big Leak,” American Heritage 38, no. 8 (December 1987). 10.Hitler meets with military commanders in Fleming, “The Big Leak”; Roosevelt radio address on December 9, 1941, from Mount Holyoke College World War II archive at https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/radio.htm; Hitler’s December 11 Reichstag speech from “Germany’s Declaration of War Against the United States,” Institute for Historical Review, www.ihr.org/jhr/v08/v08p389_Hitler.html; Hitler takes over army command from Fleming, “The Big Leak.” 11.Details of HMS Duke of York arrival in Norfolk from “Telegram: Prime Minister Churchill to President Roosevelt,” in “The Conference at Washington, 1941–42” (hereafter “Arcadia Proceedings”), in US State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States, posted at the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections at http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?id=FRUS.FRUS194143; HMS Duke of York history from “HMS Duke of York,” Wikipedia, www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Duke_of_York_(17). 12.FDR-Churchill first meeting and impressions from Jon Meacham, Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship (New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2004), 4–5; evolution of relationship from Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 47; details of Arcadia Conference from Arcadia Proceedings, Buell, Master of Sea Power, 162–171, and Blair, Hitler’s U-boat War, 1:445–447; Japanese attacks in Far East from Polmar and Allen, World War II, 11–13. 13.Churchill remarks on shipping crisis and FDR expansion of shipbuilding from Blair, Hitler’s U-boat War, 1:446–447; Troopship convoy to leave New York on January 15, 1942, from Arcadia Proceedings, January 11, 1942, 190–193; Churchill on “greatest importance” of prompt arrival of troops from notes by Lt.

pages: 597 words: 119,204

Website Optimization by Andrew B. King

AltaVista, AOL-Time Warner, bounce rate, don't be evil, Dr. Strangelove, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, information retrieval, iterative process, Kickstarter, machine readable, medical malpractice, Network effects, OSI model, performance metric, power law, satellite internet, search engine result page, second-price auction, second-price sealed-bid, semantic web, Silicon Valley, slashdot, social bookmarking, social graph, Steve Jobs, the long tail, three-martini lunch, traumatic brain injury, web application

A Lynx viewer is a web-based service designed to view web pages using the Lynx browser. Lynx notation is largely self-explanatory, but note that Lynx indicates a link by using a bracket around the number of the link on the page; for example, [2] signifies the second link on a page. For more information on Lynx see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser) and http://www.yellowpipe.com/yis/tools/ (includes a Lynx viewer). As a comparison to the earlier view, the HTML for the old home page began like this: <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Dr. Ken Cirka, DMD</TITLE> <LINK REL="StyleSheet" HREF="/style.css" TYPE="text/css"> <meta name="Description" content="Five star service in dental care is abundant in Dr.

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Given the likely changes in simultaneous request restrictions, developers should proceed with caution. Given the previous discussion of utilizing additional domains to increase image request parallelization, you might be tempted to use the same trick here, but it will not work. You see, Ajax falls under the security policy known as the Same-Origin Policy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_origin_policy), which limits you to making requests from the same domain name that served the page. There is currently no way around the two-requests-at-a-time limit to a single fully qualified domain name when making a standard XHR request. Of course, if you use a script tag communication mechanism, you won't have this problem, but as you are no longer using an XHR, you won't have as much control over the request and response.

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The beauty of this technique is that all of the CSS stays in the CSS, and JavaScript toggles accessibility and applies the artz class that controls visibility. The following code does that trick: tb.parentNode.className+=' artz'; tb.className+=' artz'; For a working example and other accessible progressive enhancement techniques, see http://www.artzstudio.com/artz/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_enhancement. Load JavaScript on demand (remote procedure calls) A common Ajax pattern is to load resources on demand as they are needed. You can do the same using only JavaScript without the need for Ajax. Using the DOM you can create a script element and append it to the head element, like this: function include_js(file) { if(document.getElementByTagName) { var html_doc = document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; var js = document.createElement('script'); js.setAttribute('src', file); js.setAttribute('type', 'text/javascript'); html_doc.appendChild(js); js.onreadystatechange = function ( ) { // for IE if (js.readyState == 'complete') { alert('JS onreadystate fired'); // return true; } } js.onload = function ( ) { // for non-IE alert('JS onload fired'); // return true; } return false; } else alert('getElementsByTagName not supported'); } ...

pages: 382 words: 120,064

Bank 3.0: Why Banking Is No Longer Somewhere You Go but Something You Do by Brett King

3D printing, Abraham Maslow, additive manufacturing, Airbus A320, Albert Einstein, Amazon Web Services, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Apollo Guidance Computer, asset-backed security, augmented reality, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, bitcoin, bounce rate, business intelligence, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, capital controls, citizen journalism, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, credit crunch, crowdsourcing, disintermediation, en.wikipedia.org, fixed income, George Gilder, Google Glasses, high net worth, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, Infrastructure as a Service, invention of the printing press, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, Kickstarter, London Interbank Offered Rate, low interest rates, M-Pesa, Mark Zuckerberg, mass affluent, Metcalfe’s law, microcredit, mobile money, more computing power than Apollo, Northern Rock, Occupy movement, operational security, optical character recognition, peer-to-peer, performance metric, Pingit, platform as a service, QR code, QWERTY keyboard, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, RFID, risk tolerance, Robert Metcalfe, self-driving car, Skype, speech recognition, stem cell, telepresence, the long tail, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, underbanked, US Airways Flight 1549, web application, world market for maybe five computers

See also (http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20111102005712/en/Phone-Bank, http://whatjapanthinks.com/2010/03/20/almost-two-thirds-use-net-banking-in-japan/) 15 For a definition of the Information Age, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age 16 A.H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation”, Psychological Review 50 (1943): 370–96. 17 Countrywide.com 18 Matt Coffin, “The next generation of mortgage lead generation”, LowerMyBills.com. Additional sources: Forrester Research Inc, Federal Trade Commission 19 “Online mortgage sites offer net gains”, Australasian Business Intelligence, 18 September 2006 20 Mortgagebot’s Benchmarks 2011 Report 21 Google Finance Australia 22 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II 23 The likes of Forbes have measured mass market adoption or critical mass by the benchmark of 25 per cent of the population for developed economies such as the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Australia, etc. or 100 million persons globally (See also http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/4015/329/1600/technology_adoption_11.jpg).

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Internet Advertising Bureau European research shows 91% of European Internet Users visit news websites weekly (http://blog.hi-media.com/426-9m-europeans-go-online-every-week/) 2 Flurry, http://blog.flurry.com/bid/63907/Mobile-Apps-Put-the-Web-in-Their-Rear-view-Mirror 3 FDIC Press Release 2 December 2009 (http://www.fdic.gov/news/news/press/2009/pr09216.html) 4 CTIA The Wireless Association, http://files.ctia.org/pdf/CTIA_Survey_MY_2011_Graphics.pdf 5 World Bank, http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.49435/Access_to_Financial_Services_and_the_Financial_Inclusion_Agenda_Around_the_World.pdf 6 List of Mobile Operators in the Asia Pacific Region—Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region 7 Wired, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/06/internet-a-human-right/ 8 Author’s own estimate based on following sources (http://thenextweb.com/insider/2012/01/30/study-says-web-economy-to-nearly-double-by-2016-driven-by-mobile-growth/, http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-02-29/research/31109566_1_smartphones-pc-sales-mobile-phone-sales/2) 9 NPD Survey—http://techcrunch.com/2012/07/03/npd-tablets-to-overtake-notebooks-by-2016-as-the-most-popular-mobile-pc/ 10 iCrossing (http://connect.icrossing.co.uk/facebook-hit-billion-users-summer_7709) 11 The average American teenager texts 3364 times per month (Nielsen: How the class of 2011 Engages with Media) 12 Monetise, Forrester and mFoundry usage data.

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Keywords: Disruptive, Moore’s Law, 3D Printing, Screens, Image Recognition, Exponential Growth, Haptic Touch, Artificial Intelligence, The Singularity Endnotes 1 Excerpts from A Conversation with Gordon Moore: Moore’s Law (Intel Corporation, 2005), p.1 2 IBM: History of Transistors, IBM 1401 3 http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Ferranti/Ferranti.Sirius.1961.102646236.pdf 4 mKomo.org, “A history of storage costs” (http://www.mkomo.com/cost-per-gigabyte) 5 See http://www.netlingo.com/word/gilders-law.php 6 See Wikipedia.org articles on WiMax, 4G, UMTS, and Spectra Efficiency of long-range networks utilizing 802.11, 802.16, and 802.20 standards 7 CNET News, 19 Nov 2008,Q&A: Kurzweil on tech as a double-edged sword, Natasha Lomas, http://news.cnet.com/cutting-edge/?keyword=Ray+Kurzweil 8 http://www.vice.com/read/ray-kurzweil-800-v16n4 9 Source; BusinessWeek.com (http://www.businessweek.com/technology/bioprinting-the-3d-future-of-organ-transplants-01092012.html) 10 http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-11502715 11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation 12 SonyInsider.com 13 Wikipedia article on Gyricon 14 Geek.com, “Apple has a mightier mouse that needn’t be moved at all”, 5 Oct 2009 15 USA Today, “Digital Sign Revolution”, 11 April 2012 16 “The Internet? Bah! Hype alert: Why cyberspace isn’t, and will never be, nirvana”, Clifford Stoll, Newsweek, 27 Feb 1995 17 Pew Internet Research showed that the fastest growing demographic on Facebook was the above-50 generation (http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Older-Adults-and-Social-Media.aspx) Chapter 10 A Land in the Data Cloud In 2011 Google launched the Chromebook—a laptop that doesn’t contain a conventional hard disk or hard-coded software.

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How to Build a Billion Dollar App: Discover the Secrets of the Most Successful Entrepreneurs of Our Time by George Berkowski

Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, Andy Rubin, barriers to entry, Black Swan, business intelligence, call centre, crowdsourcing, deal flow, Dennis Tito, disruptive innovation, Dunbar number, en.wikipedia.org, game design, Google Glasses, Google Hangouts, Google X / Alphabet X, growth hacking, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, Jony Ive, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lean Startup, loose coupling, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Mary Meeker, minimum viable product, MITM: man-in-the-middle, move fast and break things, Network effects, Oculus Rift, Paul Graham, QR code, Ruby on Rails, Salesforce, self-driving car, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Snapchat, social graph, SoftBank, software as a service, software is eating the world, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, subscription business, TechCrunch disrupt, Travis Kalanick, two-pizza team, ubercab, Y Combinator

– Steve Jobs, cofounder of Apple Notes Part I: Think Big Chapter 1: The View from the Inside 1 A billion, for the purposes of this book, is the short billion, i.e. a thousand million. 2 ‘List of the Wealthiest Historical Figures’, entry on Wikipedia.org, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures. 3 According to estimates from the US Census Bureau. World Population: Historical Estimates of World Population, www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php. 4 ‘World Population Milestones’, entry on Wikipedia.org, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population_milestones. 5 ‘Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2013 Results’, press release on FB.com, 29 January 2014, investor.fb.com/releasedetail.cfm?

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Chapter 3: A Billion-Dollar Idea 1 Eric Jackson, ‘Why Silicon Valley Tech Wunderkids Will Only Ever Have 1 Good Business Idea During Their Entire Lives’, article on Forbes.com, 18 June 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/ericjackson/2012/06/18/why-silicon-valley-tech-wunderkids-overestimate-their-own-smarts-and-abilities/. 2 Kevin Rose, ‘Foundation: Evan Williams on Hatching Big Ideas’, article on TechCrunch.com, 28 June 2013, TechCrunch.com/2013/06/28/ foundation-evan-williams-on-hatching-big-ideas/. 3 Evelyn M. Rusli and Douglas MacMillan, ‘Snapchat Spurned $3 Billion Acquisitions Offer from Facebook’, blog post on WSJ.com, 13 November 2013, blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/11/13/snapchat-spurned-3-billion-acquisition-offer-from-facebook/. 4 ‘Human Universals’, entry on Wikipedia.org, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Universals. 5 Find out more about the app at www.bible.com. 6 Alyson Shontell, ‘With 100 Million Downloads, YouVersion Bible Is A Massive App That No VC Can Touch’, article on BusinessInsider.com, 29 July 2013, www.BusinessInsider.com/youversion-bible-app-has-100-million-downloads-2013-7. 7 Tomi Ahonen, ‘The Annual Industry Numbers and Stats Blog – Yep, this year we will hit the mobile moment’, blog post on Communities Dominate.blogs.com, 6 March 2013, communitiesdominate.blogs.com/brands/2013/03/the-annual-mobile-industry-numbers-and-stats-blogyep-this-year-we-will-hit-the-mobile-moment.html. 8 Mayumi Negishi, ‘Rakuten to Buy Voice-Call App Maker Viber’, article on WSJ.com, 14 February 2014, online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304315004579382014046629596. 9 Sven Grundberg and Juhana Rossi, ‘Earnings Soar at Finnish Game Maker Supercell’, article on WSJ.com, 12 February 2014, online.wsj.com/news/articles/sb10001424052702304703804579378272705325260?

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.’, article and video interview on FirstRound.com, firstround.com/article/how-dave-goldberg-of-surveymonkey-built-a-billion-dollar-business-and-still-gets-home-by-5-30. 4 Ibid. 5 Mike Rose, ‘Supercell’s Secret Sauce’, article on Gamasutra.com, 7 December 2012, www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/183064/supercells_secret_sauce.php. 6 Ibid. 7 Alyson Shontell and Andrea Huspeni, ‘15 Incredible Employee Perks That Will Make You Wish You Worked at a Startup’, article on BusinessInsider.com, 31 May 2012, www.BusinessInsider.com/killer-startup-perks-2012-5. 8 Heather Leonard, ‘Facebook Generates Over $1 Million in Revenue Per Employee’, article on BusinessInsider.com, 19 March 2013, www.BusinessInsider.com/facebook-has-high-revenue-per-employee-2013-3. 9 Megan Rose Dickey, ‘“Clash of Clans” Maker Had a Monster Year in 2013: Revenue Increased Nearly Ninefold’, article on BusinessInsider.com, 12 February 2014, www.BusinessInsider.com/gaming-startup-supercell-2013-revenue-2014-2. 10 Steven Levy, ‘Google’s Larry Page on Why Moon Shots Matter’, article on Wired.com, 17 January 2013, www.wired.com/business/2013/01/ff-qa-larry-page/all/. 11 Peter Murray, ‘Google’s Self-Driving Car Passes 300,000 Miles’, article on Forbes.com, 15 August 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/singularity/2012/08/15/googles-self-driving-car-passes-300000-miles/. 12 For more information about Project Loon, visit www.google.com/loon/. 13 ‘Google X’, entry on Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_X. Chapter 38: Advice from Billion-Dollar CEOs 1 Will Oremus, ‘Google’s Big Break’, article on Slate.com, 13 October 2013, www.slate.com/articles/business/when_big_businesses_were_small/2013/10/google_s_big_break_how_bill_gross_goto_com_inspired_the_adwords_business.html. 2 Ibid. 3 ‘Drew Houston’s Morph from Hacker to Hyper-Growth CEO’, article on FirstRound.com, www.firstround.com/article/Drew-Houstons-morph-from-hacker-to-hyper-growth-CEO. 4 Peter Kafka, ‘Larry Page on Speed: “There are no companies that have good slow decisions”’, article on AllThingsD.com, 27 September 2011, allthingsd.com/20110927/larry-page-on-speed-there-are-no-companies-that-have-good-slow-decisions/. 5 Glen Cathey, ‘LinkedIn Traffic Statistics and User Demographics 2013’, article on BooleanBlackBelt.com, 24 July 2013, booleanblackbelt.com/2013/07/linkedin-traffic-statistics-and-user-demographics-2013/. 6 Juhana Hietala, ‘Rovio Mobile Company Presentation – Dynamic World of Mobile Game Business’, 1 April 2005, www.soberit.hut.fi/T-76.640/Slides/T-76.640_Rovio2005_04_01HUT.pdf. 7 ‘The 30 Best Pieces of Advice for Entrepreneurs’, article on FirstRound.com, firstround.com/article/30-Best-Pieces#ixzz2pRF5EZ8a. 8 Ibid. 9 ‘Drew Houston’s Morph from Hacker to Hyper-Growth CEO’, op. cit. 10 Ibid. 11 ‘The 30 Best Pieces of Advice for Entrepreneurs’, op. cit. 12 Ibid. 13 Eric Savitz, ‘Jack Dorsey: Leadership Secrets of Twitter and Square’, article for Forbes, 5 November 2012 issue, www.forbes.com/sites/ericsavitz/2012/10/17/jack-dorsey-the-leadership-secrets-of-twitter-and-square/. 14 ‘The 30 Best Pieces of Advice for Entrepreneurs’, op. cit.

pages: 497 words: 123,778

The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It by Yascha Mounk

Abraham Maslow, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrew Keen, basic income, battle of ideas, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carried interest, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, centre right, classic study, clean water, cognitive bias, conceptual framework, critical race theory, David Brooks, deindustrialization, demographic transition, desegregation, disinformation, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gentrification, German hyperinflation, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Herbert Marcuse, Home mortgage interest deduction, housing crisis, income inequality, invention of the printing press, invention of the steam engine, investor state dispute settlement, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, land value tax, low skilled workers, Lyft, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, microaggression, mortgage tax deduction, Naomi Klein, new economy, offshore financial centre, open borders, Parag Khanna, plutocrats, post-materialism, price stability, ride hailing / ride sharing, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Rutger Bregman, secular stagnation, sharing economy, Steve Bannon, Thomas L Friedman, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, universal basic income, upwardly mobile, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

Sam Jones, “Spanish Election: Conservatives Win but Fall Short of Majority—As It Happened,” Guardian, December 20, 2015; Giles Tremlett, “The Podemos Revolution: How a Small Group of Radical Academics Changed European Politics,” Guardian, March 31, 2015. 13. Jacopo Barigazzi, “Beppe Grillo’s 5Star Movement Hits Record High: Poll,” Politico, March 21, 2017. For the latest polling in Italy, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_next_Italian_general_election, accessed October 1, 2017. On the nature of the Five Star Movement, see Gianluca Passarelli and Dario Tuorto, “The Five Star Movement: Purely a Matter of Protest? The Rise of a New Party between Political Discontent and Reasoned Voting,” Party Politics (2016). 14.

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Cook, “How Erdogan Made Turkey Authoritarian Again,” Atlantic, July 21, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/07/how-erdogan-made-turkey-authoritarian-again/492374/; and for Venezuela, compare Freedom House, “Venezuela,” in Freedom in the World 2003, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2003/venezuela to Freedom House, “Venezuela,” in Freedom in the World 2017, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/venezuela. 9. See “Election Resources on the Internet: Elections to the Polish Sejm—Results Lookup,” http://electionresources.org/pl/sejm.php?election=2015, and “Polish Parliamentary Election, 2015,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_parliamentary_election,_2015. 10. On India, see Milan Vaishnav, “Modi’s Victory and the BJP’s Future,” Foreign Affairs, March 15, 2017, http://carnegieendowment.org/2017/03/15/modi-s-victory-and-bjp-s-future-pub-68281; Anita Katyal, “The Opposition Is Divided on How It Should Unite Against the BJP Ahead of the 2019 General Elections,” Scroll.in, https://scroll.in/article/834312/the-opposition-is-divided-on-how-it-should-unite-against-the-bjp-ahead-of-the-2019-general-elections/.

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On India, see Milan Vaishnav, “Modi’s Victory and the BJP’s Future,” Foreign Affairs, March 15, 2017, http://carnegieendowment.org/2017/03/15/modi-s-victory-and-bjp-s-future-pub-68281; Anita Katyal, “The Opposition Is Divided on How It Should Unite Against the BJP Ahead of the 2019 General Elections,” Scroll.in, https://scroll.in/article/834312/the-opposition-is-divided-on-how-it-should-unite-against-the-bjp-ahead-of-the-2019-general-elections/. On Turkey, see “Turkish General Election, 2007,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_general_election,_2007. On the United States, see Christopher J. Devine and Kyle C. Kopko, “5 Things You Need to Know about How Third-Party Candidates Did in 2016,” Washington Post, November 15, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/11/15/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-how-third-party-candidates-did-in-2016/?

pages: 533 words: 125,495

Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters by Steven Pinker

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, autonomous vehicles, availability heuristic, Ayatollah Khomeini, backpropagation, basic income, behavioural economics, belling the cat, Black Lives Matter, butterfly effect, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, classic study, clean water, Comet Ping Pong, coronavirus, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, David Attenborough, deep learning, defund the police, delayed gratification, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, Easter island, effective altruism, en.wikipedia.org, Erdős number, Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science, fake news, feminist movement, framing effect, George Akerlof, George Floyd, germ theory of disease, high batting average, if you see hoof prints, think horses—not zebras, index card, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, libertarian paternalism, Linda problem, longitudinal study, loss aversion, Mahatma Gandhi, meta-analysis, microaggression, Monty Hall problem, Nash equilibrium, New Journalism, Paul Erdős, Paul Samuelson, Peter Singer: altruism, Pierre-Simon Laplace, placebo effect, post-truth, power law, QAnon, QWERTY keyboard, Ralph Waldo Emerson, randomized controlled trial, replication crisis, Richard Thaler, scientific worldview, selection bias, social discount rate, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, sunk-cost fallacy, TED Talk, the scientific method, Thomas Bayes, Tragedy of the Commons, trolley problem, twin studies, universal basic income, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, Walter Mischel, yellow journalism, zero-sum game

Kahan, Wittlin, et al. 2011; Stanovich 2021. 86. Ellickson 1991; Ridley 1997. 87. Rauch 2021; Sloman & Fernbach 2017. 88. Eisenstein 2012. 89. Kräenbring, Monzon Penza, et al. 2014. 90. See “Wikipedia: List of policies and guidelines,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines, and “Wikipedia: Five pillars,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars. 91. Social media reform: Fox 2020; Lyttleton 2020. Some early analyses: Pennycook, Cannon, & Rand 2018; Pennycook & Rand 2020a. 92. Joyner 2011; Tetlock 2015. 93. Pinker 2018, pp. 380–81. 94. Elster 1998; Fishkin 2011. 95.

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My Erdös number is 3, thanks to Michel, Shen, Aiden, Veres, Gray, The Google Books Team, Pickett, Hoiberg, Clancy, Norvig, Orwant, Pinker, Nowak, & Lieberman-Aiden 2011. The computer scientist Peter Norvig has coauthored a report with fellow computer scientist (and Erdös coauthor) Maria Klawe. 38. To be fair, normative analyses of the Monty Hall dilemma have inspired voluminous commentary and disagreement; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem. 39. Try it: Math Warehouse, “Monty Hall Simulation Online,” https://www.mathwarehouse.com/monty-hall-simulation-online/. 40. Such as Late Night with David Letterman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsGc3jC9yas. 41. Vazsonyi 1999. 42. Suggested by Granberg & Brown 1995. 43.

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Logical words in logic versus conversation: Grice 1975; Pinker 2007, chaps. 2, 8. 7. Emerson 1841/1993. 8. Liberman 2004. 9. McCawley 1993. 10. From the Yang 2020 website, retrieved Feb. 6, 2020: Yang 2020. 11. Curtis 2020; Richardson, Smith, et al. 2020; Warburton 2007; see also the Wikipedia article “List of fallacies,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies. 12. Mercier & Sperber 2011; see Norman 2016, for a critique. 13. Friedersdorf 2018. 14. Shackel 2014. 15. Russell 1969. 16. Basterfield, Lilienfeld, et al. 2020. 17. A common saying loosely based on a passage from Henrik Ibsen’s Enemy of the People: “The majority never has right on its side. . . .

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Meat: A Benign Extravagance by Simon Fairlie

agricultural Revolution, air gap, Albert Einstein, back-to-the-land, Boris Johnson, call centre, carbon credits, carbon footprint, Community Supported Agriculture, deindustrialization, en.wikipedia.org, food miles, Food sovereignty, Garrett Hardin, gentleman farmer, Haber-Bosch Process, household responsibility system, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Just-in-time delivery, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Wolf, megacity, military-industrial complex, Northern Rock, Panamax, peak oil, precautionary principle, refrigerator car, rewilding, scientific mainstream, sexual politics, stem cell, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, Tragedy of the Commons, University of East Anglia, upwardly mobile, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

We have broken that contract by forcing our pigs into concentration camps, and feeding them on concentrates, and we are materially and spiritually the worse for it. 1 Since writing this I have been directed to an article on wikipedia claiming that piggy banks evolved their porcine form because they were made out of a certain kind of clay, called ‘pygg’. However this theory doesn’t explain a 14th century piggy bank from Java pictured on the same web-page. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggy_bank 2 Thompson, Flora (1948), Larkrise to Candleford, Reprint Society, p 22. 3 Engels, F (1845), The Condition of the Working Class in England, Panther Books, 1972. 4 Feed figures from Feed Facts Quarterly 1992, cited in Brooks, P (c1993), Rediscovering the Environmentally Friendly Pig, Seale Hayne Agricultural College, unpublished. 5 Personal communication. 6 Energy Power Resource (EPR) website; http://www.eprl.co.uk/profile/index.html 7 Lawrence A (2000), Letter from Alan Lawrence, secretary UKRA to Barbara Richards, Food Standards Agency, 15 Sept 2000. www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/lawrence.pdf 8 Elferink, E V and Nonhebel, S (2007), ‘Does the Amazon Suffer from BSE Prevention’, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 120, pp 467-9 . 9 WHO et al (2007) Joint WHO/FAO/OIE Technical Consultation on BSE: Public Health, Animal Health and Trade, Conclusions and Key Recommendations; OIE Headquarters, Paris, 11-14 June 2001 http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/AGAP/FRG/Feedsafety/PDFs/BSEWGF81101.pdf 10 European Commission (2005), The TSE Roadmap, Brussels 2005, http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biosafety/bse/roadmap_en.pdf 11 Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman (2007), The Introduction of the Ban on Swill Feeding, Dec 2007, www.ombudsman.org.uk/improving_services/special_reports/pca/swill_feeding/complaint.html 12 Miklósi, Gabor (2004), ‘In Search of Lost Fat Content’, The Hungarian Quarterly, No 173, Spring, 2004; www.hungarianquarterly.com/no173/9.htm#aut 13 BBC2 (2005), ‘Pig Clubs Supplementing Meat Rations’, WW2 People’s War /www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/89/a4464489.shtml; The Living Archive (2003), Pigs on the Home Front, Wolverton, www.livingarchive.org.uk/nvq03/tracey/animals_pig.html; BBC (2003) Pig Swill Estate Wins Poussin War, BBC News.

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contentID=218 13 Elferink et al (2007), op cit. 8. 14 Fadel, J G (1999), ‘Quantitative Analyses of Selected Plant Byproduct Feedstuffs, a Global Perspective’, Animal Feed Science and Technology 79, pp 255-268; the particularly low figure given by Fadel for palm oil meal is explained at the wikipedia entry for palm oil: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil. 15 FAO (2006), Medium Term Prospects for Agricultural Commodities: Oilmeal, www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5143e/y5143e0l.htm 16 Calculation derived from Nonhebel (2004), op cit.7. 17 Nonhebel (2004), op cit.7. 18 The UK average yield of 6.6 tonnes of barley per hectare in the UK, fed to pigs at a conversion ratio of 5 to 1, would provide 1,320 kilos of meat. 19 Steinfeld et al (2006), Livestock’s Long Shadow, FAO 2006. 7 HARD TO SWALLOW Of all the statistical clichés about livestock that are passed like a relay baton from one article or website to another, there is one that stands out in its enormity.

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.), Harvesting Energy with Fertilizers, European Fertilizer Manufacturers’ Association, OECD, http://webdomino1.oecd.org/comnet/agr/BiomassAg.nsf/viewHtml/index/$FILE/EFMAenergyPaper.pdf#search=%22energy%20to%20produce%20nitrogen%20fertilizer%22 21 Smith, B E (2002), ‘Nitrogenase Reveals Its Inner Secrets’, Science, 297, pp 1654-5, cited in Steinfeld, H, Livestock’s Long Shadow, FAO p 86; and Smil (2004), op cit 19, p 159. 22 Zhang Luziang (1956), Shen’s Agricultural Book, cited in Netting, R (1993), Smallholders Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture, Stanford, p 139. 23 Lei Xiong (2006), China Needs a New Type of Livestock Revolution, Worldwatch, Dec 12 2006, www.worldwatch.org/node/4772/print 24 Dropsoul (n.d.) Why Go Veg? www.dropsoul.com/why-veg.php, no date. 25 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfiesteria_piscicida, 9/10/06 26 Boyan, Steve (n.d.), How Our Food Choices can Help Save the Environment, EarthSave, www.earthsave.org/environment/foodchoices.htm 27 The Khadigar Community (n.d.), ‘Ethical Farming in Action’, Vohan News International, 1. 28 Lory, J (2006), Calculating Fertilizer Value of Supplemental Feed on Pasture, University of Missouri Extension, http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/ansci/g02083.htm; Farm ASyst (2001), Grazing Livestock and Water Quality, North Carolina Co-operative Extension Service, http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/assist/grazing/ 29 Dave from Darlington (n.d.), ‘The Current State of Stockless Farming Research in England’, Growing Green International 8. 30 Hogg, D and Hubbel, J (2002), The Legislative Driven Economic Framework Promoting MSW in the UK, Eunomia UK, May 2002. http://www.nrwf.org.uk/documents/FULL_economic_framework_MSW_recycling_report_000.pdf 31 Pimentel, D et al (2005), Organic and Conventional Farming Systems: Environmental and Economic Issues, Cornell University. http://dspace.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/2101/1/pimentel_report_05-1.pdf, p 25 32 Avery, D (1999), ‘Intensive Farming and Biotechnology: Saving People and Wildlife in the 21st Century’, in Tansey, G and D’Silva, J., The Meat Business: Devouring a Hungry Planet, Earthscan, 1999. 33 Cited in Dave from Darlington (n.d.), The Current State of Stockless Farming Research in England, Growing Green International 8. 34 Hall, Jenny (2008), ‘Stockfree Britain’, The Land 5. 35 Center for Global Issues (n.d.), Declaration in Support of Protecting NatureWith High-yield Farming and Forestry, www.highyieldconservation.org/declaration.html 36 The concept of a choice between ‘sharing land’ and ‘sparing land’ has been developed by Tim Benson of the University of Leeds, from Rhys Green et al (2005), ‘Farming and the Fate of Wild Nature’, Science, 307, pp 550-555, 28 Jan 2005. 37 Smil (2004), op cit 19, pp 204-206.

pages: 199 words: 43,653

Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products by Nir Eyal

Airbnb, AltaVista, behavioural economics, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, dark pattern, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, framing effect, game design, gamification, Google Glasses, growth hacking, Ian Bogost, IKEA effect, Inbox Zero, invention of the telephone, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, Lean Startup, lock screen, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Oculus Rift, Paradox of Choice, Paul Buchheit, Paul Graham, Peter Thiel, QWERTY keyboard, reality distortion field, Richard Thaler, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Snapchat, social bookmarking, TaskRabbit, telemarketer, the new new thing, Toyota Production System, Y Combinator

Deci and Richard M. Ryan, “Self-determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation, Development, and Health,” Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 49, no. 3 (2008): 182–85, doi:10.1037/a0012801. 3. Barack Obama “Hope” poster, Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, November 5, 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barack_Obama_%22Hope%22_poster&oldid=579742540. 4. Denis J. Hauptly, Something Really New: Three Simple Steps to Creating Truly Innovative Products (New York: AMACOM, 2007). 5. Ingrid Lunden, “Analyst: Twitter Passed 500M Users in June 2012, 140M of Them in US; Jakarta ‘Biggest Tweeting’ City,” TechCrunch (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://techcrunch.com/2012/07/30/analyst-twitter-passed-500m-users-in-june-2012-140m-of-them-in-us-jakarta-biggest-tweeting-city. 6.

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Joseph Nunes and Xavier Dreze, “The Endowed Progress Effect: How Artificial Advancement Increases Effort” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, New York), Social Science Research Network (accessed Nov. 12, 2013), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=991962. 12. “List of Cognitive Biases,” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (accessed November 12, 2013), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases. 13. Stephen P. Anderson, Seductive Interaction Design: Creating Playful, Fun, and Effective User Experiences (Berkeley: New Riders, 2011). Chapter 4: Variable Reward 1. J. Olds and P. Milner, “Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of the septal area and other regions of rat brain,” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 47 (1954), 419–27. 2.

pages: 153 words: 45,721

Making Work Visible: Exposing Time Theft to Optimize Workflow by Dominica Degrandis, Tonianne Demaria

cloud computing, cognitive bias, cognitive load, DevOps, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, informal economy, Jeff Bezos, Kanban, loose coupling, microservices, Parkinson's law, Sheryl Sandberg, sunk-cost fallacy, systems thinking, TED Talk, transaction costs, two-pizza team

Philippe Kruchten, What Colour is Your Backlog, presentation, July 7, 2011, https://pkruchten.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/kruchten-110707-what-colours-is-your-backlog-2up.pdf. 2. Silverman, Upside-Down Brilliance. 2.3 1. Cornelia Davis, personal conversation with author, April 2017. 2.4 1. Wikipedia, “Pomodoro Technique,” last modified April 10, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomodoro_Technique. 2. Langdon Morris, High Performance Organizations in a Wicked Problem World (Walnut Creek, CA: Innovation Labs, 2004), http://www.innovationlabs.com/high_performance.pdf. 2.5 1. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking Fast and Slow (New York. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015), 4. 2.

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Julia Wester, “Visualizing More than Just Work with Kanban Boards,” EverydayKanban.com, March 9, 2016, http://www.everydaykanban.com/2016/03/09/visualizing-more-than-just-work-with-kanban-boards/#housemove. 2. Jim Benson and Tonianne DeMaria Barry, Personal Kanban: Mapping Work, Navigating Life (Seattle, WA: Modus Cooperandi Press, 2011), 158–159. Part III 3.1 1. Wikipedia, “Hofstadter’s law,” last modified February 12, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstadter%27s_law. 2. Daniel S. Vacanti, Actionable Agile Metrics for Predictability: An Introduction (Victoria, BC: Leanpub, 2015), 51–53. 3. Reinertsen, The Principles of Product Development Flow, 59. 4. Kaomi Goetz, “How 3M Gave Everyone Days Off and Created an Innovation Dynamo,” Co.Design, February 1, 2011. 5.

City: A Guidebook for the Urban Age by P. D. Smith

active transport: walking or cycling, Albert Einstein, Andrew Keen, Anthropocene, augmented reality, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Broken windows theory, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, business cycle, car-free, carbon footprint, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, congestion charging, congestion pricing, cosmological principle, crack epidemic, double entry bookkeeping, Dr. Strangelove, edge city, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, en.wikipedia.org, Enrique Peñalosa, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ford Model T, Frank Gehry, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, global village, haute cuisine, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of gunpowder, Jane Jacobs, John Snow's cholera map, Kevin Kelly, Kibera, Kickstarter, Kowloon Walled City, Lewis Mumford, Masdar, megacity, megastructure, multicultural london english, mutually assured destruction, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, peak oil, pneumatic tube, RFID, smart cities, starchitect, telepresence, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The future is already here, the High Line, Thomas Malthus, trade route, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, walkable city, white flight, white picket fence, young professional

See Liza Picard, Restoration London: Everyday Life in London 1660–1670 (London: Phoenix, 2003), 198; Franklyn (1953), 231, 251ff. 27. Ackroyd (2001), 159. 28. Franklyn (1953), 278. 29. Walford’s tube station in EastEnders is Walford East, which takes the place of the real Bromley-by-Bow station. See: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walford_East> 30. Mian Ridge, ‘Black slang in the pink’, Financial Times (21 October 2005) <http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/677d827a-411f-11da-a208-00000e2511c8.html> 31. See the frontispiece of The Slang Dictionary; or, the Vulgar Words, Street Phrases and Fast Expression of High and Low Society (London: John Camden Hotten, 1869): <http://www.archive.org/stream/slangdictionaryo00hottrich#page/n7/mode/2up> 32.

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<http://www.lost.art.br/nunca.htm> <http://www.lost.art.br/graff.htm> 46. Rebecca Solnit, Wanderlust: A History of Walking (London: Verso, 2002), 216. 47. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875–1914 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987; repr. 2002), 129. 48. Solnit (2002), 225–6. See also <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo> 49. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a demonstration as ‘a public manifestation, by a number of persons, of interest in some public question, or sympathy with some political or other cause; usually taking the form of a procession and mass-meeting.’

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Molella, Invented Edens: Techno-cities of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2008), 92ff. 73. Pierre Laszlo, Citrus: A History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 133–5; cf. ‘Italy’s Battle of the Oranges’, Spiegel (8 June 2008): <http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,570471,00.html> 74. See <http://www.koelnerkarneval.de/> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_carnival> 75. Trinidad and Tobago National Library: http://www.nalis.gov.tt/carnival/carnival.html 76. Max Harris, Carnival and Other Christian Festivals: Folk Theology and Folk Performance (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003), 201. 77. Harris (2003), 192. 78.

The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect by Judea Pearl, Dana Mackenzie

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, AlphaGo, Asilomar, Bayesian statistics, computer age, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, confounding variable, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, driverless car, Edmond Halley, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, Isaac Newton, iterative process, John Snow's cholera map, Loebner Prize, loose coupling, Louis Pasteur, Menlo Park, Monty Hall problem, pattern recognition, Paul Erdős, personalized medicine, Pierre-Simon Laplace, placebo effect, Plato's cave, prisoner's dilemma, probability theory / Blaise Pascal / Pierre de Fermat, randomized controlled trial, Recombinant DNA, selection bias, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, speech recognition, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, strong AI, The Design of Experiments, the scientific method, Thomas Bayes, Turing test

Studies in the history of probability and statistics, L: Karl Pearson and the rule of three. Biometrika 99: 1–14. Stigler, S. M. (2016). The Seven Pillars of Statistical Wisdom. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Wikipedia. (2016a). Hardy-Weinberg principle. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy-Weinberg-principle (last edited: October 2, 2016). Wikipedia. (2016b). Galileo Galilei. Available at: https://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei (last edited: October 6, 2017). Wright, S. (1920). The relative importance of heredity and environment in determining the piebald pattern of guinea-pigs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 6: 320–332.

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US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) (2016). Final recommendation statement: Breast cancer: Screening. Available at: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/breast-cancer-screening1 (updated: January 2016). Wikipedia. (2018). Graphoid. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphoid (last edited: January 8, 2018). Wiegerinck, W., Burgers, W., and Kappen, B. (2013). Bayesian networks, introduction and practical applications. In Handbook on Neural Information Processing (M. Bianchini, M. Maggini, and L. C. Jain, eds.). Intelligent Systems Reference Library (Book 49).

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Identifying causal effects with the R Package causaleffect. Journal of Statistical Software 76, no. 12. doi:10.18637/jss.r076.i12. Weinberg, C. (1993). Toward a clearer definition of confounding. American Journal of Epidemiology 137: 1–8. Wikipedia. (2016). Confounding. Available at: https://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Confounding (accessed: September 16, 2016). Williamson, E., Aitken, Z., Lawrie, J., Dharmage, S., Burgess, H., and Forbes, A. (2014). Introduction to causal diagrams for confounder selection. Respirology 19: 303–311. CHAPTER 5. THE SMOKE-FILLED DEBATE: CLEARING THE AIR Annotated Bibliography Two book-length studies, Brandt (2007) and Proctor (2012a), contain all the information any reader could ask for about the smoking–lung cancer debate, short of reading the actual tobacco company documents (which are available online).

Django Book by Matt Behrens

Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), book value, business logic, create, read, update, delete, database schema, distributed revision control, don't repeat yourself, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, full text search, loose coupling, MITM: man-in-the-middle, MVC pattern, revision control, Ruby on Rails, school choice, slashdot, SQL injection, web application

You can pass in either an integer or a string representation of an integer. Markup Filters The package django.contrib.markup includes a handful of Django template filters, each of which implements a common markup languages: textile: Implements Textile (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_%28markup_language%29) markdown: Implements Markdown (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown) restructuredtext: Implements ReStructured Text (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReStructuredText) In each case, the filter expects formatted markup as a string and returns a string representing the marked-up text. For example, the textile filter converts text that is marked up in Textile format to HTML: {% load markup %} {{ object.content|textile }} To activate these filters, add 'django.contrib.markup' to your INSTALLED_APPS setting.

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(This happens because CsrfMiddleware uses a regular expression to add the csrfmiddlewaretoken field to your HTML before the page is sent to the client, and the regular expression sometimes cannot handle wacky HTML.) If you suspect this might be happening, just view the source in your Web browser to see whether csrfmiddlewaretoken was inserted into your <form>. For more CSRF information and examples, visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSRF Humanizing Data The package django.contrib.humanize holds a set of Django template filters useful for adding a “human touch” to data. To activate these filters, add 'django.contrib.humanize' to your INSTALLED_APPS. Once you’ve done that, use {% load humanize %} in a template, and you’ll have access to the filters described in the following sections.

pages: 607 words: 133,452

Against Intellectual Monopoly by Michele Boldrin, David K. Levine

accounting loophole / creative accounting, agricultural Revolution, barriers to entry, business cycle, classic study, cognitive bias, cotton gin, creative destruction, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Dean Kamen, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, Ernest Rutherford, experimental economics, financial innovation, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, Helicobacter pylori, independent contractor, informal economy, interchangeable parts, invention of radio, invention of the printing press, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jean Tirole, John Harrison: Longitude, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, linear programming, market bubble, market design, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, new economy, open economy, PalmPilot, peer-to-peer, pirate software, placebo effect, price discrimination, profit maximization, rent-seeking, Richard Stallman, Robert Solow, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, software patent, the market place, total factor productivity, trade liberalization, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Y2K

html (accessed February 24, 2008). 15. Ibid. 16. At http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grokster on August 20, 2007. As Wikipedia’s content is often modified, this exact text may not be there at a later date. 17. U.S. Supreme Court in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. , June 27, 2005. Page varies by source. Available onlines at http://w2.eff.org/IP/P2P/MGM v Grokster/04-480.pdf (accessed February 24, 2008). 18. From Mark Cuban’s blog, at http://www.blogmaverick.com/entry/ 1234000230037801/ (accessed February 23, 2007). 19. At http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grokster, on August 20, 2007. 20. Boynton (2004). 21.

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He named it the “steam carriage” and was legally barred from developing it by Boulton and Watt’s successful addition of the high-pressure engine to their patent, though Boulton and Watt never spent a cent to develop it. For the details of this story, readers should see the Web site Cotton Times, at http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/ (accessed February 23, 2008), or Carnegie (1905), pp. 140–1. The “William Murdoch” entry in Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/William Murdoch (accessed February 23, 2008), provides a good summary. More generally, various researchers directly connect Murdoch to Trevithick, who is now considered the official inventor (in 1802) of the high-pressure engine. Quite plainly, the evidence suggests that Boulton and Watt’s patent retarded development of the high-pressure steam engine, and thus economic development, by about sixteen years. 6.

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Again, Dutfield (2003), especially Chapters 4 and 5, is our main source of information. Zorina Kahn’s online history of patent laws, at http://eh.net/encyclopedia/ article/khan.patents, provides a useful and easy-to-access summary of the main facts. 13. Quoted [as of February 24, 2008] in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community patent, on the basis of various media sources, such as http://www.eupolitix.com/ EN/News/200702/7be97fa5-3cb6-403f-aadf-103ad99a9950.htm. 14. To begin learning about the history of the dye industry and the crucial, if not necessarily positive, role patents played in it, see Morris and Travis (1992) and the plenty of references therein.

pages: 470 words: 128,328

Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World by Jane McGonigal

Abraham Maslow, airport security, Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Anthropocene, citizen journalism, clean water, collaborative economy, crowdsourcing, delayed gratification, en.wikipedia.org, fear of failure, G4S, game design, hedonic treadmill, hobby farmer, Ian Bogost, jimmy wales, mass immigration, Merlin Mann, Network effects, new economy, oil shock, peak oil, planetary scale, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Stallman, science of happiness, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, SimCity, smart meter, Stewart Brand, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tony Hsieh, Tragedy of the Commons, urban planning, We are as Gods, web application, Whole Earth Catalog

Current statistics available at http://www.appdata.com/facebook/apps/index/id/102452128776. 15 “The Most Intense Game of Scrabulous Ever,” screenshot taken June 3, 2008. http://www.flickr.com/photos/mariss007/2547926935/. 16 “Online Scrabble with Mom.” 17 “My Amazing Lexulous Score—87 points!,” screenshot taken June 12, 2009. http://www.flickr.com/photos/sour_patch/3621419260/. 18 “Pwn.” Wikipedia entry, accessed May 1, 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwn. 19 Keltner, Born to Be Good, 163. 20 “WarioWare: Smooth Moves Review.” GameSpot, January 12, 2007. http://www.gamespot.com/wii/puzzle/wariowaresmoothmoves/review.html. 21 Bateman, “Top Ten Videogame Emotions.” 22 Ibid. 23 Ekman, Paul. Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (New York: Times Books, 2003), 197. 24 Seligman, Learned Optimism, 282. 25 Ibid., 282, 284. 26 Jenkins, Henry.

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The Times (UK), August 14, 2009. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article6795316.ece. 25 Curry, “Gobekli Tepe.” 26 Ibid. 27 “Just the Right Sense of ‘Ancient.’” Xbox.com, February 19, 2002. www.xbox.com/en-US/games/splash/h/halo/themakers3.htm. Referenced in Wikipedia entry, “Halo Original Soundtrack,” accessed May 1, 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_Original_Soundtrack. Originally quoted in http://www.xbox.com/en-US/games/h/halo/themakers3.htm. 28 “NCAA Football 10 Review.” Team Xbox, IGN, July 10, 2009. http://r.views.teamxbox.com/xbox-360/1736/NCAA-Football-10/p1/. 29 Robertson, Margaret. “One More Go: Why Halo Makes Me Want to Lay Down and Die.”

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Personal blog, April 26, 2008. http://www.shirky.com/herecomeseverybody/2008/04/looking-for-the-mouse.html. 8 Internet World Stats—Usage and Population Statistics, accessed December 31, 2009. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. 9 “Wikipedia Is an MMORPG.” Wikipedia project, accessed May 1, 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_an_MMORPG. 10 Ibid. 11 Puente, Maria. “Learn, Fight Hunger, Kill Time All at Once at Freerice.com.” USA Today, January 23, 2008. http://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/2008-01-23-freerice_N.htm. 12 The answer is “growing from the tip of a stem.” 13 “Frequently Asked Questions.”

Service Design Patterns: Fundamental Design Solutions for SOAP/WSDL and RESTful Web Services by Robert Daigneau

Amazon Web Services, business intelligence, business logic, business process, continuous integration, create, read, update, delete, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, loose coupling, machine readable, MITM: man-in-the-middle, MVC pattern, OSI model, pull request, RFC: Request For Comment, Ruby on Rails, software as a service, web application

., CORBA objects) http://cxf.apache.org/ HTTPD: The Apache web server http://httpd.apache.org/ Log4J: A logging utility http://logging.apache.org/log4j/ 277 278 G LOSSARY Project Associated URL Apache ODE: An Orchestration Engine that uses the WS-BPEL standard http://ode.apache.org/ Apache ServiceMix: An open source ESB http://servicemix.apache.org/home.html Apache Subversion: An open source centralized version control system http://subversion.apache.org/ Apache Struts: An open source framework that implements the MVC pattern http://struts.apache.org/ Apache Thrift: An RPC framework for cross-language service development originally developed by Facebook and contributed to Apache http://thrift.apache.org/ Apache XMLBeans: An XML data-binding technology http://xmlbeans.apache.org/ ASCII—The American Standard Code for Information Interchange. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII ASP.NET MVC—A Microsoft framework which implements the MVC pattern. www.asp.net/mvc Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)—A number of client-side scripting techniques which leverage asynchronous background calls to web services. These techniques promote dynamic and rich web applications, and allow data to be retrieved or updated without having to load an entire web page.

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This protocol is not considered a secure mechanism for client authentication. http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2617 G LOSSARY Black-box Reuse—A form of software reuse in which the implementation details of a class or component are opaque and cannot be altered by the client developer. Developers code to the public interface of these entities. Components that use this form of reuse are typically distributed as binary libraries. BPEL—See Business Process Execution Language BSD Sockets API—A “low-level” C library for interprocess communications over TCP/IP. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_sockets BSON—A framework that provides binary-encoded serialization of JSONlike data structures. http://bsonspec.org/ Business Process Execution Language (BPEL)—An open standard which deﬁnes processes as a set of interactions with web services. Cache—Software infrastructures that typically store data in memory or ﬁle systems for use across multiple client requests.

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Entities [DDD], Reference Objects [DDD], Business Object DoS—See Denial of Service Dynamic Link Library (DLL)—A proprietary Microsoft standard for encapsulating code libraries as deployable binary units that can be reused by different client applications. EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebcidic Endianness—The rules which deﬁne how a speciﬁc computing platform orders the bytes of 16-, 32-, or 64-bit words stored in memory. A.k.a. Byte Order Extensible Markup Language (XML)— www.w3.org/XML/ G LOSSARY Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)—An XML-based language that deﬁnes how content from XML can be converted into other formats and data structures. www.w3.org/TR/xslt Extensible XML Application Markup (XMAL)—A proprietary XML-based language from Microsoft.

pages: 353 words: 91,520

Most Likely to Succeed: Preparing Our Kids for the Innovation Era by Tony Wagner, Ted Dintersmith

affirmative action, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Bernie Sanders, Clayton Christensen, creative destruction, David Brooks, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Frederick Winslow Taylor, future of work, immigration reform, income inequality, index card, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, Joi Ito, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, language acquisition, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, new economy, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), pattern recognition, Paul Graham, Peter Thiel, Ponzi scheme, pre–internet, school choice, Silicon Valley, Skype, Steven Pinker, TaskRabbit, TED Talk, the scientific method, two and twenty, uber lyft, unpaid internship, Y Combinator

“Global Competence,” Asia Society. http://asiasociety.org/global competence (accessed December 18, 2014). 32 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kO8x8eoU3L4. 33 Meier, Deborah. The Power of Their Ideas: Lessons for America from a Small School in Harlem (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002). Chapter 5. The Gold Ring: The College Degree 1 Source: Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_tuition_in_the_United_States (accessed December 30, 2014). 2 Rhoades, Gary. “The Study of American Professions,” Sociology of Higher Education: Contributions and Their Contexts, ed. Patricia Gumport (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007). 3 Bok, Derek. Higher Learning (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 323–24. 4 Keeling, Richard P., and Richard Hersh.

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cntn_id=131403&org=NSF&from=news (accessed December 17, 2014). 4 Bajak, Aleszu. “Lectures aren’t just boring, they’re ineffective, too, study finds,” Science Insider, May 12, 2014. http://news.sciencemag.org/education/2014/05/lectures-arent-just-boring-theyre-ineffective-too-study-finds (accessed December 17, 2014). 5 Source: Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Education_Group (accessed December 31, 2014). 6 Cuomo, Chris, Chris Vlasto, Gerry Wagschal, et al. “ABC News Investigates For-Profit Education: Recruiters at the University of Phoenix,” ABC News, August 19, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/profit-education-abc-news-undercover-investigate-recruiters-university/story?

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“A Q&A with ‘Godfather of MOOCs’ Sebastian Thrun after he disavowed his godchild,” May 12, 2014, http://pando.com/2014/05/12/a-qa-with-godfather-of-moocs-sebastian-thrun-after-he-disavowed-his-godchild/ (accessed December 17, 2014). 10 Brown, Peter C. Make It Stick (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014). Kindle Edition.417. 11 Source: Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkness_table (accessed December 31, 2014). 12 Mazur, Eric. Peer Instruction (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1996), 16. 13 Private Conversation, December 31, 2014. 14 From the PBS Frontline documentary. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sats/where/history.html (accessed December 17, 2014). 15 Owen, David.

pages: 319 words: 89,477

The Power of Pull: How Small Moves, Smartly Made, Can Set Big Things in Motion by John Hagel Iii, John Seely Brown

Albert Einstein, Andrew Keen, barriers to entry, Black Swan, business process, call centre, Clayton Christensen, clean tech, cloud computing, commoditize, corporate governance, creative destruction, disruptive innovation, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, future of work, game design, George Gilder, intangible asset, Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, Joi Ito, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, loose coupling, Louis Pasteur, Malcom McLean invented shipping containers, Marc Benioﬀ, Maui Hawaii, medical residency, Network effects, old-boy network, packet switching, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, pre–internet, profit motive, recommendation engine, Ronald Coase, Salesforce, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart transportation, software as a service, supply-chain management, tacit knowledge, The Nature of the Firm, the new new thing, the strength of weak ties, too big to fail, trade liberalization, transaction costs, TSMC, Yochai Benkler

Finally, we’d like to thank the people profiled in this book who were so generous with their time: Jack Hidary, Joi Ito, Tara Lemmey, Ellen Levy, and Yossi Vardi. Notes Introduction 1 The term “soul surfer” is used to “describe a talented surfer who surfs for the sheer pleasure of surfing,” Wikipedia, “Soul Surfer,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Surfer. 2 For more about this billboard, see “What Makes You So Special? With over 1 Million People in the World Able to Do Your Job, Altium Acts to Help More,” Reuters, April 20, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS180975+20-Apr-2009+MW20090420. 3 Jeff Mull, “Clear to Land: Dusty Payne Wins Kustom Air Strike and $50,000,” Surfer magazine, April 2009, http://www.surfermag.com/features/onlineexclusives/dusty_payne_wins_kustom_air_strike_and_50000/. 4 Creative talent is increasingly flocking to creative cities.

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Chapter 2 1 See Joshua Davis, “Secret Geek A-Team Hacks Back, Defends Worldwide Web,” Wired, November 24, 2008. 2 This account is drawn from conversations and e-mail exchanges with Joi Ito and other people who were involved in this effort to support the protest movement’s freedom of expression. 3 Dunbar fixed his number at approximately 150 people, but field studies performed by anthropologists H. Russell Bernard and Peter Killworth put the number at 290, roughly double Dunbar’s estimate. See Wikipedia article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar’s_number#Alternative_numbers. 4 This widely cited quote can be found in many places, including Charles G. Sieloff, “‘If Only HP Knew What HP Knows’: The Roots of Knowledge Management at Hewlett-Packard,” Journal of Knowledge Management 3, no. 1 (1999): 47-53. 5 “Performance fabrics weave together both business elements (e.g., techniques for building shared meaning and trust) and technology elements (e.g., architectures and technology tools) to simplify, strengthen, and amplify relationships among relevant stakeholders across enterprises, thereby enhancing the potential for productive collaboration across a large number of specialized entities.”

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Chapter 6 1 Details about Shai Agassi’s early days at SAP and his later work at Better Place are drawn in part from Daniel Roth, “Driven: Shai Agassi’s Audacious Plan to Put Electric Cars on the Road,” Wired, August 18, 2008. 2 Trailing his hand in the wave was the spontaneous innovation made by Laird Hamilton while surfing a “death-defying” wave in Teahupoo, Tahiti, in August 2000. See Wikipedia entry for Laird Hamilton, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laird_Hamilton. 3 See Shai Agassi, “I LOVE Open Source—Really!” SAP Network Blogs, November 11, 2005, https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/scn/weblogs?blog=/pub/wlg/1700. 4 See John Hagel III, John Seely Brown, and Lang Davison, The 2009 Shift Index: Measuring the Forces of Long-Term Change (San Jose, Calif.: Deloitte Development, June 2009). 5 See Daniel Pink, Free Agent Nation (New York: Warner Books, 2001). 6 Tara Lemmey, interview with the authors, July 10, 2009. 7 Note that what we’re advocating here flips “strategic HR” on its head.

Driverless: Intelligent Cars and the Road Ahead by Hod Lipson, Melba Kurman

AI winter, Air France Flight 447, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, barriers to entry, butterfly effect, carbon footprint, Chris Urmson, cloud computing, computer vision, connected car, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, DARPA: Urban Challenge, deep learning, digital map, Donald Shoup, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, General Motors Futurama, Geoffrey Hinton, Google Earth, Google X / Alphabet X, Hans Moravec, high net worth, hive mind, ImageNet competition, income inequality, industrial robot, intermodal, Internet of things, Jeff Hawkins, job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, lone genius, Lyft, megacity, Network effects, New Urbanism, Oculus Rift, pattern recognition, performance metric, Philippa Foot, precision agriculture, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, smart cities, speech recognition, statistical model, Steve Jobs, technoutopianism, TED Talk, Tesla Model S, Travis Kalanick, trolley problem, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, Unsafe at Any Speed, warehouse robotics

Despite the efforts of many gifted engineers, for the remainder of the twentieth century, driverless cars continued to suffer from the Da Vinci problem, their development thwarted by the immaturity of the era’s information and communication technologies. Figure 6.5 The History of Driverless Cars: Key milestones in the evolution of autonomous vehicles. Notes 1. Wikipedia, “Futurama (New York World’s Fair),” retrieved March 24, 2016, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama_(New_York_World’s_Fair) 2. Robert W. Rydell, World of Fairs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 135–141. 3. Normal Bel Geddes, Magic Motorways, https://archive.org/details/horizons00geddrich 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid., p. 295. 6. Laura J. Nelson, “Digital Projection Has Drive-in Theaters Reeling,” Los Angeles Times, January 19, 2013, http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-drive-ins-digital-20130120,0,5280624,full.story 7.

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“GPS Accuracy,” GPS.gov Official U.S. Government information about the Global Positioning System (GPS), http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/performance/accuracy/ 3. McWilliams, “Re: How Fast Does an Eye Blink?” University of Missouri–St. Louis, MadSci Network, retrieved April 28, 2013 (via Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink) 4. Adam Levin “How Hackers Can Hijack Your Car,” Today.com, August 29, 2013, http://www.today.com/money/how-hackers-can-hijack-your-car-8C11034118 5. Dash, https://dash.by/ 10 Deep Learning: The Final Piece of the Puzzle Deep-learning software is a key catalyst behind recent advances in driverless-car performance and safety.

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Mythical potions came and went, and over the years alchemists were replaced by their modern ancestors, roboticists. Today, we roboticists have better tools, deeper understanding, and a little more funding. But ultimately, we are still trying to breathe life into inanimate machines. Notes 1. Wikipedia, “The Cambrian Explosion,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion 2. Andres Parker, In the Blink of an Eye (Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books), 2003. 3. Denise Grady, “The Vision Thing: Mainly in the Brain,” Discover Magazine, June 1, 1993, http://discovermagazine.com/1993/jun/thevisionthingma227 4. Gill A. Pratt, “Is a Cambrian Explosion Coming for Robotics?”

pages: 313 words: 95,077

Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations by Clay Shirky

Andrew Keen, Andy Carvin, Berlin Wall, bike sharing, bioinformatics, Brewster Kahle, c2.com, Charles Lindbergh, commons-based peer production, crowdsourcing, digital rights, en.wikipedia.org, Free Software Foundation, Garrett Hardin, hiring and firing, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, Internet Archive, invention of agriculture, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, invention of the telegraph, jimmy wales, John Perry Barlow, Joi Ito, Kuiper Belt, liberation theology, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, Merlin Mann, Metcalfe’s law, Nash equilibrium, Network effects, Nicholas Carr, Picturephone, place-making, Pluto: dwarf planet, power law, prediction markets, price mechanism, prisoner's dilemma, profit motive, Richard Stallman, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Coase, Silicon Valley, slashdot, social software, Stewart Brand, supply-chain management, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, ultimatum game, Vilfredo Pareto, Wayback Machine, Yochai Benkler, Yogi Berra

Viégas’s work on visualizing the history of Wikipedia edits, “History Flow,” is at www.research.ibm.com/visual/projects/history_flow/. Page 138: Seigenthaler and essjay controversies The Wikipedia articles on the controversy surrounding the John Seigenthaler entry (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._Wikipedia_biography_controversy ) and essjay’s faked credentials (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essjay_controversy) are surprisingly good, given that one might expect Wikipedians to pull their punches. Nicholas Carr is also worth reading on this subject; Carr, writing at roughtype.com, is the most insightful and incisive of Wikipedia’s critics.

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Raymond’s writings on software and other topics are at www.catb.org/~esr/writings/ . Page 22: Within the Context of No Context, George W. S. Trow, Atlantic Monthly Press (1997). CHAPTER 2: SHARING ANCHORS COMMUNITY Page 25: Birthday Paradox Wikipedia contains a good general guide to the Birthday Paradox, at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_paradox. (As always, Wikipedia also contains links at the bottom of the article to additional materials on the subject.) An alternate formulation of the same math is expressed as “Metcalfe’s law.” Robert Metcalfe, inventor of a core networking technology called Ethernet, proposed that “the value of a network rises with the square of its members,” which is to say that when you double the size of a network, its value quadruples, because so many new links become possible.

pages: 307 words: 92,165

Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing by Hod Lipson, Melba Kurman

3D printing, a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away, additive manufacturing, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, carbon footprint, Charles Babbage, cloud computing, crowdsourcing, DIY culture, dumpster diving, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, factory automation, Free Software Foundation, game design, global supply chain, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, Kickstarter, Lean Startup, lifelogging, Mars Rover, Marshall McLuhan, microcredit, Minecraft, Neal Stephenson, new economy, off grid, personalized medicine, planned obsolescence, printed gun, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Feynman, stem cell, Steve Jobs, technological singularity, TED Talk, the long tail, the market place

Chapter 3 1 Quote from a press conference covered by VentureBeat in May 2012. http://venturebeat.com/2012/05/10/3d-systems-ceo-we-want-3d-printing-to-be-as-big-as-the-ipad/ 2 Quote from Terry’s blog, July 2012. http://wohlersassociates.com/blog/2012/07/why-most-adults-will-never-use-a-3d-printer/ Chapter 4 1 Chris Anderson, The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More (New York, NY: Hyperion Press, 2008). 2 Joseph Pine and James Gilmore, The Experience Economy (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1999). 3 Eric Reis, The Lean Startup: How Today's Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. (New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group, 2011). 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcredit Chapter 5 1 Harris L. Marcus, Joel W. Barlow, Joseph J. Beaman, and David L. Bourell, “From computer to component in 15 minutes: The integrated manufacture of three-dimensional objects.” JOM: Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 42, no. 4 (1990): 8–10. 2 Paul Williams, “Three Dimensional Printing: A New Process to Fabricate Prototypes Directly from CAD Models.”

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Lead Partner: Loughborough University. 4 Whitney MacDonald, “Time for Titanium Processing.” CSIRO Process magazine (June 2005): 1-2. http://www.csiro.au/files/files/p81m.pdf 5 “ATKINS: Manufacturing a Low Carbon Footprint. Zero Emission Enterprise Feasibility Study.” Project number N0012J, October 2007. Lead Partner: Loughborough University. 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling 7 Susan Freinkel, Plastic: A Toxic Love Story (New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2011). 8 Stat from Global Environmental Polymers, Inc. http://www.degradablepolymers.com/plastic_pollution.html 9 Capt. Charles Moore with Cassandra Phillips, Plastic Ocean: How a Sea Captain’s Chance Discovery Launched a Determined Quest to Save the Oceans (Avery, 2011). 10 Joris Peels, “3D printing vs Mass Production: Part IV More beautiful landfill.” i.materialise blog (June 29, 2011). http://i.materialise.com/blog/entry/3d-printing-vs-mass-production-part-iv-more-beautiful-landfill 11 American Chemistry Council, “2005 National Post-Consumer Plastics Bottle Recycling Report” (2005).

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Ars Technica (April 6, 2011). http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/04/the-next-napster-copyright-questions-as-3d-printing-comes-of-age/2/ 6 Erin McCarthy, “SXSW: The Looming Legal Battles over 3D Printing.” Popular Mechanics (March 14, 2012). http://www.popularmechanics.com/how-to/blog/sxw-the-looming-legal-battles-over-3d-printing-7333888 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent 8 Simon Bradshaw, Adrian Bowyer, and Patrick Haufe, “The Intellectual Property Implications of Low-Cost 3D Printing.” SCRIPTed, Volume 7, Issue 1 (2010). http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script-ed/vol7-1/bradshaw.asp 9 Phillip Torrone, “MAKE’s Exclusive Interview with Alicia Gibb – President of the Open Source Hardware Association.”

pages: 335 words: 94,578

Spectrum Women: Walking to the Beat of Autism by Barb Cook, Samantha Craft

Asperger Syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, cuban missile crisis, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, financial independence, Kickstarter, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, Maui Hawaii, neurotypical, off-the-grid, pattern recognition, phenotype, rolodex, seminal paper, sexual politics, theory of mind, women in the workforce

Retrieved 19 September 2017, from www.ottawariverkeeper.ca/home/who-we-are/our-story/ Prince-Hughes, D. (2004) Songs of the Gorilla Nation. New York, NY: Harmony Books. Simone, R. (2010) Aspergirls: Empowering Females with Asperger Syndrome. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Wikipedia (2017) “Ernest Thompson Seton.” Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Thompson_Seton Wikipedia (2017) “Laurent Mottron.” Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Mottron Recommended Resources Publications 22 Things a Woman Must Know If She Loves a Man with Asperger Syndrome, Rudy Simone (Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2009) 22 Things a Woman with Aspergers Wants Her Partner to Know, Rudy Simone (Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2012) A Field Guide to Earthlings: An Autistic/Asperger View of Neurotypical Behaviour, Ian Ford (Ian Ford Software Corporation, 2010) Am I Autistic?

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Moraine, P. (2015) Autism and Everyday Executive Function: A Strengths-Based Approach for Improving Attention, Memory, Organization and Flexibility. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Moyes, R. (2013) Executive Function “Dysfunction”: Strategies for Educators and Parents. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Wikipedia (2017) “Gaslighting.” Retrieved 5 August 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting Chapter 15 Cleveland Clinic (2017) “Mitochondrial Disease.” Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17237-mitochondrial-disease Lesko, A. (2017) The Complete Guide to Autism and Healthcare. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons.

HBase: The Definitive Guide by Lars George

Alignment Problem, Amazon Web Services, bioinformatics, create, read, update, delete, Debian, distributed revision control, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, fault tolerance, Firefox, FOSDEM, functional programming, Google Earth, information security, Kickstarter, place-making, revision control, smart grid, sparse data, web application

Note Note that the selection of filesystems is for the HDFS data nodes. HBase is directly impacted when using HDFS as its backing store. Here are some notes on the more commonly used filesystems: ext3 One of the most ubiquitous filesystems on the Linux operating system is ext3 (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3 for details). It has been proven stable and reliable, meaning it is a safe bet in terms of setting up your cluster with it. Being part of Linux since 2001, it has been steadily improved over time and has been the default filesystem for years. There are a few optimizations you should keep in mind when using ext3.

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The biggest drawback of ext3 is that during the bootstrap process of the servers it requires the largest amount of time. Formatting a disk with ext3 can take minutes to complete and may become a nuisance when spinning up machines dynamically on a regular basis—although that is not a very common practice. ext4 The successor to ext3 is called ext4 (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4 for details) and initially was based on the same code but was subsequently moved into its own project. It has been officially part of the Linux kernel since the end of 2008. To that extent, it has had only a few years to prove its stability and reliability. Nevertheless, Google has announced plans[32] to upgrade its storage infrastructure from ext2 to ext4.

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It helps in keeping blocks for files together and can at times write the entire file into a contiguous set of blocks. This reduces fragmentation and improves performance when reading the file subsequently. On the other hand, it increases the possibility of data loss in case of a server crash. XFS XFS (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfs for details) became available on Linux at about the same time as ext3. It was originally developed by Silicon Graphics in 1993. Most Linux distributions today have XFS support included. Its features are similar to those of ext4; for example, both have extents (grouping contiguous blocks together, reducing the number of blocks required to maintain per file) and the aforementioned delayed allocation.

pages: 193 words: 51,445

On the Future: Prospects for Humanity by Martin J. Rees

23andMe, 3D printing, air freight, Alfred Russel Wallace, AlphaGo, Anthropocene, Asilomar, autonomous vehicles, Benoit Mandelbrot, biodiversity loss, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, carbon tax, circular economy, CRISPR, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, decarbonisation, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, demographic transition, Dennis Tito, distributed ledger, double helix, driverless car, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Geoffrey Hinton, global village, Great Leap Forward, Higgs boson, Hyperloop, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, James Webb Space Telescope, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Johannes Kepler, John Conway, Large Hadron Collider, life extension, mandelbrot fractal, mass immigration, megacity, Neil Armstrong, Nick Bostrom, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, pattern recognition, precautionary principle, quantitative hedge fund, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, Rodney Brooks, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, smart grid, speech recognition, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Stanislav Petrov, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, Stuxnet, supervolcano, technological singularity, the scientific method, Tunguska event, uranium enrichment, Walter Mischel, William MacAskill, Yogi Berra

An overview of these developments is given in Murray Shanahan, The Technological Singularity (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015); and Margaret Boden, AI: Its Nature and Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). A more speculative ‘take’ is offered by Max Tegmark, Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (New York: Penguin Random House 2017). 9. David Silver et al., ‘Mastering the Game of Go without Human Knowledge’, Nature 550 (2017): 354–59. 10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reported_Road_Casualties_Great_Britain. 11. The letter was organised by the Future of Life Institute, based at MIT. 12. Stuart Russell is quoted from the Financial Times, January 6, 2018. 13. See Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Viking, 2005). 14.

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W. Norton, 2015). 8. There is a huge literature on pulsars, but an overview is given by Geoff McNamara, Clocks in the Sky: The Story of Pulsars (New York: Springer, 2008). 9. Fast radio bursts are intensively studied and ideas are fast changing. The best reference is Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_radio_burst. CHAPTER 4. THE LIMITS AND FUTURE OF SCIENCE 1. A biography of Conway is Siobhan Roberts, Genius at Play: The Curious Mind of John Horton Conway (New York: Bloomsbury, 2015). 2. This essay can be found in Eugene Wigner, Symmetries and Reflections: Scientific Essays of Eugene P.

pages: 441 words: 96,534

Streetfight: Handbook for an Urban Revolution by Janette Sadik-Khan

autonomous vehicles, bike sharing, Boris Johnson, business cycle, call centre, car-free, carbon footprint, clean water, congestion charging, congestion pricing, Cornelius Vanderbilt, crowdsourcing, digital map, Donald Shoup, edge city, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, Enrique Peñalosa, fixed-gear, gentrification, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, Induced demand, Jane Jacobs, Lewis Mumford, Loma Prieta earthquake, Lyft, megaproject, New Urbanism, off-the-grid, place-making, self-driving car, sharing economy, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, transportation-network company, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, walkable city, white flight, Works Progress Administration, Zipcar

$124 for a seven-axle truck: Metropolitan Transportation Authority, “Approved Bridges and Tunnels Tolls,” accessed August 15, 2015, http://web.mta.info/mta/news/hearings/2015FareTolls/FaresBT.html. five wealthiest counties: New York counties ranked by per capita income, Wikipedia, accessed August 12, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_locations_by_per_capita_income. 57 percent of households: Tri-State Transportation Campaign, “NYC Metropolitan Area Fact Sheets on Congestion Pricing: Brooklyn,” accessed August 7, 2015, http://www.tstc.org/reports/cpfactsheets.php. 100 percent higher: Ibid. two thirds of Brooklyn workers: Ibid. 97.5 percent of Brooklyn: Ibid. 27 percent in a poll: Quinnipiac University, “State Voters Back NYC Traffic Fee 2–1, If Funds Go to Transit, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; Voters Back Millionaire’s Tax 4–1,” March 24, 2008, accessed August 7, 2014, www.google.com/url?

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CHAPTER 7: STEALING GOOD IDEAS 381 people for every 100,000 inhabitants: “Medellin: A City Transformed,” Inter-American Development Bank, accessed August 7, 2015, www.iadb.org/en/topics/citizen-security/impact-medellin,5687.html. 26 per 100,000 inhabitants: “Colombia’s Homicide Rate Reaches 30 Year Low in 2014,” Finance Colombia, January 5, 2015, accessed August 7, 2015, www.financecolombia.com/colombias-homicide-rate-reaches-30-year-low-in-2014/. rise 1,300 feet: “Metrocable (Medellín),” Wikipedia, accessed August 7, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrocable_%28Medell%C3%ADn%29. cut the two-hour commutes: Numerous examples varying with origin and destinations, including Michael Kimmelman, “A City Rises, Along with Its Hopes,” New York Times, May 18, 2012, accessed August 7, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/arts/design/fighting-crime-with-architecture-in-medellin-colombia.html.

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more than three times as many people killed: Department of Defense, Operations Iraqi Freedom, New Dawn, Enduring Freedom, Inherent Resolve, Freedom’s Sentinel, accessed August 10, 2015, www.defense.gov/news/casualty.pdf; “Casualties of the September 11 Attacks,” Wikipedia, accessed August 10, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks. nearly three times the number: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Fast Stats: Assault or Homicide,” accessed August 10, 2015, www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/homicide.htm. 29 percent of traffic deaths: United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “Traffic Safety Facts,” June 2015, 1, accessed August 10, 2015, www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812162.pdf.

pages: 327 words: 103,336

Everything Is Obvious: *Once You Know the Answer by Duncan J. Watts

"World Economic Forum" Davos, active measures, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, AOL-Time Warner, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Black Swan, business cycle, butterfly effect, carbon credits, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, clockwork universe, cognitive dissonance, coherent worldview, collapse of Lehman Brothers, complexity theory, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, discovery of DNA, East Village, easy for humans, difficult for computers, edge city, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, framing effect, Future Shock, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Santayana, happiness index / gross national happiness, Herman Kahn, high batting average, hindsight bias, illegal immigration, industrial cluster, interest rate swap, invention of the printing press, invention of the telescope, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, lake wobegon effect, Laplace demon, Long Term Capital Management, loss aversion, medical malpractice, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, Network effects, oil shock, packet switching, pattern recognition, performance metric, phenotype, Pierre-Simon Laplace, planetary scale, prediction markets, pre–internet, RAND corporation, random walk, RFID, school choice, Silicon Valley, social contagion, social intelligence, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, supply-chain management, tacit knowledge, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, too big to fail, Toyota Production System, Tragedy of the Commons, ultimatum game, urban planning, Vincenzo Peruggia: Mona Lisa, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, X Prize

This argument has been made most forcefully by Donald Green and Ian Shapiro, who argue that when “everything from conscious calculation to ‘cultural inertia’ may be squared with some variant of rational choice theory … our disagreement becomes merely semantic, and rational choice theory is nothing but an ever-expanding tent in which to house every plausible proposition advanced by anthropology, sociology, or social psychology.” (Green and Shapiro, 2005, p. 76). CHAPTER 3: THE WISDOM (AND MADNESS) OF CROWDS 1. See Riding (2005) for the statistic about visitors. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa for other entertaining details about the Mona Lisa. 2. See Clark (1973, p. 150). 3. See Sassoon (2001). 4. See Tucker (1999) for the full article on Harry Potter. See (Nielsen 2009) for details of their Facebook analysis. See Barnes (2009) for the story on movies. 5. For the story about changes in consumer behavior postrecession, see Goodman (2009).

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See Makridakis, Hogarth, and Gaba (2009a) and Taleb (2007) for lengthier descriptions of these and other missed predictions. See Lowenstein (2000) for the full story of Long-Term Capital Management. 6. Newton’s quote is taken from Janiak (2004, p. 41). 7. The Laplace quote is taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace’s-demon. 8. Lumping all processes into two coarse categories is a vast oversimplification of reality, as the “complexity” of a process is not a sufficiently well understood property to be assigned anything like a single number. It’s also a somewhat arbitrary one, as there’s no clear definition of when a process is complex enough to be called complex.

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Also see Bertrand et al. (2010) for an example of a direct-mail advertising experiment. Curiously, however, the practice of routinely including control groups in advertising campaigns, for TV, word-of-mouth, and even brand advertising, never caught on, and these days it is mostly overlooked in favor of statistical models, often called “marketing mix models” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_mix_modeling). 19. See, for example, a recent Harvard Business School article by the president and CEO of comScore (Abraham 2008). Curiously, the author was one of Lodish’s colleagues who worked on the split-cable TV experiments. 20. User anonymity was maintained throughout the experiment by using a third-party service to match Yahoo!

pages: 368 words: 96,825

Bold: How to Go Big, Create Wealth and Impact the World by Peter H. Diamandis, Steven Kotler

3D printing, additive manufacturing, adjacent possible, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Apollo 11, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Boston Dynamics, Charles Lindbergh, cloud computing, company town, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, deal flow, deep learning, dematerialisation, deskilling, disruptive innovation, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Exxon Valdez, fail fast, Fairchild Semiconductor, fear of failure, Firefox, Galaxy Zoo, Geoffrey Hinton, Google Glasses, Google Hangouts, gravity well, hype cycle, ImageNet competition, industrial robot, information security, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, John Harrison: Longitude, John Markoff, Jono Bacon, Just-in-time delivery, Kickstarter, Kodak vs Instagram, Law of Accelerating Returns, Lean Startup, life extension, loss aversion, Louis Pasteur, low earth orbit, Mahatma Gandhi, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Mars Rover, meta-analysis, microbiome, minimum viable product, move fast and break things, Narrative Science, Netflix Prize, Network effects, Oculus Rift, OpenAI, optical character recognition, packet switching, PageRank, pattern recognition, performance metric, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, pre–internet, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, rolodex, Scaled Composites, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, Skype, smart grid, SpaceShipOne, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, Stuart Kauffman, superconnector, Susan Wojcicki, synthetic biology, technoutopianism, TED Talk, telepresence, telepresence robot, Turing test, urban renewal, Virgin Galactic, Wayback Machine, web application, X Prize, Y Combinator, zero-sum game

Chapter Three: Five to Change the World 1 Adrian Kingsley-Hughes, “Mobile gadgets driving massive growth in touch sensors,” ZDNet, June 18, 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/mobile-gadgets-driving-massive-growth-in-touch-sensors-7000016954/. 2 Peter Kelly-Detwiler, “Machine to Machine Connections—The Internet of Things—And Energy,” Forbes, August 6, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterdetwiler/2013/08/06/machine-to-machine-connections-the-internet-of-things-and-energy/. 3 See http://www.shotspotter.com. 4 Clive Thompson, “No Longer Vaporware: The Internet of Things Is Finally Talking,” Wired, December 6, 2012, http://www.wired.com/2012/12/20-12-st_thompson/. 5 Brad Templeton, “Cameras or Lasers?,” Templetons, http://www.templetons.com/brad/robocars/cameras-lasers.html. 6 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_vehicles_in_the_United_States. 7 Commercial satellite players include: PlanetLabs (already launched), Skybox (launched and acquired by Google), Urthecast (launched), and two still-confidential companies still under development (about which Peter Diamandis has firsthand knowledge). 8 Stanford University, “Need for a Trillion Sensors Roadmap,” Tsensorsummit.org, 2013, http://www.tsensorssummit.org/Resources/Why%20TSensors%20Roadmap.pdf. 9 Rickie Fleming, “The battle of the G networks,” NCDS.com blog, June 28, 2014, http://www.ncds.com/ncds-business-technology-blog/the-battle-of-the-g-networks. 10 AI with Dan Hesse, 2013–14. 11 Unless otherwise noted, all IoT information and Padma Warrior quotes come from an AI with Padma, 2013. 12 Cisco, “2013 IoE Value Index,” Cisco.com, 2013, http://internetofeverything.cisco.com/learn/2013-ioe-value-index-whitepaper. 13 NAVTEQ, “NAVTEQ Traffic Patterns,” Navmart.com, 2008, http://www.navmart.com/pdf/NAVmart_TrafficPatterns.pdf. 14 Juho Erkheikki, “Nokia to Buy Navteq for $8.1 Billion, Take on TomTom (Update 7),” Bloomberg, October 1, 2007, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?

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You get things done as long as you keep pushing. 14 Locke and Latham, “New Directions in Goal-Setting Theory.” 15 It was my dear friend Gregg Maryniak who first introduced me to this story. As it has been fundamental to my success, a deep debt of gratitude is owed. 16 Wikipedia does a great job with the history of “stone soup,” see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Soup. Also see Marcia Brown, Stone Soup (New York: Aladdin Picture Books), 1997. 17 AI with Hagel. 18 John Hagel, “Pursuing Passion,” Edge Perspectives with John Hagel, November 14, 2009, http://edgeperspectives.typepad.com/edge_perspectives/2009/11/pursuing-passion.html. 19 Gregory Berns, “In Hard Times, Fear Can Impair Decision Making,” New York Times, December 6, 2008.

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Chapter Nine: Building Communities 1 Clay Shirky, “How cognitive surplus will change the world,” TED, June 2010, https://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_cognitive_surplus_will_change_the_world. 2 The term MTP was first described by Salim Ismail in his recent book Exponential Organizations: Why new organizations are ten times better, faster, cheaper than yours (and what to do about it) to describe a unique, powerful, and simple statement of your mission. Google’s MTP is to “Organize the world’s information.” TED’s MTP is “ideas worth spreading.” 3 This is sometimes called Joy’s Law, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy’s_Law_(management). 4 For DIY drones, see Chris Anderson, “How I Accidentally Kickstarted the Domestic Drone Boom,” Wired, June 22, 2012, http://www.wired.com/2012/06/ff_drones. For Local Motors, localmotors.com. 5 AI with Gina Bianchini, 2014. 6 Joshua Klein, Reputation Economics: Why Who You Know Is Worth More Than What You Have (New York: Palgrave Macmillan Trade, 2013). 7 All Klein quotes come from an AI with Joshua Klein, 2014. 8 AI with Bianchini. 9 James Glanz, “What Else Lurks Out There?

pages: 95 words: 6,448

Mending the Net: Toward Universal Basic Incomes by Chris Oestereich

Abraham Maslow, basic income, en.wikipedia.org, future of work, Future Shock, Overton Window, profit motive, rent-seeking, The Future of Employment, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, universal basic income

[13] Proctor, B, Semega, J, and Kollar, M, 2016, “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015 - Current Population Reports,” http.s://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-256.pdf, 9. [14] Vogel, P, 2016, “The Future of Work?” http://globalfocusmagazine.com/the-future-of-work/. [15] Wikipedia, 2016, “List of recessions in the United States,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_States. [16] Scharf, K, and Smith, S, 2016, “Peer-to-peer fundraising and ‘relational altruism’ in charitable giving,” http://voxeu.org/article/peer-peer-fundraising-and-relational-altruism-charitable-giving. [17] DeLong, B, 2016, “Musings on ‘Just Deserts’ and the Opening of Plato's Republic,” http://www.bradford-delong.com/2016/09/musings-on-just-deserts-and-the-opening-of-platos-republic-greg-mankiw-defending-the-1-proposes-what-he-cal.html

pages: 190 words: 53,409

Success and Luck: Good Fortune and the Myth of Meritocracy by Robert H. Frank

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, Alan Greenspan, Amazon Mechanical Turk, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, attribution theory, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, Branko Milanovic, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, carried interest, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Brooks, deliberate practice, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, experimental subject, framing effect, full employment, Gary Kildall, high-speed rail, hindsight bias, If something cannot go on forever, it will stop - Herbert Stein's Law, income inequality, invisible hand, labor-force participation, lake wobegon effect, loss aversion, low interest rates, meritocracy, minimum wage unemployment, Network effects, Paradox of Choice, Paul Samuelson, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, Richard Thaler, Rod Stewart played at Stephen Schwarzman birthday party, Ronald Reagan, Rory Sutherland, selection bias, side project, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, the long tail, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tim Cook: Apple, ultimatum game, Vincenzo Peruggia: Mona Lisa, winner-take-all economy

Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013. CHAPTER 4: WHY THE BIGGEST WINNERS ARE ALMOST ALWAYS LUCKY 1. High School Baseball Web, “Inside the Numbers,” http://www.hsbaseballweb.com/inside_the_numbers.htm. 2. See Wikipedia, List of World Records in Athletics, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics#Men and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_record_progressions. 3. Because the probability of getting heads on each flip is 1/2, the probability of getting 20 heads in a row is (1/2)20, which is 0.0000095367. 4. Carl Sagan, Broca’s Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science, New York: Random House, 1979, 61. 5.

pages: 174 words: 56,405

Machine Translation by Thierry Poibeau

Alignment Problem, AlphaGo, AltaVista, augmented reality, call centre, Claude Shannon: information theory, cloud computing, combinatorial explosion, crowdsourcing, deep learning, DeepMind, easy for humans, difficult for computers, en.wikipedia.org, geopolitical risk, Google Glasses, information retrieval, Internet of things, language acquisition, machine readable, machine translation, Machine translation of "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak." to Russian and back, natural language processing, Necker cube, Norbert Wiener, RAND corporation, Robert Mercer, seminal paper, Skype, speech recognition, statistical model, technological singularity, Turing test, wikimedia commons

ISBN: 978-0-262-53421-5 eISBN 9780262342438 ePub Version 1.0 Table of Contents Series page Title page Copyright page Series Foreword Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 2 The Trouble with Translation 3 A Quick Overview of the Evolution of Machine Translation 4 Before the Advent of Computers… 5 The Beginnings of Machine Translation: The First Rule-Based Systems 6 The 1966 ALPAC Report and Its Consequences 7 Parallel Corpora and Sentence Alignment 8 Example-Based Machine Translation 9 Statistical Machine Translation and Word Alignment 10 Segment-Based Machine Translation 11 Challenges and Limitations of Statistical Machine Translation 12 Deep Learning Machine Translation 13 The Evaluation of Machine Translation Systems 14 The Machine Translation Industry: Between Professional and Mass-Market Applications 15 Conclusion: The Future of Machine Translation Glossary Bibliography and Further Reading Index About Author List of Tables Table 1 Example of possible translations in French for the English word “motion” List of Illustrations Figure 1 The Necker cube, the famous optical illusion published by Louis Albert Necker in 1832. (Image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Necker_cube.svg.) Figure 2 Vauquois’ triangle (image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0, via WikiMedia Commons). Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Direct_translation_and_transfer_translation_pyramind.svg. Figure 3 An extract from the Hansard corpus aligned at sentence level. Figure 4 Two texts of different length. Each cell with a number n corresponds to a sentence of length n. Figure 5 Beginning of alignment based on sentence length.

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These varying strategies have been summarized in a very striking figure called the “Vauquois triangle,” from the name of a famous French researcher in machine translation in the 1960s (figure 2). Figure 2 Vauquois’ triangle (image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0, via WikiMedia Commons). Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Direct_translation_and_transfer_translation_pyramind.svg. Direct transfer, represented at the bottom of the triangle, corresponds to word-for-word translation. In this framework, there is no need to analyze the source text and, in the simplest case, a simple bilingual dictionary is enough.

pages: 449 words: 123,459

The Infinity Puzzle by Frank Close

Albert Einstein, Andrew Wiles, Arthur Eddington, dark matter, El Camino Real, en.wikipedia.org, Ernest Rutherford, Higgs boson, Isaac Newton, Large Hadron Collider, Murray Gell-Mann, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, Simon Singh, Ted Sorensen

SU2, SU3, and U1: SU2 is an example of the “special unitary group” of 2 × 2 unitary matrices (i.e., the sum of their diagonal members is zero—“traceless”—and their determinant is one). SU3 analogously involves 3 × 3 matrices. See “special unitary group” at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special _unitary_group. For U1, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group. For simple examples of matrices, see pages 112 and 114 of The New Cosmic Onion by Frank Close. SUSY (supersymmetry): Theory uniting fermions and bosons, where every known particle is partnered by a (yet to be discovered) particle whose spin differs from it by one-half.

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Polyakov, November 1965, English version published in Soviet Physics, vol. 24, p. 91 (1967). Their paper makes no mention of Higgs or the others in this chapter. 22. G. Guralnik, e-mail to the author, November 16, 2010. Gilbert’s paper is D. G. Boulware and W. Gilbert, Physical Review, vol. 126, p. 1563 (1962). 23. Guralnik’s memoir is available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs _mechanism and Gerald S. Guralnik, “The History of the Guralnik, Hagen, and Kibble Development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles,” International Journal of Modern Physics, vol. A24, p. 2601 (2009). Quotes are from this and the letter to the CERN Courier, December 8 2008, http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/36683. 24.

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Llewellyn Smith, Nature, vol. 448, p. 281 (2007). 22. Llewellyn Smith, interview by the author, March 11, 2010. 23. Llewellyn Smith, Nature, vol. 448, p. 281 (2007). 24. Llewellyn Smith, interview by the author, March 11, 2010. chapter  1. Technicolor theory blossomed in the mid-1970s. For a description and list of references, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor_(physics). 2. I am using Higgs Boson as shorthand for whatever manifestation(s) of the ﬁeld nature may present to us. 3. As an electron accelerator. In the 1970s SLAC provided beams for SPEAR, which broke new ground in the ﬁeld of electron-positron annihilation, notably with the discovery of charm and of the tau lepton.

pages: 207 words: 52,716

Capitalism 3.0: A Guide to Reclaiming the Commons by Peter Barnes

Albert Einstein, car-free, carbon tax, clean water, collective bargaining, corporate governance, corporate personhood, corporate raider, corporate social responsibility, cotton gin, dark matter, digital divide, diversified portfolio, do well by doing good, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, Garrett Hardin, gentrification, hypertext link, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, jitney, junk bonds, Michael Milken, military-industrial complex, money market fund, new economy, patent troll, precautionary principle, profit maximization, Ronald Coase, telemarketer, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, War on Poverty, Yogi Berra

Census Bureau, Aug. 2004), p. 14. www.census.gov/prod /2004pubs/p60-226.pdf. For information about health care costs in the United States, see Paul Krugman, “The Medical Money Pit,” New York Times, Apr. 15, 2005, op ed page. Chapter 8: Sharing Culture 118 public domain: On the Statute of Queen Anne, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Anne. For more information on the public domain see the website of the Center for the Study of the Public Domain at Duke Law School, www.law.duke.edu/cspd/index.html. 119 public domain: Paul Starr, The Creation of the Media (New York: Basic Books), p. 118. 122 “Our mental environment . . .”: Kalle Lasn, Culture Jam: The Uncooling of America (New York: William Morrow, 1999), p. 13. 122 “feel constantly bombarded . . .”: Stuart Elliott, “New Survey on Ad Effectiveness,” New York Times, Apr. 14, 2004. www.nytimes.com/2004/04/14/business/media/14adco.html?

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For more advertising data, see www1.medialiteracy.com/stats_advertising.jsp#perceptions. 123 TV advertising: Gary Levin, “Ad Glut Turns Off Viewers,” USA Today, Oct. 12, 2005. www.usatoday.com/printedition/life/20051012/d_cover12.art.htm. 125 privatizing the airwaves: For Lowell Paxson’s quote, see www.tvtechnology.com/features/Bigpicture/f-FB-DTV.shtml. 128 “As we enjoy great advantages . . .”: For Benjamin Franklin’s quote, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_stove. 129 drug costs to consumers: Dean Baker, “The Reform of Intellectual Property,” Post-Autistic Economics Review, July 2005. www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue32/Baker32.htm. Chapter 9: Building the Commons Sector 136 land trusts: See www.dsni.org/ for more on the Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative.

pages: 209 words: 54,638

Team Geek by Brian W. Fitzpatrick, Ben Collins-Sussman

anti-pattern, barriers to entry, cognitive dissonance, Dean Kamen, do what you love, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, fear of failure, Free Software Foundation, Guido van Rossum, Ken Thompson, Paradox of Choice, Paul Graham, publish or perish, Richard Stallman, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, value engineering, web application

[30] Yet another reason companies shouldn’t force people into management as part of a career path: if an engineer is able to write reams of great code and has no desire at all to manage people or lead a team, by forcing her into a management or tech lead role you’re losing a great engineer and gaining a crappy manager. This is not only a bad idea, but it’s actively harmful. [31] See the section on failure, in Chapter 2. [32] His real name. [33] See also “Rubber duck debugging,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_duck_debugging. [34] See Alberto Savoia’s talk, “The Pretotyping Manifesto,” at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4AqxNekecY. [35] Public criticism of an individual is rarely necessary, and most often is just mean or cruel. You can be sure the rest of the team already knows when an individual has failed, so there’s no need to rub it in

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On the contrary, your first objective should be to make the changes necessary to be happy and accomplish your goals at your job, and this chapter has given you a lot of the tools you’ll need to do that. If you don’t put the effort into understanding how to navigate your organization, you’re leaving a huge part of your destiny to chance. * * * [44] See “Anna Karenina principle,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Karenina_principle. [45] Again, this is an acceptable way to write software, we just don’t think it’s a very interesting way for top-notch engineers to spend their time. [46] Which is doubly frustrating because you managed to succeed in spite of their interference! [47] In contrast, during Fitz’s first week at Google he found a typo in Gmail.

Agile Project Management with Kanban (Developer Best Practices) by Eric Brechner

Amazon Web Services, cloud computing, continuous integration, crowdsourcing, data science, DevOps, don't repeat yourself, en.wikipedia.org, index card, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kanban, loose coupling, minimum viable product, pull request, software as a service

I recommend that a triage team review all escalations before the core engineering team begins work on any of those issues to ensure that the most important issues receive attention first. Note Triage is derived from the French trier, which means “to sort.” The term can be traced back to the late 1700s, when a French military surgeon, Baron DominiqueJean Larrey, developed a system for prioritizing casualties on the battlefield during the Crimean War. (See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Jean_Larrey.) The concept involved treating the most urgent cases first, where survival was feasible, regardless of whether the wounded were still on the battlefield. As the concept evolved, cases were pushed through a workflow in which doctors more equipped to handle the care took over.

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Kaizen involves observing a problem, ideally with metrics such as cycle time, determining the root cause of the problem, making a change to address it, monitoring and measuring the results, and infinitely repeating. Building a kaizen mentality into your team culture is recommended and is often done with small changes on a daily basis at both a personal and team level. Improvements might be identified with a simple root-cause analysis process such as the “5 Whys” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Whys) or, my personal favorite, the Six Boxes (http://www.sixboxes.com). The Six Boxes provide a root-cause analysis and solution framework that helps you look above and beyond the obvious symptoms by focusing on expectations and feedback, tools and processes, incentives, motivation, selection and assignment (or capacity), and skills and knowledge.

pages: 431 words: 107,868

The Great Race: The Global Quest for the Car of the Future by Levi Tillemann

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, An Inconvenient Truth, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, car-free, carbon footprint, clean tech, creative destruction, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, demand response, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, driverless car, electricity market, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, factory automation, Fairchild Semiconductor, Ford Model T, foreign exchange controls, gigafactory, global value chain, high-speed rail, hydrogen economy, index card, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kanban, Kickstarter, manufacturing employment, market design, megacity, Nixon shock, obamacare, off-the-grid, oil shock, planned obsolescence, Ralph Nader, RFID, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, self-driving car, shareholder value, Shenzhen special economic zone , short squeeze, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, smart cities, Solyndra, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Tesla Model S, too big to fail, Unsafe at Any Speed, zero-sum game, Zipcar

SH-60B_helicopter_flies_over_Sendai.jpg, 2011. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SH-60B_helicopter_flies_over_Sendai.j. 44. . Anti-Nuclear Power Plant Rally on 19 September 2011 at Meiji Shrine Outer Garden 03, 2011. 45. Nissan. Nissan Oppama Plant. 46. Ha’Eri, Bobak. Beijing smog comparison August 2005, 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_in_China#mediaviewer/File:Beijing_smog_comparison_August_2005.png. 47. Peter23. Beijing national stadium, 2011. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_National_Stadium#mediaviewer/File:Beijing_national_stadium.jpg). 48. Voice of America. 2012 Anti-Japan demonstrations3, 2012. 49. Voice of America. 2012 Anti-Japan demonstrations4, 2012. 50. NASA, Elon Musk gives tour for President Barak Obama, 2010. http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/obama_tour.html. 52.

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Faillace, Lt. Gaetano. Emperor Hirohito and General MacArthur, at their first meeting, at the U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, 27 September, 1945. http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3c10000/3c11000/3c11000/3c11093v.jpg. 10. Toyota Motor Co. Taichi Ohno. 11. Wikipedia. Chrysler Imperial, 1955. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_(automobile)#mediaviewer/File:Chrysler_Imperial_car-1955.JPG. 12. Los Angeles Times photographic archive, UCLA Library. Highland Park Optimist Club wearing smog-gas masks at banquet, Los Angeles, Calif., circa 1954. 13. McClanahan, James. Arie Haagen-Smit with lab equipment, 1961. 14.

pages: 378 words: 110,518

Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future by Paul Mason

air traffic controllers' union, Alan Greenspan, Alfred Russel Wallace, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Basel III, basic income, Bernie Madoff, Bill Gates: Altair 8800, bitcoin, Bletchley Park, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, business process, butterfly effect, call centre, capital controls, carbon tax, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, Claude Shannon: information theory, collaborative economy, collective bargaining, commons-based peer production, Corn Laws, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, credit crunch, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, David Graeber, deglobalization, deindustrialization, deskilling, discovery of the americas, disinformation, Downton Abbey, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, eurozone crisis, factory automation, false flag, financial engineering, financial repression, Firefox, Fractional reserve banking, Frederick Winslow Taylor, fulfillment center, full employment, future of work, game design, Glass-Steagall Act, green new deal, guns versus butter model, Herbert Marcuse, income inequality, inflation targeting, informal economy, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Perry Barlow, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, late capitalism, low interest rates, low skilled workers, market clearing, means of production, Metcalfe's law, microservices, middle-income trap, Money creation, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, mortgage debt, Network effects, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Norbert Wiener, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, Paul Samuelson, payday loans, Pearl River Delta, post-industrial society, power law, precariat, precautionary principle, price mechanism, profit motive, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, reserve currency, RFID, Richard Stallman, Robert Gordon, Robert Metcalfe, scientific management, secular stagnation, sharing economy, Stewart Brand, structural adjustment programs, supply-chain management, technological determinism, The Future of Employment, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Transnistria, Twitter Arab Spring, union organizing, universal basic income, urban decay, urban planning, vertical integration, Vilfredo Pareto, wages for housework, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Yochai Benkler

Konrad, ‘Trouble Ahead, Trouble Behind’, cnet, 22 February 2002, http://news.cnet.com/2008-1082-843349.html 30. Y. Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (New Haven, 2006) 31. Ibid. 32. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedians 33. https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Staff_and_contractors 34. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia, accessed 28 December 2013 35. http://www.alexa.com/topsites 36. www.monetizepros.com/blog/2013/analysis-how-wikipedia-could-make-2-8-billion-in-annual-revenue/ 37. K. Arrow, ‘Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention’, in The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, NBER, 1962, pp. 609–26 38.

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S71–S102 12. Ibid. p. S72 13. Ibid., pp. S71–S102 14. http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/1567869/business-matters-average-itunes-account-generates-just 15. D. Warsh, Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations: A Story of Economic Discovery (New York, 2007) 16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A7#cite_note-AnandTech-iPhone5s-A7-2 17. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg 18. R. Stallman, The GNU Manifesto, March 1985, http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html 19. http://gs.statcounter.com 20. http://www.businessinsider.com/android-market-share-2012-11 21.

pages: 648 words: 108,814

Solr 1.4 Enterprise Search Server by David Smiley, Eric Pugh

Amazon Web Services, bioinformatics, cloud computing, continuous integration, database schema, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, Firefox, information retrieval, Ruby on Rails, SQL injection, Wayback Machine, web application, Y Combinator

[ 66 ] Download at Boykma.Com This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by William Anderson on 26th August 2009 4310 E Conway Dr. NW, , Atlanta, , 30327 Chapter 3 Solr lets you use HTTP GET too (for example, through your web browser). However, this is an inappropriate HTTP verb if it causes something to change on the server, as happens with indexing. For more information on this concept, read about REST at http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer One way to send an HTTP POST is through the Unix command line program curl (also available on Windows through Cygwin). Even if you don't use curl, it is very important to know how we're going to use it, because the concepts will be applied no matter how you make the HTTP messages.

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Remember that the data in the URL must be URL-Encoded so that the URL complies with its specification. Therefore, the %3A in our example is interpreted by Solr as :, and %2C is interpreted as ,. Although not in our example, the most common escaped character in URLs is a space, which is escaped as either + or %20. For more information on URL encoding see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percent-encoding. [ 94 ] Download at Boykma.Com This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by William Anderson on 26th August 2009 4310 E Conway Dr. NW, , Atlanta, , 30327 Chapter 4 Query parameters There are a great number of query parameters for configuring Solr searches, especially when considering all of the components like faceting and highlighting.

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In /examples/8/solr-php-client/demo.php, there is a demo of creating a new artist document in Solr for the singer Susan Boyle, and then performing some queries. Susan Boyle was a contestant on the TV show Britain's Got Talent and may be a major artist in the future. You can learn more about her from her Wikipedia entry at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Boyle. Installing the demo in your specific local environment is left as an exercise for the reader. On a Macintosh, you would place the solr-php-client directory in /Library/WebServer/Documents/. [ 248 ] Download at Boykma.Com This material is copyright and is licensed for the sole use by William Anderson on 26th August 2009 4310 E Conway Dr.

pages: 605 words: 110,673

Drugs Without the Hot Air by David Nutt

British Empire, double helix, drug harm reduction, en.wikipedia.org, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, longitudinal study, meta-analysis, moral panic, offshore financial centre, precautionary principle, randomized controlled trial, risk tolerance, Robert Gordon, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), War on Poverty

view=Binary 22. www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1961_en.pdf 23. www.accionandina.org/documentos/ Wonders-of-the-Coca-Leaf.pdf 24. www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/3/10-079905.pdf 25. www.nps.gov/history/local-law/fhpl_indianrelfreact.pdf 26. www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ ld199798/ldselect/ldsctech/151/15101.htm 27. www.beckleyfoundation.org/science/ projects14.html 28. www.ukcia.org/culture/history/colonial.php 29. digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/ pageturner.cfm?id=74908458 30. profdavidnutt.wordpress.com/2010/12/13/ necessity-or-nastiness-the-hidden-law-denying- cannabis-for-medicinal-use/ 31. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama 32. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_performance-enhancing_drugs_in_sport 33. vimeo.com/23580287 34. www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/AGES001e/ 35. www.alcoholconcern.org.uk/assets/files/ Publications/Swept%20under%20the%20carpet.pdf 36. www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/mar/ 07/safe-level-alcohol-consumption 37. m.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/nov/ 05/alcohol-drug-worse-than-heroin?

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view=Binary 73. www.camh.net/education/Resources_communities_ organizations/stigma_subabuse_litreview99.pdf 74. www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/20/ pete-doherty-jailed-six-months 75. www.people.com/people/article/ 0,,20243428,00.html 76. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/1937076/ Amy-Winehouse-bailed-over-drugs-video.html 77. content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/ post/2011/09/amy-winehouse-died-after-detox-seizure-dad-says/1 78. www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/ PositionPaper_English.pdf 79. www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/apr/20/conservatives-heroin-addiction-treatment-overhaul 80. profdavidnutt.wordpress.com/2010/06/09/ crutch-or-cure-the-realities-of-methadone-treatment/ 81. www.cato.org/pubs/wtpapers/ greenwald_whitepaper.pdf 82. www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/05/portugal-drugs-debate 83. www.soros.org/initiatives/drugpolicy/ articles_publications/publications/ drug-policy-in-portugal-20110829/ drug-policy-in-portugal-20110829.pdf 84. www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/6833236/ QI-quite-interesting-facts-about-wine.html 85. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_cocaine#Chemistry 86. m.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/19/ cocaine-rainforests-columbia-santos-calderon? cat=world&type=article 87. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12177875 88. collections.europarchive.org/tna/ 20110202220654/http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/ what-do-i-do/quick-guide.html 89. www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/ health-news/smoking-ban-has-saved-40000-lives-856885.html 90. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/ en/index.html 91. www.who.int/tobacco/statistics/tobacco_atlas/en/ 92. news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/ stories/november/18/newsid_2519000/2519675.stm 93. www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/scoth/PDFs/scothnov2004.pdf 94. www.surgeongeneral.gov/ library/secondhandsmoke/report/fullreport.pdf 95. www.gutenberg.org/files/17008/17008-h/17008-h.htm 96. www.youtube.com/watch?

pages: 413 words: 106,479

Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language by Gretchen McCulloch

4chan, Black Lives Matter, book scanning, British Empire, Cambridge Analytica, citation needed, context collapse, Day of the Dead, DeepMind, digital divide, disinformation, Donald Trump, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, eternal september, Firefox, Flynn Effect, Google Hangouts, Ian Bogost, Internet Archive, invention of the printing press, invention of the telephone, lolcat, machine translation, moral panic, multicultural london english, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, off-the-grid, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, Ray Oldenburg, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, Snow Crash, social bookmarking, social web, SoftBank, Steven Pinker, tech worker, TED Talk, telemarketer, The Great Good Place, the strength of weak ties, Twitter Arab Spring, upwardly mobile, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Wayback Machine

The Baltimore Sun. www.baltimoresun.com/news/language-blog/bal-singular-they-the-editors-decision-20150410-story.html. Personal communication with Benjamin Dreyer, chief copy editor, Random House; Peter Sokolowski, lexicographer, Merriam-Webster. subtle problems of bias: (No author cited.) (No date cited.) “Wikipedia: Systemic Bias.” Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Systemic_bias. Google Docs: Yew Jin Lim. March 21, 2012. “Spell Checking Powered by the Web.” Google Drive Blog. drive.googleblog.com/2012/03/spell-checking-powered-by-web.html. Textio: Kieran Snyder. November 11, 2016. “Want to Hire Faster? Write about ‘Learning,’ Not ‘Brilliance.’”

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OSDIR.com Forums. web.archive.org/web/20160304060338/osdir.com/ml/culture.internet.history/2002-12/msg00026.html. Some systems tried: Paul Dourish. (No date cited.) “The Original Hacker’s Dictionary.” Dourish.com. www.dourish.com/goodies/jargon.html. Other chat systems: (No author cited.) (No date cited.) Unix talk screenshot. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_talk_screenshot_01.png. You could add more boxes: Brian Dear. 2017. The Friendly Orange Glow: The Untold Story of the PLATO System and the Dawn of Cyberculture. Pantheon. David R. Wooley. 1994. “PLATO: The Emergence of Online Community.” Matrix News. A re-created modern web version of Talkomatic that you can try out yourself is here: talko.cc/talko.html.

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Milner. 2017. The Ambivalent Internet. John Wiley & Sons. “The ostensibly unfinished”: Limor Shifman. 2014. Memes in Digital Culture. MIT Press. sixty times larger: 5.5 million English Wikipedia articles. Wikimedia Foundation. February 25, 2018. “Wikipedia: Size comparisons.” Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_comparisons. Though fanfiction existed: Anne Jamison. 2013. Fic: Why Fanfiction Is Taking Over the World. Smart Pop. They’ve gathered on blogs: Estimates as of February 2018: 3.6 million works on Archive of Our Own. archiveofourown.org/. 8.1 million works on Fanfiction.net extrapolated from: Charles Sendlor.

pages: 372 words: 107,587

The End of Growth: Adapting to Our New Economic Reality by Richard Heinberg

3D printing, agricultural Revolution, Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, Apollo 11, back-to-the-land, banking crisis, banks create money, Bear Stearns, biodiversity loss, Bretton Woods, business cycle, carbon footprint, Carmen Reinhart, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, computerized trading, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, degrowth, dematerialisation, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, Elliott wave, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, falling living standards, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global village, green transition, happiness index / gross national happiness, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, income inequality, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jevons paradox, Kenneth Rogoff, late fees, liberal capitalism, low interest rates, mega-rich, military-industrial complex, Money creation, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, mortgage debt, naked short selling, Naomi Klein, Negawatt, new economy, Nixon shock, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, price stability, private military company, quantitative easing, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, short selling, special drawing rights, systems thinking, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade liberalization, tulip mania, WikiLeaks, working poor, world market for maybe five computers, zero-sum game

(New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 3–16. 44. See page 22, “Quantitative Relationships Among Energy Use, GDP, and Other Socio-nomic Indicators,” in James H. Brown et al., “Energetic Limits to Economic Growth,” Bioscience 61, no.1 (January 2011), pp. 19–26. 45. Wikipedia, “Overdevelopment,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdevelopment. 46. Manfred A. Max-Neef, Antonio Elizalde, and Martin Hopenhayn, “Development and Human Needs,” chapter in Human Scale Development: Conception, Application, and Further Reflections (New York: Apex, 1991), p. 18. 47. Manfred Max-Neef, Antonio Elizalde, and Martin Hopenhayn, (in Spanish) “Desar-rollo a Escala Humana — Una Opción Para el Futuro,” Development Dialogue, número especial (CEPAUR y Fundación Dag Hammarskjold, 1986), p. 12; Manfred Max-Neef et al., “Human Scale Development: An Option for the Future,” Development Dialogue 1 (1989), pp. 7–80. 48.

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Manfred Max-Neef, Antonio Elizalde, and Martin Hopenhayn, (in Spanish) “Desar-rollo a Escala Humana — Una Opción Para el Futuro,” Development Dialogue, número especial (CEPAUR y Fundación Dag Hammarskjold, 1986), p. 12; Manfred Max-Neef et al., “Human Scale Development: An Option for the Future,” Development Dialogue 1 (1989), pp. 7–80. 48. Wikipedia, “International Inequality,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_inequality. 49. Jim, “Desdemona at 2: The Environmentalist’s Paradox,” Desdemona’s Despair, posted December 2, 2010. 50. James B. Davies et al., The World Distribution of Household Wealth, United Nations University’s World Institute for Development Economics Research (New York: UNU-WIDER, February 2008). 51.N aomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Picador, 2007). 52.

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Lewis Aptekar, Environmental Disasters in Global Perspective (New York: G. K. Hall, 1994). 3. See James Howard Kunstler, The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America’s Man-Made Landscape (New York: Free Press, 1994); and Gregory Greene, “The End of Suburbia,” video documentary, The Electric Wallpaper Co., 2004. 4. Wikipedia, “Transition Towns,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_Towns. 5. Rob Hopkins, Transition Handbook (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2008). 6. Hopkins, Transition Handbook, p. 15. 7. Formerly archived at: transitiontowns.org/TransitionNetwork/CheerfulDisclaimer 8. Transition Town Totnes, transitiontowntotnes.org. 9. Rob Hopkins, “Ingredients of Transition: Strategic Local Infrastructure,” Energy Bulletin, posted December 15, 2010. 10.

pages: 576 words: 105,655

Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea by Mark Blyth

"there is no alternative" (TINA), accounting loophole / creative accounting, Alan Greenspan, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Black Swan, book value, Bretton Woods, business cycle, buy and hold, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, Celtic Tiger, central bank independence, centre right, collateralized debt obligation, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency peg, debt deflation, deindustrialization, disintermediation, diversification, en.wikipedia.org, ending welfare as we know it, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, eurozone crisis, financial engineering, financial repression, fixed income, floating exchange rates, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, German hyperinflation, Gini coefficient, global reserve currency, Greenspan put, Growth in a Time of Debt, high-speed rail, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, information asymmetry, interest rate swap, invisible hand, Irish property bubble, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, liberal capitalism, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, market bubble, market clearing, Martin Wolf, Minsky moment, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, paradox of thrift, Philip Mirowski, Phillips curve, Post-Keynesian economics, price stability, quantitative easing, rent-seeking, reserve currency, road to serfdom, Robert Solow, savings glut, short selling, structural adjustment programs, tail risk, The Great Moderation, The Myth of the Rational Market, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tobin tax, too big to fail, Two Sigma, unorthodox policies, value at risk, Washington Consensus, zero-sum game

Schneider, and Peter Tufano, “Financially Fragile Households,” National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER working paper no. 17072, Cambridge, MA, May 11, 2011 http://www.nber.org/papers/w17072; Lawrence Mishel and Heidi Schieroltz “The Sad but True Story of Wages in America,” Economic Policy Institute, Washington DC, March 15, 2011. http://www.epi.org/publication/the_sad_but_true_story_of_wages_in_america/. 46. Number of guns taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States 47. All figures in this section come from bank financial filings. GDP figures come from Eurostat. Details are found in chapter 3. 48. Nassim N. Taleb, “The Great Bank Robbery,” Project Syndicate, September 2, 2011. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-great-bank-robbery.

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Friedrich describes him as “the spokesman for the creed of the neo-liberals in German and European politics.” Freidrich, American Political Science Review 49, 2 (1955): 510. 29. I thank Josef Hien for the details on this important transition period. 30. See the description of the Wirtschaftwunder at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder. 31. Allen, “Underdevelopment,” 271. The fact that all of this was made possible by an astonishingly favorable macroeconomic context—the Bretton Woods international monetary system and American acceptance of an undervalued Deutschmark given Germany’s strategic position in the Cold War—should also be acknowledged.

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John Maynard Keynes, “The United States and the Keynes Plan,” New Republic, July 29, 1940, quoted in Bill Janeway, Doing Capitalism in the Innovation Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 254. 57. “From Those Wonderful Folks That Brought You Pearl Harbor” is the title of a book that inspired the TV show Mad Men. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Della_Femina. I use it here not to be funny but because it’s fundamentally accurate. Austerity empowered the Japanese military, and so it brought the world Pearl Harbor. 58. Jonathan Kirshner, Appeasing the Bankers: Financial Caution on the Road to War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2007), 62. 59.

The Smart Wife: Why Siri, Alexa, and Other Smart Home Devices Need a Feminist Reboot by Yolande Strengers, Jenny Kennedy

active measures, Amazon Robotics, Anthropocene, autonomous vehicles, Big Tech, Boston Dynamics, cloud computing, cognitive load, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, crowdsourcing, cyber-physical system, data science, deepfake, Donald Trump, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, feminist movement, game design, gender pay gap, Grace Hopper, hive mind, Ian Bogost, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Kitchen Debate, knowledge economy, Masayoshi Son, Milgram experiment, Minecraft, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, pattern recognition, planned obsolescence, precautionary principle, robot derives from the Czech word robota Czech, meaning slave, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, smart grid, smart meter, social intelligence, SoftBank, Steve Jobs, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, Turing test, Wall-E, Wayback Machine, women in the workforce

,” VIDA (blog), Australian Women’s History Network, December 7, 2016, http://www.auswhn.org.au/blog/marital-rape/. 31. Emily Shugerman, “There Are Still 10 Countries Where It’s Legal to Rape Your Spouse,” Revelist, March 26, 2019, http://www.revelist.com/world/countries-marital-rape-legal/7073/; Wikipedia, sv “Marital Rape Laws by Country,” last modified January 8, 2020, 03:05, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_rape_laws_by_country. 32. Maushart, Wifework, 9. 33. Heather Pemberton Levy, “Gartner’s Top 10 Strategic Predictions for 2017 and Beyond: Surviving the Storm Winds of Digital Disruption,” Gartner, October 18, 2016, https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-predicts-a-virtual-world-of-exponential-change/. 34.

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Janet Vertesi, “Pygmalion’s Legacy: Cyborg Women in Science Fiction,” in SciFi in the Mind’s Eye: Reading Science through Science Fiction, ed. Margret Grebowicz (Chicago: Open Court, 2007), 23; Gutiu, “Roboticization of Consent.” 65. Wikipedia, sv “My Living Doll,” last modified September 26, 2019, 23:31, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Living_Doll. 66. Levy, Love and Sex with Robots; Brent Bambury, “A.I. Expert David Levy Says a Human Will Marry a Robot by 2050,” January 6, 2017, in Day 6, CBC Radio, https://www.cbc.ca/radio/day6/episode-319-becoming-kevin-o-leary-saving-shaker-music-google-renewables-marrying-robots-and-more-1.3921088/a-i-expert-david-levy-says-a-human-will-marry-a-robot-by-2050-1.3921101. 67.

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Jesse Fox and Bridget Potocki, “Lifetime Video Game Consumption, Interpersonal Aggression, Hostile Sexism, and Rape Myth Acceptance: A Cultivation Perspective,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31, no. 10 (June 2016): 1912–1931; Victoria Simpson Beck, Stephanie Boys, Christopher Rose, and Eric Beck, “Violence against Women in Video Games: A Prequel or Sequel to Rape Myth Acceptance?,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 27, no. 15 (October 2012): 3016–3031. 92. Wikipedia, sv “List of Controversial Video Games,” last modified September 23, 2019, 00:46, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_controversial_video_games. 93. Helen W. Kennedy, “Lara Croft: Feminist Icon or Cyberbimbo? On the Limits of Textual Analysis,” Game Studies 2, no. 2 (December 2002), http://www.gamestudies.org/0202/kennedy/. 94. Michael Kasumovic and Rob Brooks, “Virtual Rape in Grand Theft Auto 5: Learning the Limits of the Game,” Conversation, August 19, 2014, https://theconversation.com/virtual-rape-in-grand-theft-auto-5-learning-the-limits-of-the-game-30520. 95.

pages: 39 words: 4,665

Data Source Handbook by Pete Warden

en.wikipedia.org, machine readable, Menlo Park, openstreetmap, phenotype, social graph

"user":{"profileUrl":"http://friendfeed.com/timoreilly", "matchedEmail":"tim@oreilly.com", "nickname":"timoreilly", "id":"d85e8470-25c5-11dd-9ea1-003048343a40", "name":"Tim O'Reilly"} }]} curl "http://friendfeed.com/api/user/timoreilly/profile" {"status":"public","name":"Tim O'Reilly", ... "services":[ {"url":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog","iconUrl":"...", "id":"blog","profileUrl":"http://radar.oreilly.com","name":"Blog"}, {"username":"timoreilly","name":"Disqus","url":"http://www.disqus.com/", "profileUrl":"http://www.disqus.com/people/timoreilly/","iconUrl":"...","id":"disqus"}, {"username":"timoreilly","name":"Flickr","url":"http://www.flickr.com/", "profileUrl":"http://www.flickr.com/photos/36521959321%40N01/", "iconUrl":"..."

pages: 796 words: 223,275

The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous by Joseph Henrich

agricultural Revolution, Bartolomé de las Casas, behavioural economics, British Empire, charter city, cognitive dissonance, Columbian Exchange, correlation does not imply causation, cotton gin, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, delayed gratification, discovery of the americas, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, epigenetics, European colonialism, experimental economics, financial innovation, Flynn Effect, fundamental attribution error, glass ceiling, income inequality, invention of agriculture, Isaac Newton, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, Johannes Kepler, John Snow's cholera map, joint-stock company, knowledge economy, land reform, longitudinal study, Menlo Park, mental accounting, meta-analysis, New Urbanism, pattern recognition, Pearl River Delta, profit maximization, randomized controlled trial, Republic of Letters, rolodex, social contagion, social web, sparse data, spinning jenny, Spread Networks laid a new fibre optics cable between New York and Chicago, Stanford marshmallow experiment, tacit knowledge, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, trade route, Tyler Cowen, ultimatum game, wikimedia commons, working-age population, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

Thanks to Noel Johnson and Mark Koyama for supplying these data (Johnson and Koyama, 2017). 40. Epstein, 1998; Gimpel, 1976; Kelly and Ó Gráda, 2016; Mokyr, 1990; Van Zanden, 2009a, 2009b. 41. Cantoni and Yuchtman, 2014; Mokyr, 2016. 42. Inkster, 1990; Mokyr, 2016. Also see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino_Ghetaldi and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bro%C5%BCek. Naturally, the pulsing of this informational network quickened as it catalyzed the creation of new transportation and communication technologies. The development of canals, locks, stagecoaches, and eventually railroads dramatically thickened the nerves in the collective brain.

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It seems that cultural evolution was somehow always aiming at the same target, but jury-rigged a variety of institutional contraptions to get there (Barnes, 1996; Flannery and Marcus, 2012; Gould, 1967; Hamilton, 1987; Henrich, 2016, Chapter 9; Lewis, 2008; Smyth, 1878). 20. Henrich, 2016. Note, I am using the older, and still more common, orthography for “Ju/'hoansi.” For the newer orthography, check out: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juǀ'hoan_language. 21. Bailey, Hill, and Walker, 2014; Chapais, 2009; Lee, 1979, 1986; Marshall, 1959; Walker and Bailey, 2014. In 1964, men had a total of 36 different names, while women had 32 (Lee, 1986; Marshall, 1959). 22. Other supporting social norms further solidify these kin-based links.

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Berman, 1983; Fukuyama, 2011; Gluckman, 2006; Greif, 2006a, 2006c; Greif and Tabellini, 2010; Marshall, 1959. 8. The estimate of 85–90 percent of Christians tracing their cultural lineage back to the Western Church comes from a Pew survey (www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec) and from Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members#Catholic_Church_%E2%80%93_1.285_billion). 9. Mitterauer and Chapple, 2010. In India, China, and Persia, missionaries from the Nestorian and Oriental Churches had to compete with other universalizing religions, sophisticated philosophical visions, and savvy salvation cults.

pages: 708 words: 223,211

The Friendly Orange Glow: The Untold Story of the PLATO System and the Dawn of Cyberculture by Brian Dear

air traffic controllers' union, AltaVista, Alvin Toffler, Apple II, Apple Newton, Buckminster Fuller, Charles Babbage, cloud computing, complexity theory, computer age, Computer Lib, conceptual framework, corporate social responsibility, disruptive innovation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dynabook, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Fairchild Semiconductor, finite state, Future Shock, game design, Hacker News, Howard Rheingold, Ivan Sutherland, John Markoff, lateral thinking, linear programming, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, Metcalfe’s law, Mitch Kapor, Mother of all demos, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, Palm Treo, Plato's cave, pre–internet, publish or perish, Ralph Nader, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skinner box, Skype, software is eating the world, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, Ted Nelson, the medium is the message, The Soul of a New Machine, three-martini lunch, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Whole Earth Catalog

Retrieved 2015-01-16 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_B._Gillies. CSL quarterly progress report, September 1960. UIUC Archives. Jorden, W. “Soviet Fires Satellite into Space.” New York Times, October 5, 1957, 1. Kosar, K. R. “National Defense Education Act of 1958.” Federal Education Policy History blog, June 3, 2011. Retrieved 2013-07-14 from https://federaleducationpolicy.wordpress.com/2011/06/03/national-defense-education-act-of-1958-2/. “List of Nuclear Weapons Tests of the Soviet Union.” Wikipedia. Retrieved 2015-03-27, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_Soviet_Union.

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Retrieved 2015-03-27, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_Soviet_Union. “List of Nuclear Weapons Tests of the United States.” Wikipedia. Retrieved 2015-03-27 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States. Skinner. A Matter of Consequences, 132–33. Wolfe. Right Stuff, 57. Unpublished Sources Brown, R., letter to Daniel Alpert, UIUC, May 3, 1960. 3. The Super-Achiever Interview Sources Author interviews: Alpert (1986, 2003a, 2003b); Donald Bitzer (1987, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003); E. Bitzer, S. Bitzer, C. Lampe and J. Lampe (2003); R. Bitzer (2003); Braunfeld (1997); R. Brown (2003); Desmond (2003); Dutcher (2002); Forsyth (2003); Skaperdas (2002).

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Published Sources Hafner. The WELL. Latzko-Toth, G. La co-construction d’un dispositif sociotechnique de communication: le cas de l’internet relay chat. PhD diss., Université du Québec à Montréal, 2010. “On the Internet, Nobody Knows You’re a Dog.” Wikipedia. Retrieved 2014-05-02 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Internet,_nobody_knows_you’re_a_dog. Rheingold, Virtual Community. Woolley, D. “Between PLATO and the Social Media Revolution.” 1983. Retrieved 2013-01-04 from http://just.thinkofit.com/between-plato-and-the-social-media-revolution/. ———. “PLATO: The Emergence of Online Community,” 1994.

pages: 197 words: 59,946

The Thank You Economy by Gary Vaynerchuk

Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, augmented reality, business process, call centre, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, Cornelius Vanderbilt, crowdsourcing, en.wikipedia.org, Golden age of television, hiring and firing, intangible asset, Jeff Bezos, new economy, pre–internet, Skype, social software, Tony Hsieh

According to MailerMailer’s metrics report: Anthony Schneider, “Open Rates and Click Rates Are Declining,” Email Transmit Info Center, July 29, 2010. http://infocenter.emailtransmit.com/2010/07/open-rates-and-click-rates-are-declining. They have also changed: “Web banner,” Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_ad. At that time, banner ads: Frank D’Angelo, “Happy Birthday, Digital Advertising!” AdvertisingAge.com, October 26, 2009. http://adage.com/digitalnext/article?article_id=139964. Today, banner ad CTR: Dirk Singer, “Happy Birthday Banner Ad…Bet You Wish Click Through Rates Were Still 78%.” http://liesdamnedliesstatistics.com/category/click-through-rate.

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it was common for television series producers: Jim Cox, Sold on Radio (North Carolina: McFarland, 2008). 46. http://books.google.com/books?id=RwVkMMLqMdkC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=%22How%27s+your+Hooper%3F%22&source=bl&ots=qUfAze9xT0&sig=, GNOC0Q7nTJ4gILmjquxsJPdRboU&hl=en&ei=pQOhTKL-N4L88AbZmsyNAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=5&ved=0CCYQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=%22How%27s%20your%20Hooper%3F%22&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Hooper. In a complete revamping of their marketing strategy: Ilan Brat, “The Emotional Quotient of Soup Shopping,” WSJ.com, February 17, 2010. http://online.wsj.com/article/NA_WSJ_PUB: SB10001424052748704804204575069562743700340.html. “Most Brands Still Irrelevant on Twitter”: http://adage.com/digital/article?

pages: 261 words: 10,785

The Lights in the Tunnel by Martin Ford

Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Bear Stearns, Bill Joy: nanobots, Black-Scholes formula, business cycle, call centre, carbon tax, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, creative destruction, credit crunch, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, factory automation, full employment, income inequality, index card, industrial robot, inventory management, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, job automation, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, knowledge worker, low skilled workers, mass immigration, Mitch Kapor, moral hazard, pattern recognition, prediction markets, Productivity paradox, Ray Kurzweil, Robert Solow, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Silicon Valley, Stephen Hawking, strong AI, technological singularity, the long tail, Thomas L Friedman, Turing test, Vernor Vinge, War on Poverty, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics

However, interactive computer time was very expensive, so punch cards were still used in introductory courses. 8 Amdahl MIPS rating: Roy Longbottom’s PC Benchmark Collection, Web: http://www.roylongbottom.org.uk/mips.htm#anchorAmdahl 9 All computer MIPS ratings are taken from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_second. The MacIntosh and Lisa computers used the Motorola 68000 microprocessor with a rating of 1 MIPS. 10 Calculating the amount in Bill’s pocket: Google makes this easy. Just enter the following in the search box: .01 * 2 ^ ((1986-1975)/2) (replace 1986 with the desired year) 11 Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity in Near: When Humans Transcend Biology, New York, Penguin Group, 2005 12 “ “S” and “U” encoded within the interference patterns of quantum electron waves”, Stanford News Service: http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2009/january28/small-012809.html 13 Many technologists believe that the exponential progress of information technology will ultimately level off.

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LaFontaine, “The Declining American High School Graduation Rate: Evidence, Sources, And Consequences”, NBER Reporter: Research Summary 2008, Number 1, web: http://www.nber.org/reporter/2008number1/heckman.html 17 Literacy study, web: http://nces.ed.gov/naal/estimates/overview.aspx 18 SAT Scores, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT 19 “Automation Takes Toll On Offshore Workers” by Paul McDougall, InformationWeek, January 26, 2004. Web: http://www.informationweek.com/news/management/trends/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=17500858 20 “The share of employment potentially affected by offshoring”, Feb 23, 2006, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Demystifying Smart Cities by Anders Lisdorf

3D printing, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, behavioural economics, Big Tech, bike sharing, bitcoin, business intelligence, business logic, business process, chief data officer, circular economy, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, congestion pricing, continuous integration, crowdsourcing, data is the new oil, data science, deep learning, digital rights, digital twin, distributed ledger, don't be evil, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, Google Glasses, hydroponic farming, income inequality, information security, Infrastructure as a Service, Internet of things, Large Hadron Collider, Masdar, microservices, Minecraft, OSI model, platform as a service, pneumatic tube, ransomware, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Salesforce, self-driving car, smart cities, smart meter, software as a service, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stuxnet, Thomas Bayes, Turing test, urban sprawl, zero-sum game

Strogatz, Nature 393, 440–442 1998 https://web.archive.org/web/20140803231327/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doitt/downloads/pdf/payphone_rfi.pdf (October 2, 2019) the original RFI for what turned out to be LinkNYC from 2012 www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/923-14/de-blasio-administration-winner-competition-replace-payphones-five-borough (October 2, 2019) press release of the winner of the LinkNYC bid www.citylab.com/life/2015/04/de-blasios-vision-for-new-york-broadband-for-all-by-2025/391092/ (October 2, 2019) an article about Mayor of New York Bill De Blasio’s plan for broadband for all in New York by 2025 www1.nyc.gov/site/doitt/agencies/nycwin.page (October 2, 2019) a description of The New York City Wireless Network, known as NYCWiN www.thethingsnetwork.org (October 5, 2019) a project dedicated to building LoRaWAN solutions Chapter 3 https://dyn.com/blog/dyn-analysis-summary-of-friday-october-21-attack/ (October 2, 2019) the official analysis of the Dyn attack on October 21 https://citiesfordigitalrights.org (October 2, 2019) the official site for the Cities for Digital Rights coalition www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/28/fitness-tracking-app-gives-away-location-of-secret-us-army-bases (October 2, 2019) an article about the Strava fitness tracking incident involving a US Army base https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet (October 2, 2019) a description from Wikipedia of the Stuxnet worm https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.199.pdf (October 2, 2019) the official FIPS 199 standard for categorization of information and information systems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Information_Security_Management_Act_of_2002 (October 2, 2019) a description of the FISMA framework from Wikipedia https://arrayofthings.github.io/ (October 2, 2019) the official site of the Array of Things project http://maps.nyc.gov/snow/# (October 2, 2019) the PlowNYC site where New Yorkers can track the progress of snow plows during wintertime Chapter 4 https://scijinks.gov/air-quality/ www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics (October 2, 2019) definition of what particulate matter is https://brightplanet.com/2013/06/twitter-firehose-vs-twitter-api-whats-the-difference-and-why-should-you-care/ (October 2, 2019) a description of how the Twitter Firehose works www.waze.com/ccp (October 2, 2019) official site of the Twitter Connected Citizens Program The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing , Peter M.

pages: 561 words: 157,589

WTF?: What's the Future and Why It's Up to Us by Tim O'Reilly

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", 4chan, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, AlphaGo, Alvin Roth, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Robotics, Amazon Web Services, AOL-Time Warner, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, basic income, behavioural economics, benefit corporation, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, Bill Joy: nanobots, bitcoin, Blitzscaling, blockchain, book value, Bretton Woods, Brewster Kahle, British Empire, business process, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, carbon tax, Carl Icahn, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, computer vision, congestion pricing, corporate governance, corporate raider, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, Danny Hillis, data acquisition, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Dennis Ritchie, deskilling, DevOps, Didi Chuxing, digital capitalism, disinformation, do well by doing good, Donald Davies, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Flash crash, Free Software Foundation, fulfillment center, full employment, future of work, George Akerlof, gig economy, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, Goodhart's law, Google Glasses, Gordon Gekko, gravity well, greed is good, Greyball, Guido van Rossum, High speed trading, hiring and firing, Home mortgage interest deduction, Hyperloop, income inequality, independent contractor, index fund, informal economy, information asymmetry, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invention of movable type, invisible hand, iterative process, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, jitney, job automation, job satisfaction, John Bogle, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kaizen: continuous improvement, Ken Thompson, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Kim Stanley Robinson, knowledge worker, Kodak vs Instagram, Lao Tzu, Larry Ellison, Larry Wall, Lean Startup, Leonard Kleinrock, Lyft, machine readable, machine translation, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, McMansion, microbiome, microservices, minimum viable product, mortgage tax deduction, move fast and break things, Network effects, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, obamacare, Oculus Rift, OpenAI, OSI model, Overton Window, packet switching, PageRank, pattern recognition, Paul Buchheit, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer model, Ponzi scheme, post-truth, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, randomized controlled trial, RFC: Request For Comment, Richard Feynman, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Coase, Rutger Bregman, Salesforce, Sam Altman, school choice, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, SETI@home, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, Skype, smart contracts, Snapchat, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, social web, software as a service, software patent, spectrum auction, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, stock buybacks, strong AI, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, telepresence, the built environment, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, the map is not the territory, The Nature of the Firm, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Davenport, Tony Fadell, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, transcontinental railway, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, trickle-down economics, two-pizza team, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, ubercab, universal basic income, US Airways Flight 1549, VA Linux, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We are the 99%, web application, Whole Earth Catalog, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce, Y Combinator, yellow journalism, zero-sum game, Zipcar

For Gibson’s account of its origin, see “The future has arrived,” Quote Investigator, retrieved March 30, 2017, http://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/01/24/future-has-arrived/. 21 a tin of biscuits wrapped in brown paper: I believe I first heard this story from George Simon. It is also recounted in “Alfred Korzybski,” Wikipedia, retrieved March 30, 2017, https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski#cite_note-4. 22 sufficiently to use them in real life: Richard Feynman, Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman (New York: Norton, 1984), 212. 22 “Their knowledge is so fragile!”: Ibid., 36. CHAPTER 2: TOWARD A GLOBAL BRAIN 23 “The Open Source Paradigm Shift”: Tim O’Reilly, “The Open Source Paradigm Shift,” in Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software, ed.

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Note that Joshua Schachter had earlier used # as a symbol for tags in his link-saving site del.icio.us. 42 during the San Diego wildfires: Chris Messina, “Twitter Hashtags for Emergency Coordination and Disaster Relief,” retrieved March 29, 2017, https://factoryjoe.com/2007/10/22/twitter-hashtags-for-emergency-coordination-and-disaster-relief/. 42 The app had already begun showing “trending topics”: “To Trend or Not to Trend,” Twitter Blog, retrieved March 29, 2017, https://blog.twitter.com/2010/to-trend-or-not-to-trend. 43 features that the platform developer itself hadn’t imagined: “Twitpic,” retrieved March 29, 2017, https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/TwitPic. 43 Jim Hanrahan posted the first tweet: Jim Hanrahan, Twitter update, retrieved March 29, 2017, https://twitter.com/highfours/status/1121908186. 43 passengers standing on the wing of the downed plane: “There’s a plane in the Hudson. I’m on the ferry going to pick up the people.

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This language is no longer present on the Apple site as of March 30, 2017, https://www.apple.com/apple-pay/. 79 automatically debit your account: “Introducing Amazon Go,” Amazon, retrieved March 30, 2017, https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=1600 8589011. 81 income and demographics: Sizing the Internet Opportunity (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, 2004). 82 till the end of 1993: “Robert McCool,” Wikipedia, retrieved March 30, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCool. 82 opposed to the idea of third-party apps on the iPhone: Killian Bell, “Steve Jobs Was Originally Dead Set Against Third-Party Apps for the iPhone,” Cult of Mac, October 21, 2011, http://www.cultofmac.com/125180/steve-jobs-was-originally-dead-set-against-third-party-apps-for-the-iphone/. 81 skeptical of the peer-to-peer model: Stone, The Upstarts, 199–200. 86 “how the world *does* work”: Aaron Levie, Twitter update, August 22, 2013, https://twitter.com/levie/status/370776444013510656.

pages: 678 words: 160,676

The Upswing: How America Came Together a Century Ago and How We Can Do It Again by Robert D. Putnam

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, Arthur Marwick, classic study, clean water, collective bargaining, correlation does not imply causation, David Brooks, demographic transition, desegregation, different worldview, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, equal pay for equal work, financial deregulation, gender pay gap, ghettoisation, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Gunnar Myrdal, guns versus butter model, Herbert Marcuse, Ida Tarbell, immigration reform, income inequality, Kenneth Arrow, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, mega-rich, meta-analysis, minimum wage unemployment, MITM: man-in-the-middle, obamacare, occupational segregation, open economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Overton Window, plutocrats, post-industrial society, Powell Memorandum, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, public intellectual, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, Second Machine Age, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, strikebreaker, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Spirit Level, trade liberalization, Travis Kalanick, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, white flight, women in the workforce, working poor, Works Progress Administration, yellow journalism

We return to the issue of race and polarization in Chapter 6. 56 These six key votes were Obama’s stimulus package, Dodd-Frank financial regulation, Lily Ledbetter gender pay equity, Obamacare (first creating it and then overturning it), and the 2017 Trump tax cuts. 57 See Jane Mayer, Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right (New York: Doubleday, 2016); Theda Skocpol and Alexander Hertel-Fernandez, “The Koch Network and Republican Party Extremism,” 14, no. 3 (September 2016): 681–99, doi:10.1017/S1537592716001122; and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr.#Powell_Memorandum. 58 McCarty, Polarization, 3. Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, It’s Even Worse than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism, new and expanded edition (New York: Basic Books, 2016), also have emphasized the asymmetry of the recent polarization.

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Dionne, Our Divided Political Heart: The Battle for the American Idea in an Age of Discontent (New York: Bloomsbury, 2012), with whose argument about the back-and-forth between individualism and community over American history this chapter has much in common. 6 Perhaps the single most influential book on individualism and community of the final decades of the twentieth century and one of the first to call attention to the incipient shift toward excessive individualism was Robert N. Bellah, William M. Sullivan, Steven M. Tipton, Richard Madsen, and Ann Swidler, Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). 7 “Overton Window,” in Wikipedia, November 18, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overton_window&oldid=926722212. 8 James T. Kloppenberg, Toward Democracy: The Struggle for Self-Rule in European and American Thought (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 633–702; Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, The Oxford History of the United States (unnumbered) (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009); William Lee Miller, Lincoln’s Virtues: An Ethical Biography (New York: Alfred A.

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See also his presidential address to the American Historical Association, 1910, in which he contrasted the individualism of the frontier years with the emerging need for a new democratic sensibility he identified with the progressive reformers: American Historical Review 16, no. 2 (1910): 217–33, https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/presidential-addresses/frederick-jackson-turner. 10 Samuel Bazzi, Martin Fiszbein, and Mesay Gebresilasse, “Frontier Culture: The Roots and Persistence of ‘Rugged Individualism’ in the United States,” Working Paper 23997 (National Bureau of Economic Research), November 2017, 23997, doi:10.3386/w23997. 11 Spencer was allegedly “the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century,” according to “Herbert Spencer,” in Wikipedia, October 26, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Spencer&oldid=923093648. 12 H. W. Brands, American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism, 1865–1900 (New York: Doubleday, 2010), 558–59. 13 Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow (New York: Penguin, 2019); Daniel Okrent, The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law That Kept Two Generations of Jews, Italians, and Other European Immigrants out of America (New York: Scribner, 2019). 14 James T.

pages: 541 words: 109,698

Mining the Social Web: Finding Needles in the Social Haystack by Matthew A. Russell

Andy Rubin, business logic, Climategate, cloud computing, crowdsourcing, data science, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, Firefox, folksonomy, full text search, Georg Cantor, Google Earth, information retrieval, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, natural language processing, NP-complete, power law, Saturday Night Live, semantic web, Silicon Valley, slashdot, social graph, social web, sparse data, statistical model, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, text mining, traveling salesman, Turing test, web application

Using NetworkX to find cliques in graphs (friends_followers__clique_analysis.py) # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import sys import json import networkx as nx G = sys.argv[1] g = nx.read_gpickle(G) # Finding cliques is a hard problem, so this could # take awhile for large graphs. # See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-complete and # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique_problem cliques = [c for c in nx.find_cliques(g)] num_cliques = len(cliques) clique_sizes = [len(c) for c in cliques] max_clique_size = max(clique_sizes) avg_clique_size = sum(clique_sizes) / num_cliques max_cliques = [c for c in cliques if len(c) == max_clique_size] num_max_cliques = len(max_cliques) max_clique_sets = [set(c) for c in max_cliques] people_in_every_max_clique = list(reduce(lambda x, y: x.intersection(y), max_clique_sets)) print 'Num cliques:', num_cliques print 'Avg clique size:', avg_clique_size print 'Max clique size:', max_clique_size print 'Num max cliques:', num_max_cliques print print 'People in all max cliques:' print json.dumps(people_in_every_max_clique, indent=4) print print 'Max cliques:' print json.dumps(max_cliques, indent=4) Sample output from the script follows for Tim O’Reilly’s 600+ friendships and reveals some interesting insights.

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* * * [12] Quite understandably, nobody has had a good enough reason (yet) to be the first to defend against multimillion-dollar litigation cases to find out whether the terms of use imposed by some social media sites are even enforceable. Hence, the status quo (to date) has been to play by the rules and back down when approached about possible infringements. [13] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoted-printable for an overview, or RFC 2045 if you are interested in the nuts and bolts. mbox + CouchDB = Relaxed Email Analysis Using the right tool for the job can significantly streamline the effort involved in analyzing data. While the most obvious approach for analyzing the structured data might be to spend some extra time creating an a priori schema, importing data into it, modifying the schema because there’s something we forgot about, and then repeating the process yet a few more times, this surely wouldn’t be a very relaxing[14] thing to do.

pages: 302 words: 82,233

Beautiful security by Andy Oram, John Viega

Albert Einstein, Amazon Web Services, An Inconvenient Truth, Bletchley Park, business intelligence, business process, call centre, cloud computing, corporate governance, credit crunch, crowdsourcing, defense in depth, do well by doing good, Donald Davies, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, Firefox, information security, loose coupling, Marc Andreessen, market design, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Nick Leeson, Norbert Wiener, operational security, optical character recognition, packet switching, peer-to-peer, performance metric, pirate software, Robert Bork, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, security theater, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, Skype, software as a service, SQL injection, statistical model, Steven Levy, the long tail, The Wisdom of Crowds, Upton Sinclair, web application, web of trust, zero day, Zimmermann PGP

Recently, Jose Nazario released PhoneyC (http://svn.mwcollect.org/log/phoneyc), which focuses on the automatic browser script deobfuscation and analysis. # The source code is at http://www.synacklabs.net/honeyclient/email-honeyclient.zip. * See the Wikipedia entry on honeyclients: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyclient. OPEN SOURCE HONEYCLIENT: PROACTIVE DETECTION OF CLIENT-SIDE EXPLOITS 145 The Future of Honeyclients There are over 240 million websites on the Internet today (and of course the number keeps growing by leaps and bounds), and there’s not one group that can cover all of those websites with honeyclient technology.

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We can classify logfiles by the source that produced them, since it usually broadly determines the type of information they contain. For example, system logfiles produced by Unix, Linux, and Windows systems are different from network device logs produced by routers, switches, * In the interest of accountability, I’ll note that this definition began the Wikipedia entry on “Accountability” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountability), last accessed on January 10, 2009. 214 CHAPTER THIRTEEN and other network gear from Cisco, Nortel, and Lucent. Similarly, security appliance logs produced by firewalls, intrusion detection or prevention systems, and messaging security appliances are very different from both system and network logs.

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One of the survivors of this devastation was the advertising industry, who hit the mother lode when they enthusiastically embraced the Internet. Their Holy Grail was targeted advertising, and they recognized opportunity in the unprecedented ability of digital networks to record and * See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_notable_computer_viruses_and_worms. CASTING SPELLS: PC SECURITY THEATER 249 sift through data. They therefore rushed to mine user accounts and track surfing habits to build statistics on behavior, preferences, location, etc. They then sold this information to others to design targeted advertising based on real-world data.

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Smarter Than You Think: How Technology Is Changing Our Minds for the Better by Clive Thompson

4chan, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Andy Carvin, augmented reality, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Benjamin Mako Hill, butterfly effect, citizen journalism, Claude Shannon: information theory, compensation consultant, conceptual framework, context collapse, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, Deng Xiaoping, digital rights, discovery of penicillin, disruptive innovation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, drone strike, Edward Glaeser, Edward Thorp, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, experimental subject, Filter Bubble, folksonomy, Freestyle chess, Galaxy Zoo, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Gunnar Myrdal, guns versus butter model, Henri Poincaré, hindsight bias, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, Ian Bogost, information retrieval, iterative process, James Bridle, jimmy wales, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, knowledge worker, language acquisition, lifelogging, lolcat, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, Netflix Prize, Nicholas Carr, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, patent troll, pattern recognition, pre–internet, public intellectual, Richard Feynman, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, Socratic dialogue, spaced repetition, superconnector, telepresence, telepresence robot, The future is already here, The Nature of the Firm, the scientific method, the strength of weak ties, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, transaction costs, Twitter Arab Spring, Two Sigma, Vannevar Bush, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, WikiLeaks, X Prize, éminence grise

In 1990, psychologist Walter Kintsch documented this: Gabriel A. Radvansky, “Situation Models in Memory: Texts and Stories,” in Cohen and Conway, eds., Memory in the Real World, 229–31. the Wikipedia page on “Drone attacks in Pakistan”: “Drone attacks in Pakistan,” Wikipedia, accessed March 24, 2013, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_attacks_in_Pakistan. 40 percent of all queries are acts of remembering: Jaime Teevan, Eytan Adar, Rosie Jones, and Michael A. S. Potts, “Information Re-Retrieval: Repeat Queries in Yahoo’s Logs,” in SIGIR ’07: Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (2007), 151–58.

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there are not quite thirty-five hundred: “Wikipedia Statistics English,” Wikipedia, stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaEN.htm. When I last accessed this page on March 24, 2013, it showed that the number of contributors who made more than one hundred edits in January 2013 was 3,414. the really committed folks—the administrators: “Wikipedia:List of administrators,” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_administrators. When I last accessed this page on March 24, 2013, it listed the number of active administrators as 690. The role of administrators in dealing with vandalism is noted in Joseph Michael Reagle Jr., Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), Kindle edition.

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“Mutual respect and a reasonable approach to disagreement”: Jimbo Wales, “Letter from the Founder,” Wikimedia Foundation, September 2004, accessed March 24, 2013, wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Founder_letter/Founder_letter_Sept_2004. Wikipedia’s Five Pillars of self-governance: “Wikipedia:Five pillars,” accessed March 24, 2103, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars. “there is plenty of time to stop and ask questions . . . they need to be cordial on Wikipedia”: Reagle, Good Faith Collaboration, Kindle edition. social scientists tested different techniques of brainstorming: Frans Johansson, The Medici Effect: What Elephants and Epidemics Can Teach Us about Innovation (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006), 108–10; and Susan Cain, Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking (New York: Crown, 2012), Kindle edition.

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Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economy--And How to Make Them Work for You by Sangeet Paul Choudary, Marshall W. van Alstyne, Geoffrey G. Parker

3D printing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Alvin Roth, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Andrei Shleifer, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Benchmark Capital, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, bitcoin, blockchain, business cycle, business logic, business process, buy low sell high, chief data officer, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, clean water, cloud computing, connected car, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data is the new oil, data science, digital map, discounted cash flows, disintermediation, driverless car, Edward Glaeser, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, financial innovation, Free Software Foundation, gigafactory, growth hacking, Haber-Bosch Process, High speed trading, independent contractor, information asymmetry, Internet of things, inventory management, invisible hand, Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Markoff, Kevin Roose, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Lean Startup, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, market design, Max Levchin, Metcalfe’s law, multi-sided market, Network effects, new economy, PalmPilot, payday loans, peer-to-peer lending, Peter Thiel, pets.com, pre–internet, price mechanism, recommendation engine, RFID, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Coase, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, search costs, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart contracts, smart grid, Snapchat, social bookmarking, social contagion, software is eating the world, Steve Jobs, TaskRabbit, The Chicago School, the long tail, the payments system, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, two-sided market, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, vertical integration, winner-take-all economy, zero-sum game, Zipcar

Denise Dubie, “Microsoft Struggling to Convince about Vista,” Computerworld UK, November 19, 2007, http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/it-vendors/microsoft-struggling-to-convince-about-vista-6258/. 9. Robin Bloor, “10 Reasons Why Vista is a Disaster,” Inside Analysis, December 18, 2007, http://insideanalysis.com/2007/12/10-reasons-why-vista-is-a-disaster/2/. 10. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP. 11. Steve Lohr and John Markoff, “Windows Is So Slow, but Why?” New York Times, March 27, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/27/technology/27soft.html?_r=1. 12. Carliss Young Baldwin and Kim B. Clark, Design Rules: The Power of Modularity, vol. 1 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000). 13.

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Wolfram Knowledgebase, https://www.wolfram.com/knowledgebase/. Accessed May 30, 2015. 10. “Politicians,” Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, https://www.cpib .gov.sg/cases-interest/cases-involving-public-sector-officers/politicians. Accessed October 13, 2015. 11. “Corrupt Perceptions Index,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index, accessed October 13, 2015; B. Podobnik, J. Shao, D. Njavro, P. C. Ivanov, and H. E. Stanley, “Influence of Corruption on Economic Growth Rate and Foreign Investment,” European Physical Journal B-Condensed Matter and Complex Systems 63, no. 4:547–50. 12. Estimate based on data from Wolfram Knowledgebase.

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The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism by Nick Couldry, Ulises A. Mejias

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, behavioural economics, Big Tech, British Empire, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, cloud computing, colonial rule, computer vision, corporate governance, dark matter, data acquisition, data is the new oil, data science, deep learning, different worldview, digital capitalism, digital divide, discovery of the americas, disinformation, diversification, driverless car, Edward Snowden, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, Evgeny Morozov, extractivism, fake news, Gabriella Coleman, gamification, gig economy, global supply chain, Google Chrome, Google Earth, hiring and firing, income inequality, independent contractor, information asymmetry, Infrastructure as a Service, intangible asset, Internet of things, Jaron Lanier, job automation, Kevin Kelly, late capitalism, lifelogging, linked data, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, military-industrial complex, move fast and break things, multi-sided market, Naomi Klein, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, PageRank, pattern recognition, payday loans, Philip Mirowski, profit maximization, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Richard Stallman, Richard Thaler, Salesforce, scientific management, Scientific racism, Second Machine Age, sharing economy, Shoshana Zuboff, side hustle, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, smart cities, Snapchat, social graph, social intelligence, software studies, sovereign wealth fund, surveillance capitalism, techlash, The Future of Employment, the scientific method, Thomas Davenport, Tim Cook: Apple, trade liberalization, trade route, undersea cable, urban planning, W. E. B. Du Bois, wages for housework, work culture , workplace surveillance

Mitchell, “Infrastructure of Our Economy.” 38. Wu, Attention Merchants, 335. 39. For an overview of these critiques, see Wikipedia Contributors, “Criticism of Apple Inc.” accessed February 5, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Apple_Inc. 40. Rhode, “Biggest Innovation.” 41. For an overview of these critiques, see Wikipedia Contributors, “Criticism of Facebook,” accessed February 7, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Facebook. 42. Global Voices, “Can Facebook Connect?” 43. All figures come from Google’s own corporate reports. 44. Krazit, “Public Cloud.” 45. Schiller, Digital Depression, 81–82. 46.

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Wissinger, “Blood, Sweat, and Tears.” 104. Iyengar and Rayport, “Like Software.” 105. Turow, Aisles Have Eyes, 179, 180, 185. 106. Alexa, for example, gives the user the opportunity to empty the archive but at the risk of “degrading” the service. Wikipedia Contributors, “Amazon Alexa,” accessed February 26, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_Alexa&oldid=828449372. For US privacy concerns, see Manikonda, Deotale, and Kambhampati, “What’s Up with Privacy?” 107. Chung et al., “Alexa.” 108. Didžiokaitė, Saukko, and Greiffenhagen, “Beyond the Metaphor,” 9. 109. Lupton, “Domains of Quantified Selves,” 1. 110.

Words That Work: It's Not What You Say, It's What People Hear by Dr. Frank Luntz

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Bonfire of the Vanities, call centre, citizen journalism, corporate governance, cuban missile crisis, death of newspapers, disinformation, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, glass ceiling, guest worker program, illegal immigration, immigration reform, It's morning again in America, pension reform, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Saturday Night Live, school choice, school vouchers, Steve Jobs, upwardly mobile, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, white flight

Simply Speaking, by Peggy Noonan, Regan Books, 1998, pp. 46–57, as quoted on PBS website: www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/monkeytrial/sfeature/sf_noonan/html 2. http://kerry.senate.gov/low/record.cfm?id=189831 3. http://www.breitbart.com/news/2005/10/06/D8D2IU703.html 4. “G.K. Chesterton: Prophet of Mirth,” by Philip Yancey, in Orthodoxy by G.K. Chesterton, page xxi. 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_picture_is_worth_a_thousand_words 6. http://1000words.wordherders.net/archives/000385.html 7. Ken Gross, “First Round to Lexus: Infiniti is outsold four-to-one—but the battle’s just begun,” Automotive Industries, June 1990, Vol. 170, No. 6, p. 21. 8. CNN.com transcript of Harold Ford’s speech to Democratic National Convention, August 15, 2000. 9.

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“He’s champing at the bid; Eager to stand out, presidential hopeful Dennis Kucinich takes the ‘Seabiscuit’ hook by the reins,” by Reed Johnson, The Los Angeles Times, August 4, 2003. 3. Associated Press, Aug. 1, 2005. 4. Billy Wilder’s definition of “the Lubitsch touch” in Conversations with Wilder, by Cameron Crowe, p. 113. 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention 6. http://www.nationalreview.com/symposium/symposium200407300206.asp 7. http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=41425 8. “The Vietnam Effect in 2004,” (Book Review), The Hill, by Deborah Kalb, January 27, 2004. 9. MSNBC Transcript, Scarborough Country, October 22, 2004. 10.

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Emergence Slogan Survey, BusinessWeek, Kiley, Oct. 2004. 15. Emergence Slogan Survey, BusinessWeek, Kiley, Oct. 2004. 16. “Ad Track,” USA Today, May 23, 2005, by Michael McCarthy. 17. Real Time with Bill Maher, October 1, 2004. 18. PBS Web site, The American Experience, People and Events: Carter’s “Crisis of Confidence” Speech. 19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_(television_commercial) Chapter VII: Corporate Case Studies 1. Interview with Jack Welch, July 2006. 2. Interview with Steve Wynn, June 2006. Chapter VIII: Political Case Studies 1. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/e/edwardrmu106342.html 2. Ralph Hallow, “GOP Unveils Down-The-Stretch Ad Blitz,” The Washington Times, Page A1. 3.

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The Best Interface Is No Interface: The Simple Path to Brilliant Technology (Voices That Matter) by Golden Krishna

Airbnb, Bear Stearns, computer vision, crossover SUV, data science, en.wikipedia.org, fear of failure, impulse control, Inbox Zero, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, Jony Ive, Kickstarter, lock screen, Mark Zuckerberg, microdosing, new economy, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, Paradox of Choice, pattern recognition, QR code, RFID, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, skeuomorphism, Skype, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, tech worker, technoutopianism, TED Talk, Tim Cook: Apple, Y Combinator, Y2K

hl=en-US&q=app,+one+direction,+/m/02m-jmr,+justin+bieber&cmpt=q&content=1#q=app%2C%20one%20direction%2C%20justin%20bieber%2C%20God&date=1%2F2012%2025m&cmpt=q 43 “Karl Benz patented the three-wheeled motor car in 1886.” Lauren Cox, “Who Invented the Car?,” Live Science, June 18, 2013. http://www.livescience.com/37538-who-invented-the-car.html 44 “Cheek to Cheek,” Wikipedia, Last accessed August 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek_to_Cheek 45 Matt Carmichael, “Edward Tufte: The AdAgeStat Q&A,” Advertising Age, November 9, 2011. http://adage.com/article/adagestat/edward-tufte-adagestat-q-a/230884/ 46 “2000 . . . Siemens’ Electronics wins a PACE Award for a deceptively simple device. Easily seen as just a replacement for the mechanical key, simply carrying Siemens’ Keyless-Go, a credit card-sized transponder, allows the driver to walk up to a locked vehicle, open the door, and press a button to get under way

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The restarted match (the World Chess Championship 1985) was best of 24, with the champion (Karpov) to retain his title if the match was tied 12–12. Because Karpov’s two-point lead from the 1984 match was wiped out, Karpov was granted the right of a return match (the World Chess Championship 1986) if he lost.” “World Chess Championship 1984,” Wikipedia, Last accessed October 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1984 8 15:37 (Talk show interview) 21:00 “How do you make a computer blink?” 1:04:08 (Head in hands) (Viewable online at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtMdMmrfipY) Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine. Directed by Vikram Jayanti. Ontario: Alliance Atlantis Communications, 2003. 9 “The 1997 match took place not on a standard stage, but rather in a small television studio.

pages: 224 words: 13,238

Electronic and Algorithmic Trading Technology: The Complete Guide by Kendall Kim

algorithmic trading, automated trading system, backtesting, Bear Stearns, business logic, commoditize, computerized trading, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, diversification, en.wikipedia.org, family office, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, index arbitrage, index fund, interest rate swap, linked data, market fragmentation, money market fund, natural language processing, proprietary trading, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, random walk, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, short selling, statistical arbitrage, Steven Levy, transaction costs, yield curve

The emergence of new niche players in the algorithmic market has created variety among market makers but does not seem to pose a serious threat to bigger Wall Street broker-dealers. There will 1 2 3 Eric Goldberg, ‘‘Algorithm Panel Q&A,’’ FIXGlobal 1, no. 4 (2004): 10. Wikipedia contributors, s.v. ‘‘FIX protocol,’’ Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http:// en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title¼FIX_protocol&oldid¼94663821 (accessed February 6, 2007). Bruno Biais, Christophe Bisiere, and Chester Spatt, ‘‘Imperfect Competition in Financial Markets: Island vs. NASDAQ,’’ 14th Annual Utah Winter Finance Conference, AFA/EFA, November 16, 2003. Abstract. http://ssrn.com/abstract¼302398 or DOI 10.2139/ssrn.302398. 4 Electronic and Algorithmic Trading Technology always be niche players, but noncompetitive market makers are likely to step aside, while the better ones will form alliances or be acquired by larger participants.

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Client order handling MiFID has requirements relating to the information that needs to be captured when accepting client orders, ensuring that a firm is acting in a client’s best interests and as to how orders for different clients may be aggregated. (continues) 2 Wikipedia contributors, s.v. ‘‘Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID),’’ Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiFID. 134 Electronic and Algorithmic Trading Technology Table 12.1 Comparison Between Reg NMS and MiFID Reg NMS Current regulatory framework ITS Plan Securities Exchange Act Regulatory authority SEC To be applied from Trading venue classifications To be determined Fast markets Slow markets Best execution approach NBBO as defined benchmark Objectives Modernize and strengthen the NMS Reflect changes, ranging from new technologies to new types of markets and to structural changes MiFID Investment Services Directive and its implementation in the national laws of the EU member states EU Commission and competent authorities of EU member states Tentatively Nov 2007 Regulated markets MTRs Systematic Internalizers Best results based on a multitude of parameters Best Execution Policy to be defined individually by Investment Firms Establish a regulatory framework to promote an efficient, transparent, and integrated financial trading infrastructure Strengthen provisions governing investment services, with a view to protecting investors and fostering market integrity Extend the scope of the ISD, in terms of both financial services and financial instruments covered Reinforce cooperation between competent authorities Source: Peter Gomber and Markus Gsell, Catching Up with Technology: The Impact of Regulatory Changes on ECNs/MTFs.

pages: 504 words: 67,845

Designing Web Interfaces: Principles and Patterns for Rich Interactions by Bill Scott, Theresa Neil

A Pattern Language, anti-pattern, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, recommendation engine, Ruby on Rails, Silicon Valley, web application

Virtual Pages By revealing dynamic content and using animation, we can extend the virtual space of the page. Process Flow Instead of moving from page to page, sometimes we can create a flow within a page itself. * * * [22] You can see a demonstration of this at http://www.usd.edu/psyc301/ChangeBlindness.htm. [23] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_blindness. Chapter 5. Overlays Overlays are really just lightweight pop ups. We use the term lightweight to make a clear distinction between it and the normal idea of a browser pop up. Browser pop ups are created as a new browser window (Figure 5-1). Lightweight overlays are shown within the browser page as an overlay (Figure 5-2).

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When they start drawing a line, they can hover over another line edge telling Sketchup that this is their reference. Then it is trivial to draw a line parallel or perpendicular to the reference line (Figure 10-21). Figure 10-21. Google Sketchup uses just-in-time inferences while the user is drawing * * * [37] Clippy's official name was Clippit. For the full scoop on Clippy, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Assistant. More Content Invitation In Chapter 6 we discussed Virtual Pages, a technique for making more content available to a page than is currently visible. The Yahoo! home page employed this in its redesign in 2006 (Figure 10-22). Figure 10-22. Yahoo! home page contains more content than is statically visible The Yahoo!

Designing the Mind: The Principles of Psychitecture by Designing the Mind, Ryan A Bush

Abraham Maslow, adjacent possible, Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, augmented reality, butterfly effect, carbon footprint, cognitive bias, cognitive load, correlation does not imply causation, data science, delayed gratification, deliberate practice, drug harm reduction, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, fundamental attribution error, hedonic treadmill, hindsight bias, impulse control, Kevin Kelly, Lao Tzu, lifelogging, longitudinal study, loss aversion, meta-analysis, Own Your Own Home, pattern recognition, price anchoring, randomized controlled trial, Silicon Valley, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steven Pinker, systems thinking, Walter Mischel

., “Regulation of Craving by Cognitive Strategies in Cigarette Smokers,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 106, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 52–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.017. Robert Alan Burton, On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You’re Not, Reprint edition (St. Martin’s Press, 2008). “Map–Territory Relation,” in Wikipedia, October 30, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Map%E2%80%93territory_relation&oldid=986243721. Henry Markovits and Guilaine Nantel, “The Belief-Bias Effect in the Production and Evaluation of Logical Conclusions,” Memory & Cognition 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 11–17, https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03199552. Steven Novella and Yale School of Medicine, Your Deceptive Mind:A Scientific Guide to Critical Thinking Skills (the great courses, 2012).

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., “Apophenia as the Disposition to False Positives: A Unifying Framework for Openness and Psychoticism,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 129, no. 3 (2020): 279–92, https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000504. Alexander Alvarez, “Destructive Beliefs: Genocide and the Role of Ideology,” 2008. “Cognitive Bias,” in Wikipedia, November 24, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_bias&oldid=990416478. Buster Benson, “Cognitive Bias Cheat Sheet, Simplified,” Medium, April 2, 2019, https://medium.com/thinking-is-hard/4-conundrums-of-intelligence-2ab78d90740f. “The Illusion of Transparency: Biased Assessments of Others’ Ability to Read One’s Emotional States. - PsycNET,” accessed November 25, 2020, https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?

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Industrial Internet by Jon Bruner

air gap, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Boeing 747, commoditize, computer vision, data acquisition, demand response, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, factory automation, Google X / Alphabet X, industrial robot, Internet of things, job automation, loose coupling, natural language processing, performance metric, Silicon Valley, slashdot, smart grid, smart meter, statistical model, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, web application

fac_Name=Grand+Coulee+Powerplant [28] http://openxcplatform.com/ [29] https://ifttt.com [30] http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596001087.do [31] http://codeforamerica.org/ [32] Photo by Alex Beltyukov, 2011, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. Via http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_787-8_N787BA_cockpit.jpg [33] http://www.faa.gov/nextgen/snapshots/slides/?slide=6 [34] http://radar.oreilly.com/2013/02/masking-the-complexity-of-the-machine.html [35] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermiling [36] https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2010/01/15/E9-31362/positive-train-control-systems#t-1 [37] http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/100885/000119312513045658/d477110d10k.htm [38] A full description of the impact of data on health care is beyond the scope of this paper.

pages: 879 words: 233,093

The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis by Jeremy Rifkin

Abraham Maslow, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, animal electricity, back-to-the-land, British Empire, carbon footprint, classic study, collaborative economy, death of newspapers, delayed gratification, distributed generation, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, feminist movement, Ford Model T, global village, Great Leap Forward, hedonic treadmill, hydrogen economy, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, invention of movable type, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Lewis Mumford, Mahatma Gandhi, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, megacity, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, mirror neurons, Nelson Mandela, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, off grid, off-the-grid, out of africa, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, peer-to-peer, planetary scale, Recombinant DNA, scientific management, scientific worldview, Simon Kuznets, Skype, smart grid, smart meter, social intelligence, supply-chain management, surplus humans, systems thinking, the medium is the message, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment, working poor, World Values Survey

October 29, 2003. http://people-press.org/commentary/?analysisid= 71 76 Speulda, Nicole, and Mary McIntosh. “Global Gender Gaps.” Pew Global Attitudes Project. May 13, 2004. http://pewglobal.org/commentary/display.php?AnalysisID=90 77 Ibid. 78 Ibid. 79 Brokeback Mountain. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain. 80 Will and Grace. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_&_Grace 81 Saad, L. “The Gallup Poll: Tolerance for Gay Rights at High-Water Mark.” Gallup Poll News Service. May 29, 2007. www.galluppoll.com 82 Ibid. 83 “Religious Beliefs Underpin Opposition to Homosexuality: Republicans Unified, Democrats Split on Gay Marriage.”

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December 17, 2002. p. 72. 124 “Asia ‘Wakes Up’ to Animal Welfare: Caring for Animals Is Not Just a Western Whim—Millions of People in Asian Countries Think Animal Welfare Is Important, a Mori Poll Has Discovered.” BBC News. March 17, 2005. 125 McNeil, Donald G., Jr. “When Human Rights Extend to Nonhumans.” Dallas Morning News. July 31, 2008. 126 Kitching, C. “Agassiz Has Gone to the Dogs.” Daily Graphic. August 2003. 127 “Six Degrees of Separation.” Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six _ degrees _ of _ separation 128 Karinthy, F. “Chain-links.” Translated from Hungarian and annotated by Adam Makkai and Eniko Janko. Cited in “Six Degrees of Separation.” Wikipedia. 129 de Sola Pool, Ithiel, and Manfred Kochen. “Contacts and Influence.” Social Networks. Vol. 1. No. 1. 1978-1979. p. 42. 130 Travers, Jeffrey, and Milgram Stanley.

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“GM Installs World’s Biggest Rooftop Solar Panels.” The Guardian. July 9, 2008. www.guardian.co.uk 9 Bohannon, J. “Distributed Computing: Grassroots Supercomputing.” Science. Vol. 308. No. 5723. May 6, 2005. pp. 810-813. 10 Ibid. 11 “List of Distributed Computing Projects.” Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distributed_computing_projects 12 Bohannon. “Distributed Computing: Grassroots Supercomputing.” 13 Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, and Nations. New York: Doubleday, 2004. p. xiii. 14 Tapscott, Don, and Anthony D.

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Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change From the Cult of Technology by Kentaro Toyama

Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, blood diamond, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Cass Sunstein, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, computer vision, conceptual framework, delayed gratification, digital divide, do well by doing good, Edward Glaeser, Edward Jenner, en.wikipedia.org, end world poverty, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, fundamental attribution error, gamification, germ theory of disease, global village, Hans Rosling, happiness index / gross national happiness, income inequality, invention of the printing press, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Khan Academy, Kibera, knowledge worker, Larry Ellison, Lewis Mumford, liberation theology, libertarian paternalism, longitudinal study, M-Pesa, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, microcredit, mobile money, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, Nicholas Carr, North Sea oil, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, pattern recognition, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, post-industrial society, Powell Memorandum, randomized controlled trial, rent-seeking, RFID, Richard Florida, Richard Thaler, school vouchers, self-driving car, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, technological determinism, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, the long tail, Twitter Arab Spring, Upton Sinclair, Walter Mischel, War on Poverty, winner-take-all economy, World Values Survey, Y2K

Rossi recognized that no program works without motivation and capacity among those whom it is meant to help, but he felt it was beyond intentional policy to address this deficiency, saying, “It is likely that large scale personality changes are beyond the reach of social policy institutions in a democratic society.” This is a critical point that is addressed in Part 2 – I believe he gave up too easily. 41.Yunus (1999), p. 140. 42.Ibid., p. 205. 43.Wikipedia (n.d.), “FINCA International,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINCA_International. 44.Kiva.org (n.d.). 45.Opportunity International (n.d.). 46.Yunus (1999), pp. 135–137. 47.Based on data available at MixMarket (2014). The estimate is low because it includes only organizations registered with the exchange at the time and excludes microcredit activities in the developed world. 48.Heeks (2009). 49.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2014a).

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52.For a scathing attack on positive psychology and superficial recommendations for happiness, see Barbara Ehrenreich (2009). She chronicles her exasperation with the Pollyannaish positive psychology she encountered during her battle with breast cancer. 53.Wikipedia (n.d.), “Don’t Worry, Be Happy,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Worry,_Be_Happy. 54.I don’t mean to be unsympathetic to people who can’t pay their rent despite doing everything they can to make a decent living; nor am I denying structural causes of poverty. Some social circumstances are nearly impossible to make work. My point, rather, is that there is no simple path to happiness, and simply redirecting our aim toward happiness doesn’t in and of itself address the cause of unhappiness.

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The finding that the greatest gains come from following intrinsically motivated goals occurs in Sheldon and Kasser (1998). 7.This process is also confirmed by Sheldon and Elliot (1999): “Those who are progressing well in their goals during a period of time are accumulating activity-based experiences of competence, autonomy, and relatedness during that time, more so when their goals are self-concordant.” 8.Richard Auty (1993) first identified and named the resource curse. Jeffrey Sachs and Andrew Warner (1999) linked the resource curse to economic stunting. 9.The “Dutch disease” was so named by Economist (1977), according to Wikipedia’s article on “Dutch Disease” (n.d.), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_disease. 10.Erling Larsen (2004) discusses how Norway appears to have avoided the resource curse, though there are indications that it’s not fully clear of Dutch disease. Meanwhile, Norway’s admirable contributions to international aid are documented in many places. Revkin (2008) notes how it upped its aid contributions during a recession. 11.Agyare (2014). 12.I met Awuah when I taught math at Ashesi in 2002, and we’ve had many discussions since then about university education, Ghana, and development.

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Gusher of Lies: The Dangerous Delusions of Energy Independence by Robert Bryce

addicted to oil, An Inconvenient Truth, Berlin Wall, carbon tax, Charles Lindbergh, Colonization of Mars, congestion pricing, decarbonisation, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, financial independence, flex fuel, Ford Model T, hydrogen economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it's over 9,000, Jevons paradox, John Markoff, Just-in-time delivery, low earth orbit, low interest rates, Michael Shellenberger, Nelson Mandela, new economy, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, oil-for-food scandal, peak oil, price stability, Project for a New American Century, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, SpaceShipOne, Stewart Brand, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas L Friedman, Whole Earth Catalog, X Prize, Yom Kippur War

Sean Coughlan, “Do Flat-Screen TVs Eat More Energy?” BBC News Magazine, December 7, 2006. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/ 6188940.stm. 5. Rebecca Smith, “New Power Plants Fueled by Coal Are Put on Hold,” Wall Street Journal, July 25, 2007, A1. Doubling estimates available: http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Doubling_time. 6. Rebecca Smith, “U.S. Electricity Demand Is Outpacing New Resources, Report Warns,” Wall Street Journal, October 16, 2006, A2. 7. Three Mile Island operated two reactors until the accident in 1979; Exelon data. Available: http://www.exeloncorp.com/NR/rdonlyres/122C645B-58D1-48 DB-9B7D-7FACD0ABEA11/959/ThreeMileIslandPlantFactSheetInternet.pdf. 8.

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CNNMoney.com, “Hybrid Sales Growth Trailing Off,” February 26, 2007. Available: http://money.cnn.com/2007/02/26/autos/hybrid_sales. 14. Peter W. Huber and Mark P. Mills, The Bottomless Well, 109. 15. Ibid., 111–112. 16. Vaclav Smil, Energy at the Crossroads, 167. 17. Ibid., 332. 18. For more on this topic, see Wikipedia. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Jevons_paradox. 344 Notes to Chapter 12 19. Smil, op. cit., 335. 20. Labonte and Makinen, op. cit. CHAPTER 12 1. Schmidt interview with the author, March 9, 2007, via telephone. 2. California Progress Report, “President Clinton: Why I Support Proposition 87 and Why the Oil Companies Are Wrong—The Complete Speech Delivered at UCLA,” October 14, 2006.

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In addition to being the chairman of SABIC, he is also the chairman of the Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu and the chairman of the Power and Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu. 3. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2006/snapshots/4091 .html. 4. http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2006. 5. Rachel Layne and Sean Cronin, “Saudi Basic to Buy GE Plastics Unit for $11.6 Billion,” Bloomberg, May 21, 2007. Available: http://www.bloomberg.com/ apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=a66TqOQoyF14&refer=us. 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Centre. 7. OPEC. Available: http://www.opec.org/home/PowerPoint/Downstream %20Constraints/OPECDownstreamexpplans.htm. CHAPTER 19 1. Yadullah Ijtehadi, “Lack of Office Space Sees Dubai Shoot Up Rental List,” Emirates Today, July 3, 2006. 2. EIA data. Available: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/UAE/Oil.html. 3.

Alone on the Ice: The Greatest Survival Story in the History of Exploration by David Roberts

British Empire, en.wikipedia.org

., 364. 82 “Mackay fell”: Mills, Men of Ice, 72. 82 “Edwardian England knew how”: Huntford, Shackleton, 294. 82 “the greatest geographical event”: Ibid., 298. 82 In November, Shackleton was knighted: Ibid., 315. 82 Met at the railway station: Ayres, Mawson, 29. 82 “I say that Mawson”: Sydney Morning Herald, March 31, 1909, quoted ibid., 29. 83 During 122 days: Ayres, Mawson, 28. 83 Theirs would remain the longest: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Mackay. 83 On a visit to England in 1911: Branagan, David, 223–25. 83 According to Mawson’s biographer: Ayres, Mawson, 70. 83 It seems likely that the true: Branagan, David, 225. 84 Barton’s even gloomier assessment: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9jXbD5hZFI. 84 As one of the experts who examined: Branagan, David, 224–25. 84 Upon regaining the Nimrod: Ayres, Mawson, 28. 84 Meanwhile, he dipped his toe: Ibid., 37–41. 85 He had made many visits: Ibid., 29–30; P.

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., 81. 95 “a mysterious hysterical disease”: Ibid., 96, 453; Landy, “Pibloktoq (Hysteria) and Inuit Nutrition,” 237–39. 95 In any event, by the time: Riffenburgh, Aurora, 102. 96 “I remember feeling”: Frank Wild to Maggie Wild, October 13, 1911, quoted ibid, 91. 97 Discovered accidentally in 1810: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Island. 97 On the afternoon of December 2: Riffenburgh, Aurora, 102. 97 Besides the thirty-eight huskies: HOB, 14. 97 Realizing that even an overloaded: Riffenburgh, Aurora, 101–2. 97 “If the skipper had a proper name”: Laseron, “South with Mawson,” 12. 98 “The mate was deaf”: Ibid. 98 On the first day out of Hobart: Davis, High Latitude, 163–64. 98 “The crew are about the worst”: Charles Laseron, diary, December 25, 1911. 98 “The cook we have signed on”: Percy Gray, diary, December 3, 1911. 98 “I shall be very sorry”: Gray, diary, December 18, 1911. 99 “The mate could navigate”: Laseron, “South with Mawson,” 12–13. 99 “I have found this bloody island”: Hunter, diary, December 13, 1911. 99 On December 9, the worst: Riffenburgh, Aurora, 103. 99 “They were staggered by its beauty”: Ibid., 106. 100 “I felt that had I sufficient”: Hurley, Argonauts, 24. 100 “Fortunately we were not moving”: Crossley, Trial by Ice, 13. 100 “I received a verbal trouncing”: Hurley, Argonauts, 25. 101 His biographer, Alasdair McGregor: McGregor, Hurley, 10–11. 101 “I found a new toy”: Hurley, Argonauts, 10. 101 By 1911, Hurley was recognized: McGregor, Hurley, 28–31. 102 “I am certain that”: Margaret Hurley to Douglas Mawson, October 6, 1911, quoted ibid., 32. 102 Mawson was sufficiently alarmed: McGregor, Hurley, 32–33. 102 “evidently a recent victim”: HOB, 21. 102 “a human figure appeared”: Ibid. 103 After several aborted efforts: Ibid., 22. 103 In charge of the Macquarie party: Riffenburgh, Aurora, 214–15. 103 In Hasselborough Bay, the two: Crossley, Trial by Ice, 14. 103 Meanwhile, Frank Hurley set off: Hurley, Argonauts, 25. 104 “They slaughtered every flipper”: Ibid., 28–30. 104 The first night, the trio bivouacked: Ibid., 31. 105 On the second day, the men: Ibid., 32–33. 105 “peck[ing] viciously at our legs”: Ibid., 34. 105 It was not until the third afternoon: Ibid., 35–38. 106 During Hurley’s absence: HOB, 24–25. 106 On top of Wireless Hill: Riffenburgh, Aurora, 111. 106 “The sheep allowed themselves”: Frank Stillwell, general letter, January 6, 1912, quoted ibid., 112–13. 106 “The last few days”: Flannery, This Everlasting Silence, 24. 107 “their cheers echoing to ours”: HOB, 27. 107 “It was difficult at first”: Ibid., 28. 107 “I jumped up on deck”: Crossley, Trial by Ice, 15. 108 Mawson and Davis’s intention: Ibid. 108 But between Oates Land: Rosove, Let Heroes Speak, 109–13. 108 In January 1840, Wilkes thought: Ibid., 35–37. 108 At almost the same time in early 1840: Ibid., 30–32. 109 Astonishingly, on January 29: Ibid., 32. 109 Five days after leaving Macquarie: HOB, 31. 109 “The tranquility of the water”: Ibid., 32. 109 The icebergs soon gave way: Crossley, Trial by Ice, 16–17. 110 It would take another year: HOB, 37. 110 New Year’s Day: Crossley, Trial by Ice, 17. 110 “We were all very much puzzled”: Ibid., 18. 111 “What an extraordinary thing”: Ibid., 19. 111 One of the chief objectives: HOB, 40. 111 “I feel that we must take chances”: Crossley, Trial by Ice, 19. 111 Privately, he began to reconfigure: Riffenburgh, Aurora, 115–16. 111 It was only on January 6: Ibid., 116. 112 “The coroners verdict”: Kennedy, diary, January 6, 1912. 112 At noon on January 8: HOB, 40. 112 “Advancing towards the mainland”: Ibid., 41. 112 “We had come to a fairyland”: Hurley, Argonauts, 44–45. 113 “Accidentally hit Bickerton in the eye”: Kennedy, diary, January 8, 1912. 4.

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Mawson, Mawson of the Antarctic, 107. 297 “You will note that”: Douglas Mawson to Herr Mertz, July 8, 1914. 297 the original diary has somehow been lost: Mark Pharaoh, personal communication, July 2011. 297 “They were very kind”: P. Mawson, Mawson of the Antarctic, 117. 297 He had been absent: Ayres, Mawson, 104–5. 297 Bob Bage, the quiet: Riffenburgh, Aurora, 401–2. 297 Cecil Madigan spent: Ibid., 413; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Madigan. 298 “I had some close shaves”: Cecil Madigan to Douglas Mawson, December 18, 1915. 298 Archibald McLean, whose collaborative: Riffenburgh, Aurora, 406–7. 298 “Poor old ‘Dad’ McLean”: John Hunter to Douglas Mawson, n.d. 298 “I have been itching”: Douglas Mawson to Eric Webb, August 16, [1915]. 298 Mawson eventually found employment: Ayres, Mawson, 115, 122. 298 One other member of the AAE: Rossiter, Mawson’s Forgotten Men, xviii–xix. 299 From shipboard, Shackleton telegraphed: Huntford, Shackleton, 379. 299 “Fancy that ridiculous Shackleton”: Winston Churchill to Clementine Churchill, March 28, 1916, quoted ibid., 488. 299 “London in the aftermath”: Huntford, Shackleton, 673. 299 “The manager at Boston”: Douglas Mawson to Paquita Mawson, February 4, 1915, quoted in Ayres, Mawson, 107. 299 The two-volume The Home of the Blizzard: Ibid., 101. 300 After the war, back in Australia: Ibid., 250; Riffenburgh, Aurora, 407. 300 Thanks to Mawson’s doggedness: Riffenburgh, Aurora, 408. 300 “The scientific goals of early”: Ibid., 421–22. 301 “the Australasian Expedition was easily”: Ibid., 421. 301 “Sir Douglas Mawson’s Expedition”: Hayes, Antarctica, 210. 302 “He was still purposeful”: Eric Webb, “An Appreciation,” in Bickel, Mawson’s Will, 231. 303 “No words of mine”: Hurley, Argonauts, 120–21. 303 “To me, when I was a young man”: Eric Webb, “An Appreciation,” in Bickel, Mawson’s Will, 228–29. 304 “I consider that I was”: George Dovers to Douglas Mawson, July 20, 1954, quoted in Ayres, Mawson, 253. 304 “The 1911–14 days will ever”: John Hunter to Douglas Mawson, January 31, 1957, quoted in Ayres, Mawson, 254. 304 “The years 1911–13 are still”: Charles Laseron to Douglas Mawson, December 9, 1954. 304 “Knowing that he was not”: P.

pages: 741 words: 179,454

Extreme Money: Masters of the Universe and the Cult of Risk by Satyajit Das

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", "there is no alternative" (TINA), "World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, Andy Kessler, AOL-Time Warner, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Basel III, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Black Swan, Bonfire of the Vanities, bonus culture, book value, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, buy the rumour, sell the news, capital asset pricing model, carbon credits, Carl Icahn, Carmen Reinhart, carried interest, Celtic Tiger, clean water, cognitive dissonance, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, corporate governance, corporate raider, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency risk, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deal flow, debt deflation, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, discrete time, diversification, diversified portfolio, Doomsday Clock, Dr. Strangelove, Dutch auction, Edward Thorp, Emanuel Derman, en.wikipedia.org, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, eurozone crisis, Everybody Ought to Be Rich, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial engineering, financial independence, financial innovation, financial thriller, fixed income, foreign exchange controls, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, global reserve currency, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Goodhart's law, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Greenspan put, happiness index / gross national happiness, haute cuisine, Herman Kahn, high net worth, Hyman Minsky, index fund, information asymmetry, interest rate swap, invention of the wheel, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Carville said: "I would like to be reincarnated as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody.", job automation, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, John Bogle, John Meriwether, joint-stock company, Jones Act, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, Kevin Kelly, laissez-faire capitalism, load shedding, locking in a profit, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, low interest rates, margin call, market bubble, market fundamentalism, Market Wizards by Jack D. Schwager, Marshall McLuhan, Martin Wolf, mega-rich, merger arbitrage, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, Milgram experiment, military-industrial complex, Minsky moment, money market fund, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, mutually assured destruction, Myron Scholes, Naomi Klein, National Debt Clock, negative equity, NetJets, Network effects, new economy, Nick Leeson, Nixon shock, Northern Rock, nuclear winter, oil shock, Own Your Own Home, Paul Samuelson, pets.com, Philip Mirowski, Phillips curve, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, price anchoring, price stability, profit maximization, proprietary trading, public intellectual, quantitative easing, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, regulatory arbitrage, Reminiscences of a Stock Operator, rent control, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Richard Feynman, Richard Thaler, Right to Buy, risk free rate, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Rod Stewart played at Stephen Schwarzman birthday party, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Satyajit Das, savings glut, shareholder value, Sharpe ratio, short selling, short squeeze, Silicon Valley, six sigma, Slavoj Žižek, South Sea Bubble, special economic zone, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, survivorship bias, tail risk, Teledyne, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, the market place, the medium is the message, The Myth of the Rational Market, The Nature of the Firm, the new new thing, The Predators' Ball, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, Turing test, two and twenty, Upton Sinclair, value at risk, Yogi Berra, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

Rumsfeld, Free Press, New York: 60. 4. www.youtube.com/results?search_query=two+johns+subprime&aq=1 5. Julian Lee “TV news is not factual program, says regulator” (12 February 2010) Sydney Morning Herald. 6. John Pilger “The invisible government” (16 June 2007) (www.inminds.co.uk/article.php?id=10196). 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Rukeyser 8. Chrystia Freeland “Lunch with the FT: Jim Cramer” (22 February 2008) Financial Times. 9. Sean Collins, a senior producer with NPR News, quoted in Dan Gardner (2008) Risk—The Science and Politics of Fear, Virgin Books, London: 200. 10. Donald Rumsfeld (28 February 2003) quoted in Hart Seely (2005) Pieces of Intelligence: The Existential Poetry of Donald H.

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Baker and George David Smith (1998) The New Financial Capitalists: Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and the Creation of Corporate Value, Cambridge University Press, New York: 90. 14. Anders, Merchants of Debt: 41. 15. If Japan can ... Why can’t we? (1980), TV show introducing the methods of W. Edwards Deming to American managers, produced by Clare Crawford-Mason, NBC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Japan_Can..._Why_Can’t_We%3F). 16. Quoted in Anders, Merchants of Debt: 162. 17. Quoted in ibid: 35. 18. Quoted in Baker and Smith, The New Financial Capitalists: 204. 19. Philipp Meyer (2009) American Rust, Simon & Schuster, London: 348. 20. Quoted in Anders, Merchants of Debt: 74. 21.

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Jamil Anderlini “Beijing’s housing price fury goes viral” (23 December 2010) Financial Times. 7. Wolfgang Münchau “Optimism is not enough for a global recovery” (14 June 2009) Financial Times. 8. Press release, “Lincoln hails Senate passage of tough Wall Street reforms” (20 May 2010) (http://lincoln.senate.gov/newsroom/2010-05-20-6.cfm). 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon 10. Andrew Ross Sorkin “Vanishing act: “advisers” distance themselves from a report” (14 February 2011) New York Times. 11. Brooke Masters and David Oakley “Markets take fright: political disorder” (20 May 2010) Financial Times. 12. Sam Jones “Hedge funds hope ‘Volcker rule’ will clip banks’ wings” (30 June 2010) Financial Times. 13.

pages: 260 words: 77,007

Are You Smart Enough to Work at Google?: Trick Questions, Zen-Like Riddles, Insanely Difficult Puzzles, and Other Devious Interviewing Techniques You ... Know to Get a Job Anywhere in the New Economy by William Poundstone

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, big-box store, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, cloud computing, creative destruction, digital rights, en.wikipedia.org, full text search, hiring and firing, How many piano tuners are there in Chicago?, index card, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, lateral thinking, loss aversion, mental accounting, Monty Hall problem, new economy, off-the-grid, Paul Erdős, RAND corporation, random walk, Richard Feynman, rolodex, Rubik’s Cube, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, sorting algorithm, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, The Spirit Level, Tony Hsieh, why are manhole covers round?, William Shockley: the traitorous eight

“You are shrunk to the height of a nickel”: The dialogue in this section is a composite of several interviewees’ accounts. Google pays the income tax: Bernard, “Google to Add Pay.” On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences: www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/index.html. Milton’s suggestion was “googol”: See Wikipedia entry for Edward Kasner, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kasner. “Sean and Larry were in their office”: See “Origin of the Name ‘Google,’” http://www-graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html. “Have Your Google People”: Merrell, “Have Your Google People.” “are not warm and fuzzy people”: Alyson Shontell interview, May 24, 2010.

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“Interviews are a terrible predictor”: Hansel, “Google Answer to Filling Jobs Is an Algorithm.” Thomas L. Peters of the Washington Life Insurance Company proposed: Gunter, Biodata, 7. Guilford sliced and diced intelligence: The number began at 120 and was revised upward to 150 and finally to 180. See Wikipedia article on J. P. Guilford, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Guilford. “Genius is one percent inspiration”: See the Wikiquote entry for Thomas Edison, which gives several variants and published sources, http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison. “Creativity is production of something new or unusual”: Torrance, Guiding Creative Talent, 16.

pages: 345 words: 75,660

Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence by Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, Avi Goldfarb

Abraham Wald, Ada Lovelace, AI winter, Air France Flight 447, Airbus A320, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Amazon Picking Challenge, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, basic income, Bayesian statistics, Black Swan, blockchain, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, carbon tax, Charles Babbage, classic study, collateralized debt obligation, computer age, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data acquisition, data is the new oil, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, deskilling, disruptive innovation, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, financial engineering, fulfillment center, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, Google Glasses, high net worth, ImageNet competition, income inequality, information retrieval, inventory management, invisible hand, Jeff Hawkins, job automation, John Markoff, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Lyft, Minecraft, Mitch Kapor, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Nate Silver, new economy, Nick Bostrom, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, OpenAI, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, performance metric, profit maximization, QWERTY keyboard, race to the bottom, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Solow, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, Steven Levy, strong AI, The Future of Employment, the long tail, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, Tim Cook: Apple, trolley problem, Turing test, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, US Airways Flight 1549, Vernor Vinge, vertical integration, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, William Langewiesche, Y Combinator, zero-sum game

The research also shows that the algorithm would likely reduce racial disparities. 8. Mitchell Hoffman, Lisa B. Kahn, and Danielle Li, “Discretion in Hiring,” working paper 21709, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2015, revised April 2016. 9. Donald Rumsfeld, news briefing, US Department of Defense, February 12, 2002, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_are_known_knowns. 10. Bertrand Rouet-Leduc et al., “Machine Learning Predicts Laboratory Earthquakes,” Cornell University, 2017, http://arxiv.org/abs/1702.05774. 11. Dedre Gentner and Albert L. Stevens, Mental Models (New York: Psychology Press, 1983); Dedre Gentner, “Structure Mapping: A Theoretical Model for Analogy,” Cognitive Science 7 (1983): 15–170. 12.

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Donald Rubin, “Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies,” Journal of Educational Psychology 66, no. 5 (1974): 688–701; Jerzy Neyman, “Sur les applications de la theorie des probabilites aux experiences agricoles: Essai des principes,” master’s thesis, 1923, excerpts reprinted in English, D. M. Dabrowska, and T. P. Speed, translators, Statistical Science 5 (1923): 463–472. 17. Garry Kasporov, Deep Thinking (New York: Perseus Books, 2017), 99–100. 18. Google Panda, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Panda, accessed July 26, 2017. Most notably as described in Google webmasters, “What’s It Like to Fight Webspam at Google?” YouTube, Febuary 12, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rr-Cye_mFiQ. 19. For example, publicized overhauls in September 2016: Ashitha Nagesh, “Now You Can Finally Get Rid of All Those Instagram Spammers and Trolls,” Metro, September 13, 2016, http://metro.co.uk/2016/09/13/now-you-can-finally-get-rid-of-all-those-instagram-spammers-and-trolls-6125645/.

pages: 290 words: 72,046

5 Day Weekend: Freedom to Make Your Life and Work Rich With Purpose by Nik Halik, Garrett B. Gunderson

Airbnb, bitcoin, Buckminster Fuller, business process, clean water, collaborative consumption, cryptocurrency, delayed gratification, diversified portfolio, do what you love, drop ship, en.wikipedia.org, estate planning, Ethereum, fear of failure, fiat currency, financial independence, gamification, glass ceiling, Grace Hopper, Home mortgage interest deduction, independent contractor, initial coin offering, Isaac Newton, Kaizen: continuous improvement, litecoin, low interest rates, Lyft, market fundamentalism, microcredit, minimum viable product, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, multilevel marketing, Nelson Mandela, passive income, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer rental, planned obsolescence, Ponzi scheme, quantitative easing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, ride hailing / ride sharing, selling pickaxes during a gold rush, sharing economy, side project, Skype, solopreneur, subscription business, TaskRabbit, TED Talk, traveling salesman, uber lyft

Consult with a specialist first before setting up your policy. Barry Dyke. The Pirates of Manhattan (Orlando, Fl. International Drive, 2007). http://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/2014/12/where-to-start.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiverr http://www.go-globe.com/blog/mobile-apps-usage/ http://fortune.com/2015/07/29/video-game-coach-salary/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharing_economy https://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all Cecilia Kang, “Podcasts Are Back — and Making Money,” Washington Post, September 25, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/podcasts-are-back--and-making-money/2014/09/25/54abc628-39c9-11e4-9c9f-ebb47272e40e_story.html?

pages: 301 words: 78,638

Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones by James Clear

Atul Gawande, Cal Newport, Checklist Manifesto, choice architecture, clean water, cognitive dissonance, cognitive load, delayed gratification, deliberate practice, en.wikipedia.org, financial independence, Goodhart's law, invisible hand, Lao Tzu, late fees, meta-analysis, microaggression, Paul Graham, randomized controlled trial, ride hailing / ride sharing, Sam Altman, Saturday Night Live, side hustle, survivorship bias, Walter Mischel, When a measure becomes a target

Just five years after Brailsford took over: Technically, the British riders won 57 percent of the road and track cycling medals at the 2008 Olympics. Fourteen gold medals were available in road and track cycling events. The Brits won eight of them. the Brits raised the bar: “World and Olympic Records Set at the 2012 Summer Olympics,” Wikipedia, December 8, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_and_Olympic_records_set_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics#Cycling. Bradley Wiggins became the first British cyclist: Andrew Longmore, “Bradley Wiggins,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bradley-Wiggins, last modified April 21, 2018. Chris Froome won: Karen Sparks, “Chris Froome,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chris-Froome, last modified October 23, 2017.

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For more, see B. F. Skinner, “A Case History in Scientific Method,” American Psychologist 11, no. 5 (1956): 226, doi:10.1037/h0047662. This variance leads to the greatest spike of dopamine: Matching Law shows that the rate of the reward schedule impacts behavior: “Matching Law,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_law. CHAPTER 20 there is usually a slight decline in performance: K. Anders Ericsson and Robert Pool, Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise (Boston: Mariner Books, 2017), 13. “The pundits were saying”: Pat Riley and Byron Laursen, “Temporary Insanity and Other Management Techniques: The Los Angeles Lakers’ Coach Tells All,” Los Angeles Times Magazine, April 19, 1987, http://articles.latimes.com/1987–04–19/magazine/tm-1669_1_lakers.

pages: 264 words: 71,821

How Bad Are Bananas?: The Carbon Footprint of Everything by Mike Berners-Lee

air freight, Boeing 747, carbon footprint, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, Eyjafjallajökull, food miles, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Skype, sustainable-tourism, two and twenty, University of East Anglia

Moreno, et al. (2005), A Preliminary General Assessment of the Impacts in Spain Due to the Effects of Climate Change. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. Available at www.mma.es/secciones/cambio_climatico/areas_tematicas/impactos_cc/pdf/evaluacion_preliminar_impactos_completo_2.pdf. 18. Information on Seawater Greenhouse from Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_greenhouse. My calculations also used figures on U.K. water consumption from the U.K. government: “Indicators of sustainable development,” www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/sustainable/quality04/maind/04q02.htm (accessed October 2009), and a figure of 0.6 kg (1.3 lbs.) CO2e per kilowatt-hour of electricity to drive pumps.

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In Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report (IPPC, Geneva), p. 36. Adapted to include an emissions weighting factor of 1.9 for high-altitude emissions. 22. © SASI Group, University of Sheffield. 23. © SASI Group, University of Sheffield. 24. © SASI Group, University of Sheffield. 25. Wikipedia list of oil spills, available at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ List_of_oil_spills (accessed 25 July 2010). 26. Earthtrends. World Resources Institute, Searchable Database, 2006 data. Available at earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db (accessed October 2009). More about food 1. Most of the figures here come from the input–output model (see above note 4 in the “Under 10 grams” section) and are in line with other estimates.

pages: 309 words: 78,361

Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth by Juliet B. Schor

Asian financial crisis, behavioural economics, big-box store, business climate, business cycle, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean tech, Community Supported Agriculture, creative destruction, credit crunch, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, decarbonisation, degrowth, dematerialisation, demographic transition, deskilling, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, Gini coefficient, global village, Herman Kahn, IKEA effect, income inequality, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, Jevons paradox, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, knowledge economy, life extension, McMansion, new economy, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, peak oil, pink-collar, post-industrial society, prediction markets, purchasing power parity, radical decentralization, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Shiller, sharing economy, Simon Kuznets, single-payer health, smart grid, systematic bias, systems thinking, The Chicago School, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, transaction costs, Yochai Benkler, Zipcar

Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability 14: 575-600. Heal, Geoffrey. 2009. Climate economics: A meta-review and some suggestions for future research. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 3 (1): 4-21. Healthcare in Malaysia. 2009. Wikipedia [database online]. Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia (accessed August 31, 2009). Helfand, Jessica, Akbar Sadeghi, and David Talan. 2007. Employment dynamics: Small and large firms over the business cycle. Monthly Labor Review (March). Available from http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2007/03/art3full.pdf (accessed September 6, 2009).

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Circular Series DL&P 2-06. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Available from http://www.fas.usda.gov/dlp/circular/2006/2006%20Annual/Livestock&Poultry.pdf (accessed April 7, 2009). Universal health care. 2009. Wikipedia [database online]. Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care (accessed August 31, 2009). Van den Broek, Aylsa. 2008. IKEA organizes furniture swap. Springwise [database online]. Available from http://springwise.com/homes_housing/ikea_organizes_furniture_swap (accessed August 13, 2009). Van Praag, Bernard M. S., and Paul Frijters. 1999.

pages: 1,136 words: 73,489

Working in Public: The Making and Maintenance of Open Source Software by Nadia Eghbal

Amazon Web Services, Apollo 11, barriers to entry, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), Big Tech, bitcoin, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, commoditize, commons-based peer production, context collapse, continuous integration, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, David Heinemeier Hansson, death of newspapers, Debian, disruptive innovation, Dunbar number, en.wikipedia.org, eternal september, Ethereum, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, Guido van Rossum, Hacker Ethic, Hacker News, Induced demand, informal economy, information security, Jane Jacobs, Jean Tirole, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, Kubernetes, leftpad, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, node package manager, Norbert Wiener, pirate software, pull request, RFC: Request For Comment, Richard Stallman, Ronald Coase, Ruby on Rails, side project, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, social graph, software as a service, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, tacit knowledge, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Nature of the Firm, TikTok, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, two-sided market, urban planning, web application, wikimedia commons, Yochai Benkler, Zimmermann PGP

,” JAXenter, November 25, 2011, https://jaxenter.com/has-the-apache-open-source-vision-become-blurred-103947.html. 63 Bryan Clark, “Apache Software Foundation Joins GitHub Open Source Community,” The GitHub Blog, GitHub, April 29, 2019, https://github.blog/2019-04-29-apache-joins-github-community/ 02 64 Julia Evans, “Figuring Out How to Contribute to Open Source,” Julia Evans (blog), n.d., https://jvns.ca/blog/2017/08/06/contributing-to-open-source/. 65 “Ptychobranchus Subtentum,” Wikipedia, last updated April 7, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptychobranchus_subtentum. 66 “Reykjavík,” Wikipedia, last updated March 27, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk. 67 “China: Provinces and Major Cities,” City Population, December 21, 2019, https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/cities/. 68 “PEP 0 -- Index of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs),” Python.org, accessed March 31, 2020, https://www.python.org/dev/peps/. 69 “Proposing Changes to Go,” Golang / Proposal Code, GitHub, accessed March 31, 2020, https://github.com/golang/proposal/ 70 “How Brett Cannon Uses GitHub,” Customer Stories, GitHub, n.d., https://github.com/customer-stories/brettcannon. 71 “DebianMaintainer,” Debian Wiki, last updated August 24, 2019, https://wiki.debian.org/DebianMaintainer. 72 Stuart Sierra, “Clojure Governance and How It Got That Way,” Clojure, February 17, 2012, https://clojure.org/news/2012/02/17/clojure-governance. 73 “Mutate Regexp Body,” Mutant Pull Requests, GitHub, April 18, 2016, https://github.com/mbj/mutant/pull/565#issuecomment-211498398. 74 Lorenzo Sciandra, “Chain React 2019 - Lorenzo Sciandra - All Hands on Deck - The React Native Community Experience,” Infinite Red, July 31, 2019, YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?

pages: 685 words: 203,949

The Organized Mind: Thinking Straight in the Age of Information Overload by Daniel J. Levitin

Abraham Maslow, airport security, Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Anton Chekhov, autism spectrum disorder, Bayesian statistics, behavioural economics, big-box store, business process, call centre, Claude Shannon: information theory, cloud computing, cognitive bias, cognitive load, complexity theory, computer vision, conceptual framework, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, deep learning, delayed gratification, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Eratosthenes, Exxon Valdez, framing effect, friendly fire, fundamental attribution error, Golden Gate Park, Google Glasses, GPS: selective availability, haute cuisine, How many piano tuners are there in Chicago?, human-factors engineering, if you see hoof prints, think horses—not zebras, impulse control, index card, indoor plumbing, information retrieval, information security, invention of writing, iterative process, jimmy wales, job satisfaction, Kickstarter, language acquisition, Lewis Mumford, life extension, longitudinal study, meta-analysis, more computing power than Apollo, Network effects, new economy, Nicholas Carr, optical character recognition, Pareto efficiency, pattern recognition, phenotype, placebo effect, pre–internet, profit motive, randomized controlled trial, Rubik’s Cube, Salesforce, shared worldview, Sheryl Sandberg, Skype, Snapchat, social intelligence, statistical model, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, Thomas Bayes, traumatic brain injury, Turing test, Twitter Arab Spring, ultimatum game, Wayback Machine, zero-sum game

Retrieved from http://www.kuro5hin.org To Wikipedia’s credit, it contains an article titled “Criticism of Wikipedia,” although that piece is, perhaps understandably, biased toward Wikipedia. Criticism of Wikipedia. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia Jimmy Wales has stated that experts User: Jimbo Wales. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved June 30, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimbo_Wales “Why would an expert bother contributing . . .” Dharma. (December 30, 2004). Comment on Sanger, L. (2004, December 31). Why Wikipedia must jettison its anti-elitism [Online forum comment].

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A foundational principle of human interaction design is that if a standard exists, it should be used. Norman, D. A. (2013). The design of everyday things. New York, NY: Basic Books. In New York State, I-87 is a principal north-south highway This map is taken from Wikipedia and is in the public domain; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter state_Highway_System#cite_note-hm20-2 Permission is explicitly granted by the creator, Stratosphere, for reuse. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FHWA_Auxil iary_Route_Numbering_Diagram.svg The periodic table of the elements The Periodic Table image is retrieved from http://0.tqn.com/d/chemistry/1/0/1/W/periodictable.jpg and tagged as “Public Domain—Free to Use” by Bing.

pages: 120 words: 19,624

git internal by Scott Chacon

Debian, en.wikipedia.org, loose coupling, pull request, Ruby on Rails

In the examples, I will use the first 6 characters of the SHA-1 for simplicity, but the actual value is 40 characters long. SHA stands for Secure Hash Algorithm. A SHA creates an identifier of fixed length that uniquely identifies a specific piece of content. SHA-1 succeeded SHA-0 and is the most commonly used algorithm. Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA1) has more on the topic. To demonstrate these examples, we will develop a small ruby library that provides very simple bindings to Git, keeping the project in a Git repository. The basic layout of the project is this: Working Directory ./ Rakefile README lib/ simplegit.rb Fig. A Sample project with files and directories Let’s take a look at what Git does when this is committed to a repository. 14 The Blob In Git, the contents of files are stored as blobs.

pages: 122 words: 19,807

Tmux: Productive Mouse-Free Development by Brian P. Hogan

en.wikipedia.org, Ruby on Rails, Skype, web application

tmuxinator copy [source] [destination] Copies a project configuration. tmuxinator delete [name] Deletes the specified project. tmuxinator implode Deletes all current projects. tmuxinator doctor Looks for problems with the tmuxinator and system configuration. Footnotes [10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage_return [11] http://rvm.beginrescueend.com/ Copyright © 2012, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Chapter 4 Working With Text and Buffers Throughout the course of your average day, you’ll copy and paste text more times than you keep track of. When you’re working with tmux, you will eventually come to the point where you need to scroll backwards through the terminal’s output buffer to see something that scrolled off the screen.

pages: 105 words: 18,832

The Collapse of Western Civilization: A View From the Future by Naomi Oreskes, Erik M. Conway

Anthropocene, anti-communist, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, Great Leap Forward, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Kim Stanley Robinson, laissez-faire capitalism, Lewis Mumford, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, means of production, military-industrial complex, oil shale / tar sands, Pierre-Simon Laplace, precautionary principle, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, stochastic process, the built environment, the market place

Arctic Sea Ice Extent, IARC-JAXA Information System (IJIS), accessed October 10, 2013: http://www.ijis.iarc.uaf.edu/ en/home/seaice_extent.htm; Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis, National Snow & Ice Data Center, accessed October 10, 2013: http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/; Christine Dell’Amore, “Ten Thousand Walruses Gather on Island As Sea Ice Shrinks,” National Geographic, October 2, 2013; William M. Connolley, “Sea ice extent in million square kilometers,” accessed October 10, 2013: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seaice-1870-part-2009.png. 20. Gerald A. Meehl and Thomas F. Stocker, “Global Climate Projections,” in Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Climate Change 2007—The Physical Science Basis.” February 2, 2007. 21. Clifford Krauss, “Exxon and Russia’s Oil Company in Deal for Joint Projects,” The New York Times, April 16, 2012. 22.

pages: 411 words: 80,925

What's Mine Is Yours: How Collaborative Consumption Is Changing the Way We Live by Rachel Botsman, Roo Rogers

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, Airbnb, Apollo 13, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, bike sharing, Buckminster Fuller, business logic, buy and hold, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, commoditize, Community Supported Agriculture, credit crunch, crowdsourcing, dematerialisation, disintermediation, en.wikipedia.org, experimental economics, Ford Model T, Garrett Hardin, George Akerlof, global village, hedonic treadmill, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, information retrieval, intentional community, iterative process, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, late fees, Mark Zuckerberg, market design, Menlo Park, Network effects, new economy, new new economy, out of africa, Paradox of Choice, Parkinson's law, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, peer-to-peer rental, planned obsolescence, Ponzi scheme, pre–internet, public intellectual, recommendation engine, RFID, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Shiller, Ronald Coase, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI@home, Simon Kuznets, Skype, slashdot, smart grid, South of Market, San Francisco, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, TED Talk, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, The Spirit Level, the strength of weak ties, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thorstein Veblen, Torches of Freedom, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, traveling salesman, ultimatum game, Victor Gruen, web of trust, women in the workforce, work culture , Yochai Benkler, Zipcar

“Zipcar Rolls Out National Low-Car Diet.” Zipcar press release (July 21, 200), http://green.autoblog.com/2009/08/25/zipcars-low-car-diet-results-save-money-lose-weight 7. Ibid. 8. Philip Ball, Critical Mass: How One Thing Leads to Another (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006). As cited on Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_mass_(sociodynamics). 9. “Bixi by the Numbers,” www.bixi.com. Retrieved August 2009. 10. Noah J. Goldstein., Robert B. Cialdini, and Vladas Griskevicius, “A Room with a Viewpoint: Using Normative Appeals to Motivate Environmental Conservation in a Hotel Setting,” Journal of Consumer Research 35 (August 2008), www.csom.umn.edu/assets/118359.pdf. 11.

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Buckminster Fuller,” GOOD (August 14, 2007), www.good.is/post/good-guide-r-buckminster-fuller/. 21. Jennifer Sharpe, “A Social Experiment: Communes in Cul-De-Sacs,” NPR radio interview (April 2, 2009), www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102651496. 22. Wikipedia definition of a Commune posted at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_(intentional_community). 23. Ariel Schwartz, “WeCommune: Social Networking Communes,” Fast Company (June 2009), http://origin-www.fastcompany.com/blog/ariel-schwartz/sustainability/wecommune-social-networking-communes? 24. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (Anchor Books, 2005), 86. 25.

pages: 345 words: 84,847

The Runaway Species: How Human Creativity Remakes the World by David Eagleman, Anthony Brandt

active measures, Ada Lovelace, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Andrew Wiles, Apollo 13, Burning Man, cloud computing, computer age, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, Dava Sobel, deep learning, delayed gratification, Donald Trump, Douglas Hofstadter, en.wikipedia.org, Frank Gehry, Gene Kranz, Google Glasses, Great Leap Forward, haute couture, informal economy, interchangeable parts, Isaac Newton, James Dyson, John Harrison: Longitude, John Markoff, Large Hadron Collider, lone genius, longitudinal study, Menlo Park, microbiome, Netflix Prize, new economy, New Journalism, pets.com, pneumatic tube, QWERTY keyboard, Ray Kurzweil, reversible computing, Richard Feynman, risk tolerance, Scaled Composites, self-driving car, Simon Singh, skeuomorphism, Solyndra, SpaceShipOne, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, TED Talk, the scientific method, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, wikimedia commons, X Prize

The creative company 1 “Burbank Time Capsule Revisited,” Los Angeles Times, March 17, 2009, accessed May 11, 2016, <http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2009/03/burbank-time-ca.html> 2 John H. Lienhard, Inventing Modern: Growing up with X-rays, Skyscrapers, and Tailfins (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). 3 See <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States> 4 Peter L. Jakab and Rick Young, The Published Writings of Wilbur & Orville Wright (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 2000). 5 The aviator Robert Esnault-Pelterie recognised the promise of Boulton’s design. Learning of the Wright brothers’ success, he built a similar glider, but this time with ailerons. 6 From email correspondence with David Hagerman, curator of the Raymond Loewy estate and COO of Loewy Design. 7 Jillian Eugenios, “Lowe’s Channels Science Fiction in New Holoroom,” CNN, June 12, 2014, accessed May 11, 2016, <http://money.cnn.com/2014/06/12/technology/innovation/lowes-holoroom/> 8 John Markoff, “Microsoft Plumbs Ocean’s Depths to Test Underwater Data Center,” New York Times, January 31, 2016, accessed May 11, 2016, <http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/01/technology/microsoft-plumbs-oceans-depths-to-test-underwater-data-center.html> 9 Gail Davidson, “The Future of Television,” Cooper Hewitt, August 16, 2015, accessed May 11, 2016, <http://www.cooperhewitt.org/2015/08/16/the-future-of-television/> 10 Ian Wylie, “Failure Is Glorious,” Fast Company, September 30, 2001, accessed May 11, 2016, <http://www.fastcompany.com/43877/failure-glorious> 11 Malcolm Gladwell, “Creation Myth,” New Yorker, May 16, 2011, accessed May 11, 2016, <http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/05/16/creation-myth> 12 B.

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pages: 288 words: 81,253

Thinking in Bets by Annie Duke

banking crisis, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Cass Sunstein, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, cognitive load, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, delayed gratification, Demis Hassabis, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science, fake news, Filter Bubble, Herman Kahn, hindsight bias, Jean Tirole, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, loss aversion, market design, mutually assured destruction, Nate Silver, p-value, phenotype, prediction markets, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, systematic bias, TED Talk, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, urban planning, Walter Mischel, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

When talking about 4 coin flips versus 10,000, I was speaking relatively. There has actually been a lot of work done on how many times you need to flip a coin to determine if the coin is fair. If you are interested, you can read an explanation in Wikipedia, s.v. “Checking Whether a Coin Is Fair,” accessed June 1, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checking_whether_a_coin_is_fair. Redefining wrong: For the quotes about how, in setting odds in advance of the Brexit vote, the bookmakers got it “wrong,” see Jon Sindreu, “Big London Bets Tilted Bookmakers’ ‘Brexit’ Odds,” Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/big-london-bets-tilted-bookmakers-brexit-odds-1466976156, and Alan Dershowitz, “Why It’s Impossible to Predict This Election,” Boston Globe, September 13, 2016, https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2016/09/13/why-impossible-predict-this-election/Y7B4N39FqasHzuiO81sWEO/story.html.

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There are numerous lists of such common misconceptions, such as Emma Glanfield’s “Coffee Isn’t Made from Beans, You Can’t See the Great Wall of China from Space and Everest ISN’T the World’s Tallest Mountain: The Top 50 Misconceptions That Have Become Modern Day ‘Facts,’” Daily Mail, April 22, 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3050941/Coffee-isn-t-beans-t-Great-Wall-China-space-Everest-ISN-T-worlds-tallest-mountain-Experts-unveil-life-s-50-misconceptions-modern-day-facts.html; Wikipedia, s.v. “List of Common Misconceptions,” accessed June 27, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions. “They saw a game”: The quotes from the school newspapers are as they appeared in Hastorf and Cantril’s paper. Redefining confidence: When you express uncertainty to someone who knows about communicating that way, the mutual recognition is like a light switch turning on.

pages: 280 words: 83,299

Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline by Darrell Bricker, John Ibbitson

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, Brexit referendum, BRICs, British Empire, Columbian Exchange, commoditize, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, full employment, gender pay gap, gentrification, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, global reserve currency, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, Hans Rosling, Hernando de Soto, illegal immigration, income inequality, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, John Snow's cholera map, Kibera, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, New Urbanism, nuclear winter, off grid, offshore financial centre, out of africa, Potemkin village, purchasing power parity, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, transcontinental railway, upwardly mobile, urban planning, working-age population, young professional, zero-sum game

.: Central Intelligence Agency, 2017). https://www.cia.gov/library /publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2256.html 146 “S. Korea’s Marriage Rate Hits Record Low Level Last Year Amid Economic Slowdown,” Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea, 7 April 7 2016. https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2016&no=256641 147 “List of Countries by Refugee Population,” Wikipedia, compiled from UNHCR data. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_refugee_population 148 Chris Burgess, “Japan’s ‘No Immigration Principle’ Looking as Solid as Ever,” Japan Times, 28 June 2014. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2014/06/18/voices/japans-immigration-principle-looking-solid-ever/#.WC8q33cZPBI 149 “The Upper Han,” Economist, 19 November 2016. http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21710264-worlds-rising-superpower-has-particular-vision-ethnicity-and-nationhood-has 150 “New Pledge of Allegiance to Reflect Growing Multiculturalism,” Chosunilbo, 18 April 2011. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/04/18/2011041801112.html 151 “How Large Is the Job Market for English Teachers Abroad?”

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Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. https://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/John-F-Kennedy-and-Ireland.aspx 251 Alexandra Molnar, History of Italian Immigration (South Hadley: Mount Holyoke College, 9 December 2010). https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~molna22a/classweb/politics/Italianhistory.html 252 Max Roser and Esteban Ortiz-Espina, “Global Extreme Poverty,” Our World in Data, 2013/2017. http://ourworldindata.org/data/growth-and-distribution-of-prosperity/world-poverty 253 “Global Figures at a Glance,” Global Trends 2015 (Geneva: UNHCR, 2016). http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html 254 Bernard Wasserstein, “European Refugee Movements After World War Two,” BBC History, 17 February 2017. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/refugees_01.shtml 255 “Flight and Expulsion of Germans (1944–50),” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944–50) 256 “World War II China: Refugees,” Children in History. http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/cou/china/home/w2ch-ref.html 257 Rana Mitter, “Forgotten Ally? China’s Unsung Role in WWII,” CNN, 31 August 2015. http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/cou/china/home/w2ch-ref.html 258 International Migration Report 2015 (New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division, September 2016). http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2015.pdf 259 “Country Comparison: Population,” World Factbook (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency). https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html 260 Ibid. 261 Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015 (Geneva: UNHCR, 20 June 2016).http://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7.pdf 262 “Nearly Half a Million Displaced Syrians Return Home,” Al Jazeera, 1 July 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/million-displaced-syrians-return-home-170701040728296.html 263 International Migration Report 2015. 264 Ibid. 265 Ibid. 266 Ibid 267 Ibid. 268 Ibid. 269 Anna Gonzalez-Barrera, “More Mexicans Leaving Than Coming to the U.S.”

Rethinking Money: How New Currencies Turn Scarcity Into Prosperity by Bernard Lietaer, Jacqui Dunne

3D printing, 90 percent rule, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Asian financial crisis, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, BRICs, business climate, business cycle, business process, butterfly effect, carbon credits, carbon footprint, Carmen Reinhart, clockwork universe, collapse of Lehman Brothers, complexity theory, conceptual framework, credit crunch, different worldview, discounted cash flows, en.wikipedia.org, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, fiat currency, financial innovation, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, German hyperinflation, Glass-Steagall Act, happiness index / gross national happiness, holacracy, job satisfaction, John Perry Barlow, liberation theology, low interest rates, Marshall McLuhan, microcredit, mobile money, Money creation, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, more computing power than Apollo, new economy, Occupy movement, price stability, reserve currency, Silicon Valley, systems thinking, the payments system, too big to fail, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, urban decay, War on Poverty, working poor

John Stephen Lansing, lecture at http://longnow.org /seminars/02006/feb/13 /perfect-order-a-thousand-years-in-bali. 2. “Agent modeling is a class of computational models for simulating the actions and interactions of autonomous agents (both individual or collective entities such as organizations or groups) with a view to assessing their effects on the system as a whole.” Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org /w/index.php. 3. Bernard Lietaer, “A World in Balance,” Refl ections: The Journal of the Society for Organizational Learning at MIT (SOL), Summer 2003; and Bernard Lietaer and Stephen DeMeulenaere, “Sustaining Cultural Vitality in a Globalizing World: The Balinese Example,” International Journal for Social Economics, September 2003. 4.

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Hitler’s Banker: Hjalmar Horace Greely Schacht. London: Warner Books, 1999. Whitney, Lance. “Cell Phone Subscriptions to Hit 5 Billion Globally.” CNET, February 16, 2010. http://reviews.cnet.com /8301-13970_7-10454065 -78 .html#ixzz1K6sXaPmP. Wikipedia contributors. “Agent Modeling.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org /wiki /Agent-based _model. WIR Annual Report 2010. www.wir.ch. World Bank. “Public Attitude towards Climate Change: Findings from a Multi- Country Poll.” World Development Report 1020: Development and Climate Change. http://siteresources.worldbank.org /INTWDR2010 /Resources/Background-report.pdf.

pages: 592 words: 152,445

The Woman Who Smashed Codes: A True Story of Love, Spies, and the Unlikely Heroine Who Outwitted America's Enemies by Jason Fagone

Albert Einstein, Bletchley Park, Charles Lindbergh, Columbine, cuban missile crisis, Drosophila, Easter island, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Fellow of the Royal Society, General Magic , index card, Internet Archive, Neil Armstrong, pattern recognition, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, side project, Silicon Valley, two and twenty, X Prize

Edwin Elwell, Diana and the Lion (sculpture, 1893), displayed in the Palace of Fine Arts in the White City, acquired by George Fabyan after 1917, according to a placard in the Fabyan Villa Museum. A curving path Munson, George Fabyan, 59–60; Kopec, The Sabines at Riverbank, 27–28. 33 Tom and Jerry Ibid., 2. flowing southward Wikipedia, s.v. “Fox River (Illiois River tributary),” last modified May 1, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_River_(Illinois_River_tributary). two bridges “Fabyan Estate Viewed from the Southeast,” map, in Kopec, The Sabines at Riverbank; Munson, George Fabyan, 5. bought the windmill in Holland As is often the case with Fabyan, the truth here is actually weirder than the legend. Fabyan didn’t buy the windmill in Holland; he bought it from a German craftsman in Lombard, Illinois, paying the modern equivalent of $2 million to take it apart, lug it across the prairie, and reconstruct it on the opposite bank of the Fox River.

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Friedman,” Lecture VI, 149, in The Friedman Legacy, Sources on Cryptologic History, no. 3 (Center for Cryptologic History: 2006) 2.29 x 1082 Lambros D. Callimahos, “The Legendary William F. Friedman,” Cryptologic Spectrum 4, no. 1 (Winter 1974): 9–17. the number of atoms Thought to be 1080. Wikipedia, s.v. “Observable universe,” last modified April 22, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe. “The number of permutations” WFF, “Communications Intelligence and Security,” 30. demonstrated his mastery Callimahos, “The Legendary William F. Friedman.” 125 “but it helps” Rose Mary Sheldon, “William F. Friedman: A Very Private Cryptographer and His Collection,” Cryptologic Quarterly 34, no. 1 (2015): 20.

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Personnel started to stream in The most vivid recollection of the Munitions Building immediately after Pearl Harbor comes from John B. Hurt, the Japanese linguist on Friedman’s team. Three pages, undated, 1944, NSA. 237 1,177 crewmen Wikipedia, s.v. “Attack on Pearl Harbor,” last modified May 17, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor. wrote his will Hurt. it would happen in Manila Ibid. 237 a three-volume report WFF, “Certain Aspects of ‘MAGIC’ in the Cryptological Background of the Various Official Investigations into the Attack on Pearl Harbor,” March 1957, NSA. “cryptologic schizophrenia” WFF, “Second Period, Communications Security” (lecture), NSA. 238 a declassified NSA report ESF interview with R.

pages: 636 words: 140,406

The Case Against Education: Why the Education System Is a Waste of Time and Money by Bryan Caplan

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, assortative mating, behavioural economics, conceptual framework, correlation does not imply causation, deliberate practice, deskilling, disruptive innovation, do what you love, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, experimental subject, fear of failure, Flynn Effect, future of work, George Akerlof, ghettoisation, hive mind, job satisfaction, Kenneth Arrow, Khan Academy, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, low interest rates, low skilled workers, market bubble, mass incarceration, meta-analysis, Peter Thiel, price discrimination, profit maximization, publication bias, risk tolerance, Robert Gordon, Ronald Coase, school choice, selection bias, Silicon Valley, statistical model, Steven Pinker, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, trickle-down economics, twin studies, Tyler Cowen, unpaid internship, upwardly mobile, women in the workforce, yield curve, zero-sum game

In Ability Testing: Uses, Consequences, and Controversies, Part 2; Uses, Consequences, and Controversies, edited by Alexandra Wigdor and Wendell Garner, 39–69. Washington DC: National Academy Press. Wikipedia. 2015a. “Bill Gates, Early Life.” Accessed November 15, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates. ———. 2015b. “List of Best-Selling Albums.” Accessed November 15, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums. ———. 2015c. “List of Best-Selling Books.” Accessed November 15, 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books. Wikiquote. 2016. “Walt Kelly.” Accessed February 15, 2016. https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Walt_Kelly. Wiles, Peter. 1974. “The Correlation between Education and Earnings: The External-Test-Not-Content Hypothesis (ETNC).”

pages: 960 words: 140,978

Android Cookbook by Ian F. Darwin

crowdsourcing, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, full text search, openstreetmap, QR code, social software, web application

Creating a Reusable About Box Class Daniel Fowler Problem About boxes are common in applications; it is useful not to have to recode them for each new app. Solution Write an AboutBox class that can be installed into any new app. Discussion Whatever the operating system, whatever the program, chances are it has an About option. There is a Wikipedia entry for it, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_box, and it is useful for support: “Hello, there is a problem with my application.” “Hi, can you press About and tell me the version number?” Since it is likely to be required again and again, it is worth having a ready-made AboutBox class that you can easily add to any new app that you develop.

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. */ public class SendSMS { static String TAG = "SendSMS"; SmsManager mSMSManager = null; /* The list of message parts our message * gets broken up into by SmsManager */ ArrayList<String> mFragmentList = null; /* Service Center - not used */ String mServiceCentreAddr = null; SendSMS() { mSMSManager = SmsManager.getDefault(); } /* Called from the GUI to send one message to one destination */ public boolean sendSMSMessage( String aDestinationAddress, String aMessageText) { if (mSMSManager == null) { return (false); } mFragmentList = mSMSManager.divideMessage(aMessageText); int fragmentCount = mFragmentList.size(); if (fragmentCount > 1) { Log.d(TAG, "Sending " + fragmentCount + " parts"); mSMSManager.sendMultipartTextMessage(aDestinationAddress, mServiceCentreAddr, mFragmentList, null, null); } else { Log.d(TAG, "Sending one part"); mSMSManager.sendTextMessage(aDestinationAddress, mServiceCentreAddr, aMessageText, null, null); } return true; } } See Also For information on the SmsManager, see http://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/SmsManager.html. For information about how the division of longer messages into parts works “under the hood,” see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatenated_SMS. Source Download URL The source code for this example is in the Android Cookbook repository at http://github.com/AndroidCook/Android-Cookbook-Examples, in the subdirectory SendSMS (see Getting and Using the Code Examples). 12.6. Receiving an SMS Message in an Android Application Rachee Singh Problem You wish to enable your application to receive incoming SMS messages.

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Culture lessons (optional) Customizing the presentation of numbers, fractions, dates, and message-formatting. Images can mean different things in different cultures. This chapter’s recipes provide examples of doing all three. See Also Wikipedia has a good article on localization at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalisation_and_localisation. See also Java Internationalization by Andy Deitsch and David Czarnecki (O’Reilly). Microsoft’s The GUI Guide: International Terminology for the Windows Interface was, despite the title, less about UI design than about internationalization; it came with a 3.5-inch floppy disk holding suggested translations of common Microsoft Windows GUI element names into a dozen or so common languages.

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Behemoth: A History of the Factory and the Making of the Modern World by Joshua B. Freeman

anti-communist, British Empire, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Charles Babbage, classic study, clean water, collective bargaining, company town, Corn Laws, corporate raider, cotton gin, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, disruptive innovation, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, factory automation, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Frederick Winslow Taylor, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, high-speed rail, household responsibility system, indoor plumbing, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, James Hargreaves, joint-stock company, knowledge worker, mass immigration, means of production, mittelstand, Naomi Klein, new economy, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Pearl River Delta, post-industrial society, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special economic zone, spinning jenny, Steve Jobs, strikebreaker, techno-determinism, technoutopianism, the built environment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, Vanguard fund, vertical integration, women in the workforce, working poor, Works Progress Administration, zero-sum game

Younger, “Environmental Impacts of Coal Mining and Associated Wastes: A Geochemical Perspective,” Geological Society, London, Special Publications 236 (2004), 169–209. 67.William Blake, Collected Poems, ed. W. B. Yeats ([1905] London: Routledge, 2002), 211–12. Blake’s original manuscript, with the punctuation used here, can be seen at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time#mediaviewer/File:Milton_preface.jpg (accessed Dec. 6, 2016). Steven E. Jones, Against Technology: From the Luddites to Neo-Luddism (New York: Routledge, 2006), 81–96. 68.By 1881, the Lancashire population had doubled again, to 630,323. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, Lancashire through time | Population Statistics | Total Population, A Vision of Britain through Time (accessed Oct. 5, 2016), http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10097848/cube/TOT_POP.

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Walkinshaw, Setting the Pace: Oldsmobile’s First 100 Years (Lansing, MI: Public Relations Department, Oldsmobile Division, 1996), 461; The Locomobile Society of America, “List of Cars Manufactured by the Locomobile Company of America,” http://www.locomobilesociety.com/cars.cfm, and “U.S. Automobile Production Figures,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Automobile_Production_Figures (both accessed Feb. 6, 2017); Joshua Freeman et al., Who Built America? Working People and the Nation’s Economy, Politics, Culture, and Society, vol. 2 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), 277. 2.Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1, 228.

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Sanchez-Sibony, Red Globalization, 36–53 (Stalin quote on 51); Bailes, “The American Connection,” 433, 442–43; Those Who Built Stalingrad, 150, 198; Scott, Behind the Urals, 86–87, 174; Melnikova-Raich, “The Soviet Problem with Two ‘Unknowns,’ Part I,” 74–75; New York Times, Mar. 26, 1932; Detroit Free Press, Mar. 29, 1932; Daily Express, Apr. 19, 1932; Detroit News, Apr. 24, 1932; Nevins and Hill, Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 682. 72.Merkle, Management and Ideology, 132; Bailes, “The American Connection,” 442–44; Those Who Built Stalingrad, 54, 198; Michael David-Fox, Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921–1941 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 285–86, 297–99; Melnikova-Raich, “The Soviet Problem with Two ‘Unknowns,’ Part I,” 75–76; Scott, Behind the Urals, 230–31. 73.Bailes, “The American Connection,” 445; Chamberlin, Russia’s Iron Age, 61–65; R. W. Davies, Mark Harrison, and S. G. Wheatcroft, eds., The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 95, 155; Figes, Revolutionary Russia, 5, 178. 74.Wikipedia, “Alexei Gastev” (accessed Nov. 12, 2016), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Gastev; Melnikova-Raich, “The Soviet Problem with Two ‘Unknowns,’ Part II,” 17–20; Patrick Flaherty, “Stalinism in Transition, 1932–1937,” Radical History Review, 37 (Winter 1987). Bill Shatov, who had returned home from the United States and supervised the Turksib railway project, was exiled to Siberia in 1937 and executed the following year.

pages: 661 words: 156,009

Your Computer Is on Fire by Thomas S. Mullaney, Benjamin Peters, Mar Hicks, Kavita Philip

"Susan Fowler" uber, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, affirmative action, Airbnb, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, AltaVista, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, An Inconvenient Truth, Asilomar, autonomous vehicles, Big Tech, bitcoin, Bletchley Park, blockchain, Boeing 737 MAX, book value, British Empire, business cycle, business process, Californian Ideology, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, carbon footprint, Charles Babbage, cloud computing, collective bargaining, computer age, computer vision, connected car, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, creative destruction, cryptocurrency, dark matter, data science, Dennis Ritchie, deskilling, digital divide, digital map, don't be evil, Donald Davies, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, fake news, financial innovation, Ford Model T, fulfillment center, game design, gentrification, George Floyd, glass ceiling, global pandemic, global supply chain, Grace Hopper, hiring and firing, IBM and the Holocaust, industrial robot, informal economy, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Ken Thompson, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, Landlord’s Game, Lewis Mumford, low-wage service sector, M-Pesa, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, mobile money, moral panic, move fast and break things, Multics, mutually assured destruction, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, new economy, Norbert Wiener, off-the-grid, old-boy network, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), packet switching, pattern recognition, Paul Graham, pink-collar, pneumatic tube, postindustrial economy, profit motive, public intellectual, QWERTY keyboard, Ray Kurzweil, Reflections on Trusting Trust, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, Salesforce, sentiment analysis, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, smart cities, Snapchat, speech recognition, SQL injection, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, tacit knowledge, tech worker, techlash, technoutopianism, telepresence, the built environment, the map is not the territory, Thomas L Friedman, TikTok, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, undersea cable, union organizing, vertical integration, warehouse robotics, WikiLeaks, wikimedia commons, women in the workforce, Y2K

Terry Harpold, “Dark Continents: A Critique of Internet Metageographies,” Postmodern Culture 9, no. 2 (1999), https://doi.org/10.1353/pmc.1999.0001. 13. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_of_tubes. 14. Cory Doctorow, “Sen. Stevens’ hilariously awful explanation of the Internet,” BoingBoing (July 2, 2006), https://boingboing.net/2006/07/02/sen-stevens-hilariou.html. 15. Princeton professor Ed Felten paraphrased Stevens’s quote as: “The Internet doesn’t have infinite capacity. It’s like a series of pipes. If you try to push too much traffic through the pipes, they’ll fill up and other traffic will be delayed.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_of_tubes. 16. For the range of technical concerns that go into the cable’s material and physical structure, see, e.g., https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/optics_optical_components/fiber_optics/fiber_optic_cable. 17.

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TeleGeography’s assessment of 99% of all international communications being carried on undersea fiber optic cables was also reported by the “Builtvisible” Team in “Messages in the Deep” (2014), https://builtvisible.com/messages-in-the-deep/. For an ethnogeography of these cables, explicitly inspired by Neal Stephenson’s cable travelogue, see Nicole Starosielski, The Undersea Network (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015). For continuing updates on cable technology, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable. 20. Mark Poster, The Mode of Information: Poststructuralism and Social Context (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 129. 21. Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014). 22.

Lifespan: Why We Age—and Why We Don't Have To by David A. Sinclair, Matthew D. Laplante

Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, Anthropocene, anti-communist, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Atul Gawande, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, biofilm, Biosphere 2, blockchain, British Empire, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, carbon footprint, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, clean water, creative destruction, CRISPR, dark matter, dematerialisation, discovery of DNA, double helix, Drosophila, Easter island, Edward Jenner, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fellow of the Royal Society, global pandemic, Grace Hopper, helicopter parent, income inequality, invention of the telephone, Isaac Newton, John Snow's cholera map, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, labor-force participation, life extension, Louis Pasteur, McMansion, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, microbiome, mouse model, mutually assured destruction, Paul Samuelson, personalized medicine, phenotype, Philippa Foot, placebo effect, plutocrats, power law, quantum entanglement, randomized controlled trial, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, self-driving car, seminal paper, Skype, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, Tim Cook: Apple, Tragedy of the Commons, trolley problem, union organizing, universal basic income, WeWork, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

Jenkins, “Which 19th century physicist famously said that all that remained to be done in physics was compute effects to another decimal place?,” Quora, June 26, 2016, https://www.quora.com/Which-19th-century-physicist-famously-said-that-all-that-remained-to-be-done-in-physics-was-compute-effects-to-another-decimal-place. 2. “The Road Ahead (Bill Gates book),” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_Ahead_(Bill_Gates_book)#cite_note-Weiss06-3. 3. Kelly added a key point to that excellent mantra: “It’s by use [that] we figure out what things are good for. Which is perhaps another way of saying “Go with the flow and see where it takes you.” J. Altucher, “One Rule for Predicting What You Never Saw Coming . . . ,” The Mission, July 15, 2016, https://medium.com/the-mission/kevin-kelly-one-rule-for-predicting-what-you-never-saw-coming-1e9e4eeae1da. 4.

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Mackenbach, “Health Disadvantage in US Adults Aged 50 to 74 Years: A Comparison of the Health of Rich and Poor Americans with That of Europeans,” American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 3 (March 2009): 540–48, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19150903. 66. Of all the European countries, the United Kingdom will have the oldest working population, having set the retirement age to rise to 69 by 2046. “Retirement in Europe,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe. 67. “Impact of Automation,” Life, July 19, 1963, 68–88. 68. A. Swift, “Most U.S. Employed Adults Plan to Work Past Retirement Age,” Gallup, May 8, 2017, http://news.gallup.com/poll/210044/employed-adults-plan-work-past-retirement-age.aspx?g_source=Economy&g_medium=lead&g_campaign=tiles. 69.

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Rice, and A. Mazumdar, “The Quest for Cradles of Life: Using the Fundamental Metallicity Relation to Hunt for the Most Habitable Type of Galaxy,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, July 15, 2015, https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.04346. 27. “List of Nearest Terrestrial Exoplanet Candidates,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates. 28. George Monbiot, “Cutting Consumption Is More Important Than Limiting Population,” “George Monbiot’s Blog,” Guardian, February 25, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/feb/25/population-emissions-monbiot. 29.

pages: 523 words: 154,042

Fancy Bear Goes Phishing: The Dark History of the Information Age, in Five Extraordinary Hacks by Scott J. Shapiro

3D printing, 4chan, active measures, address space layout randomization, air gap, Airbnb, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, availability heuristic, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, blockchain, borderless world, Brian Krebs, business logic, call centre, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, cellular automata, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, Compatible Time-Sharing System, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, cryptocurrency, cyber-physical system, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Debian, Dennis Ritchie, disinformation, Donald Trump, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, dumpster diving, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, evil maid attack, facts on the ground, false flag, feminist movement, Gabriella Coleman, gig economy, Hacker News, independent contractor, information security, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invisible hand, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Julian Assange, Ken Thompson, Larry Ellison, Laura Poitras, Linda problem, loss aversion, macro virus, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Minecraft, Morris worm, Multics, PalmPilot, Paul Graham, pirate software, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, ransomware, Reflections on Trusting Trust, Richard Stallman, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, Satoshi Nakamoto, security theater, Shoshana Zuboff, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Skype, SoftBank, SQL injection, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, supply-chain attack, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, tech billionaire, tech worker, technological solutionism, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the new new thing, the payments system, Turing machine, Turing test, Unsafe at Any Speed, vertical integration, Von Neumann architecture, Wargames Reagan, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, Wayback Machine, web application, WikiLeaks, winner-take-all economy, young professional, zero day, éminence grise

decided to charge Morris with a felony: Associated Press, “Source: Misdemeanor Offered in ‘Virus’ Case,” Syracuse Post-Standard, February 2, 1989. He got a jury of noobs: Noob is short for “newbie,” a person who is inexperienced in a particular sphere or activity, especially computing or the use of the internet. most experienced: Biographical information at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rasch. “The government will prove”: Rasch, Morris transcript, 97. “Robert Tappan Morris”: 18 USC §1030 (numbering added). “You will hear evidence”: Guidoboni opening argument, Morris transcript, 113–14. turned into a number: “This new description of the machine may be called the standard description (S.D.).

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The Bulgarian Virus Factory Vesselin Bontchev: Material in the next two sections from Zoom interviews with Vesselin Bontchev, October 6, 7, and 9, 2020 (hereinafter “Interview VB”). Report on Computer Viruses: Klaus Brunnstein, Computer-Viren-Report: Gefahren, Wirkung, Aufbau, Früherkennung, Vorsorge (Munich: Wirtschaft, Recht und Steuern, 1989). Blagovest Sendov: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagovest_Sendov. Komputar za vas: Komputar za vas 1–2 (1989): 5–6. first article: “Viruses in Memory,” Komputar za vas 4–5 (1988): 12–13. “hard plate”: “Dr. Vesselin Bontchev: Non-Replicating Malware Has Taken over the Computer Virus,” Sensors Tech Forum, November 14, 2016, https://sensorstechforum.com/dr-vesselin-bontchev-non-replicating-malware-taken-computer-virus/.

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by an Argentinean hacker: “Kournikova Computer Worm Hits Hard,” BBC News, February 13, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1167453.stm; Graham Cluley, “Memories of the Anna Kournikova Worm,” Naked Security, February 11, 2011. White House web server: Carolyn Meinel, “Code Red: Worm Assault on the Web,” Scientific American, October 28, 2002. clicked on the email attachment: “Beast,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(Trojan_horse). Beast is a remote administration tool (RAT). cannot recover for lost wages: “The most general statement of the economic loss rule is that a person who suffers only pecuniary loss through the failure of another person to exercise reasonable care has no tort cause of action against that person.”

pages: 87 words: 25,823

The Politics of Bitcoin: Software as Right-Wing Extremism by David Golumbia

3D printing, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alvin Toffler, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, Burning Man, Californian Ideology, Cody Wilson, crony capitalism, cryptocurrency, currency peg, digital rights, distributed ledger, Dogecoin, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Extropian, fiat currency, Fractional reserve banking, George Gilder, Ian Bogost, jimmy wales, John Perry Barlow, litecoin, Marc Andreessen, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Mont Pelerin Society, new economy, obamacare, Peter Thiel, Philip Mirowski, printed gun, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Satoshi Nakamoto, seigniorage, Silicon Valley, Singularitarianism, smart contracts, Stewart Brand, technoutopianism, The Chicago School, Travis Kalanick, Vitalik Buterin, WikiLeaks

Falkvinge.net (March 22). http://falkvinge.net/. Hearn, Mike. 2016. “The Resolution of the Bitcoin Experiment.” Medium (January 14). https://medium.com/@octskyward/. Hoepman, Jaap-Henk. 2008. “Distributed Double Spending Prevention.” http://arxiv.org/. “History of Bitcoin.” Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/. “How Does Bitcoin Work?” 2015. Bitcoin.org. http://bitcoin.org/. Hughes, Eric. 1993. “A Cypherpunk’s Manifesto.” Electronic Frontier Foundation. http://www.eff.org/. Hutchinson, Frances, Mary Mellor, and Wendy Olsen. 2002. The Politics of Money: Towards Sustainability and Economic Democracy.

pages: 83 words: 26,097

Payoff: The Hidden Logic That Shapes Our Motivations by Dan Ariely

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, always be closing, behavioural economics, David Brooks, en.wikipedia.org, IKEA effect, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, science of happiness, Snapchat, TED Talk, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

Conant, “Secrets of Positive Feedback,” Harvard Business Review, February 16, 2011, https://hbr.org/2011/02/secrets-of-positive-feedback/. 19 Eti Bonn-Muller, “China’s Sleeping Beauty,” Archaeology, April 10, 2009, http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/mawangdui/. 20 “Mawangdui,” Wikipedia, last modified March 20, 2016, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawangdui. 21 Sam Savage, “Meet the Lady Dai,” Red Orbit, November 4, 2004, http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/100340/meet_the_lady_dai____of_145bc_/. 22 Liz Langley, “Toilets, Headless Bodies, and Other Weird Things People Get Buried With,” National Geographic, November 7, 2013, http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/11/07/toilets-headless-bodies-and-other-weird-things-people-get-buried-with/. 23 “5 People Buried with Strange Objects,” How Stuff Works: Entertainment, http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/5-people-buried-with-strange-objects.htm#page=4. 24 Matt Branham, “The Oddest Things Bequeathed in Dead People’s Wills,” November 24, 2014, http://www.mandatory.com/2014/11/24/the-oddest-things-bequeathed-in-dead-peoples-wills/.

pages: 89 words: 24,277

Designing for Emotion by Aarron Walter

Abraham Maslow, big-box store, cotton gin, en.wikipedia.org, game design, John Gruber, Kickstarter, Skype, software as a service, Steve Jobs, Superbowl ad, Wall-E, web application

The full transcripts from the interviews I conducted with designers for this book, and a host of other resources for the emotional design enthusiast, await you on my blog, where I continue to share my research: http://aarronwalter.com/tag/emotional-design References Shortened URLs are numbered sequentially; the related long URLs are listed below for reference. Chapter 1 1 http://twitter.com/rainnwilson/status/20347529530 2 http://gettingreal.37signals.com/ Chapter 3 3 http://www.flickr.com/photos/clagnut/4947389773 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-732,_Erholung_am_Flussufer.jpg 5 http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2008/12/why-mood-boards-matter/ 6 http://daringfireball.net/linked/2009/04/02/designing-convertbot Chapter 4 7 http://dribbble.com/shots/14379-Profile Chapter 6 8 http://blog.flickr.net/en/2006/07/19/temporary-storage-glitch/ 9 http://www.flickr.com/photos/14922438@N00/194463892/ 10 http://www.flickr.com/photos/41225983@N00/193706751/ 11 http://interactions.acm.org/content/?

pages: 307 words: 26,380

FreeCAD: Learn Easily and Quickly by V. K. Chaudhary

en.wikipedia.org

It just like a, how a new person handle the smartphone easily without guidance. I know mistake will happen during handle the FreeCAD, but I also know you will correct it shortly. Finally, it is universal truth “Practice Makes Perfect”. So do not wait, let’s start……… Bibliography http://www.freecadweb.org/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeCAD http://www.freecadweb.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Tutorials And website. [Thank You For Reading] END

pages: 407 words: 90,238

Stealing Fire: How Silicon Valley, the Navy SEALs, and Maverick Scientists Are Revolutionizing the Way We Live and Work by Steven Kotler, Jamie Wheal

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, Abraham Maslow, Alexander Shulgin, Alvin Toffler, augmented reality, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, blockchain, Burning Man, Colonization of Mars, crowdsourcing, David Brooks, delayed gratification, disruptive innovation, driverless car, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Future Shock, Hacker News, high batting average, hive mind, How many piano tuners are there in Chicago?, hype cycle, Hyperloop, impulse control, independent contractor, informal economy, Jaron Lanier, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Larry Ellison, lateral thinking, Mason jar, Maui Hawaii, McMansion, means of production, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, microdosing, military-industrial complex, mirror neurons, music of the spheres, off-the-grid, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, PIHKAL and TIHKAL, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, Ray Kurzweil, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, science of happiness, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Steve Jobs, synthetic biology, TED Talk, time dilation, Tony Hsieh, urban planning, Virgin Galactic

A 500 percent boost in productivity: Susie Cranston and Scott Keller, “Increasing the ‘Meaning Quotient’ of Work,” McKinsey Quarterly, January 2013. Chapter Three: Why We Missed It 1. The English Pale: There are lots of potential references, but in this case Wikipedia does a really solid job: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pale. 2. James Valentine is a tall, thin man: Author interviews with James Valentine, 2015 and 2016. 3. Consider Joan of Arc: If you’d like to consider Joan of Arc try Mark Twain, Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1989), and George Bernard Shaw, Saint Joan (New York: Penguin, 2001). 4.

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“I learned there were worlds inside of me”: James Oroc, “The Second Psychedelic Revolution Part Two: Alexander ‘Sasha’ Shulgin, The Psychedelic Godfather,” Reality Sandwich, 2014, http://realitysandwich.com/217250/second-psychedelic-revolution-part-two/. 16. Sasha’s interest,” explains Johns Hopkins: Ibid. 17. The Shulgin Rating Scale: See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulgin_Rating_Scale. 18. At 22 milligrams: Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin, PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story (Berkeley, CA: Transform Press, 1991), p. 560. 19. Richard Meyers, a spokesperson for the DEA: Bennett, ”Dr. Ecstasy.” 20. Everybody knows who the Shulgins: Teafaire, “No Retirement Plan for Wizards,” teafaire.org, February 28, 2013, http://teafaerie.org/2013/02/456/. 21.

pages: 351 words: 93,982

Leading From the Emerging Future: From Ego-System to Eco-System Economies by Otto Scharmer, Katrin Kaufer

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Asian financial crisis, Basel III, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Branko Milanovic, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, collapse of Lehman Brothers, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, deep learning, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, do what you love, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, Fractional reserve banking, Garrett Hardin, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, happiness index / gross national happiness, high net worth, housing crisis, income inequality, income per capita, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, market bubble, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mohammed Bouazizi, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, new economy, offshore financial centre, Paradox of Choice, peak oil, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, smart grid, Steve Jobs, systems thinking, technology bubble, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, vertical integration, Washington Consensus, working poor, Zipcar

Division for Science Policy and Sustainable Development at UNESCO, “UNESCO Science Report: The Current Status of Science around the World,” Executive Summary (UNESCO Publishing, 2010), http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001898/189883e.pdf (accessed December 9, 2012). 52. Global Forum, “90/10 Gap,” www.globalforumhealth.org/about/1090-gap/ (accessed December 9, 2012). 53. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia (accessed December 9, 2012). 54. www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/blogs/browse/2011/08/what-we-know-sure-linux’s-20th-anniversary (accessed March 2, 2013). 55. Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Tübingen: Francke, 1994), 672. 56. “Und kennst du nicht dies stirb und werde, so bist du nur ein trüber Gast auf Erden.” 57.

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The Deliciously Eccentric Story of the Town Growing All Its Own Veg,” Daily Mail, December 10, 2011, www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2072383/Eccentric-town-Todmorden-growing-ALL-veg.html#ixzz1n6xuJwWzCitizens (accessed December 15, 2012). 78. www.mondragon-corporation.com/ENG.aspx (accessed December 15, 2012). 79. Raymond Saner et al., “Cooperatives—Conspicuously Absent in Trade & Development Discourse,” CSEND Policy Brief no. 8, Geneva, November 2012, www.csend.org/site-1.5/images/files/20121117_Cooperatives%20conspicoulsly%20absent.pdf (accessed December 15, 2012). 80. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet (accessed December 15, 2012); and www.ietf.org/ (accessed December 15, 2012). Chapter 4. Source 1. Peter Senge, “Closing the Feedback Loop between Mind and Matter,” privately recorded interview, March 15, 1996, www.presencing.com/presencing/dol/Senge.shtml (accessed December 14, 2012). 2.

pages: 321 words: 89,109

The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon! by Joseph N. Pelton

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Biosphere 2, Buckminster Fuller, business logic, Carrington event, Colonization of Mars, Dennis Tito, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, full employment, global pandemic, Google Earth, GPS: selective availability, gravity well, Iridium satellite, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, life extension, low earth orbit, Lyft, Mark Shuttleworth, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megastructure, new economy, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Planet Labs, post-industrial society, private spaceflight, Ray Kurzweil, Scaled Composites, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, skunkworks, space junk, SpaceShipOne, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Strategic Defense Initiative, Thomas Malthus, Tim Cook: Apple, Tunguska event, uber lyft, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Virgin Galactic, wikimedia commons, X Prize

Thus it would seem that higher energy intensities would likely be required for the economics of solar power satellites to work. Figure 5.2 below provides a basic schematic of a large rectenna for receiving a continuous flow of energy from space in a desert area. Fig. 5.2Giant ground rectenna for receiving power from a solar power satellite (Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-based_solar_power.) It is, of course, possible to conceive of systems that would distribute smaller amounts of power to smaller rectennas at different locations, but even if we were to think of sites that received just 250 MW of energy this would still require rectennas that were about 2.5 km2 (1 sq. mile) in area.

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There are indeed design studies that indicate that if we proceed with space mining it might be possible to fabricate solar power satellites from materials obtained from the Moon or asteroids. Figure 5.3 below represents such a solar power system derived from space mining, processing and fabrication operations in space [3]. Fig. 5.3Artist’s conception of a solar power system fabricated from materials mined from an asteroid (Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-based_solar_power#/media/File:Solar_power_satellite_from_an_asteroid.jpg.) This analysis, which was admittedly undertaken as part of the rationale in support of space mining ventures, argues that if space mining and space-based fabrication using 3D printing technology are all taken amazing results can be achieved—perhaps by or even before 2050.

pages: 307 words: 94,069

Switch: How to Change Things When Change Is Hard by Chip Heath, Dan Heath

Atul Gawande, Cass Sunstein, classic study, clean water, cognitive dissonance, corporate social responsibility, en.wikipedia.org, fundamental attribution error, impulse control, Jeff Hawkins, Libby Zion, longitudinal study, medical residency, PalmPilot, Paradox of Choice, Piper Alpha, placebo effect, publish or perish, Richard Thaler, Salesforce, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs

The source of this account is Bregman’s blog, “The Easiest Way to Change People’s Behavior” (March 11, 2009), http://blogs.harvardbusiness.org/bregman/2009/03/the-easiest-way-to.html, and an interview between Chip Heath and Bregman in May 2009. Becky Richards … “medication vests.” This story is based on an interview between Chip Heath and Becky Richards in June 2008 and a conference presentation by Richards at the BEACON collaborative in San Francisco in April 2008. “Sterile cockpit” rule. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterile_ Cockpit_Rule (accessed July 23, 2009). The rule was developed by the FAA in 1981 after investigations showed that some aircraft crashes during the 1970s were caused when flight crews were distracted from their instruments by idle chatter in the cockpit. The IT group … “sterile cockpit.”

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Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Stand-up meeting. See William G. Pagonis with Jeffrey L. Cruikshank (1992), Moving Mountains: Lessons in Leadership and Logistics from the Gulf War, Boston: Harvard Business School Press; the quotation is on pp. 185–186. For the use of stand-up meetings in software development, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_meeting (accessed May 27, 2009). Agile programmers disdain the typical IT style of delivering a whole program all at once (and typically late). Instead, they collaborate on a series of quick prototypes, each of which receives customer input, in the hope of catching problems early and preventing costly rework later.

pages: 305 words: 93,091

The Art of Invisibility: The World's Most Famous Hacker Teaches You How to Be Safe in the Age of Big Brother and Big Data by Kevin Mitnick, Mikko Hypponen, Robert Vamosi

4chan, big-box store, bitcoin, Bletchley Park, blockchain, connected car, crowdsourcing, data science, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, evil maid attack, Firefox, Google Chrome, Google Earth, incognito mode, information security, Internet of things, Kickstarter, Laura Poitras, license plate recognition, Mark Zuckerberg, MITM: man-in-the-middle, off-the-grid, operational security, pattern recognition, ransomware, Ross Ulbricht, Salesforce, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, speech recognition, Tesla Model S, web application, WikiLeaks, zero day, Zimmermann PGP

See http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2715396/Google-s-email-scan-helps-catch-sex-offender-tips-police-indecent-images-children-Gmail-account.html. 2. http://www.braingle.com/brainteasers/codes/caesar.php. 3. https://theintercept.com/2014/10/28/smuggling-snowden-secrets/. 4. For example, see the list here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryptographic_algorithms. 5. Mailvelope works with Outlook, Gmail, Yahoo Mail, and several other Web-based e-mail services. See https://www.mailvelope.com/. 6. To see the metadata on your Gmail account, choose a message, open it, then click the down arrow in the upper right corner of the message.

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By “mail drop” I mean commercial mailbox outfits such as the UPS Store, although many do require a photo ID before you can obtain one. 8. http://www.wired.com/2014/10/verizons-perma-cookie/. 9. http://www.pcworld.com/article/2848026/att-kills-the-permacookie-stops-tracking-customers-internet-usage-for-now.html. 10. http://www.verizonwireless.com/support/unique-identifier-header-faqs/. 11. http://www.reputation.com/blog/privacy/how-disable-and-delete-flash-cookies; http://www.brighthub.com/computing/smb-security/articles/59530.aspx. 12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_Kamkar. 13. https://github.com/samyk/evercookie. 14. http://venturebeat.com/2015/07/14/consumers-want-privacy-yet-demand-personalization/. 15. http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-will-not-honor-do-not-track-2014-6. 16. https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/facebook-disconnect/ejpepffjfmamnambagiibghpglaidiec?

pages: 372 words: 94,153

More From Less: The Surprising Story of How We Learned to Prosper Using Fewer Resources – and What Happens Next by Andrew McAfee

back-to-the-land, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, Blitzscaling, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, call centre, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Charles Babbage, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, congestion pricing, Corn Laws, creative destruction, crony capitalism, data science, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, DeepMind, degrowth, dematerialisation, Demis Hassabis, Deng Xiaoping, do well by doing good, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Garrett Hardin, Great Leap Forward, Haber-Bosch Process, Hans Rosling, humanitarian revolution, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, indoor plumbing, intangible asset, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Snow's cholera map, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Khan Academy, Landlord’s Game, Louis Pasteur, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioﬀ, market fundamentalism, means of production, Michael Shellenberger, Mikhail Gorbachev, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Paul Samuelson, peak oil, precision agriculture, price elasticity of demand, profit maximization, profit motive, risk tolerance, road to serfdom, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Scramble for Africa, Second Machine Age, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, telepresence, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Davenport, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, total factor productivity, Tragedy of the Commons, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, Veblen good, War on Poverty, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, World Values Survey

mainly because of the strength of its oil industry: “Venezuela Facts and Figures,” OPEC, accessed March 25, 2019, http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/171.htm. Venezuela has the largest proven oil reserves in the world: “List of Countries by Proven Oil Reserves,” Wikipedia, March 4, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves. oil prices that largely stayed above $100 per barrel: “Crude Oil Prices—70 Year Historical Chart,” Macrotrends.net, accessed March 25, 2019, http://www.macrotrends.net/1369/crude-oil-price-history-chart. adults lost an average of nearly twenty pounds in a year: “Venezuela Leaps towards Dictatorship,” Economist, March 31, 2017, https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2017/03/31/venezuela-leaps-towards-dictatorship.

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the Russian-made felt pen Gorbachev tried to use didn’t work: Conor O’Clery, “Remembering the Last Day of the Soviet Union,” Irish Times, December 24, 2016, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/conor-o-clery-remembering-the-last-day-of-the-soviet-union-1.2916499. Soviet-style socialism ended… behind the Iron Curtain: “Eastern Bloc,” Wikipedia, March 25, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc#Population. Singh proposed deep changes to the way his country’s economy worked: “One More Push,” Economist, July 21, 2011, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2011/07/21/one-more-push. “1991… deserves its spot in the annals of economic history”: Ibid. about 40 percent of the world’s 1990 population: “Total Population of the World by Decade, 1950–2050,” Infoplease, accessed March 25, 2019, https://www.infoplease.com/world/population-statistics/total-population-world-decade-1950-2050.

The Art of Scalability: Scalable Web Architecture, Processes, and Organizations for the Modern Enterprise by Martin L. Abbott, Michael T. Fisher

always be closing, anti-pattern, barriers to entry, Bernie Madoff, business climate, business continuity plan, business intelligence, business logic, business process, call centre, cloud computing, combinatorial explosion, commoditize, Computer Numeric Control, conceptual framework, database schema, discounted cash flows, Dunning–Kruger effect, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, finite state, friendly fire, functional programming, hiring and firing, Infrastructure as a Service, inventory management, machine readable, new economy, OSI model, packet switching, performance metric, platform as a service, Ponzi scheme, power law, RFC: Request For Comment, risk tolerance, Rubik’s Cube, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI@home, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, six sigma, software as a service, the scientific method, transaction costs, Vilfredo Pareto, web application, Y2K

As we discussed in Chapter 5, Management 101, managing is a critical function for teams to perform efficiently and effectively, which in turn allows them to focus on the most critical scalability projects as well as properly prioritize work. As important as managers are, they cannot stand around all day waiting for someone to have a question about what to do in a certain situation, such as when an engineer is checking in code to the source code repository and unsure of the proper branch. Although 1. Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process. T HE P URPOSE OF P ROCESS it might be helpful to have this sort of management for the engineer, it is not cost efficient. Instead, perhaps the engineering team can decide that bug fixes go into the maintenance branch and new features go into the main branch. To make sure everyone on the team knows this, someone might write it up and send it around to the team, post it on their wiki, or tell everyone about it at their next all-hands meeting.

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Performing Performance Testing Performance testing, by definition, according to Wikipedia, covers a broad range of engineering evaluations, where the emphasis is on the final measurable performance characteristics instead of the actual material or product.1 With respect to computer 1. This definition is from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_testing. 257 258 C HAPTER 17 P ERFORMANCE AND S TRESS TESTING science, performance testing is focused on determining the speed, throughput, or effectiveness of a device or piece of software. Performance testing is often called load testing and to us the terms are interchangeable.

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The cache can have its own index that could be based on recent usage or other indexing mechanism to speed up the reading of data. Table 25.1 Cache Structure (a) Database Index Data 0 $3.99 1 $5.25 2 $7.49 3 $1.15 4 $4.45 5 $9.99 (b) Cache Index Tag Datum 0 3 $1.15 1 4 $4.45 2 0 $3.99 1. According to the caching article in Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache. C ACHING D EFINED When the requesting application or user finds the data that it is asking for in the cache, this is called a cache-hit. When the data is not present in the cache, the application must go to the primary source to retrieve the data. Not finding the data in the cache is called a cache-miss.

pages: 1,331 words: 163,200

Hands-On Machine Learning With Scikit-Learn and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems by Aurélien Géron

AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Anton Chekhov, backpropagation, combinatorial explosion, computer vision, constrained optimization, correlation coefficient, crowdsourcing, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, don't repeat yourself, duck typing, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, friendly AI, Geoffrey Hinton, ImageNet competition, information retrieval, iterative process, John von Neumann, Kickstarter, machine translation, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, NP-complete, OpenAI, optical character recognition, P = NP, p-value, pattern recognition, pull request, recommendation engine, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, SpamAssassin, speech recognition, stochastic process

Solutions to these exercises are available in Appendix A. 1 You can get the best of both worlds by being open to biological inspirations without being afraid to create biologically unrealistic models, as long as they work well. 2 “A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity,” W. McCulloch and W. Pitts (1943). 3 Image by Bruce Blaus (Creative Commons 3.0). Reproduced from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron. 4 In the context of Machine Learning, the phrase “neural networks” generally refers to ANNs, not BNNs. 5 Drawing of a cortical lamination by S. Ramon y Cajal (public domain). Reproduced from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex. 6 The name Perceptron is sometimes used to mean a tiny network with a single LTU. 7 Note that this solution is generally not unique: in general when the data are linearly separable, there is an infinity of hyperplanes that can separate them. 8 “Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation,” D.

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Solutions to these exercises are available in Appendix A. 1 Well, four dimensions if you count time, and a few more if you are a string theorist. 2 Watch a rotating tesseract projected into 3D space at http://goo.gl/OM7ktJ. Image by Wikipedia user NerdBoy1392 (Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0). Reproduced from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseract. 3 Fun fact: anyone you know is probably an extremist in at least one dimension (e.g., how much sugar they put in their coffee), if you consider enough dimensions. 4 “On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space,” K. Pearson (1901). 5 Scikit-Learn uses the algorithm described in “Incremental Learning for Robust Visual Tracking,” D.

pages: 600 words: 174,620

The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma by Bessel van Der Kolk M. D.

anesthesia awareness, British Empire, classic study, conceptual framework, deskilling, different worldview, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, false memory syndrome, feminist movement, Great Leap Forward, impulse control, longitudinal study, Louis Pasteur, meta-analysis, microbiome, mirror neurons, Nelson Mandela, phenotype, placebo effect, profit motive, randomized controlled trial, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), social intelligence, sugar pill, theory of mind, traumatic brain injury, Yogi Berra

We will return to this issue in chapter 15, where we discuss our study comparing Prozac with EMDR, in which EMDR had better long-term results than Prozac in treating depression, at least in adult onset trauma. 24. J. M. Zito, et al., “Psychotropic Practice Patterns for Youth: A 10-Year Perspective,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 157 (January 2003): 17–25. 25. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_selling_pharmaceutical_products. 26. Lucette Lagnado, “U.S. Probes Use of Antipsychotic Drugs on Children,” Wall Street Journal, August 11, 2013. 27. Katie Thomas, “J.&J. to Pay $2.2 Billion in Risperdal Settlement,” New York Times, November 4, 2013. 28. M.

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Young, Harmony of Illusions. 12. J. L. Herman, Trauma and Recovery (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 15. 13. A. Young, Harmony of Illusions. See also J. M. Charcot, Clinical Lectures on Certain Diseases of the Nervous System, vol. 3 (London: New Sydenham Society, 1888). 14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Martin_Charcot_chronophotography.jpg 15. P. Janet, L’Automatisme psychologique (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1889). 16. Onno van der Hart introduced me to the work of Janet and probably is the greatest living scholar of his work. I had the good fortune of closely collaborating with Onno on summarizing Janet’s fundamental ideas.

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., pp. 192–93. 10. For an account, see http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=gvKVLcMVIuG&b=395007. 11. C. S. Myers, Shell Shock in France 1914–1918 (Cambridge UK, Cambridge University Press, 1940). 12. A. Kardiner, The Traumatic Neuroses of War (New York: Hoeber, 1941). 13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_There_Be_Light_(film). 14. G. Greer and J. Oxenbould, Daddy, We Hardly Knew You (London: Penguin, 1990). 15. A. Kardiner and H. Spiegel, War Stress and Neurotic Illness (Oxford, England: Hoeber, 1947). 16. D. J. Henderson, “Incest,” in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 2nd ed., eds.

pages: 678 words: 159,840

The Debian Administrator's Handbook, Debian Wheezy From Discovery to Mastery by Raphaal Hertzog, Roland Mas

bash_history, Debian, distributed generation, do-ocracy, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, failed state, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, GnuPG, Google Chrome, Jono Bacon, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Neal Stephenson, NP-complete, precautionary principle, QWERTY keyboard, RFC: Request For Comment, Richard Stallman, Skype, SpamAssassin, SQL injection, Valgrind, web application, zero day, Zimmermann PGP

Furthermore, Bind supports the DNSSEC standard for signing (and therefore authenticating) DNS records, which allows blocking any spoofing of this data during man-in-the-middle attacks. CULTURE DNSSEC The DNSSEC norm is quite complex; this partly explains why it's not in widespread usage yet (even if it perfectly coexists with DNS servers unaware of DNSSEC). To understand all the ins and outs, you should check the following article. → http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions 10.6.2. Configuring Configuration files for bind, irrespective of version, have the same structure. The Falcot administrators created a primary falcot.com zone to store information related to this domain, and a 168.192.in-addr.arpa zone for reverse mapping of IP addresses in the local networks.

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matches either s or the empty string, in other words 0 or 1 occurrence of s; s+ matches one or more consecutive s characters; and so on). Parentheses allow grouping search results. The precise syntax of these expressions varies across the tools using them, but the basic features are similar. → http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression The first one checks the header mentioning the email software; if GOTO Sarbacane (a bulk email software) is found, the message is rejected. The second expression controls the message subject; if it mentions a virus notification, we can decide not to reject the message but to discard it immediately instead.

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VOCABULARY SQL injection When a program inserts data into SQL queries in an insecure manner, it becomes vulnerable to SQL injections; this name covers the act of changing a parameter in such a way that the actual query executed by the program is different from the intended one, either to damage the database or to access data that should normally not be accessible. → http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_Injection Updating web applications regularly is therefore a must, lest any cracker (whether a professional attacker or a script kiddy) can exploit a known vulnerability. The actual risk depends on the case, and ranges from data destruction to arbitrary code execution, including web site defacement. 14.5.2.

Likewar: The Weaponization of Social Media by Peter Warren Singer, Emerson T. Brooking

4chan, active measures, Airbnb, augmented reality, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, Bellingcat, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, British Empire, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, Comet Ping Pong, content marketing, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, data science, deep learning, digital rights, disinformation, disintermediation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, false flag, Filter Bubble, global reserve currency, Google Glasses, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker News, illegal immigration, information security, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invention of movable type, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, Jacob Silverman, John Gilmore, John Markoff, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, lolcat, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Mohammed Bouazizi, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, moral panic, new economy, offshore financial centre, packet switching, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parag Khanna, pattern recognition, Plato's cave, post-materialism, Potemkin village, power law, pre–internet, profit motive, RAND corporation, reserve currency, sentiment analysis, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Snapchat, social web, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, too big to fail, trade route, Twitter Arab Spring, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, Upton Sinclair, Valery Gerasimov, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, Y Combinator, yellow journalism, Yochai Benkler

David Kleinbard, “The $1.7 Trillion Dot.Com Lesson,” CNNMoney, November 9, 2000, http://cnnfn.cnn.com/2000/11/09/technology/overview/. 44 820 million: “Internet Users.” 44 50 percent each year: Jakob Nielsen, “Nielsen’s Law of Internet Bandwidth,” Nielsen Norman Group, April 5, 1998, https://www.nngroup.com/articles/law-of-bandwidth/. 45 voice of Salem: Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, IMDb, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115341/. 45 “Web 2.0”: Tim O’Reilly, “What Is Web 2.0: Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software,” O’Reilly (website), September 30, 2005, http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html. 45 more than 2 million articles: “Wikipedia Publishes 2-Millionth Article,” Reuters, September 12, 2007, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-wikipedia-growth/wikipedia-publishes-2-millionth-articleidUSN1234286820070912. 45 3 million users: Gary Rivlin, “Wallflower at the Web Party,” New York Times, October 15, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/15/business/yourmoney/15friend.html?_r=1&mtrref=en.wikipedia.org. 46 more than a million active accounts: Ami Sedghi, “Facebook: 10 Years of Social Networking, in Numbers,” The Guardian, February 4, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/feb/04/facebook-in-numbers-statistics. 46 58 million users: Ibid. 46 “300 million stories a day”: Tom Loftus, “Mark Zuckerberg’s Best Quotes,” Digits (blog), Wall Street Journal, February 1, 2012, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2012/02/01/mark-zuckerbergs-best-quotes/. 46 2 billion users: Kaya Yurieff, “Facebook Hits 2 Billion Monthly Users,” CNNMoney, June 27, 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/06/27/technology/facebook-2-billion-users/index.html. 46 He would show off: Sarah Perez, “Mark Zuckerberg Meets Pope Francis, Gives Him a Drone,” TechCrunch, August 29, 2016, https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/29/mark-zuckerberg-meets-pope-francis-gives-him-a-drone/. 46 arbitrate the pleas: Vitaly Shevchenko, “Ukrainians Petition Facebook Against ‘Russian Trolls,’” BBC News, May 13, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32720965. 47 “Apple is reinventing”: Mic Wright, “The Original iPhone Announcement Annotated: Steve Jobs’ Genius Meets Genius,” The Next Web, September 9, 2015, https://thenextweb.com/apple/2015/09/09/genius-annotated-with-genius/. 47 $10,000: John F.

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pagemode=print&_r=0. 62 He posted them: Charles Arthur, “How Twitter and Flickr Recorded the Mumbai Terror Attacks,” The Guardian, November 27, 2008, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/nov/27/mumbai-terror-attacks-twitter-flickr. 63 more than 1,800 times: “2008 Mumbai Attacks: Revision History,” Wikipedia, accessed March 18, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Mumbai_attacks&dir=prev&offset=20081129144458&limit=250&action=history. 63 Google Maps would: “Map of Mumbai Attacks,” Google Maps, accessed March 18, 2018, https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?ll=18.917400000000004%2C72.82687799999997&spn=0.007054%2C0.007864&hl=en&msa=0&z=15&ie=UTF8&mid=1I6SuyXRZLDapOIK8ViEQ3j608Tw. 63 in cellphone contact: Thomas Elkjer Nissen, #TheWeaponizationOfSocialMedia: @Characteristics_of_Contemporary_Conflicts (Royal Danish Defence College, 2015), 93, https://www.stratcomcoe.org/thomas-nissen-weaponization-social-media; Manish Agrawal, Onook Oh, and H.

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utm_term=.qvpx9MR9Pa#.xd4XkonkNa. 210 top-trending hashtags: Ibid. 210 Breitbart’s smug headline: Katie McHugh, “Twitter Allows ‘Rape Melania’ to Trend After Site Explodes with Trump Assassination Threats,” Breitbart, November 13, 2016, http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/11/13/twitter-allows-rape-melania-to-trend-after-site-explodes-with-trump-assassination-threats/. 210 Posobiec also admitted: Bernstein, “Inside the Alt-Right’s Campaign.” 210 “character assassination”: “Talk:Jack Posobiec,” Wikipedia, accessed March 20, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Jack_Posobiec#Character_assassination. 211 volunteer “Internet Army”: “Yuriy Stets, Minister of Information Policy Wants to Create ‘Internet Army,’” Euromaidan Press, January 28, 2015, http://euromaidanpress.com/2015/01/28/yuriy-stets-minister-of-information-policy-wants-to-create-internet-army/. 211 turned it into a joke: “Ukrainian Internet Army Report Card: ‘A’ for Effort ‘F’ for Achievement,” Sputnik, June 3, 2015, https://sputniknews.com/science/201503061019154259/. 211 Center of Defense Against Disinformation: Rachel Stern, “Germany’s Plan to Fight Fake News,” Christian Science Monitor, January 9, 2017, https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Passcode/2017/0109/Germany-s-plan-to-fight-fake-news. 211 “ministry of truth”: “Ministry of Truth?

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Python Requests Essentials by Rakesh Vidya Chandra, Bala Subrahmanyam Varanasi

business logic, create, read, update, delete, en.wikipedia.org, Kickstarter, machine readable, MITM: man-in-the-middle, MVC pattern, natural language processing, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, supply-chain management, web application

In this chapter, we will discuss tricks of the trade to extract information from web resources by following all the principles of web scraping. Before we begin, let's get to know some important concepts that will help us to reach our goal. Take a look at the response content format of a request, which will introduce us to a particular type of data: >>> import requests >>> r = requests.get("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algorithms") >>> r <Response [200]> >>> r.text u'<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs">\ n<head>\n<meta charset="UTF-8" />\n<title>List of algorithms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>\n... [ 65 ] Web Scraping with Python Requests and BeautifulSoup In the preceding example, the response content is rendered in the form of semistructured data, which is represented using HTML tags; this in turn helps us to access the information about the different sections of a web page individually.

pages: 114 words: 27,996

Responsive Web Design by Ethan Marcotte

en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Merlin Mann

1117 49 http://chrispederick.com/work/web-developer/ 50 http://www.alistapart.com/articles/smartphone-browser-landscape/ 51 http://www.flickr.com/photos/filamentgroup/5149016958/ 52 http://yiibu.com/about/site/ 53 http://www.hesketh.com/publications/inclusive_web_design_for_the_future/ 54 http://www.the-haystack.com/2011/01/07/there-is-no-mobile-web/ 55 http://matmarquis.com/carousel/ 56 http://filamentgroup.com/lab/responsive_images_experimenting_with_context_aware_image_sizing/ Resources 57 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction 58 http://www.amazon.com/dp/0520250125/ 59 http://www.amazon.com/dp/3721201450/ 60 http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0321703537/ 61 http://www.fivesimplesteps.com/books/practical-guide-designing-grid-systems-for-the-web 62 http://www.markboulton.co.uk/journal/comments/a-richer-canvas 63 http://www.thegridsystem.org/ 64 http://www.alistapart.com/articles/fluidgrids/ 65 http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-mediaqueries/ 66 https://developer.mozilla.org/En/CSS/Media_queries 67 https://github.com/filamentgroup/Responsive-Images 68 http://unstoppablerobotninja.com/entry/responsive-images/ 69 http://filamentgroup.com/lab/responsive_images_experimenting_with_context_aware_image_sizing/ 70 http://clagnut.com/blog/268/ 71 http://bryanrieger.com/issues/mobile-image-adaptation 72 http://www.alistapart.com/articles/dao 73 http://adactio.com/journal/1716/ 74 http://adactio.com/journal/4443/ 75 http://timkadlec.com/2011/03/responsive-web-design-and-mobile-context/ 76 http://globalmoxie.com/blog/mobile-web-responsive-design.shtml 77 http://www.cloudfour.com/weekend-reading-responsive-web-design-and-mobile-context/ 78 http://unstoppablerobotninja.com/entry/with-good-references/ 79 http://unstoppablerobotninja.com/entry/toffee-nosed/ Index 37signals 101–102 .get() 136 A A List Apart 117, 142, 151 Allsopp, John 5, 140, 143 AlphaImageLoader 52–54 Android 98, 103 append() 136 Apple 79, 80 B background-position 58 background-size 58 BlackBerry 99 Boulton, Mark 14, 140, 142 Bowman, Doug 55 C Cederholm, Dan 54, 58, 103, 140 Champeon, Steven 128 Cog’aoke 109–110 Croft, Jeff 107 css3-mediaqueries.js 99–100 D Dao De Jing 106 DD_belatedPNG library 52 Diller, Drew 52 display area 75–77 display: none 111 F Finck, Nick 128 fluid grid 25, 34, 41 font-size 18–21, 73, 74, 84, 105 Frost, Robert 1 G Galaxy Tab 102 Grid Systems in Graphic Design 14, 142 H Happy Cog 103, 151 Hay, Stephen 129, 140 Hicks, Jon 104–105 I initial-scale 80 interactive design review 118 Internet Explorer 7, 47–52 iPad 79, 83, 102 iPhone 74, 79–81 J Jehl, Scott 99, 140 jQuery 131–137 jQuery Backstretch plugin 58 K Kindle 102–103, 114 Koch, Peter-Paul 98, 117, 140 L League Gothic 82, 84 link 73, 75 M Mann, Merlin 111 margin 27, 29–31, 33–40 Marquis, Mat 131, 140 max-width: 100% 45–53, 59–62 media types 71–74 Meyer, Eric 18 mobile first 111–113, 122, 124–127, 138, 140, 143 Mobile Safari 80, 81, 98 Mod, Craig 1 Modernist period 13 Mozilla 80, 98, 142 Müller-Brockmann, Josef 14, 142 N “Noise to Noise Ratio” Flickr set 111 Nook 102, 114 O Opera Mini 98 Opera Mobile 98 orientation 77, 78, 79 overflow 59–61 overflow: hidden 60, 88 P padding 33–40, 66, 91 Pearce, James 107 R rendering surface 75–77 reset stylesheet 17–18 respond.js 99–100, 122 Responsive architecture 7 Rieger, Bryan 62, 127, 140, 143 Rieger, Stephanie 127, 140 Robbin, Scott 58 Romantic period 13 Ruder, Emil 14 Rutter, Richard 45, 59, 140, 143 S Samsung 102 sizingMethod 52 Stefanov, Stoyan 53 T target ÷ context = result 20, 31–32, 35, 41 Tofte, Svend 48 Tschichold, Jan 14, 142 typographic grid 15, 142 V viewport meta element 80 Vinh, Khoi 14, 140, 142 Voltron 116 W Web Developer Toolbar 116 webOS 98 width 3–4, 6, 15, 26–40 width=device-width 80 Windows Phone 99 Wren, Christopher 7 Wroblewski, Luke 111, 138, 140, 143 Y Yiibu 127 About A Book Apart Web design is about multi-disciplinary mastery and laser focus, and that’s the thinking behind our brief books for people who make websites.

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The End of Ownership: Personal Property in the Digital Economy by Aaron Perzanowski, Jason Schultz

3D printing, Airbnb, anti-communist, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, bitcoin, blockchain, carbon footprint, cloud computing, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Donald Trump, Eben Moglen, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, general purpose technology, gentrification, George Akerlof, Hush-A-Phone, independent contractor, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, loss aversion, Marc Andreessen, means of production, minimum wage unemployment, new economy, Open Library, Paradox of Choice, peer-to-peer, price discrimination, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, rolodex, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, software as a service, software patent, software studies, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, subscription business, telemarketer, the long tail, The Market for Lemons, Tony Fadell, transaction costs, winner-take-all economy

See also Laura Northrup, “Here’s Why Digital Rights Management Is Stupid and Anti-Consumer,” Consumerist (blog), November 26, 2012, http://consumerist.com/2012/11/26/heres-why-digital-rights-management-is-stupid-and-anti-consumer/, accessed September 5, 2015. 6. “Smart Cow Problem,” Wikipedia, last modified June 3, 2014, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cow_problem, accessed September 5, 2015. 7. Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcomm. on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Admin. of Justice of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 97th Cong. (1982) (testimony of Jack Valenti, president, Motion Picture Association of America, Inc.), http://cryptome.org/hrcw-hear.htm, accessed September 5, 2015. 8.

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., Andrew “bunnie” Huang, Hacking the Xbox: An Introduction to Reverse Engineering (San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2003); MythTV, https://www.mythtv.org/, accessed September 7, 2015. 14. See “First Jailbreaks by Device and iOS Version,” in “iOS Jailbreaking,” Wikipedia, last modified September 6, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking, accessed September 7, 2015. 15. Responsive Comment of Apple Inc. in Opposition to Proposed Exemption 5A and 11A (Class #1), In re Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies, No. RM 2008-8 (U.S. Copyright Office, February 2, 2009), https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/dmca_2009/apple-inc-31.pdf, accessed September 7, 2015; Response of Apple Inc. to Questions Submitted by the Copyright Office Concerning Exemptions 5A and 11A (Class #1), In re Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies, No.

pages: 356 words: 103,944

The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy by Dani Rodrik

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Asian financial crisis, bank run, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, bilateral investment treaty, borderless world, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, classic study, collective bargaining, colonial rule, Corn Laws, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, currency manipulation / currency intervention, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, eurozone crisis, export processing zone, financial deregulation, financial innovation, floating exchange rates, frictionless, frictionless market, full employment, George Akerlof, guest worker program, Hernando de Soto, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, industrial cluster, information asymmetry, joint-stock company, Kenneth Rogoff, land reform, liberal capitalism, light touch regulation, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, low skilled workers, margin call, market bubble, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, microcredit, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, Multi Fibre Arrangement, night-watchman state, non-tariff barriers, offshore financial centre, oil shock, open borders, open economy, Paul Samuelson, precautionary principle, price stability, profit maximization, race to the bottom, regulatory arbitrage, Savings and loan crisis, savings glut, Silicon Valley, special drawing rights, special economic zone, subprime mortgage crisis, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Tobin tax, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trade route, transaction costs, tulip mania, Washington Consensus, World Values Survey

Williamson, “Once More: When Did Globalisation Begin?” European Review of Economic History, 8 (2004), pp. 109–17, for estimates of the growth rate of world trade during different historical eras. 2 John Morley, The Life of Richard Cobden (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1905), p. 711. Quoted in the Wikipedia entry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cobden-Chevalier_Treaty. 3 The indispensable source on nineteenth-century tariff history is Paul Bairoch, “European Trade Policy, 1815–1914,” in Peter Mathias and Sydney Pollard, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 8: The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and Social Policies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 11–161. 4 Ibid., p. 138. 5 Southern interests had managed to insert a clause in the U.S.

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(Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 29. 18 The relationship among the key central bankers of the interwar period is the subject of Liaquat Ahamed’s Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World (New York: Penguin, 2009). 19 Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital, chap. 2. 20 John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London: Macmillan, 1919), p. 11. 21 The speech ends as follows: “Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a Gold Standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.” The “them” in question are the bankers and other northeastern interests. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cross_of_gold_speech. 22 The efficacy of reputation in sustaining international lending continues to be debated about economists and political scientists. For a recent evaluation, which suggests reputation can be quite effective, see Michael Tomz, Reputation and International Cooperation: Sovereign Debt across Three Centuries (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007). 23 Quoted in Gallagher and Robinson, “The Imperialism of Free Trade,” pp. 4–5. 24 David J.

Who Rules the World? by Noam Chomsky

Able Archer 83, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, classic study, corporate governance, corporate personhood, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Garrett Hardin, high-speed rail, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, liberation theology, Malacca Straits, Martin Wolf, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, nuclear winter, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, one-state solution, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, precariat, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, structural adjustment programs, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing, uranium enrichment, wage slave, WikiLeaks, working-age population

Christine Harper and Michael J. Moore, “Goldman Sachs CEO Blankfein Is Awarded $12.6 Million in Stock,” Bloomberg Business, 29 January 2011. 26. Eszter Zalan, “Hungary’s Orban Wins Another Term, Jobbik Support Jumps,” EU Observer, 7 April 2014. 27. See Wikipedia, “Austrian Legislative Election, 2008,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_legislative_election,_2008#Results. 28. Donny Gluckstein, Nazis, Capitalism, and the Working Class (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 1999), 37. 29. Matthew Weaver, “Angela Merkel: German Multiculturalism Has ‘Utterly Failed,’” Guardian (London), 17 October 2010. 30. Darren Samuelsohn, “John Shimkus Cites Genesis on Climate Change,” Politico, 10 December 2010. 31.

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James Kendall Hosmer, The Life of Young Sir Henry Vane, Governor of Massachusetts Bay, and Leader of the Long Parliament: With a Consideration of the English Commonwealth as a Forecast of America (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1888), held by Cornell University Library, 462. 4. The Famous Old Charter of Rhode Island, Granted by King Charles II, in 1663 (Providence, RI: I. H. Cady, 1842). See also Wikipedia, “Rhode Island Royal Charter,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Royal_Charter. 5. Peter Linebaugh, The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009). 6. Dudley Jones and Tony Watkins, eds., A Necessary Fantasy?: The Heroic Figure in Children’s Popular Culture, (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2000). 7.

Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (And What We Can Do About It) by William Poundstone

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, book value, business cycle, Debian, democratizing finance, desegregation, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Everything should be made as simple as possible, global village, guest worker program, guns versus butter model, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, invisible hand, jimmy wales, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Arrow, manufacturing employment, Nash equilibrium, Paul Samuelson, Pierre-Simon Laplace, prisoner's dilemma, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, slashdot, the map is not the territory, Thomas Bayes, Tragedy of the Commons, transcontinental railway, Unsafe at Any Speed, Y2K

., 69-70. 112 "I thought it would be bad for us": BIumenthal2004a_ 112 "should be given all the fair-labor standards"- Buchanan and Nader 2004. 112 Major contractor of RNC: Miller and Irmas 2005, which reports 2004 RNC payments of $8.4 million to Sprout. 113 "pretty mad": Knapp 2004_ 113 "clearly nonplussed": Blumenthal 2004a. 113 "Confronted with the accusation", Blumenthal 2004b. 113 ''I'm not being paid"- quoted in Blumenthal2004a. 114 Democratic e-mail: Cohen 2004. 115 "opposed to Congressional pay raises", Ibid. 115 "perhaps the one issue out of a thousand": Ibid_ 300 Notes 115 "pull some very crucial votes", Ibid. 115 "apparently embarrassed at how many will be shown"' [bid. 1[5 "It's a free country": [bid. 115 "it is my fervent hope", Brewer 2004, li5 "We won't take any signatures from them": Cohen 2004. 116 "We have to get on the ballot": Ibid, 116 "We don't want that money": Ibid. 116 "It is conceivable that pro-Bush, pro-Republicans": Ibid. 116 "Republicans are human beings too"· [bid. 116 Moore biography: Walley 2003 and Wikipedia entry, www.en.wikipedia.org/wikil Roy_Moore, 117 «If the feds want this plaque'"; Walley 2003. 117 "call out the State Police": [bid. 117 Third·largest party, Clarkson 2004, which says the Constitution Party had 320,000 members. 1[8 "Why Christians Should Not Vote", www.imeUe<:tualconservative.com/articJe3114 .htmL liS 'The possibility thaI Roy Moore": Clarkson 2004. liS "the Supreme Courl shall not have jurisdiction", HR 3799, I [S '"lhere's nothing to keep lhree men"': Clarkson 2004, quoling a New York Times piece. liS "Some judge would probably let a man'": Ibid. liS "[ personally like Judge Roy Moore", Ibid, l 19 "After you have divided up the secure Bush states"· Ibid. ll9 Sifry On Colorado and Oregon: [bid. 119 "It's Time for Democrats": Noah 2004. ll9 "BUI, if Alabamians have learned anything' quoted in Clarkson 2004. 6.

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Terry Sanford to Donald Saari, April 19, 1985, reported in Saari and Van Newenhizen 1988b, 141-45. 217 'They had three excellent candidates", Saari, interview, Irvine, Calif., Mar. 21,2006, 13. Last Man Standing 219 'That's the Condot<~et winner!": Saari, interview, Irvine, Calif., Mar, 21, 2006. 220 '" find the Condorcet winner"· Saari 1995,46, 220 "Pairwise voting is a mess!", 'bid., 70. 221 "I Yes, As a matter", see comments and vote results at www.en,wikipedia,org! wikiJWikipedia:ManuaLoLStyle_%28biographies%29/Survey_on_Style-Prellxed_ Honorary_Tides. 222 "Forgive me for having"; WW\v,en.wikipedia.orglwikiM'ikipedia_talkHow_IO_hold_ a_consensus_vote. 222 "This is not the purpose"· ibid, 223 "true majority voting": Dasguptll and Maskin 2004. 223 "suspicious numbers", Yee, interview (phone), July 2 I, 2006, 224 "suggests to me that it Is; www.en,wikipedia,orglwikil'Nikipedia_talkHow_to_ hold_a_consensus_vote. 225 The Condorcer winner doesn't necessarily deserve to win: See Saari [995. 227 "Manipulative behavior is important", Ibid., 12-13. 227 Saari's talk ro fourth·graders: Saari 1991. 227 "Kids wanted to write Congress"· Saari, inlerview. 227 "I think the field"; Ibid. 228 "I thought for sure [this idea] was correct", Ibid. 228 'The Borda count, because of its symmetry": Ibid, 307 Notes 228 "the easiest to manipulate", Mclean 2003, 16. 228 "wide"spread prior knowledge", Saari 1995, 235-36. 229 ''You start getting into these debates": Smith, interview (phone\ Oct. 26, 2006. 230 'There are billions of properties"': Saari, interview. 230 "Academics probably are not", Brams and Fishburn 2003,5. 231 "Ever hang OUI with your friends": ""-"W.hotornot.com/pagesiabout.htmL 232 NetNielson rating: en.wikipedia.orglwiki/Hot_or_Not. 14.

pages: 360 words: 96,275

PostgreSQL 9 Admin Cookbook: Over 80 Recipes to Help You Run an Efficient PostgreSQL 9. 0 Database by Simon Riggs, Hannu Krosing

business intelligence, business process, database schema, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, full text search, GnuPG, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Skype

If, for some reason, you don't trust that or that has been disabled, then incremental backup is not for you. pg_dump doesn't allow WHERE clauses to be specified, so even if you add your own columns to track last_changed_date you'll still need to perform that manually somehow. 297 Backup and Recovery There's more... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup_rotation_scheme gives further useful information. While thinking about incremental backup, you should note that replication techniques work by continually applying changes onto a full backup. This could be considered a technique for an incremental updated backup, also known as an "incremental forever" backup strategy.

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There is much that can and will be written on these topics for which we do not have space here. Necessarily, this means that we also neglect to mention a number of projects associated with PostgreSQL replication and clustering. The main single Master replication solutions are covered here. See also Visit the following URL for more information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_(computer_science) 303 Replication & Upgrades Replication best practices Some general best practices for running replication systems are described in this chapter. How to do it... ff Use similar hardware and OS on all systems: Replication allows nodes to switch roles. If we switchover or failover to different hardware, we may get performance issues and it will be hard to maintain a smoothly running application.

pages: 334 words: 98,950

Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism by Ha-Joon Chang

"there is no alternative" (TINA), "World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bilateral investment treaty, borderless world, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Brownian motion, business cycle, call centre, capital controls, central bank independence, colonial rule, Corn Laws, corporate governance, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, en.wikipedia.org, export processing zone, falling living standards, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial deregulation, financial engineering, fixed income, foreign exchange controls, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, income inequality, income per capita, industrial robot, Isaac Newton, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, land reform, liberal world order, liberation theology, low skilled workers, market bubble, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, means of production, mega-rich, moral hazard, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, oil shock, price stability, principal–agent problem, Ronald Reagan, South Sea Bubble, structural adjustment programs, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, transfer pricing, urban sprawl, World Values Survey

Given that patent suits are notoriously expensive to fight, this means that resource is diverted from generating new ideas to defending existing ones. 42 In a letter to Robert Hooke, dated February 5 1676. 43 Thus, Jefferson’s view of what we can and cannot own was the exact opposite of what we have today – he may have thought nothing of owning other people, but he found it absurd that people should be allowed to own ideas and have their rights protected through an artificial monopoly created by the government called patents. 44 Especially with ‘golden rice 2’, developed in 2005 by Syngenta, which now owns the technology, the benefits could be even greater. Golden rice 2 produces 23 times more beta carotene than the original golden rice. 45 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_rice. Xerophthalmia (Greek for dry eyes) is an inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye with abnormal dryness and corrugation (Oxford English Dictionary). 46 On the golden rice controversy, see RAFI (Rural Advancement Foundation International) (2000), RAFI Communique, September/October 2000, Issue #66.

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Eijffinger & J. de Haan (1996), ‘The Political Economy of Central-bank Independence’, Special Papers in International Economics, No. 19, Princeton University and B. Sikken & J. de Haan (1998), Budget Deficits, Monetization, and ‘Central-bank Independence in Developing Countries’, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 50, no. 3. 23 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board 24 On the evolution of IMF policy in Korea following the 1997 crisis, see S-J. Shin & H-J. Chang (2003), Restructuring Korea Inc. (Routledge Curzon, London), chapter 3. 25 J. Stiglitz (2001), Globalization and Its Discontents (Allen Lane, London), chapter 3. 26 H-J.

pages: 346 words: 101,763

Confessions of a Microfinance Heretic by Hugh Sinclair

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, Bernie Madoff, colonial exploitation, en.wikipedia.org, end world poverty, financial innovation, financial intermediation, Gini coefficient, Global Witness, high net worth, illegal immigration, impact investing, inventory management, low interest rates, microcredit, Northern Rock, peer-to-peer lending, pirate software, Ponzi scheme, principal–agent problem, profit motive, Vision Fund

Reported on Kiva Microfunds IRS Form 990 2010, pp. 18–28, http://cms.kiva.org.s3.amazonaws.com/Kiva_Form_990_-_2010.pdf. 27. Kiva Microfunds Financial Statements for 2010 and 2009, p. 5. 28. Report on MiCredito, Kiva.org, July 7, 2011, www.kiva.org/partners/176. 29. Available at www.mixmarket.org/node/27819/report. 30. The latest statistics are at www.kiva.org/about/stats. 31. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiva_%28organization%29; also see the section entitled “Full-repayment frequency uncertainty,” just above the section “Bloodsports.” 32. On www.facebook.com/kiva?sk=info. 33. All emails are reproduced on the book website. 34. Flannery to the author, March 9, 2009. 35. “New York Times Article on Microfinance Interest Rates and Profits,” http://kivanews.blogspot.com/2010/04/new-york-times-article-on-microfinance.html. 36.

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See also the Wikipedia entry on the subject, which states, “NORAD published an official statement clearing Yunus and Grameen Bank from any wrongdoing.” This is open to interpretation on the exact meaning of the word clearing, but the truth appears slightly less clear-cut than the mainstream media cares to present. See the section “Disproved allegations from a Danish documentary,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus. 37. Grameen Bank Fact Sheet, third paragraph, p. 1. 38. The site, www.friendsofgrameen.com, was recently removed and then restored. Original documents available on book website. 39. Roodman, “Does Compartamos Charge 195% Interest?” 40. “Yoghurt Adulteration: Yunus Lands in Court,” Rediff Business, January 28, 2011, www.rediff.com/business/report/yoghurt-adulteration-yunus-lands-incourt/20110128.htm. 41.

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An Economist Gets Lunch: New Rules for Everyday Foodies by Tyler Cowen

agricultural Revolution, behavioural economics, big-box store, business climate, carbon footprint, carbon tax, cognitive bias, creative destruction, cross-subsidies, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, food miles, gentrification, guest worker program, haute cuisine, illegal immigration, informal economy, iterative process, mass immigration, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, pattern recognition, Peter Singer: altruism, price discrimination, refrigerator car, tacit knowledge, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Upton Sinclair, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce

On sugar, see John Mariani, America Eats Out: An Illustrated History of Restaurants, Taverns, Coffee Shops, Speakeasies, and Other Establishments That Have Fed Us for 350 Years (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1991), pp. 156–57. For some basic references on dry counties, see David J. Hanson, “Dry Counties,” http://www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/controversies/1140551076.html and the Wikipedia page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state. For a more extensive look at dry localities, there are the various editions of the Statistical Abstract of the United States. On wine and the 1970s, see the restaurant figures for allowed drinking in different states and counties drawn from various editions of the Statistical Abstract of the United States.

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Gelbach, Jonathan Klick, and Thomas Stratmann, “Cheap Donuts and Expensive Broccoli: The Effects of Relative Prices on Obesity,” March 13, 2007, http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/JKlick_Cheap_Donuts.pdf. For another look at the difficulty of designing workable obesity taxes, see Jason M. Fletcher, David Frisvold, and Nathan Teff, “Can Soft Drink Taxes Reduce Population Weight?” Contemporary Economic Policy, January 2010, vol. 1, no. 28, pp. 23–35. For some hunger estimates, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger. For a more skeptical view, see Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, “More Than 1 Billion People Are Hungry in the World, But What if the Experts Are Wrong?” Foreign Policy, May/June 2011. For the information on declining U.S. agricultural productivity, see Julian M. Alston, Matthew A.

pages: 550 words: 89,316

The Sum of Small Things: A Theory of the Aspirational Class by Elizabeth Currid-Halkett

assortative mating, back-to-the-land, barriers to entry, Bernie Sanders, biodiversity loss, BRICs, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, clean water, cognitive dissonance, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, discrete time, disruptive innovation, Downton Abbey, East Village, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, fixed-gear, food desert, Ford Model T, gentrification, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, income inequality, iterative process, knowledge economy, longitudinal study, Mason jar, means of production, NetJets, new economy, New Urbanism, plutocrats, post scarcity, post-industrial society, profit maximization, public intellectual, Richard Florida, selection bias, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, The Design of Experiments, the High Line, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, the long tail, the market place, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, Tony Hsieh, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, upwardly mobile, Veblen good, women in the workforce

Again I must thank Kate Berridge for this example. 17. Wallace-Hadrill 1994; Berridge 2007. 18. Berridge 2007. 19. Interview with Kate Berridge. 20. Wallace-Hadrill 1994, p. 166. 21. Wallace-Hadrill 1990. 22. Price 2014. 23. Richards 1991, p. 8. 24. Charles et al. 2009. 25. Richards 1991. 26. A/X data: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani#Armani_Exchange. J.Crew data: http://www.vault.com/company-profiles/retail/j-crew-group,-inc/company-overview.aspx. Ralph Lauren data: http://www.vault.com/company-profiles/general-consumer-products/ralph-lauren-corporation/company-overview.aspx. The Gap data: http://www.gapinc.com/content/gapinc/html/aboutus/keyfacts.html. 27. http://www.economist.com/node/17963363. 28.

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For some thorough summaries of the environmental movement, key events, literature, and legislation, please see the following websites: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/earthdays/; http://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/ecology-and-environmentalism/environmental-studies/environmental-movement; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States; https://www.minnpost.com/earth-journal/2013/07/25-classics-environmental-writing-help-your-summer-reading-list. 40. Inglehart 2000, p. 223. 41. Inglehart 2000. 42. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=6225503. 43. Doherty and Etzioni 2003. Please see http://simplicitycollective.com/start-here/what-is-voluntary-simplicity-2 for general overviews on the movement and its history. 44.

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Advances in Financial Machine Learning by Marcos Lopez de Prado

algorithmic trading, Amazon Web Services, asset allocation, backtesting, behavioural economics, bioinformatics, Brownian motion, business process, Claude Shannon: information theory, cloud computing, complexity theory, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, data science, diversification, diversified portfolio, en.wikipedia.org, financial engineering, fixed income, Flash crash, G4S, Higgs boson, implied volatility, information asymmetry, latency arbitrage, margin call, market fragmentation, market microstructure, martingale, NP-complete, P = NP, p-value, paper trading, pattern recognition, performance metric, profit maximization, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, RAND corporation, random walk, risk free rate, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, selection bias, Sharpe ratio, short selling, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart meter, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, stochastic process, survivorship bias, transaction costs, traveling salesman

Raschka, S. (2015): Python Machine Learning, 1st ed. Packt Publishing. Notes 1 For an introduction to ensemble methods, please visit: http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/ ensemble.html. 2 I would not typically cite Wikipedia, however, on this subject the user may find some of the illustrations in this article useful: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff. 3 For an intuitive explanation of Random Forest, visit the following link: https://quantdare.com/random -forest-many-is-better-than-one/. 4 For a visual explanation of the difference between bagging and boosting, visit: https://quantdare.com/ what-is-the-difference-between-bagging-and-boosting/.

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More information about NERSC can be found at http://nersc.gov/. 2 The HDF Group web site is https://www.hdfgroup.org/. 3 The National Strategic Computing Initiative plan is available online at https://www.whitehouse.gov/ sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/NSCI%20Strategic%20Plan.pdf. The Wikipedia page on this topic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Strategic_Computing_Initiative) also has some useful links to additional information. 4 Information about HPC4Manufacturing is available online at https://hpc4mfg.llnl.gov/. Index Absolute return attribution method Accounting data Accuracy binary classification problems and measurement of AdaBoost implementation Adaptable I/O System (ADIOS) Alternative data Amihud's lambda Analytics Annualized Sharpe ratio Annualized turnover, in backtesting Asset allocation classical areas of mathematics used in covariance matrix in diversification in Markowitz's approach to Monte Carlo simulations for numerical example of practical problems in quasi-diagonalization in recursive bisection in risk-based.

pages: 227 words: 32,306

Using Open Source Platforms for Business Intelligence: Avoid Pitfalls and Maximize Roi by Lyndsay Wise

barriers to entry, business intelligence, business process, call centre, cloud computing, commoditize, different worldview, en.wikipedia.org, Just-in-time delivery, knowledge worker, Richard Stallman, Salesforce, software as a service, statistical model, supply-chain management, the market place

On a high level, Bill Inmon,3 known as the father of data warehousing, believed in the concept of building a centralized data warehouse with separate data marts4 to address the needs of individual departments or reporting requirements, whereas Ralph Kimball,5 known as the father of business intelligence, believed in the opposite approach in essence, the importance of building individual data marts that reside within a broader data warehouse infrastructure.6 Over time, these 3 For more general information on Bill Inmon you can refer to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Inmon A data mart can almost be defined as a mini data warehouse. Essentially, a data mart is a subset of the information you would want stored in a data warehouse and usually represents a set of information required for reporting or analysis within a specific business unit i.e., a repository of specified information. For more information, you can refer to: http://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/definition/data-mart 5 For more general information on Ralph Kimball you can refer to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Kimball 6 http://www.nagesh.com/publications/technology/173-inmon-vs-kimball-an-analysis.html 4 8 CHAPTER 1 Introducing BI approaches have guided companies on how to build their BI strategies.

pages: 347 words: 99,317

Bad Samaritans: The Guilty Secrets of Rich Nations and the Threat to Global Prosperity by Ha-Joon Chang

"there is no alternative" (TINA), "World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, banking crisis, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bilateral investment treaty, borderless world, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Brownian motion, business cycle, call centre, capital controls, central bank independence, colonial rule, Corn Laws, corporate governance, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, en.wikipedia.org, export processing zone, falling living standards, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial deregulation, financial engineering, fixed income, foreign exchange controls, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, income inequality, income per capita, industrial robot, Isaac Newton, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, land reform, liberal world order, liberation theology, low skilled workers, market bubble, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, means of production, mega-rich, moral hazard, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, oil shock, price stability, principal–agent problem, Ronald Reagan, South Sea Bubble, structural adjustment programs, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, transfer pricing, urban sprawl, World Values Survey

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Eijffinger & J. de Haan (1996),‘The Political Economy of Central-bank Independence’, ‘Special Papers in International Economics’, No. 19, Princeton University and B. Sikken & J. de Haan (1998), ‘Budget Deficits, Monetization, and Central-bank Independence in Developing Countries’, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 50, no. 3. 23 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board 24 On the evolution of IMF policy in Korea following the 1997 crisis, see S-J. Shin & H-J. Chang (2003), Restructuring Korea Inc. (Routledge Curzon, London), chapter 3. 25 J. Stiglitz (2001), Globalization and Its Discontents (Allen Lane, London), chapter 3. 26 H-J.

pages: 471 words: 97,152

Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism by George A. Akerlof, Robert J. Shiller

affirmative action, Andrei Shleifer, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, business cycle, buy and hold, collateralized debt obligation, conceptual framework, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, financial innovation, full employment, Future Shock, George Akerlof, George Santayana, housing crisis, Hyman Minsky, income per capita, inflation targeting, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Jean Tirole, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Long Term Capital Management, loss aversion, market bubble, market clearing, mental accounting, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Myron Scholes, new economy, New Urbanism, Paul Samuelson, Phillips curve, plutocrats, Post-Keynesian economics, price stability, profit maximization, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, random walk, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, seminal paper, South Sea Bubble, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, transaction costs, tulip mania, W. E. B. Du Bois, We are all Keynesians now, working-age population, Y2K, Yom Kippur War

All of these actions by the Fed can be considered use of the discount window, although in nontraditional ways. 11. http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20081007d.htm and http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20081021b.htm. 12. See the explanation given by the Federal Reserve at http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/monetary20081125a1.pdf 13. U.S. Department of the Treasury (2008, p. 2). 14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Mae. 15. An excellent survey of Sweden’s resolution of its banking crisis during the 1990s has been given by Englund (1999). After the crisis was over, the banks returned to profitability (Figure 6, p. 90). 16. Morgenson (2008). 17. Benoit et al. (2008). CHAPTER EIGHT WHY ARE THERE PEOPLE WHO CANNOT FIND A JOB?

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CPI deflator from Economic Report of the President (2008, Table B-7, p. 234). 8. In Los Angeles prices rose 173%; in Miami they rose 181% (Case 2008, Table 2). 9. We have two estimates of the size of hedge funds. Andrew Lo (2008) claims that they have capital in excess of $1 trillion. Other sources put their capital as high as $2.68 trillion. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund for a discussion and also references. Surely these numbers are not well defined, since they depend on what is included under the rubric hedge fund. What matters is that the capital of hedge funds is large, and with their leverage they hold very large quantities of assets. Indeed this imprecise language describes the true position of hedge funds with much more precision than any specific number. 10.

pages: 332 words: 101,772

Memoirs of an Addicted Brain: A Neuroscientist Examines His Former Life on Drugs by Marc Lewis Phd

dark matter, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, Golden Gate Park, impulse control, Malacca Straits, military-industrial complex, Rat Park, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea

Chapter 2 p. 28. The names Raven House and Burdell have been changed. Peter Smits is not the boy’s real name. p. 33. Wikipedia summarizes some of the effects and mechanisms of dextromethorphan intoxication: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan. Wikipedia also offers a more extended discussion of NMDA antagonists, including dextromethorphan, ketamine, and PCP: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist. p. 38. Statistics on the current use of ketamine are from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Chapter 3 p. 43.

pages: 377 words: 97,144

Singularity Rising: Surviving and Thriving in a Smarter, Richer, and More Dangerous World by James D. Miller

23andMe, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, artificial general intelligence, Asperger Syndrome, barriers to entry, brain emulation, cloud computing, cognitive bias, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Brooks, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Deng Xiaoping, en.wikipedia.org, feminist movement, Flynn Effect, friendly AI, hive mind, impulse control, indoor plumbing, invention of agriculture, Isaac Newton, John Gilmore, John von Neumann, knowledge worker, Larry Ellison, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Netflix Prize, neurotypical, Nick Bostrom, Norman Macrae, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, phenotype, placebo effect, prisoner's dilemma, profit maximization, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, reversible computing, Richard Feynman, Rodney Brooks, Silicon Valley, Singularitarianism, Skype, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, sugar pill, supervolcano, tech billionaire, technological singularity, The Coming Technological Singularity, the scientific method, Thomas Malthus, transaction costs, Turing test, twin studies, Vernor Vinge, Von Neumann architecture

Intelligence Expert X (2010). 197. Levine (2010). 198. Levine (2010). 199. Levine (2010). 200. Miller (2000). 201. Nieli (2010), summarizing Espenshade and Radford (2009). 202. Hunt (2011). 203. Section informed by discussion with Carl Shulman. The breast example, however, is mine. 204. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_palates as it appeared on June 6, 2011. 205. Hunt (2011). 206. BBC (2004). 207. Armstrong (2010). 208. Hazlett et al. (2005). 209. Wallis (2011). 210. Any similarities between this book’s description of hyperlexia and the hyperlexia article in Wikipedia comes from this author having substantially edited the Wikipedia entry. 211.

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In 2004 I was the Republican nominee for the Massachusetts State Senate for Hampshire and Franklin counties. 287. Buck v. Bell, 274 US 200 (1927). 288. http://singinst.org/summit2007/quotes/rodneybrooks/ 289. https://attra.ncat.org/intern_handbook/history.html 290. Cowen (2011). 291. Cowen (2011) and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Chess as it appeared on March 11, 2011. 292. I’m assuming that transaction costs are not so large as to eat up all of the gains from this trade. 293. Hanson (November 30, 2009). 294. Aaronson (2008). 295. This includes indirect agricultural production in which a country produces food by making non-edible items and trading them to other countries for food. 296.

pages: 417 words: 97,577

The Myth of Capitalism: Monopolies and the Death of Competition by Jonathan Tepper

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air freight, Airbnb, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, bank run, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, big-box store, Bob Noyce, Boston Dynamics, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, citizen journalism, Clayton Christensen, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, compensation consultant, computer age, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate raider, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, diversification, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, Dunbar number, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, eurozone crisis, Fairchild Semiconductor, Fall of the Berlin Wall, family office, financial innovation, full employment, gentrification, German hyperinflation, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Google bus, Google Chrome, Gordon Gekko, Herbert Marcuse, income inequality, independent contractor, index fund, Innovator's Dilemma, intangible asset, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, Jevons paradox, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, late capitalism, London Interbank Offered Rate, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, Maslow's hierarchy, means of production, merger arbitrage, Metcalfe's law, multi-sided market, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, Network effects, new economy, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, passive investing, patent troll, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, prediction markets, prisoner's dilemma, proprietary trading, race to the bottom, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Sam Peltzman, secular stagnation, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Skype, Snapchat, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, SoftBank, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, tech billionaire, The Chicago School, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, too big to fail, undersea cable, Vanguard fund, vertical integration, very high income, wikimedia commons, William Shockley: the traitorous eight, you are the product, zero-sum game

Kindle Edition, locations 322–323. 63. https://www.seattletimes.com/business/tech-giants-put-the-squeeze-on-startups-squelching-their-chances-of-success/. 64. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/20/tech-startups-facebook-amazon-google-apple. 65. https://www.recode.net/2017/5/10/15602814/amazon-invested-startup-nucleus-cloned-alexa-echo-show-voice-control-touchscreen-video. 66. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_data_centers. 67. https://peering.google.com/#/infrastructure. 68. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-5275893/Google-reveals-plan-build-THREE-new-undersea-cables.html. 69. http://www.wired.co.uk/article/google-facebook-plcn-internet-cable/. 70. https://www.ben-evans.com/benedictevans/2017/10/12/scale-wetxp. 71. https://www.theringer.com/tech/2018/5/18/17362452/microsoft-antitrust-lawsuit-netscape-internet-explorer-20-years. 72. https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Microsoft-Asked-Apple-to-Knife-the-Baby-Court-2980345.php. 73. https://promarket.org/google-facebooks-kill-zone-weve-taken-focus-off-rewarding-genius-innovation-rewarding-capital-scale/.

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S3 (August 2014): S67–S100. https://doi.org/10.1086/675862. Chapter 8: Regulation and Chemotherapy 1. http://www.jeffslegacy.com/book.html and http://www.wilsonsdisease.org/for-patients-families/stories. 2. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/06/the-valeant-meltdown-and-wall-streets-major-drug-problem. 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeant_Pharmaceuticals. 4. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/31/business/how-valeant-cashed-in-twice-on-higher-drug-prices.html. 5. http://fortune.com/2016/10/17/valeant-new-drug-price-hikes/. 6. https://www.consumeraffairs.com/news/valeant-increases-price-on-lead-poisoning-drug-by-2700-but-american-kids-dont-need-it-anyway-110416.html. 7. https://www.streetinsider.com/Corporate+News/Imprimis+Pharma+(IMMY)+Announces+Lower-Cost+Option+to+Valeants+(VRX)+Lead+Poisoning+Treatment/12136830.html. 8. https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilywillingham/2016/10/16/cost-for-valeants-lead-poisoning-treatment-increased-7250-in-six-years/#22903eef26a8. 9. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/imprimis-pharmaceuticals-announces-availability-of-lower-cost-option-for-the-treatment-of-lead-poisoning-300345605.html. 10.

pages: 296 words: 96,568

Vaxxers: The Inside Story of the Oxford AstraZeneca Vaccine and the Race Against the Virus by Sarah Gilbert, Catherine Green

Boris Johnson, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, discovery of DNA, disinformation, Edward Jenner, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, global pandemic, imposter syndrome, lockdown, lone genius, profit motive, Skype, social distancing, TikTok

However, the Our World In Data data set for case numbers does not extend back to the first days of January 2020 so these numbers have been constructed from contemporaneous reports as set out on Wikipedia’s coronavirus timeline pages: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020. Chapter 3 1. For an excellent round-up of the evidence on the cost-effectiveness and value of vaccinations, see https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/value-vaccination. Chapter 4 1. Figures for 13 January from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020. 2. https://cepi.net/get_involved/cfps/. 3. https://www.nihr.ac.uk/news/nihr-and-ukri-launch-20-million-funding-call-for-novel-coronavirus-research/23942.

pages: 302 words: 100,493

Working Backwards: Insights, Stories, and Secrets From Inside Amazon by Colin Bryar, Bill Carr

Amazon Web Services, barriers to entry, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, business logic, business process, cloud computing, coronavirus, COVID-19, data science, delayed gratification, en.wikipedia.org, fulfillment center, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, late fees, loose coupling, microservices, Minecraft, performance metric, search inside the book, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, six sigma, Steve Jobs, subscription business, Toyota Production System, two-pizza team, web application, why are manhole covers round?

https://www.whatissixsigma.net/what-is-six-sigma/. 2 Donald J. Wheeler, Understanding Variation: The Key to Managing Chaos (Knoxville, TN: SPC Press, 2000), 13. 3 XMR or individual/moving-range charts are a type of control chart used to monitor process quality and the limits of variability. See more at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_chart. Introduction to Part Two 1 Jeff Bezos, “Letter to Shareholders,” 2015, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000119312516530910/d168744dex991.htm. 2 Jeff Bezos, “Letter to Shareholders,” 2008, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000119312509081096/dex991.htm. 3 “Introducing Fire, the First Smartphone Designed by Amazon,” press release, Amazon press center, June 18, 2014, https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/introducing-fire-first-smartphone-designed-amazon. 4 Washington Post Live, “Jeff Bezos Wants to See an Entrepreneurial Explosion in Space,” Washington Post, May 20, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-live/wp/2016/04/07/meet-amazon-president-jeff-bezos/. 5 Jeff Bezos, “Letter to Shareholders,” 1999, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000119312519103013/d727605dex991.htm.

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Chapter 9: Prime Video 1 The word “Instant” was dropped in 2015. 2 Rob Beschizza, “Amazon Unbox on TiVo Goes Live,” Wired, March 7, 2007, https://www.wired.com/2007/03/amazon-unbox-on/. 3 Tim Arango, “Time Warner Views Netflix as a Fading Star,” New York Times, December 12, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/13/business/media/13bewkes.html (accessed July 1, 2020). 4 Mike Boas, “The Forgotten History of Amazon Video,” Medium, March 14, 2018, https://medium.com/@mikeboas/the-forgotten-history-of-amazon-video-c030cba8cf29. 5 Paul Thurrott, “Roku Now Has 27 Million Active Users,” Thurrott, January 7, 2019, https://www.thurrott.com/music-videos/197204/roku-now-has-27-million-active-users. 6 Jeff Bezos, “Letter to Shareholders,” 2012, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000119312513151836/d511111dex991.htm. 7 “Amazon Fire Tablet,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire_tablet (accessed June 30, 2020). Chapter 10: AWS 1 “What Is Cloud Computing?” AWS, https://aws.amazon.com/what-is-cloud-computing/. 2 Jeff Bezos, “Letter to Shareholders,” 2017, Day One, April 18, 2018, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000119312518121161/d456916dex991.htm. 3 Jeff Barr, “My First 12 Years at Amazon.com,” Jeff Barr’s Blog, August 19, 2014, http://jeff-barr.com/2014/08/19/my-first-12-years-at-amazon-dot-com/. 4 Jeff Bezos, “Letter to Shareholders,” 2006, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000119312507093886/dex991.htm. 5 “Amazon.com Launches Web Services; Developers Can Now Incorporate Amazon.com Content and Features into Their Own Web Sites; Extends ‘Welcome Mat’ for Developers,” press release, Amazon press center, July 16, 2002, https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-launches-web-services. 6 “Amazon.com Web Services Announces Trio of Milestones—New Tool Kit, Enhanced Web Site and 25,000 Developers in the Program,” press release, Amazon press center, May 19, 2003, https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-web-services-announces-trio-milestones-new-tool-kit. 7 Jeff Bezos, “Letter to Shareholders,” 2015, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000119312516530910/d168744dex991.htm. 8 Werner Vogels, “10 Lessons from 10 Years of Amazon Web Services,” All Things Distributed, March 11, 2016, https://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2016/03/10-lessons-from-10-years-of-aws.html.

pages: 329 words: 99,504

Easy Money: Cryptocurrency, Casino Capitalism, and the Golden Age of Fraud by Ben McKenzie, Jacob Silverman

algorithmic trading, asset allocation, bank run, barriers to entry, Ben McKenzie, Bernie Madoff, Big Tech, bitcoin, Bitcoin "FTX", blockchain, capital controls, citizen journalism, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, cross-border payments, cryptocurrency, data science, distributed ledger, Dogecoin, Donald Trump, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, experimental economics, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial innovation, Flash crash, Glass-Steagall Act, high net worth, housing crisis, information asymmetry, initial coin offering, Jacob Silverman, Jane Street, low interest rates, Lyft, margin call, meme stock, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Network effects, offshore financial centre, operational security, payday loans, Peter Thiel, Ponzi scheme, Potemkin village, prediction markets, proprietary trading, pushing on a string, QR code, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, ransomware, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Ross Ulbricht, Sam Bankman-Fried, Satoshi Nakamoto, Saturday Night Live, short selling, short squeeze, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart contracts, Steve Bannon, systems thinking, TikTok, too big to fail, transaction costs, tulip mania, uber lyft, underbanked, vertical integration, zero-sum game

Louis Fed, “Federal Funds Effective Rate,” https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FEDFUNDS. 8 Jail time: Wikipedia, “Kareem Serageldin,” last modified October, 5, 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Serageldin. 8 Bitcoin white paper: Satoshi Yakamoto, “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,” https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. 9 cryptographer David Chaum: “Blind signatures for untraceable payments,” Springer-Verlag, 1982, https://chaum.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Chaum-blind-signatures.pdf. 12 DigiCash: Wikipedia, “DigiCash,” last modified March 14, 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiCash. 12 eGold: Kim Zetter, “Bullion and Bandits: The Improbable Rise and Fall of E-Gold,” Wired, June 9, 2009, https://www.wired.com/2009/06/e-gold/. 13 Liberty Reserve: press release, “Founder of Liberty Reserve Pleads Guilty to Laundering More Than $250 Million Through His Digital Currency Business,” US Department of Justice, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/founder-liberty-reserve-pleads-guilty-laundering-more-250-million-through-his-digital. 13 Bitcoins were used to pay for two pizzas: Rufas Kamau, “What Is Bitcoin Pizza Day, and Why Does The Community Celebrate on May 22?

pages: 114 words: 30,715

The Four Horsemen by Christopher Hitchens, Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Daniel Dennett

3D printing, Andrew Wiles, cognitive dissonance, cosmological constant, dark matter, Desert Island Discs, en.wikipedia.org, phenotype, Richard Feynman, stem cell, Stephen Fry, Steven Pinker

*5 The Holy Virgin Mary (1996) by British artist Christopher Ofili (b. 1968). *6 Daniel Barker (b. 1949): US atheist activist and former Christian preacher; joint President of the Freedom from Religion Foundation. Dan Barker’s collection was one of the strands later woven into ‘The Clergy Project’: see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clergy_Project. *7 Francis Collins (b. 1950): US geneticist and physician; Director of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. *8 https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-strange-case-of-francis-collins. *9 Graham Greene (1904–91): English novelist; converted to Catholicism just before his marriage; later described himself as a ‘Catholic atheist’

pages: 98 words: 30,109

Remote: Office Not Required by Jason Fried, David Heinemeier Hansson

Broken windows theory, David Heinemeier Hansson, en.wikipedia.org, equal pay for equal work, Google Hangouts, job satisfaction, Kevin Kelly, remote working, Richard Florida, Ruby on Rails, Salesforce, Silicon Valley, Skype, The future is already here

It’s worth the risk to have access to the best people in the world. Of course, if you’re not inclined to run with scissors, you can always hire some of the many lawyers and accountants who specialize in this stuff. Don’t let a little work up front scare you away from the idea of remote working. The long-term benefits are worth it. * * * * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Whys † “The Pedometer Test: Americans Take Fewer Steps,” New York Times, http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/19/the-pedometer-test-americans-take-fewer-steps/ ‡ “For Some, Home = Office,” Wall Street Journal, December 20, 2012 § “37vegetables,” http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3151 CHAPTER HIRING AND KEEPING THE BEST It’s a big world When as an employer your eyes first open to the advantages of remote work, it’s natural not to think outside your home country—especially if you’re in the United States, or other large countries.

Home Maintenance Checklist: Complete DIY Guide for Homeowners: 101 Ways to Save Money and Look After Your Home by Ian Anderson

air gap, clean water, en.wikipedia.org, operational security

If there are no blockages but the down pipe still leaks, check the pipe for splits and that the joints are the right way around; i.e. male part into female part etc. I know, I know I dislike the crude terms too, but it’s accurate. Oh, and don’t google it either, (shudders), if you want to learn more, check out this page… en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners. Metal Maintenance All bare metals react when exposed to the environment. Metals such as aluminium and stainless steel create a microscopic protective oxide layer which effectively stops further corrosion (lucky them) making it not strictly necessary to paint them.

pages: 174 words: 34,672

Nginx Essentials by Valery Kholodkov

data science, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, web application

character). This functionality has its primary application in Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and website usability, and it is driven by a need to obtain semantic URLs for each and every resource and to deduplicate the content. Note You can find more information about semantic URLs at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_URL. Consider the following configuration: server { [...] rewrite ^/products/$ /products.php last; rewrite ^/products/(.+)$ /products.php?name=$1 last; rewrite ^/products/(.+)/(.+)/$ /products.php?name=$1&page=$2 last; [...] } The preceding configuration transforms URLs consisting of a number of path sections starting with /products into a URL starting with /products.php and arguments.

Large Scale Apps with Vue 3 and TypeScript by Damiano Fusco

continuous integration, en.wikipedia.org, node package manager, place-making, single source of truth, source of truth

import { createI18n, LocaleMessages, VueMessageType } from 'vue-i18n' interface LocalesDataInterface { messages: LocaleMessages<VueMessageType> } … For now let’s instantiate a const called data with some initial data for a welcome message that we’ll display in a different language for 4 different locales: … const data: LocalesDataInterface = { messages: { 'en-US': { welcome: 'Welcome: this message is localized in English' }, 'it-IT': { welcome: 'Benvenuti: this message is localized in Italian' }, 'fr-FR': { welcome: 'Bienvenue: this message is localized in French' }, 'es-ES': { welcome: 'Bienvenido: this message is localized in Spanish' } } } Note how messages is a key-value pair lookup (or strategy pattern) that allows the vue-i18n plugin to know about localized text strings for specific "locales" (or cultures). NOTE: You can learn more about locales and their standard and definitions here [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_localisation and here [https://github.com/ladjs/i18n-locales or here [https://github.com/mashpie/i18n-node) In our code above, we added four entries, each one related to a specific culture (or language): English (en-us) Italian (it-IT) French (fr-FR) Spanish (es-ES) And each of them has only one key called welcome which holds the value for each specific locale.

pages: 334 words: 109,882

Quit Like a Woman: The Radical Choice to Not Drink in a Culture Obsessed With Alcohol by Holly Glenn Whitaker

BIPOC, Black Lives Matter, cognitive dissonance, deep learning, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, fake news, fixed income, impulse control, incognito mode, Mahatma Gandhi, mass incarceration, medical residency, microaggression, microbiome, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Peter Thiel, Rat Park, rent control, Rosa Parks, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, Torches of Freedom, twin studies, WeWork, white picket fence, young professional, zero-sum game

Swallow, Out from Under: Sober Dykes and Our Friends (San Francisco: Spinsters, Ink, 1983), x. 24National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence’s twenty-six-point questionnaire: “Alcohol Abuse Self-Test,” National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, https://ncadd.org/learn-about-alcohol/alcohol-abuse-self-test. 25“Wonderful and joyous!”: Cheryl Strayed in “The Past Is Present,” an episode of the Dear Sugars podcast, March 11, 2016, https://www.wbur.org/dearsugar/2016/03/11/dear-sugar-episode-forty-six. 26“Ethanol, also commonly”: “Ethanol,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanol&oldid=905555648. 27The global wellness economy: “Wellness Now a $4.2 Trillion Global Industry—with 12.8% Growth from 2015–2017,” Global Wellness Institute, October 2018, https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/press-room/press-releases/wellness-now-a-4-2-trillion-global-industry/. 28skyrocketing rates: Rene Wisely, “Doctors Are Seeing More Alcoholic Liver Disease in Young Adults,” University of Michigan: Michigan Medicine Blog, January 22, 2019, https://healthblog.uofmhealth.org/digestive-health/doctors-are-seeing-more-alcoholic-liver-disease-young-adults. 29Goop Health Summit: Riley Griffin, “Goop Is Making a Killing Off Women Who Want More Than a Doctor’s Advice,” Bloomberg, March 18, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-18/gwyneth-paltrow-s-goop-is-cashing-in-on-booming-wellness-market. 29in a French bistro: “How Morley Safer Convinced Americans to Drink More Wine,” CBS News, August 28, 2016, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-morley-safer-convinced-americans-to-drink-more-wine. 30likely to underestimate: T.

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.: How the 12 Step Program and Its Decades-old Philosophy Are Exacerbating the Opioid Crisis,” New Republic, June 27, 2018. 114Sigmund Freud was responsible: Kendra Cherry, “Freud’s Id, Ego, and Superego,” verywellmind, July 5, 2019, https://www.verywellmind.com/the-id-ego-and-superego-2795951. 117all religious and spiritual traditions: Flinders, At the Root, 61–81. 118“I realized that”: Ibid., 83. 118“Women, on the other”: Ibid., 84. 118“they are terms”: Ibid. 118“find your voice”: Ibid., 85.114. 119evangelical Protestant: “Oxford Group,” Wikipedia, February 25, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/indexphp?title=Oxford_Group&oldid=885083123. 119At least 73 percent: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS): 2016: Data on Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities (Rockville, Md.: Center for Behavioral Statistics and Study, 2017), 22, https://www.dasis.samhsa.gov/dasis2/nssats/2016_nssats_rpt.pdf. 119our criminal justice system: Kara Dansky, “Jail Doesn’t Help Addicts.

Reset by Ronald J. Deibert

23andMe, active measures, air gap, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, Anthropocene, augmented reality, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, Bellingcat, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, blood diamond, Brexit referendum, Buckminster Fuller, business intelligence, Cal Newport, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, carbon footprint, cashless society, Citizen Lab, clean water, cloud computing, computer vision, confounding variable, contact tracing, contact tracing app, content marketing, coronavirus, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data is the new oil, decarbonisation, deep learning, deepfake, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, fake news, Future Shock, game design, gig economy, global pandemic, global supply chain, global village, Google Hangouts, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, income inequality, information retrieval, information security, Internet of things, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Lewis Mumford, liberal capitalism, license plate recognition, lockdown, longitudinal study, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, megastructure, meta-analysis, military-industrial complex, move fast and break things, Naomi Klein, natural language processing, New Journalism, NSO Group, off-the-grid, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, planned obsolescence, post-truth, proprietary trading, QAnon, ransomware, Robert Mercer, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, single source of truth, Skype, Snapchat, social distancing, sorting algorithm, source of truth, sovereign wealth fund, sparse data, speech recognition, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Stuxnet, surveillance capitalism, techlash, technological solutionism, the long tail, the medium is the message, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, TikTok, TSMC, undersea cable, unit 8200, Vannevar Bush, WikiLeaks, zero day, zero-sum game

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(1), 166-179; Drummond, A., & Sauer, J. D. (2018). Video game loot boxes are psychologically akin to gambling. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(8), 530-532. Effects on the release of dopamine: Dopamine. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved May 6, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine Techniques and tools to draw you back in: Herrman, J. (2018, February 27). How tiny red dots took over your life. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/27/magazine/red-dots-badge-phones-notification.html Typical behaviour extensively studied by neuroscience: Kuss, D.

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Journal of Marketing Communications, 20(1–2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2013.797778 Women, minorities, and people of colour may be particularly prone to self-censorship: Amnesty International. (2018). “Toxic Twitter — The silencing effect.” Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2018/03/online-violence-against-women-chapter-5/; Doxing. (2020, May 8). Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doxing&oldid=955625156 Which increased in the nineteenth century with advances in telecommunications: Scheuerman, W. (2001). Liberal democracy and the empire of speed. Polity, 34(1), 41–67. https://doi.org/10.2307/3235508 “Without abiding attachments associations are too shifting”: Dewey, J. (1927).

CRISPR People by Henry T. Greely

Albert Einstein, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, autism spectrum disorder, bitcoin, clean water, CRISPR, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of DNA, double helix, dual-use technology, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Gregor Mendel, Ian Bogost, Isaac Newton, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, mouse model, New Journalism, phenotype, precautionary principle, Recombinant DNA, special economic zone, stem cell, synthetic biology, traumatic brain injury, Xiaogang Anhui farmers

Shenzhen is a “subprovincial city” in Guangdong Province in Southern China, bordering Hong Kong. It currently has a population officially counted at about 13 million but thought to be, in fact, closer to 20 million. In 1980, when it was made a “Special Economic Zone,” its population was 30,000. It has become an industrial powerhouse in the intervening 40 years. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen. 9. I tried to calculate the actual distance between the university and Hong Kong on Google Maps, but I got a notice that “Sorry, we could not calculate driving directions from ‘Hong Kong’ to ‘Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Ave, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518055.’”

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This is the translation of Voltaire’s line in his novel Candide on the execution of British admiral John Byng after losing the battle of Minorca. In Portsmouth, Candide witnesses the execution of an officer by firing squad and is told that “in this country, it is good to kill an admiral from time to time, in order to encourage the others.” Voltaire, and Daniel Gordon, Candide (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999); “John Byng,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byng. 7. Victor J. Dzau, Marcia McNutt, and Chunli Bai, “Wake-up Call from Hong Kong,” Science 362, no. 6420 (2018): 1215, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw3127. 8. David Freeman Engstrom, “Private Enforcement’s Pathways: Lessons from Qui Tam Litigation,” Columbia Law Review 114 (2014): 1913–2006. 9.

pages: 363 words: 109,834

The Crux by Richard Rumelt

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, air gap, Airbnb, AltaVista, AOL-Time Warner, Bayesian statistics, behavioural economics, biodiversity loss, Blue Ocean Strategy, Boeing 737 MAX, Boeing 747, Charles Lindbergh, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, cognitive bias, commoditize, coronavirus, corporate raider, COVID-19, creative destruction, crossover SUV, Crossrail, deep learning, Deng Xiaoping, diversified portfolio, double entry bookkeeping, drop ship, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, financial engineering, Ford Model T, Herman Kahn, income inequality, index card, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, Just-in-time delivery, Larry Ellison, linear programming, lockdown, low cost airline, low earth orbit, Lyft, Marc Benioﬀ, Mark Zuckerberg, Masayoshi Son, meta-analysis, Myron Scholes, natural language processing, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, packet switching, PageRank, performance metric, precision agriculture, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, search costs, selection bias, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social distancing, SoftBank, software as a service, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, stochastic process, Teledyne, telemarketer, TSMC, uber lyft, undersea cable, union organizing, vertical integration, WeWork

Alphabet Acquisitions in 2016 Company Business Complement to BandPage Platform for musicians YouTube Pie Business communications Spaces Synergyse Interactive tutorials Google Docs Webpass Internet service provider Google Fiber Moodstocks Image recognition Google Photos Anvato Cloud-based video services Google Cloud Platform Kifi Link management Spaces LaunchKit Mobile tool maker Firebase Orbitera Cloud software Google Cloud Platform Apigee API mgmt and predictive analytics Google Cloud Platform Urban Engines Location-based analytics Google Maps API.AI Natural language processing Google Assistant FameBit Branded content YouTube Eyefluence Eye tracking, virtual reality Google VR LeapDroid Android emulator Android Qwiklabs Cloud-based training platform Google Cloud Platform Cronologics Smartwatches Android Wear Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Alphabet reproduced via Creative Commons license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 INGREDIENT 5: DON’T OVERPAY One reason so many research studies keep showing negative returns to acquiring firms is that acquirers are overpaying for what they get.

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George Albert Steiner, Top Management Planning (New York: Macmillan, 1969). 2. There are nine kinds of neuraminidase from N1 to N9 and seventeen types of hemagglutinin, from H1 to H17. The 1918 flu was H1N1, and COVID-19 is H7N9. 3. https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/Scientists_to_Stop_COVID19_2020_04_23_FINAL.pdf. 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_statement. 5. “Not led, I lead.” 6. James Allen, “Why 97% of Strategic Planning Is a Waste of Time,” Bain & Company Founder’s Mentality (blog), 2014, www.bain.com/insights/why-97-percent-of-strategic-planning-is-a-waste-of-time-fm-blog/. 7. www.brainyquote.com/quotes/katie_ledecky_770988.

pages: 671 words: 228,348

Pro AngularJS by Adam Freeman

business logic, business process, create, read, update, delete, en.wikipedia.org, Google Chrome, information retrieval, inventory management, MVC pattern, place-making, premature optimization, revision control, Ruby on Rails, single page application, web application

JSON represents data in a way that is similar to JavaScript, which makes it easy to operate on JSON data in JavaScript applications. JSON has largely displaced XML, the X in Ajax, because it is human-readable and easy to implement. I introduced JSON in Chapter 5, and you can learn about the details of it at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Json. The success function I have used in the listing is simple because it relies on the automatic conversion that AngularJS performs for JSON data. I just assign the data that is obtained from the server to the data.products variable on the controller scope. The error function assigns the object passed by AngularJS to describe the problem to the data.error variable on the scope.

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jsonp(url, config) Performs a GET request to obtain a fragment of JavaScript code that is then executed. JSONP, which stands for JSON with Padding, is a way of working around the limitations that browsers apply to where JavaScript code can be loaded from. I do not describe JSONP in this book because it can be incredibly dangerous; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSONP for details. The other way to make an Ajax request is to treat the $http service object as a function and pass in a configuration object. This is useful when you require one of the HTTP methods for which there is not a convenience method available. You pass in a configuration object (which I describe later in this chapter) that includes the HTTP method you want to use.

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withCredentials When set to true, the withCredentials option on the underlying browser request object is enabled, which includes authentication cookies in the request. I demonstrated the use of this property in Chapter 8. xsrfHeaderNamexsrfCookieName These properties are used to response to cross-site request forgery tokens that can be demanded by servers. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cross-site_request_forgery for details. The most interesting configuration feature is the ability to transform the request and response through the aptly named transformRequest and transformResponse properties. AngularJS defines two built-in transformations; outgoing data is serialized into JSON, and incoming JSON data is parsed into JavaScript objects. 532 Chapter 20 ■ Services for Ajax and Promises Transforming a Response You can transform a response by assigning a function to the transformResponse property of the configuration object.

Terraform: Up and Running: Writing Infrastructure as Code by Yevgeniy Brikman

Amazon Web Services, cloud computing, DevOps, en.wikipedia.org, full stack developer, functional programming, general-purpose programming language, microservices, Ruby on Rails

The CIDR block 0.0.0.0/0 is an IP address range that includes all possible IP addresses, so the security group above allows incoming requests on port 8080 from any IP.8 Note that port 8080 is now duplicated in both the security group and the User Data configuration, so it would be easy to update it in one place but forget to make the same change in the other place. To reduce duplication and to make your code more configurable, Terraform allows you to define input variables. 8 To learn more about how CIDR works, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing. For a handy calculator that converts between IP address ranges and CIDR notation, see http://www.ipaddress guide.com/cidr. Deploy a single web server | 55 The declaration for an input variable consists of the keyword variable, followed by a name for the variable, and then the body.

pages: 141 words: 9,896

Pragmatic Guide to JavaScript by Christophe Porteneuve

barriers to entry, commoditize, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Great Leap Forward, web application, WebSocket

Not only does it let you throttle your perceived bandwidth, adjust your latency, and generally tweak your perceived network behavior, but it can also record and replay network sessions, and it provides detailed HTTP/HTTPS monitoring. Such tools are a godsend! 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. http://www.parallels.com/products/desktop/ http://www.vmware.com/fr/products/fusion/ http://www.vmware.com/products/workstation/ http://www.virtualbox.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisenbug http://www.charlesproxy.com/ Report erratum Download from Wow! eBook <www.wowebook.com>this copy is (P1.0 printing, November 2010) JavaScript Frameworks JavaScript is a great language all by itself. But when it comes to interacting with its environment—such as the DOM, CSS, or XMLHttpRequest, to name only the most common client-side examples—going pure-JavaScript feels like building a skyscraper with a couple flintstone axes and a bunch of slippery logs.

Think OCaml by Nicholas Monje, Allen Downey

en.wikipedia.org, Free Software Foundation, functional programming, higher-order functions, random walk

If there is a semantic error in your program, it will run successfully in the sense that the computer will not generate any error messages, but it will not do the right thing. It will do something else. Specifically, it will do what you told it to do. 4 It’s not actually true that it’s named after a moth found in a computer relay, though that does make for a rather amusing story. For more information on etymology, check out http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug. 1.5. Formal and natural languages 5 The problem is that the program you wrote is not the program you wanted to write. The meaning of the program (its semantics) is wrong. Identifying semantic errors can be tricky because it generally requires you to work backward by looking at the output of the program and trying to figure out what it is doing. 1.4.4 Experimental debugging One of the most important skills you will acquire is debugging.

pages: 193 words: 36,189

Html5 Boilerplate Web Development by Divya Manian

en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Google Chrome, node package manager, pull request, Ruby on Rails, search engine result page

It is fairly trivial to make a very high volume of requests because of this and also to pretend it's your site and fool the visitors, and so on. Use this setting with care. CORS-enabled images Typically, browsers allow all images to be linked from any other domain. This is called hotlinking. Read more about it at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_linking. If a high-traffic website links to assets that are hosted on your server, your hosting provider might even fine you for excessive use of bandwidth (or your site might go down!). If you want to prevent this, for example, if you do not want http://example.com to use an img element with an src attribute pointing to an image on your server http://foo.com/image.jpg, you can enable a more restrictive policy that only allows certain domains to access your image files by changing the following line in the .htaccess file from: Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*" env=IS_CORS To the following line: Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "http://example.com" env=IS_CORS Where you replace http://example.com with the domain name that is only allowed access to that image.

pages: 484 words: 120,507

The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel by Nicholas Ostler

barriers to entry, BRICs, British Empire, call centre, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, Internet Archive, invention of writing, Isaac Newton, language acquisition, machine translation, Machine translation of "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak." to Russian and back, mass immigration, Nelson Mandela, open economy, precautionary principle, Republic of Letters, Scramble for Africa, statistical model, trade route, upwardly mobile, Wayback Machine

Sebba 1997, 28. 10 . The theory is due to Beckwith 2009, 365– 69. 11 . Edgerton 1951, 4– 6. 12 . This aspect of common sense is actually endorsed in sociolinguistics by a tradition known as Communication Accommodation Theory, e.g., Giles et al. 1991. 13 . en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language; and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-based_creole_languages. 14 . Hoban 1980, 28–29. Part II: Lingua-Francas Past 1 . Literally: “A language is a gem, whose value to count | in clarity are people of speech incapable | those which are mean are lethal | ready-to-open-eyes is the anointed one for the incapacitated.”

pages: 470 words: 109,589

Apache Solr 3 Enterprise Search Server by Unknown

bioinformatics, business logic, continuous integration, database schema, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, Firefox, full text search, functional programming, information retrieval, natural language processing, performance metric, platform as a service, Ruby on Rails, SQL injection, Wayback Machine, web application

HTTP POSTing options to Solr Solr receives commands and possibly document data through HTTP POST. Solr lets you use HTTP GET too, such as direct web browser access. However, this is an inappropriate HTTP verb for anything other than retrieving data. For more information on this concept, read about REST at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer One way to send an HTTP POST is through the Unix command line program curl (also available on Windows through Cygwin: http://www.cygwin.com) and that's what we'll use here in the examples. An alternative cross-platform option that comes with Solr is post.jar located in Solr's example/exampledocs directory.

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In the URL above, Solr interpreted the %3A as a colon and %2C as a comma. The most common escaped character in URLs is a space, which is escaped as either + or %20. Fortunately, when experimenting with the URL, browsers are lenient and will permit some characters that should be escaped. For more information on URL encoding see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percent-encoding. Request handlers Searching Solr and most other interactions with Solr, including indexing for that matter, is processed by what Solr calls a request handler. Request handlers are configured in the solrconfig.xml file and are clearly labeled as such. Most of them exist for special purposes like handling a CSV import, for example.

Super Thinking: The Big Book of Mental Models by Gabriel Weinberg, Lauren McCann

Abraham Maslow, Abraham Wald, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, anti-pattern, Anton Chekhov, Apollo 13, Apple Newton, autonomous vehicles, bank run, barriers to entry, Bayesian statistics, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, Black Swan, Broken windows theory, business process, butterfly effect, Cal Newport, Clayton Christensen, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark pattern, David Attenborough, delayed gratification, deliberate practice, discounted cash flows, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, Douglas Hofstadter, Dunning–Kruger effect, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, Edward Snowden, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, fake news, fear of failure, feminist movement, Filter Bubble, framing effect, friendly fire, fundamental attribution error, Goodhart's law, Gödel, Escher, Bach, heat death of the universe, hindsight bias, housing crisis, if you see hoof prints, think horses—not zebras, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, illegal immigration, imposter syndrome, incognito mode, income inequality, information asymmetry, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, John Nash: game theory, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, lateral thinking, loss aversion, Louis Pasteur, LuLaRoe, Lyft, mail merge, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Metcalfe’s law, Milgram experiment, minimum viable product, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, Network effects, nocebo, nuclear winter, offshore financial centre, p-value, Paradox of Choice, Parkinson's law, Paul Graham, peak oil, Peter Thiel, phenotype, Pierre-Simon Laplace, placebo effect, Potemkin village, power law, precautionary principle, prediction markets, premature optimization, price anchoring, principal–agent problem, publication bias, recommendation engine, remote working, replication crisis, Richard Feynman, Richard Feynman: Challenger O-ring, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, school choice, Schrödinger's Cat, selection bias, Shai Danziger, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, speech recognition, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, Streisand effect, sunk-cost fallacy, survivorship bias, systems thinking, The future is already here, The last Blockbuster video rental store is in Bend, Oregon, The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, uber lyft, ultimatum game, uranium enrichment, urban planning, vertical integration, Vilfredo Pareto, warehouse robotics, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, When a measure becomes a target, wikimedia commons

., “Sixty Years of Daily Newspaper Circulation: Canada, United States, United Kingdom,” (May 6, 2011), http://media-cmi.com/downloads/Sixty_Years_Daily_Newspaper_Circulation_Trends_050611.pdf. 40: Adapted from a Creative Commons image. Birmingham Museums Trust, “Richard Trevithick’s 1802 steam locomotive,” Wikimedia Commons, August 11, 2005, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel#/media/File:Thinktank_Birmingham_-_Trevithick_Locomotive(1).jpg. 41: Adapted from public domain image. Damian Yerrick, “Illustration of a roly-poly toy viewed from the side. The red and white bullseye represents the figurine’s center of mass (COM).” Wikimedia Commons, August 15, 2009, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poli_Gus_N_rocked.svg. 42: “How does a Nuclear Bomb work?”

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Figure 1: The Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction, guernseyDonkey.com, February 24, 2012. 43: Peter Leyden, “Historical Adoption Rates of Communication Technologies,” infographic. 44: Justin McCarthy, “Record-High 60% of Americans Support Same-Sex Marriage,” Gallup (May 19, 2015). 45: Adapted from a Creative Commons image. Woody993, “Diagram showing the network effect in a few simple phone networks,” Wikimedia Commons, May 31, 2011, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfe’s_law#/media/File:Metcalfe-Network-Effect.svg [inactive]. 46: J. L. Westover, “The Butterfly Effect,” Mr. Lovenstein, https://www.mrlovenstein.com/comic/50. 52 and 47: Cartoons by Theresa McCracken. 48: Randall Munroe, “Fuck Grapefruit,” XKCD, https://xkcd.com/388. 49: Cartoon by Bradford Veley. 50: Adapted from Raiders of the Lost Ark, dir.

pages: 379 words: 114,807

The Land Grabbers: The New Fight Over Who Owns the Earth by Fred Pearce

activist lawyer, Asian financial crisis, banking crisis, big-box store, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, blood diamond, British Empire, Buy land – they’re not making it any more, Cape to Cairo, carbon credits, carbon footprint, clean water, company town, corporate raider, credit crunch, Deng Xiaoping, Elliott wave, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, farmers can use mobile phones to check market prices, Garrett Hardin, Global Witness, index fund, Jeff Bezos, Kickstarter, Kondratiev cycle, land reform, land tenure, Mahatma Gandhi, market fundamentalism, megacity, megaproject, Mohammed Bouazizi, Nelson Mandela, Nikolai Kondratiev, offshore financial centre, out of africa, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, Ronald Reagan, smart cities, structural adjustment programs, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, undersea cable, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, WikiLeaks

Standard Bank’s “Financing Land Investment in Africa” (April 8, 2011) is summarized in “Investors Must Tread Carefully in New Rush for Land in Africa, Warns Standard Bank,” at http://www.afribiz.info/. You can read about the groundnut project under “Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme” on Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org. Chapter 9: Ukraine Spinks is spotlighted in the Wall Street Journal’s “Richard Spinks of Landkom Snaps Up Ukraine Plots to Cash In on High Crop Prices,” http://farmlandgrab.org (2008), and in Farmers’ Weekly, “Farming in Ukraine,” http://www.fwi.co.uk (2007). Landkom is at http://www.landkom.net and its 2011 crisis is covered in “Poor Rapeseed Crop Sends Landkom Shares Plunging” at http://www.agrimoney.com.

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APRIL is at http://www.aprilasia.com; APP is at http://www.asiapulppaper.com. “Eka Tjipta Widjaja, Indonesia’s Richest Man,” is at http://www.thejakartaglobe.com (2011); APP’s strategy is dissected in “A Forest Falls in Cambodia,” http://www.atimes.com (2005). His rival, Sukanto Tanoto, is at http://www.sukantotanoto.net and in Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/. Read more about Arara Abadi in “Without Remedy: Human Rights Abuse and Indonesia’s Pulp and Paper Industry,” http://www.hrw.org (2003), and “Indonesia: Investigate Forcible Destruction of Homes by the Police in Riau,” http://www.amnesty.org (2008). See “The Financing of the Riau Pulp Producers” by Jan Willem van Gelder, http://www.jikalahari.or.id (2005), and William Sunderlin’s “Between Danger and Opportunity: Indonesia’s Forests in an Era of Economic Crisis and Political Change,” (1999).

pages: 402 words: 110,972

Nerds on Wall Street: Math, Machines and Wired Markets by David J. Leinweber

"World Economic Forum" Davos, AI winter, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic trading, AOL-Time Warner, Apollo 11, asset allocation, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bob Litterman, book value, business cycle, butter production in bangladesh, butterfly effect, buttonwood tree, buy and hold, buy low sell high, capital asset pricing model, Charles Babbage, citizen journalism, collateralized debt obligation, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, Craig Reynolds: boids flock, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, Danny Hillis, demand response, disintermediation, distributed generation, diversification, diversified portfolio, electricity market, Emanuel Derman, en.wikipedia.org, experimental economics, fake news, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, Ford Model T, Gordon Gekko, Hans Moravec, Herman Kahn, implied volatility, index arbitrage, index fund, information retrieval, intangible asset, Internet Archive, Ivan Sutherland, Jim Simons, John Bogle, John Nash: game theory, Kenneth Arrow, load shedding, Long Term Capital Management, machine readable, machine translation, Machine translation of "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak." to Russian and back, market fragmentation, market microstructure, Mars Rover, Metcalfe’s law, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, Myron Scholes, natural language processing, negative equity, Network effects, optical character recognition, paper trading, passive investing, pez dispenser, phenotype, prediction markets, proprietary trading, quantitative hedge fund, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, QWERTY keyboard, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Reminiscences of a Stock Operator, Renaissance Technologies, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Savings and loan crisis, semantic web, Sharpe ratio, short selling, short squeeze, Silicon Valley, Small Order Execution System, smart grid, smart meter, social web, South Sea Bubble, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, stock buybacks, Tacoma Narrows Bridge, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, time value of money, tontine, too big to fail, transaction costs, Turing machine, two and twenty, Upton Sinclair, value at risk, value engineering, Vernor Vinge, Wayback Machine, yield curve, Yogi Berra, your tax dollars at work

Prognostications here include: an increase in the complexity of derivative and structured products driven by the demands of alpha-seeking strategies; some products’ requirement of willingness to commit capital in innovative ways; and increased trading interest in risk classes, over individual securities. *The Sharpe ratio is a measure of management skill that adjusts pure alpha (value added) by the variability of that value added. Details of the Sharpe ratio can be found at http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe_ratio. Algorithm Wars 81 Both articles forecast an increasingly risk-centric view of trading. IBM opines, “As the industry matures, many traditional activities will come under increasing pressure and new value engines will emerge. Activities under pressure are unnecessary bundles and transaction businesses.Value engines will be risk assumption and risk mitigation.”

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In investing, as in the bomb squad, knowing what not to do is extremely worthwhile. *The Sharpe ratio is a measure of management skill that adjusts pure alpha (value added) by the variability of that value added. The others (Jensen & Treynor) are refinements based on characteristics of the portfolio, such as beta. They are less commonly used. Details are here http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Sharpe_ratio. Chapter 4 Where Does Alpha Come From? Life Is Alpha. The Rest Is Details. —POPULAR T-SHIRT AT HEDGE FUND EVENTS T here was a time not too long ago when, if you posed the question “Where does alpha come from?” to a roomful of academic financial economists, most of them would complain: “It’s a trick question!

pages: 397 words: 110,222

Habeas Data: Privacy vs. The Rise of Surveillance Tech by Cyrus Farivar

Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, autonomous vehicles, call centre, citizen journalism, cloud computing, computer age, connected car, do-ocracy, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, Ferguson, Missouri, Frank Gehry, Golden Gate Park, information security, John Markoff, Laura Poitras, license plate recognition, lock screen, Lyft, national security letter, Occupy movement, operational security, optical character recognition, Port of Oakland, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, tech worker, The Hackers Conference, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, uber lyft, WikiLeaks, you are the product, Zimmermann PGP

“The tape was placed”: Schneider told the author during a phone call on August 11, 2017, that during Katz oral arguments, rather than “read their homework,” he meant to say “done their homework,” and rather than “the area of the telephone booth,” he meant to say the “airspace of the telephone booth.” Government overreach was: “Writ of Assistance,” Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_of_assistance. “every one with this writ may be a tyrant”: James Otis, “Against Writs of Assistance,” Superior Court of Massachussets, February 24, 1761. Available at: http://www.constitution.org/bor/otis_against_writs.htm. But in the nineteenth century: H. Lee Van Boven, “Electronic Surveillance in California: A Study in State Legislative Control,” California Law Review 57 (1969), pp. 1182.

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“They thought they had a Goldman”: Author’s interview with Harvey Schneider, April 17, 2017. “The test really asks”: Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967). Brennan’s comment: Hester v. United States, 265 U.S. 57 (1924). “We think Hester is wrong”: Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967). Then, it was the: “John S. Martin Jr.” Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Martin_Jr.. Martin called Schneider’s: Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967). “[Fortas] didn’t draw”: Author’s interview with Laurence Tribe, May 11, 2017. At the age of 26: Laurence H. Tribe, “The Constitution in Cyberspace,” Keynote Address, First Conference on Computers, Freedom and Privacy, Burlingham, CA, 1991.

pages: 573 words: 115,489

Prosperity Without Growth: Foundations for the Economy of Tomorrow by Tim Jackson

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Basel III, basic income, biodiversity loss, bonus culture, Boris Johnson, business cycle, carbon footprint, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, circular economy, collapse of Lehman Brothers, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, critique of consumerism, David Graeber, decarbonisation, degrowth, dematerialisation, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, financial deregulation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, full employment, Garrett Hardin, Glass-Steagall Act, green new deal, Growth in a Time of Debt, Hans Rosling, Hyman Minsky, impact investing, income inequality, income per capita, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invisible hand, job satisfaction, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, laissez-faire capitalism, liberal capitalism, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, means of production, meta-analysis, Money creation, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Murray Bookchin, Naomi Klein, negative emissions, new economy, ocean acidification, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open economy, paradox of thrift, peak oil, peer-to-peer lending, Philip Mirowski, Post-Keynesian economics, profit motive, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, retail therapy, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, science of happiness, secular stagnation, short selling, Simon Kuznets, Skype, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Spirit Level, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, universal basic income, Works Progress Administration, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

The ongoing Maddison Project which aims to continue Maddison’s historical work can be accessed at www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm (accessed 11 December 2015). 26 Club of Rome (1968). 27 Meadows et al. (1972, 2004). See also www.clubofrome.org/?p=375 (accessed 13 December 2015). 28 Sabin (2013). See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%E2%80%93Ehrlich_wager (accessed 14 December 2015). 29 MGI (2013); Grantham (2011); Sabin (2013). Commodity price data are from the Federal Reserve: https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?id=PALLFNFINDEXQ,# (accessed 15 December 2015). 30 Data from the Economist Commodity Price index. 31 For a discussion see Rogoff (2015). 32 Meadows et al. (1972: 126). 33 The G20 group warned of the threat of rising oil prices to global economic stability as early as 2005.

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In our exploration, we would be looking even to increase this real proportion of service activities. 28 Nordhaus (2006: 38). 29 The analysis in Figure 9.1 was based on raw data from the Bank of England (Hills et al. 2010). The trend line was estimated using the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodrick%E2%80%93Prescott_filter) with the multiplier l set to 100. 30 NEF (2013, 2010), Victor (2008a). See also www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Rocard-Hamon-Duflot-150-personnalites-appellent-a-travailler-moins-pour-travaillertous-et-mieux-783977 (accessed 8 May 2016). 31 Jackson and Victor (2011, 2015, 2016). 32 Credit Suisse (2015), OECD (2008), Oxfam (2014, 2015). 33 Piketty (2014). 34 www.theguardian.com/business/video/2014/may/02/thomas-piketty-capital-rock-star-economist-video (accessed 4 May 2016). 35 Friedman (2005). 36 See Piketty (2014: 168 et seq.).

pages: 149 words: 41,934

Braving the Wilderness: The Quest for True Belonging and the Courage to Stand Alone by Brené Brown

Black Lives Matter, desegregation, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, false flag, meta-analysis, pattern recognition, place-making, Sheryl Sandberg, TED Talk

NOTES ••• CHAPTER 1 I read her poem “Still I Rise”: Maya Angelou, And Still I Rise: A Book of Poems (New York: Random House, 1978). In an interview with Bill Moyers: Bill Moyers, “A Conversation with Maya Angelou,” Bill Moyers Journal, original series, Public Broadcasting System, first aired November 21, 1973. the Nicene Creed: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_versions_of_the_Nicene_Creed. “By the end I was deteriorating”: Anne Lamott, Facebook post, July 7, 2015: “On July 7, 1986, 29 years ago, I woke up sick, shamed, hungover, and in deep animal confusion,” facebook.com/AnneLamott/posts/699854196810893?match=ZGV0ZXJpb3JhdGluZw%3D%3D.

pages: 241 words: 43,252

Modern Vim: Craft Your Development Environment With Vim 8 and Neovim by Drew Neil

bash_history, Bram Moolenaar, data science, Debian, DevOps, en.wikipedia.org, functional programming, microservices, pull request, remote working, text mining

In both cases, your current Neovim instance will be used as the text editor, which is most convenient. If you combine this with the previous tip, then you should be able to avoid accidentally launching nested instances of Neovim. Footnotes [50] https://github.com/christoomey/vim-tmux-navigator [51] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rube_Goldberg_machine Copyright © 2018, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Chapter 6 Sessions With Vim’s sessions feature you can record the state of your workspace, enabling you to restore that state later on. We’ll look at the mechanics of how this works later in this chapter, but first let’s consider some scenarios where this functionality could be useful to you.

When Computers Can Think: The Artificial Intelligence Singularity by Anthony Berglas, William Black, Samantha Thalind, Max Scratchmann, Michelle Estes

3D printing, Abraham Maslow, AI winter, air gap, anthropic principle, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, augmented reality, Automated Insights, autonomous vehicles, availability heuristic, backpropagation, blue-collar work, Boston Dynamics, brain emulation, call centre, cognitive bias, combinatorial explosion, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, create, read, update, delete, cuban missile crisis, David Attenborough, DeepMind, disinformation, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Ernest Rutherford, factory automation, feminist movement, finite state, Flynn Effect, friendly AI, general-purpose programming language, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hans Moravec, industrial robot, Isaac Newton, job automation, John von Neumann, Law of Accelerating Returns, license plate recognition, Mahatma Gandhi, mandelbrot fractal, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, Parkinson's law, patent troll, patient HM, pattern recognition, phenotype, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, self-driving car, semantic web, Silicon Valley, Singularitarianism, Skype, sorting algorithm, speech recognition, statistical model, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Stuxnet, superintelligent machines, technological singularity, Thomas Malthus, Turing machine, Turing test, uranium enrichment, Von Neumann architecture, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, wikimedia commons, zero day

This higher level representations then become accessible to our conscious thoughts, but our thoughts can also control our vision. A good example is the face-vase illusion below where our high-level conscious mind can direct our lower visual processing to “see” either two faces or a vase. We can consciously direct our vision to see either faces or a vase. Commons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_illusion#mediaviewer/File:Two_silhouette_profile_or_a_white_vase.jpg At the top level, our mind coordinates itself with conscious self-talk. This self-talk can sometimes cause confusion, for which a classic example is trying to state the colours of the following words in a Stroop test.

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People that write about technology are naturally biased towards focussing on its positive effects rather than its potential dangers. The general media can only focus on concrete stories that are sensational while the arts cannot portray technologies that they themselves do not understand. Elephant in the room Unseen elephant in the room. Public Jdcollins13 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_in_the_room So the elephant in the room remains unseen by most people. Computers are becoming rapidly more intelligent, and they may or may not remain friendly. After ten thousand years of civilization, we may be one of the last few generations of mankind. That is a pretty big elephant.

pages: 452 words: 126,310

The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility by Robert Zubrin

Ada Lovelace, Albert Einstein, anthropic principle, Apollo 11, battle of ideas, Boeing 747, Charles Babbage, Charles Lindbergh, Colonization of Mars, complexity theory, cosmic microwave background, cosmological principle, Dennis Tito, discovery of DNA, double helix, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, flex fuel, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gravity well, if you build it, they will come, Internet Archive, invisible hand, ITER tokamak, James Webb Space Telescope, Jeff Bezos, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, Kim Stanley Robinson, Kuiper Belt, low earth orbit, Mars Rover, Mars Society, Menlo Park, more computing power than Apollo, Naomi Klein, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, off grid, out of africa, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, place-making, Pluto: dwarf planet, private spaceflight, Recombinant DNA, rising living standards, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, SoftBank, SpaceX Starlink, Strategic Defense Initiative, Stuart Kauffman, telerobotics, Thomas Malthus, three-masted sailing ship, time dilation, transcontinental railway, uranium enrichment, Virgin Galactic, Wayback Machine

How to Make a Spaceship: A Band of Renegades, an Epic Race, and the Birth of Private Spaceflight (New York: Penguin, 2016). 2. Robert Zubrin with Richard Wagner, The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet, and Why We Must, 2nd ed. (New York: Free Press, 2011). 3. Wikipedia, s.v. “Mars Gravity Biosatellite,” last modified October 26, 2018, 14:23, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Gravity_Biosatellite; “Mars Society Launches Translife Mission,” Spaceref, August 30, 2001, http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=5881 (accessed October 14, 2018); “Translife Mission Experiment Sees Mice Born at 25 RPM,” Space Daily, October 15, 2001, http://www.spacedaily.com/news/mars-base-01f.html (accessed October 12, 2018). 4.

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Katherine Hignett, “Biblical City of Sodom Was Blasted to Smithereens by a Massive Asteroid Explosion,” Newsweek, November 22, 2018, https://www.newsweek.com/biblical-city-sodom-was-blasted-smithereens-massive-asteroid-explosion-1227339 (accessed November 25, 2018). 3. D. Cox and J. Chestek, Doomsday Asteroid: Can We Survive? (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1996). 4. Wikipedia, s.v. “List of Impact Craters on the Earth,” last modified December 26, 2018, 9:14, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_on_Earth. 5. Walter Alvarez, T. Rex and the Crater of Doom (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997). CHAPTER 12. FOR OUR FREEDOM 1. Robert Zubrin, Merchants of Despair (New York: New Atlantis Books, 2012). 2. Friedrich von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, trans.

pages: 326 words: 48,727

Hot: Living Through the Next Fifty Years on Earth by Mark Hertsgaard

addicted to oil, An Inconvenient Truth, Berlin Wall, business continuity plan, carbon footprint, clean water, climate change refugee, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, congestion pricing, corporate governance, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, defense in depth, disinformation, en.wikipedia.org, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fixed income, food miles, Great Leap Forward, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Kickstarter, megacity, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, ocean acidification, peak oil, Port of Oakland, precautionary principle, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, smart grid, South China Sea, the built environment, transatlantic slave trade, transit-oriented development, two and twenty, University of East Anglia, urban planning

Henry Kissinger's "basket case" dismissal of Bangladesh was published in Time magazine, January 17, 1972. The information on the killings and other actions undertaken by the West Pakistani army were described in diplomatic cables sent by U.S. embassy staff in Pakistan at the time who dissented from Kissinger's policy; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_Blood. The UNDP's ranking of Bangladesh's vulnerability to disasters is found in its report Reducing Disaster Risk: A Challenge for Development, available at http://www.undp.org/cpr/whats_new/rdr_english.pdf. The impacts of sea level rise are described in the country's 2008 climate adaptation plan, cited previously.

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NASA's findings and the compatibility between the established science of climate change and the conditions of the winter of 2009–10 are described by Joseph Romm in his Climate Progress post of April 12, 2010. A list of all national science academies to endorse the science of climate change is available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change. The cartoon by Toles was published in February 2010 and is available at http://climateprogress.org/2010/02/22/toles-on-scientific-uncertainty/. Schellnhuber, Hansen, and Gelbspan all used the word crime in our interviews. BP's $8 billion a year of investments in renewable energy was cited by a senior BP official whom, under the rules of our conversation, I cannot identify by name.

pages: 510 words: 120,048

Who Owns the Future? by Jaron Lanier

3D printing, 4chan, Abraham Maslow, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, augmented reality, automated trading system, barriers to entry, bitcoin, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, book scanning, book value, Burning Man, call centre, carbon credits, carbon footprint, cloud computing, commoditize, company town, computer age, Computer Lib, crowdsourcing, data science, David Brooks, David Graeber, delayed gratification, digital capitalism, digital Maoism, digital rights, Douglas Engelbart, en.wikipedia.org, Everything should be made as simple as possible, facts on the ground, Filter Bubble, financial deregulation, Fractional reserve banking, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Garrett Hardin, George Akerlof, global supply chain, global village, Haight Ashbury, hive mind, if you build it, they will come, income inequality, informal economy, information asymmetry, invisible hand, Ivan Sutherland, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Kodak vs Instagram, life extension, Long Term Capital Management, machine translation, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Metcalfe’s law, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, Norbert Wiener, obamacare, off-the-grid, packet switching, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Peter Thiel, place-making, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, post-oil, pre–internet, Project Xanadu, race to the bottom, Ray Kurzweil, rent-seeking, reversible computing, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, scientific worldview, self-driving car, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart meter, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, tech billionaire, technological determinism, Ted Nelson, The Market for Lemons, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, trickle-down economics, Turing test, Vannevar Bush, WikiLeaks, zero-sum game

See Charles Fishman, The Wal-Mart Effect: How the World’s Most Powerful Company Really Works—and How It’s Transforming the American Economy (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), or Anthony Bianco, Wal-Mart: The Bully of Bentonville: How the High Cost of Everyday Low Prices Is Hurting America (New York: Currency Doubleday, 2007). Second Interlude: (A Parody): If Life Gives You EULAs, Make Lemonade 1. http://nation.foxnews.com/fox-friends/2012/07/24/lemonade-stand-girls-obama-we-built-our-business. 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Computing_Act_of_1991. 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-user_license_agreement. Chapter 9. From Above: Misusing Big Data to Become Ridiculous 1. http://online.wsj.com/public/page/what-they-know-digital-privacy.html. 2. https://www.eff.org/issues/privacy/. 3. http://purplebox.ghostery.com/?p=1016022352. 4. http://purplebox.ghostery.com/?

Software Design for Flexibility by Chris Hanson, Gerald Sussman

Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, connected car, domain-specific language, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, functional programming, Guido van Rossum, higher-order functions, interchangeable parts, loose coupling, Magellanic Cloud, phenotype, premature optimization, Richard Stallman, stem cell, the scientific method, Turing machine, type inference

Roussel; Un système de communication homme-machine en français, Technical report, Groupe Intelligence Artificielle, Université d’Aix Marseille, Luminy, 1973. [24]Constraints, An International Journal ISSN: 1383-7133 (Print) 1572-9354 (Online). [25]Wikipedia article on continuations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation [26]Haskell Brooks Curry; “Grundlagen der Kombinatorischen Logik,” in American Journal of Mathematics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1930. [27]Johan deKleer, Jon Doyle, Guy Steele, and Gerald J. Sussman; “AMORD: Explicit control of reasoning,” in Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Programming Languages, 116–125 (1977)

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[89]David Allen McAllester “An outlook on truth maintenance,” AI Memo 551, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 1980. [90]John McCarthy; “A basis for a mathematical theory of computation,” in Computer Programming and Formal Systems, ed. P. Braffort and D. Hirshberg, 33–70. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963. [91]Wikipedia article on MDL. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDL (programming language) [92]Piotr Mitros; Constraint-Satisfaction Modules: A Methodology for Analog Circuit Design, PhD thesis, MIT, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2007. [93]Paul Penfield Jr.; MARTHA User's Manual, MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, Electrodynamics Memorandum No. 6 (1970)

User Friendly by Cliff Kuang, Robert Fabricant

A Pattern Language, Abraham Maslow, Airbnb, anti-communist, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Apple II, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, behavioural economics, Bill Atkinson, Brexit referendum, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, business logic, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cognitive load, computer age, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark pattern, data science, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, Elaine Herzberg, en.wikipedia.org, fake it until you make it, fake news, Ford Model T, Frederick Winslow Taylor, frictionless, Google Glasses, Internet of things, invisible hand, James Dyson, John Markoff, Jony Ive, knowledge economy, Kodak vs Instagram, Lyft, M-Pesa, Mark Zuckerberg, mobile money, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, Norbert Wiener, Paradox of Choice, planned obsolescence, QWERTY keyboard, randomized controlled trial, replication crisis, RFID, scientific management, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, skeuomorphism, Skinner box, Skype, smart cities, Snapchat, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, tacit knowledge, Tesla Model S, three-martini lunch, Tony Fadell, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, Vannevar Bush, women in the workforce

These offer services akin to nearly every American tech company you can imagine, including Amazon, Google, Facebook, PayPal, Uber, and Yelp—all under the aegis of a single brand. 20. For a listing of the world’s largest cruise ships, see Wikipedia, “List of largest cruise ships,” accessed March 12, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cruise_ships. 21. Interview with Jan Swartz, July 31, 2017. 22. Interviews with Padgett, July 31 and August 1, 2017. 23. Interviews with Michael Jungen, July 31 and August 1, 2017. 24. Interviews with Padgett, July 31 and August 1, 2017. 25. Interviews with Swartz, July 31 and August 1, 2017. 26.

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Interview with Justin Rosenstein, March 16, 2017. 3. The actual graphic was created by Aaron Sittig. 4. Justin Rosenstein, “Love Changes Form,” Facebook, September 20, 2016, www.facebook.com/notes/justin-rosenstein/love-changes-form/10153694912262583; and Wikipedia, “Justin Rosenstein,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Rosenstein. 5. See Facebook’s filing to go public: United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Form S-1: Registration Statement, Facebook, Inc., Washington, D.C.: SEC, February 1, 2012, www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000119312512034517/d287954ds1.htm. 6. Nellie Bowles, “Tech Entrepreneurs Revive Communal Living,” SFGate, November 18, 2013, www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Tech-entrepreneurs-revive-communal-living-4988388.php; Oliver Smith, “How to Boss It Like: Justin Rosenstein, Cofounder of Asana,” Forbes, April 26, 2018, www.forbes.com/sites/oliversmith/2018/04/26/how-to-boss-it-like-justin-rosenstein-cofounder-of-asana/. 7.

Seeking SRE: Conversations About Running Production Systems at Scale by David N. Blank-Edelman

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, algorithmic trading, AlphaGo, Amazon Web Services, backpropagation, Black Lives Matter, Bletchley Park, bounce rate, business continuity plan, business logic, business process, cloud computing, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, cognitive load, commoditize, continuous integration, Conway's law, crowdsourcing, dark matter, data science, database schema, Debian, deep learning, DeepMind, defense in depth, DevOps, digital rights, domain-specific language, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, exponential backoff, fail fast, fallacies of distributed computing, fault tolerance, fear of failure, friendly fire, game design, Grace Hopper, imposter syndrome, information retrieval, Infrastructure as a Service, Internet of things, invisible hand, iterative process, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kanban, Kubernetes, loose coupling, Lyft, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, Maslow's hierarchy, microaggression, microservices, minimum viable product, MVC pattern, performance metric, platform as a service, pull request, RAND corporation, remote working, Richard Feynman, risk tolerance, Ruby on Rails, Salesforce, scientific management, search engine result page, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, single page application, Snapchat, software as a service, software is eating the world, source of truth, systems thinking, the long tail, the scientific method, Toyota Production System, traumatic brain injury, value engineering, vertical integration, web application, WebSocket, zero day

Informally, gradient descent iteratively adjusts parameters, gradually finding the best combination of weights and bias to minimize loss. 9 In mathematics, tensors are geometric objects that describe linear relations between geometric vectors, scalars, and other tensors. Elementary examples of such relations include the dot product, the cross product, and linear maps. (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor.) 10 https://www.oreilly.com/learning/hello-tensorflow; credit: Aaron Schumacher. Part III. SRE Best Practices and Technologies SRE needs better ways to do documentation. Can you teach SRE through a game? Your SLOs are measuring the wrong thing. How do you know when SRE is a success?

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Portland, OR: IT Revolution Press. 24 Thanks to Maggie Nelson and Serving Platform for being more awesome than a box of carrot cupcakes. 25 Amusingly, any sufficiently large carrot is also functionally a stick. 26 Seattle was a pioneer in cardiac response as well as cloud computing, so these dates might not match up exactly with what you know from your own history, but the gist is probably the same: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cardiopulmonary_resuscitation. 27 I’ve dealt with both systems before, but it’s been so long I would never have thought to call this out to people if Mark Schwartz hadn’t made a point about it after coming back to Amazon following his stint in government. 28 See Conway’s Law. 29 Dave Rensin did a great presentation laying out all the technical principles behind this calculation at SRECon Americas in 2017.

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Living a closeted life is incredibly psychologically harmful, but so is discrimination, forcing people who can hide into choosing between two bad options. 10 The risk of over-concentrating responsibility or knowledge in a team such that it would be vulnerable to a particular member having a bus-related accident. (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_factor.) 11 Thanks to Marianne Bellotti for the phrasing. 12 As a former employee of Harvard University, I want to call that institution out as doing this very well. Each job listing contains enough information to look up salary ranges, available insurance plans, union membership, tuition coverage, and any other benefits before you even apply. 13 Joblint is available online, or runnable locally from this GitHub page.

pages: 165 words: 45,397

Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming by Anthony Dunne, Fiona Raby

3D printing, Adam Curtis, Anthropocene, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Buckminster Fuller, capitalist realism, Cass Sunstein, computer age, corporate governance, David Attenborough, en.wikipedia.org, Fall of the Berlin Wall, game design, General Motors Futurama, global village, Google X / Alphabet X, haute couture, Herman Kahn, intentional community, life extension, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, mouse model, New Urbanism, Peter Eisenman, RAND corporation, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, social software, synthetic biology, systems thinking, technoutopianism, Wall-E

Available at http://www.justinmcguirk.com/home/the-post-spectaculareconomy.html. 14. Interview available at http://bldgblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/ unsolving-city-interview-with-china. htmI. Accessed December 20, 2012. 15. For an extensive list of classic thought experiments from disciplines including philosophy, biology, and economics, see http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Thought_experiment. Accessed December 20, 2012. 16. For an in-depth discussion of different kinds of thought experiments, see Julian Baggini, The Pig That Wants to Be E aten: And Ninety - Nine Other Thought Experiments (London: Granta, 2005). 17. Stephen R.L.Clark, Philosophical Futures (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2011), 17. 18.

Pulling Strings With Puppet: Configuration Management Made Easy by James Turnbull

Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Kickstarter, revision control, Ruby on Rails, single source of truth, source of truth, SpamAssassin

Each Puppet client generates a self-signed certificate that is then validated and authorized on the Puppet master. Note ➡ Puppet currently uses XML-RPC web services, but at the time of writing a significant update and refactor of the code was taking place to migrate it to a REST-based web services model (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). This migration should provide much more efficient and elegant web service functionality. Thereafter each client contacts the server, by default every half hour, to confirm that its configuration is up to date. If new configuration is available or the configuration has changed, it is recompiled and then applied to the client.

pages: 159 words: 45,073

GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History by Diane Coyle

Alan Greenspan, Asian financial crisis, Berlin Wall, big-box store, Bletchley Park, Bretton Woods, BRICs, business cycle, clean water, computer age, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, Diane Coyle, double entry bookkeeping, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, Erik Brynjolfsson, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, financial intermediation, global supply chain, happiness index / gross national happiness, hedonic treadmill, income inequality, income per capita, informal economy, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, Les Trente Glorieuses, Long Term Capital Management, Mahbub ul Haq, mutually assured destruction, Nathan Meyer Rothschild: antibiotics, new economy, Occupy movement, Phillips curve, purchasing power parity, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, University of East Anglia, working-age population

., “Measuring the Economy: A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, September 2007, http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipa_primer.pdf; and Lequiller and Blades, Understanding National Accounts. 23. Landefeld et al., “Taking the Pulse of the Economy.” 24. Wikipedia lists the main formulas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_price_index_formulas. 25. Xan Rice, “Nigeria Statistics Chief Has Almost Figured Out the Economy,” Financial Times, 22 May 2013. 26. http://paris21.org/nsds-status. Accessed 7 January 2013. 27. Alwyn Young, “The African Growth Miracle,” LSE Working Paper, 2009, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33928/. 28. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcelo-giugale/fix-africas-statistics_b_2324936.html, 18 December 2012.

pages: 164 words: 44,947

Socialism Sucks: Two Economists Drink Their Way Through the Unfree World by Robert Lawson, Benjamin Powell

Airbnb, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, business cycle, cognitive dissonance, crony capitalism, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, equal pay for equal work, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, indoor plumbing, invisible hand, Kickstarter, means of production, Mont Pelerin Society, profit motive, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, single-payer health, special economic zone, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

Yeonmi Park, In Order to Live: A North Korean Girl’s Journey to Freedom (New York: Penguin, 2016). 4. Michael Seth, A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), 119. 5. Seth, A Concise History of Modern Korea, 119, 121. 6. “Seoul,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul. 7. “South Korea,” World Bank, http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx. 8. “North Korea,” The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kn.html. 9. Park, In Order to Live, 129–30. CHAPTER FOUR 1. Frank Dikötter, Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962 (New York: Bloomsbury, 2011), xii–xiii. 2.

pages: 472 words: 141,591

Go, Flight!: The Unsung Heroes of Mission Control, 1965-1992 by Rick Houston, J. Milt Heflin

Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Berlin Wall, crewed spaceflight, cuban missile crisis, en.wikipedia.org, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gene Kranz, low earth orbit, Neil Armstrong, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, pneumatic tube, private spaceflight, Skype

“Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer.” DonEyles.com. http://www.doneyles.com/LM/Tales.html. Gainor, Christopher. “AVRO Employees and NASA; or, Canadians Putting America into Space.” Avro-Arrow.org, 5 March 1996. http://www.avro-arrow.org/Arrow/employees.html. “Gemini 5.” Wikipedia. Last modified 2 January 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_5. “Gemini 9 Target B.” NASA, National Space Science Data Center. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1966-046A. Harwood, William G. “The CBS News Space Reporter’s Handbook STS-51L/107 Supplement: Remembering the Final Flights of Challenger and Columbia.” http://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/SRH_Disasters.htm

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NASA Office of Logic Design, 10 April 2005. http://klabs.org/history/bios/hugh_blair_smith/elwin_mit_report.htm. Saxon, Wolfgang. “Scott Simpkinson, 76, Engineer Who Worked on Space Program.” New York Times, 15 August 1996. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/15/us/scott-simpkinson-76-engineer-who-worked-on-space-program.html. “STS-51L Mission Timeline.” Wikipedia. Last modified 20 March 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-51-L_Mission_timeline#Detailed_timeline_and_transcript. Sublett, Jesse. “A League of Their Own.” Austin Chronicle, 12 March 1999. http://www.austinchronicle.com/screens/1999-03-12/521565/. “What Is ‘Bigeminy’ and How Is It Treated?” HealthCentral, Remedy Health Media. http://www.healthcentral.com/heart-disease/ask-doctor-44706-70.html.

pages: 501 words: 134,867

A Line in the Tar Sands: Struggles for Environmental Justice by Tony Weis, Joshua Kahn Russell

addicted to oil, Bakken shale, bilateral investment treaty, call centre, carbon footprint, clean water, colonial exploitation, conceptual framework, corporate social responsibility, decarbonisation, Deep Water Horizon, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, Exxon Valdez, failed state, gentrification, global village, green new deal, guest worker program, happiness index / gross national happiness, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, immigration reform, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, invisible hand, Jevons paradox, liberal capitalism, LNG terminal, market fundamentalism, means of production, megaproject, military-industrial complex, Naomi Klein, new economy, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, profit maximization, public intellectual, race to the bottom, smart grid, special economic zone, WikiLeaks, working poor

See www.albertaenterprisegroup.com/. 12. Barbara Yaffe, “‘In Fact, Every Canadian Has a Stake in This’; Alberta Oilsands Industry Fights a Public Relations War in Advance of a New Energy Policy in the U.S.,” Vancouver Sun, November 25, 2008. 13. See the extensive Wikipedia page on Leduc #1 (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leduc_No._1), and the historic site’s interpretive centre (www.leducnumber1.com/). 14. There have been recent revisions to the social science curriculum. 15. See oilsands.alberta.ca. 16. The original URL for this advertisement (from 2009) is now a dead link. 17. Kevin Timoney and Peter Lee, “Does the Alberta Tar Sands Industry Pollute?

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This phrase is commonly used by our friend Gopal Dayaneni of Movement Generation, usually in reference to organizing, though the spirit applies to public calls to action as well. 4. Interestingly, George W. Bush also made similar statements warning that “America is addicted to oil”—while some activists bemoan the disingenuous rhetoric from politicians, we can use that same rhetoric as a tool to campaign against them. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_energy_independence#Bush.27s_2006_.22Addicted_to_oil.22_speech. 5. Obama made this statement in the speech that announced his run for president. Barack Obama, “Presidential Announcement” (speech, Springfield, IL, February 10, 2007), chicago.about.com/od/chicagopeople/a/ObamaRunSpeech_2.htm. 6.

pages: 511 words: 132,682

Competition Overdose: How Free Market Mythology Transformed Us From Citizen Kings to Market Servants by Maurice E. Stucke, Ariel Ezrachi

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", affirmative action, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Andrei Shleifer, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, Boeing 737 MAX, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, cloud computing, commoditize, corporate governance, Corrections Corporation of America, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, delayed gratification, disinformation, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, Garrett Hardin, George Akerlof, gig economy, Glass-Steagall Act, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Google Chrome, greed is good, hedonic treadmill, incognito mode, income inequality, income per capita, independent contractor, information asymmetry, invisible hand, job satisfaction, labor-force participation, late fees, loss aversion, low skilled workers, Lyft, mandatory minimum, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, military-industrial complex, mortgage debt, Network effects, out of africa, Paradox of Choice, payday loans, Ponzi scheme, precariat, price anchoring, price discrimination, profit maximization, profit motive, race to the bottom, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Bork, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, search costs, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Stanford prison experiment, Stephen Hawking, sunk-cost fallacy, surveillance capitalism, techlash, The Chicago School, The Market for Lemons, The Myth of the Rational Market, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Davenport, Thorstein Veblen, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, ultimatum game, Vanguard fund, vertical integration, winner-take-all economy, Yochai Benkler

,” Food Navigator, July 19, 2008, http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/Supply-Chain/Water-injected-meat-the-UK-s-latest-food-scandal; “News Aus Der Fischbranche,” Fischmagazin, March 18, 2013, https://www.fischmagazin.de/newsartikel-seriennummer-2618.htm, “‘Gepanschte’ Fische,” News Austria, March 20, 2013, http://www.news.at/a/lebensmittelskandal-gepanschter-fisch-supermarkt. 31.Felicity Lawrence, “Scandal of Beef Waste in Chicken,” Guardian (Manchester), May 21, 2003, http://www.theguardian.com/society/2003/may/21/food.foodanddrink. 32.Koen de Jong, “Too Lidl Too Late,” FoodPersonality 29, no. 5 (May 2013), https://www.iplc-europe.com/work/foodpersonality/; see also Sander Grégoire, “Waarom U Nooit Meer Euro Shopper in De Schappen Van Albert Heijn Zult Vinden,” de Volkskrant (Netherlands), April 10, 2013, https://www.volkskrant.nl/es-b811186f. 33.See Wikipedia, s.v. “ICA meat repackaging controversy,” accessed July 28, 2019, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy. 34.Julie Jargon, “McDonald’s Growth Suffers in U.S., China,” Wall Street Journal, August 8, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/articles/mcdonalds-july-sales-slip-on-china-u-s-pressures-1407500403; Liza Lin, “McDonald’s Pulls Meat from China Restaurants,” Bloomberg News, July 28, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-28/mcdonald-s-supplier-recalls-meat-in-expired-food-scandal.html. 35.Nick Squires, “Italian Olive Oil Scandal: Seven Top Brands ‘Sold Fake Extra-Virgin,’” Daily Telegraph (London), November 11, 2015, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/11988947/Italian-companies-investigated-for-passing-off-ordinary-olive-oil-as-extra-virgin.html. 36.Melanie Pinola, “The Most (and Least) Fake Extra Virgin Olive Oil Brands,” Lifehacker, November 8, 2013, https://www.coconutbreeze.com/2013/11/the-most-and-least-fake-extra-virgin-olive-oil-brands/. 37.Andrew Don, “Food Fraud Tests Reveal 25% of Dried Oregano Is Adulterated,” The Grocer, July 23, 2015, https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/buying-and-supplying/food-safety/food-fraud-tests-reveal-25-of-dried-oregano-is-adulterated/522104.article. 38.

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New England Small College Athletic Conference, “About the NESCAC,” July 2018, http://www.nescac.com/about/about; NCAA, “Divisional Differences and the History of Multidivision Classification,” accessed April 22, 2019, https://www.ncaa.org/about/who-we-are/membership/divisional-differences-and-history-multidivision-classification. In contrast, the SEC schools offer only between six and nine men’s varsity sports and eight to twelve women’s varsity sports. Wikipedia, s.v. “Southeastern Conference: Men’s Sponsored Sports by School,” April 20, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference#Men.27s_sponsored_sports_by_school. A few schools participate in some varsity sports outside of the SEC, like women’s rowing. 38.Noel-Levitz Inc., Why Did They Enroll? The Factors Influencing College Choice (2012), 5 (33.7 percent of freshmen at private universities and 33.2 percent of freshmen at public universities); Ruffalo Noel Levitz, 2017 National Student Satisfaction and Priorities Report (2017) (33 percent of freshmen at private universities and 29 percent of freshmen at public universities). 39.Knight Commission, Restoring the Balance. 40.Only twelve schools’ athletic programs in 2015, according to the USA Today data, were profitable (that is, not being subsidized).

pages: 475 words: 134,707

The Hype Machine: How Social Media Disrupts Our Elections, Our Economy, and Our Health--And How We Must Adapt by Sinan Aral

Airbnb, Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, AOL-Time Warner, augmented reality, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Cambridge Analytica, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, computer vision, contact tracing, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, death of newspapers, deep learning, deepfake, digital divide, digital nomad, disinformation, disintermediation, Donald Trump, Drosophila, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, Erik Brynjolfsson, experimental subject, facts on the ground, fake news, Filter Bubble, George Floyd, global pandemic, hive mind, illegal immigration, income inequality, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, lockdown, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Metcalfe’s law, mobile money, move fast and break things, multi-sided market, Nate Silver, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, performance metric, phenotype, recommendation engine, Robert Bork, Robert Shiller, Russian election interference, Second Machine Age, seminal paper, sentiment analysis, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, skunkworks, Snapchat, social contagion, social distancing, social graph, social intelligence, social software, social web, statistical model, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, surveillance capitalism, Susan Wojcicki, Telecommunications Act of 1996, The Chicago School, the strength of weak ties, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, WikiLeaks, work culture , Yogi Berra

used to fight suicide: Patrick Berlinquette, “I Used Google Ads for Social Engineering. It Worked,” New York Times, July 7, 2019. a countermeasure to the Ku Klux Klan: Edward C. Baig, “Redirecting Hate: ADL Hopes Googling KKK or Jihad Will Take You Down a Different Path,” USA Today, June 24, 2019. The Ice Bucket Challenge: “Ice Bucket Challenge,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Bucket_Challenge. organ donation program: Michelle Castillo, “Study: Allowing Organ Donation Status on Facebook Increased Number of Donors,” CBS News, June 18, 2013; Andrew M. Cameron et al., “Social Media and Organ Donor Registration: The Facebook Effect,” American Journal of Transplantation 13, no. 8 (2013): 2059–65.

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Dunbar, “The Social Brain Hypothesis and Human Evolution,” in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology (2016), https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.44; redrawn by Joanna Kosmides Edwards. Figure 5.2: Facebook, Inc. and MySpace, Inc. quarterly earnings reports from Statistica.com. Figure 6.2: “Precision and Recall,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_and_recall; redrawn by Joanna Kosmides Edwards. Figure 7.1: Strava, “Year in Sport 2018,” November 28, 2018, https://blog.strava.com/press/2018-year-in-sport/; redrawn by Joanna Kosmides Edwards. Figure 8.1: Shawndra Hill, Foster Provost, and Chris Volinsky, “Network-Based Marketing: Identifying Likely Adopters via Consumer Networks,” Statistical Science 21, no. 2 (2006): 256–76; and slides created by Hill, Provost, and Volinsky; redrawn by Joanna Kosmides Edwards.

Finding Community: How to Join an Ecovillage or Intentional Community by Diana Leafe Christian

back-to-the-land, dumpster diving, en.wikipedia.org, hive mind, intentional community, Lewis Mumford, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shock, peak oil

Available in the US from Ecovillage Training Center, ecovillage@thefarm.org Utopianz: A Guide to Intentional Communities and Communal Living in Aotearoa New Zealand, R. Greenaway, et. al., ed., Umbrella Trust, 2004. straw@paradise.net.nz Online Directories • Fellowship for Intentional Community: directory.ic.org • Intentional Communities Database: icdb.org • WikiPedia, Intentional Communities: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/communities • Ecovillage Network of the Americas (ENA): ena.ecovillage.org • Ecovillage Network of Canada: enc.ecovillage.org • Urban Ecovillage Network: urban.ecovillage.org • Cohousing Association of the United States (Coho/US): cohousing.org • Canadian Cohousing Network: cohousing.ca • Federation of Egalitarian Communities (FEC): thefec.org • National Association of Housing Co-ops (NAHC): coophousing.org • North American Students of Cooperation (NASCO) (Student Co-op Housing): nasco.coop • Senior Cooperative Foundation (Senior Housing Co-ops): seniorcoops.org • Cooperative Services, Inc.

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As with the FIC’s Online Directory, people write up their listings themselves. Similarly, you can search for the variables you want: country, kind of community, speciŠc focus, and so on. You can also enter a description of yourself and what kind of community you’re looking for, which communities looking for new members can read. En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_community, is the intentional communities section of WikiPedia, the largest free, online encyclopedia in the world. It’s written collaboratively by readers online and by experts in their Šeld, and hosted by the nonproŠt WikiMedia Foundation in St. Peters- burg, Florida. Encyclopedia entries are available in English and many other languages, including Asian languages.

Science Fictions: How Fraud, Bias, Negligence, and Hype Undermine the Search for Truth by Stuart Ritchie

Albert Einstein, anesthesia awareness, autism spectrum disorder, Bayesian statistics, Black Lives Matter, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, Charles Babbage, citation needed, Climatic Research Unit, cognitive dissonance, complexity theory, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, data science, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science, fake news, Goodhart's law, Growth in a Time of Debt, Helicobacter pylori, Higgs boson, hype cycle, Kenneth Rogoff, l'esprit de l'escalier, Large Hadron Collider, meta-analysis, microbiome, Milgram experiment, mouse model, New Journalism, ocean acidification, p-value, phenotype, placebo effect, profit motive, publication bias, publish or perish, quantum entanglement, race to the bottom, randomized controlled trial, recommendation engine, rent-seeking, replication crisis, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, social distancing, Stanford prison experiment, statistical model, stem cell, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, Thomas Bayes, twin studies, Tyler Cowen, University of East Anglia, Wayback Machine

Since height varies across different countries, it turns out that Austrian women are on average taller than Peruvian men (although the sex difference within each of these countries is preserved – Peruvian women are shorter than their male counterparts, and Austrian men taller than their female counterparts); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_human_height_by_country#Table_of_Heights 14. This would be an underestimate of the true effect: according to Wikipedia, the average height difference between men and women in Scotland was 13.7cm (or 5.5 inches) in 2008; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_human_height_by_country#Table_ of_Heights 15. The specific details of the calculation of the p-value aren’t strictly necessary for understanding how it works.

Essential TypeScript 4: From Beginner to Pro by Adam Freeman

en.wikipedia.org, Google Chrome, node package manager, revision control, type inference, web application

Note The ES in these settings refers to ECMAScript, which is the standard that defines the features implemented by the JavaScript language. The history of JavaScript and ECMAScript is long, tortured, and not at all interesting. For TypeScript development, JavaScript and ECMAScript can be regarded as being the same, which is how I have approached them in the book. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript if you want to get into the details. The earlier versions of the ECMAScript standard were given numbers, but recent versions are named for the year in which they were completed. This change happened partway through the definition of ES6, which is why it is known as both ES6 and ES2015.

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This section assumes you do want to do unit testing and shows you how to set up the tools and apply them to TypeScript. It isn’t an introduction to unit testing, and I make no effort to persuade skeptical readers that unit testing is worthwhile. If would like an introduction to unit testing, then there is a good article here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing. I like unit testing, and I use it in my own projects—but not all of them and not as consistently as you might expect. I tend to focus on writing unit tests for features and functions that I know will be hard to write and are likely to be the source of bugs in deployment. In these situations, unit testing helps structure my thoughts about how to best implement what I need.

pages: 224 words: 45,431

Python Web Penetration Testing Cookbook by Cameron Buchanan, Terry Ip, Andrew Mabbitt, Benjamin May, Dave Mound

en.wikipedia.org, information security, Kickstarter, Minecraft, MITM: man-in-the-middle, SQL injection, web application

This is good for cookies used for authentication because it means they can't be sniffed over the wire if, for example, someone is monitoring open network traffic. Also note that the \x1b[31m code is a special ANSI escape code used to change the color of the terminal font. Here, we've highlighted the headers that are insecure in red. The \x1b[39;49m code resets the color back to default. See the Wikipedia page on ANSI for more information at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code. The next check is for the httponly attribute: if 'httponly' in cookie._rest.keys(): cookie.httponly = 'True' else: cookie.httponly = '\x1b[31mFalse\x1b[39;49m' print 'HTTPOnly:', cookie.httponly If this is set to True, it means JavaScript cannot access the contents of the cookie, and it is sent to the browser and can only be read by the browser.

Backbone.js Cookbook by Vadim Mirgorod

Airbnb, business logic, create, read, update, delete, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Google Chrome, MVC pattern, QR code, rolodex, Ruby on Rails, web application

To create a new model object, we used the extend() method provided by the ancestor model. To extend all Backbone models at once, we perform the mixing operation on the prototype of Backbone.Model using the extend() method of Undercore.js. See also ff To understand prototype inheritance, please navigate to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype-based_programming Creating a Backbone.js extension with Grunt It could be very important for the developer to create a Backbone extension that will be shared with the rest of the world or even re-used in future projects. In this recipe, we are going to learn how to create our own extension using Grunt, and we will upload it on GitHub.

pages: 193 words: 47,808

The Flat White Economy by Douglas McWilliams

access to a mobile phone, banking crisis, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bonus culture, Boris Johnson, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, clean tech, cloud computing, computer age, correlation coefficient, Crossrail, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, eurozone crisis, George Gilder, hiring and firing, income inequality, informal economy, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, loadsamoney, low skilled workers, mass immigration, Metcalfe’s law, military-industrial complex, Network effects, new economy, offshore financial centre, Pareto efficiency, Peter Thiel, Productivity paradox, Robert Metcalfe, Robert Solow, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, smart cities, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, vertical integration, working-age population, zero-sum game

Authorised Depositary Receipts – the equivalent of shares for suitable foreign companies in the US. 31. www.yoursingapore.com/content/mice/en/why-singapore/key-industry-sectors/media-and-digital-content.html 32. www.globalinnovationindex.org/content.aspx?page=data-analysis 33. www.yoursingapore.com/content/mice/en/why-singapore/key-industry-sectors/innovation.html 34. Wikipedia calls Bangalore “The Pub Capital of India” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore 35. www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2014/feb/24/birmingham-new-technology-businesses 36. ‘The economic contribution of the media sector in Glasgow’: Report for the Glasgow Chambers of Commerce April 2014 37. www.ft.com/cms/s/2/ad9ab0a2-9e1e-11e2-bea1-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Umx03300 38. features.techworld.com/sme/3589108/edinburgh-scale-up-fanduel-rejected-by-80-investors-on-way-to-becoming-1bn-firm/ 39. www.ft.com/cms/s/0/58d74174-7381-11e2-9e92-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3NC4cAj7g 40. www.cebr.com/reports/uk-local-innovation-index CHAPTER SIX 1.

pages: 183 words: 49,460

Start Small, Stay Small: A Developer's Guide to Launching a Startup by Rob Walling

8-hour work day, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, inventory management, Jeff Hawkins, Kickstarter, Lean Startup, Marc Andreessen, Network effects, Paul Graham, rolodex, Salesforce, side project, Silicon Valley, social bookmarking, software as a service, Superbowl ad, web application

Her process takes some time over the course of a month, but it’s worth the effort to gather information about your interests. Approach #2: Look at Occupations Scan through the following lists of occupations to determine if you have any experience with them, or if you know someone who does: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occupations http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ocwage.t01.htm Approach #3: Cheat One way to avoid the multi-step process of brainstorming niches, evaluating demand and selecting a product is to jump right to a product idea. And why not start with some inspiration to stretch and mold into a niche you’re familiar with?

pages: 168 words: 50,647

The End of Jobs: Money, Meaning and Freedom Without the 9-To-5 by Taylor Pearson

Airbnb, barriers to entry, Ben Horowitz, Black Swan, call centre, cloud computing, commoditize, content marketing, creative destruction, David Heinemeier Hansson, drop ship, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Frederick Winslow Taylor, future of work, Google Hangouts, Hacker Conference 1984, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, loss aversion, low skilled workers, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, market fragmentation, means of production, Oculus Rift, passive income, passive investing, Peter Thiel, power law, remote working, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, scientific management, sharing economy, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, software as a service, software is eating the world, Startup school, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, TED Talk, telemarketer, the long tail, Thomas Malthus, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, unpaid internship, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, Whole Earth Catalog

The global population has increased by over six billion while, at the same time, each individual has more wealth than their grandparents could have ever imagined. GDP per capita, a measure of wealth at an individual level, has gone from around $300 a year to over $6000 a year globally, and over $25,000 a year in the U.S. and rest of the West over the course of the past two hundred years. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reduction#/media/File:World_GDP_per_capita_1500_to_2003.png The tangible result is the level of material wealth that we all have at our fingertips today. Our grandparents couldn’t even imagine consumer goods and service like smartphones or two-day delivery from Amazon, things we now largely take for granted.

What Kind of Creatures Are We? (Columbia Themes in Philosophy) by Noam Chomsky

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Arthur Eddington, Brownian motion, classic study, conceptual framework, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, Great Leap Forward, Henri Poincaré, Isaac Newton, Jacques de Vaucanson, language acquisition, liberation theology, mass incarceration, means of production, phenotype, Ronald Reagan, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Turing test, wage slave

Quine, Word and Object (1960; repr., Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2013), xiii. 22. Luigi Rizzi, Issues in Italian Syntax (Dordrecht: Foris, 1982). 2. WHAT CAN WE UNDERSTAND? 1. Owen Flanagan, The Science of the Mind, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991), 313. See also “New Mysterianism,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mysterianism. 2. Noam Chomsky, “Problems and Mysteries in the Study of Human Language,” in Language in Focus: Foundations, Methods and Systems: Essays in Memory of Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, ed. Asa Kasher (Boston: Reidel, 1976), 281–358. An extended version is in Chomsky, Reflections on Language (New York: Pantheon, 1975), chap. 4. 3.

pages: 205 words: 47,169

PostgreSQL: Up and Running by Regina Obe, Leo Hsu

cloud computing, database schema, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, full text search, Salesforce, SQL injection, web application

The query is asking: What time is it in Paris if it’s 2012-02-28 10:00 p.m. in Los Angeles? Note the absence of UTC offset in the result. Also, notice how I can specify time zone with its official names rather than just an offset, visit Wikipedia for a list of official time zone names (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoneinfo). Operators and Functions for Date and Time Data Types The inclusion of a temporal interval data type greatly eases date and time arithmetics in PostgreSQL. Without it, we’d have to create another family of functions or use a nesting of functions as most other databases do.

pages: 189 words: 48,180

Elemental: How the Periodic Table Can Now Explain Everything by Tim James

Albert Einstein, Brownian motion, Dmitri Mendeleev, en.wikipedia.org, Ernest Rutherford, Harvard Computers: women astronomers, Higgs boson, Isaac Newton, Murray Gell-Mann, Silicon Valley

Cheek, “Electrochemical studies of the Fries rearrangement in ionic liquids,” Electrochemical Society Transactions, vol. 16, no. 49 (2009), pp. 541–4. 4. G. A. Olah, “My search for carbocatins and their role in chemistry,” Nobel Lecture (December 8, 1994). 5. To illustrate this point, the author has taken the claim from the article on superacids from Wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superacid (accessed August 18, 2017) to illustrate this point. Wikipedia cites G. A. Olah, “Crossing conventional boundaries in half a century of research,” Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 70, no. 7 (2005), pp. 2413–29, for the claim that fluoroantimonic acid is 1016 times stronger than sulfuric known to have a pKa of −3, giving a pKa of −19. 6.

pages: 197 words: 49,296

The Future We Choose: Surviving the Climate Crisis by Christiana Figueres, Tom Rivett-Carnac

3D printing, Airbnb, AlphaGo, Anthropocene, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, carbon footprint, circular economy, clean water, David Attenborough, decarbonisation, DeepMind, dematerialisation, Demis Hassabis, disinformation, Donald Trump, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Extinction Rebellion, F. W. de Klerk, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gail Bradbrook, General Motors Futurama, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, high-speed rail, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Lyft, Mahatma Gandhi, Marc Benioﬀ, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, Mustafa Suleyman, Nelson Mandela, new economy, ocean acidification, plant based meat, post-truth, rewilding, ride hailing / ride sharing, self-driving car, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, the scientific method, trade route, uber lyft, urban planning, urban sprawl, Yogi Berra

American Sociological Association, “In Disasters, Panic Is Rare; Altruism Dominates,” ScienceDaily, August 8, 2002, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/08/020808075321.htm. 3. Therese J. Borchard, “How Giving Makes Us Happy,” Psych Central, July 8, 2018, https://psychcentral.com/blog/how-giving-makes-us-happy/. 4. Wikipedia, “November 2015 Paris Attacks,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks. 7. RADICAL REGENERATION 1. Richard Louv, Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder (New York: Algonquin, 2005). 2. Gregory Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972). 3.

pages: 761 words: 231,902

The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology by Ray Kurzweil

additive manufacturing, AI winter, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, anthropic principle, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bill Joy: nanobots, bioinformatics, brain emulation, Brewster Kahle, Brownian motion, business cycle, business intelligence, c2.com, call centre, carbon-based life, cellular automata, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, complexity theory, conceptual framework, Conway's Game of Life, coronavirus, cosmological constant, cosmological principle, cuban missile crisis, data acquisition, Dava Sobel, David Brooks, Dean Kamen, digital divide, disintermediation, double helix, Douglas Hofstadter, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, factory automation, friendly AI, functional programming, George Gilder, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hans Moravec, hype cycle, informal economy, information retrieval, information security, invention of the telephone, invention of the telescope, invention of writing, iterative process, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, job satisfaction, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, Law of Accelerating Returns, life extension, lifelogging, linked data, Loebner Prize, Louis Pasteur, mandelbrot fractal, Marshall McLuhan, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mitch Kapor, mouse model, Murray Gell-Mann, mutually assured destruction, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, oil shale / tar sands, optical character recognition, PalmPilot, pattern recognition, phenotype, power law, precautionary principle, premature optimization, punch-card reader, quantum cryptography, quantum entanglement, radical life extension, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, remote working, reversible computing, Richard Feynman, Robert Metcalfe, Rodney Brooks, scientific worldview, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, selection bias, semantic web, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, Singularitarianism, speech recognition, statistical model, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Stewart Brand, strong AI, Stuart Kauffman, superintelligent machines, technological singularity, Ted Kaczynski, telepresence, The Coming Technological Singularity, Thomas Bayes, transaction costs, Turing machine, Turing test, two and twenty, Vernor Vinge, Y2K, Yogi Berra

I estimate the compressed genome at about thirty to one hundred million bytes (see note 57 for chapter 2); this is smaller than the object code for Microsoft Word and much smaller than the source code. See Word 2003 system requirements, October 20, 2003, http://www.microsoft.com/office/word/prodinfo/sysreq.mspx. 9. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics. 10. See note 57 in chapter 2 for an analysis of the information content in the genome, which I estimate to be 30 to 100 million bytes, therefore less than 109 bits. See the section "Human Memory Capacity" in chapter 3 (p. 126) for my analysis of the information in a human brain, estimated at 1018 bits. 11.

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Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert, Perceptrons (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969). 28. Frank Rosenblatt, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, "The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain," Psychological Review 65.6 (1958): 386–408; see Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptron. 29. O. Sporns, G. Tononi, and G. M. Edelman, "Connectivity and Complexity: The Relationship Between Neuroanatomy and Brain Dynamics," Neural Networks 13.8–9 (2000): 909–22. 30. R. H. Hahnloser et al., "Digital Selection and Analogue Amplification Coexist in a Cortex-Inspired Silicon Circuit," Nature 405.6789 (June 22, 2000): 947–51; "MIT and Bell Labs Researchers Create Electronic Circuit That Mimics the Brain's Circuitry," MIT News, June 21, 2000, http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/2000/machinebrain.html. 31.

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Gene transfer to somatic cells affects a subset of cells in the body for a period of time. It is theoretically possible also to alter genetic information in egg and sperm (germ-line) cells, for the purpose of passing on those changes to the next generations. Such therapy poses many ethical concerns and has not yet been attempted. "Gene Therapy," Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy. 31. Genes encode proteins, which perform vital functions in the human body. Abnormal or mutated genes encode proteins that are unable to perform those functions, resulting in genetic disorders and diseases. The goal of gene therapy is to replace the defective genes so that normal proteins are produced.

pages: 181 words: 52,147

The Driver in the Driverless Car: How Our Technology Choices Will Create the Future by Vivek Wadhwa, Alex Salkever

23andMe, 3D printing, Airbnb, AlphaGo, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, benefit corporation, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, blockchain, clean water, correlation does not imply causation, CRISPR, deep learning, DeepMind, distributed ledger, Donald Trump, double helix, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, gigafactory, Google bus, Hyperloop, income inequality, information security, Internet of things, job automation, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Law of Accelerating Returns, license plate recognition, life extension, longitudinal study, Lyft, M-Pesa, Mary Meeker, Menlo Park, microbiome, military-industrial complex, mobile money, new economy, off-the-grid, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), personalized medicine, phenotype, precision agriculture, radical life extension, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart grid, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Wozniak, Stuxnet, supercomputer in your pocket, synthetic biology, Tesla Model S, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, Thomas Davenport, Travis Kalanick, Turing test, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, uranium enrichment, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, zero day

., “Autonomous weapons: An open letter from AI and robotics researchers,” Future of Life Institute, http://futureoflife.org/open-letter-autonomous-weapons (accessed 21 October 2016). 7. AJung Moon, “Machine Agency,” Roboethics info Database 22 April 2012, http://www.amoon.ca/Roboethics/wiki/the-open-roboethics-initiative/machine-agency. 8. Jason Kravarik and Sara Sidner, “The Dallas shootout, in the eyes of police,” CNN 15 July 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers (accessed 21 October 2016). 9. Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (rev.), W.W. Norton, 2016, http://books.wwnorton.com/books/The-Second-Machine-Age (accessed 21 October 2016). 10.

pages: 222 words: 53,317

Overcomplicated: Technology at the Limits of Comprehension by Samuel Arbesman

algorithmic trading, Anthropocene, Anton Chekhov, Apple II, Benoit Mandelbrot, Boeing 747, Chekhov's gun, citation needed, combinatorial explosion, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Danny Hillis, data science, David Brooks, digital map, discovery of the americas, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Flash crash, friendly AI, game design, Google X / Alphabet X, Googley, Hans Moravec, HyperCard, Ian Bogost, Inbox Zero, Isaac Newton, iterative process, Kevin Kelly, machine translation, Machine translation of "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak." to Russian and back, mandelbrot fractal, Minecraft, Neal Stephenson, Netflix Prize, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, Parkinson's law, power law, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, Richard Feynman, Richard Feynman: Challenger O-ring, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, SimCity, software studies, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, superintelligent machines, synthetic biology, systems thinking, the long tail, Therac-25, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, urban planning, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Whole Earth Catalog, Y2K

While this program allows for embedding clauses within others, it seems that Kant Generator is not in fact infinitely recursive, as it will always terminate. structures known as garden path sentences: This example is from “Garden Path Sentence,” Wikipedia, accessed April 29, 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_path_sentence. our mental-processing limits: Another example is the number of steps we think through when strategizing our decisions based on what we think others think and will do, as described by game theory. Few people think many levels deep (“I will do something based on what she thinks I think that she thinks that I think . . .”).

pages: 153 words: 52,175

Bit Literacy: Productivity in the Age of Information and E-mail Overload by Mark Hurst

en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Google Earth, mail merge, off-the-grid, pre–internet, profit motive, social bookmarking, social software, software patent, web application

I often type in all lower-case unless it’s an official or formal context, when I’ll buckle down and use the Shift key—much like dressing up for an important meeting. 41 Wikipedia credits Christopher Sholes, a Milwaukee newspaper editor, for designing Qwerty in the 1860s, patenting it in 1868, and selling it to Remington in 1873. 42 Wikipedia credits Dr. August Dvorak, a University of Washington professor, and William Dealey with inventing Dvorak in the 1930s. Some studies dispute the increase in speed from using Dvorak, but I’ve lived it. 43 Image from the Wikipedia page for the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard 44 This will change someday when brain-computer interfaces, now in their infancy, improve and become more widely available. 45 Years ago, a Unix computer from Sun Microsystems offered the only other good alternative I’ve ever seen: the control key switched places with the Caps Lock, adjacent to the left pinky’s home position.

pages: 184 words: 12,922

Pragmatic Version Control Using Git by Travis Swicegood

AGPL, continuous integration, David Heinemeier Hansson, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, George Santayana, revision control

You can copy all the code into another directory and start making changes, but then there’s no way to track the changes you make and—more importantly—undo the bad changes you make while experimenting. This is where branches come in. You can create a branch that marks a point where the files in the repository diverged. Each branch keeps track of the changes made to its content separately from other branches so you can create alternate histories. 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choose_Your_Own_Adventure Report erratum Prepared exclusively for Trieu Nguyen this copy is (P2.0 printing, March 2009) 21 Download at Boykma.Com M ERGING Create Branch release branch master branch some other branch Figure 1.1: How branches work You can see how branches work in Figure 1.1.

pages: 181 words: 53,257

Taming the To-Do List: How to Choose Your Best Work Every Day by Glynnis Whitwer

delayed gratification, en.wikipedia.org, fear of failure, Firefox, Jeff Bezos, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, late fees, Mason jar, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Walter Mischel

“What You Need to Know about Willpower: The Psychological Science of Self-Control,” American Psychological Association Help Center, accessed February 25, 2015, http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/willpower.aspx. [2]. “Stanford Marshmallow Experiment,” Wikipedia, accessed February 25, 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_marshmallow_experiment. [3]. B. J. Casey et al., “Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Delay of Gratification 40 Years Later,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 36 (August 9, 2011): 14998–15003, doi:10.1073/pnas.1108561108. [4]. Maria Konnikova, “The Struggles of a Psychologist Studying Self-Control,” The New Yorker, October 9, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/struggles-psychologist-studying-self-control

pages: 271 words: 52,814

Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy by Melanie Swan

23andMe, Airbnb, altcoin, Amazon Web Services, asset allocation, banking crisis, basic income, bioinformatics, bitcoin, blockchain, capital controls, cellular automata, central bank independence, clean water, cloud computing, collaborative editing, Conway's Game of Life, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, digital divide, disintermediation, Dogecoin, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fault tolerance, fiat currency, financial innovation, Firefox, friendly AI, Hernando de Soto, information security, intangible asset, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, lifelogging, litecoin, Lyft, M-Pesa, microbiome, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, operational security, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, peer-to-peer model, personalized medicine, post scarcity, power law, prediction markets, QR code, ride hailing / ride sharing, Satoshi Nakamoto, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI@home, sharing economy, Skype, smart cities, smart contracts, smart grid, Snow Crash, software as a service, synthetic biology, technological singularity, the long tail, Turing complete, uber lyft, unbanked and underbanked, underbanked, Vitalik Buterin, Wayback Machine, web application, WikiLeaks

MIT Technology Review, October 19, 2014. http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/531461/how-a-wiki-is-keeping-direct-to-consumer-genetics-alive/. 142 DeCODEme. “Sales of Genetic Scans Direct to Consumer Through deCODEme Have Been Discontinued! Existing Customers Can Access Their Results Here Until January 1st 2015.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeCODE_genetics. 143 Castillo, M. “23andMe to Only Provide Ancestry, Raw Genetics Data During FDA Review.” CBS News, December 6, 2013. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/23andme-to-still-provide-ancestry-raw-genetics-data-during-fda-review/. 144 Swan, M. “Health 2050: The Realization of Personalized Medicine Through Crowdsourcing, the Quantified Self, and the Participatory Biocitizen.”

398 DIY Tips, Tricks & Techniques: Practical Advice for New Home Improvement Enthusiasts by Ian Anderson

air gap, clean water, en.wikipedia.org, The Spirit Level

Planningportal.co.uk: Advice and procedures related to UK planning and building regulations Pointmaster.co.uk: Pumps mortar into empty joints in brick/paving via a nozzle. Ultimatehandyman.co.uk: Over 50,000 pages of DIY info and an active forum. Wickes.co.uk: UK based home DIY supplier. En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_wiring: To fully understand just how ridiculously complex cable colours are in domestic wiring. Computer Related Topics Dropbox.com: Dropbox automatically saves your stuff to a server in the ‘cloud’. First 2GB free. Dummies.com: Excerpts from the Dummies guide books (there are other topics too).

pages: 175 words: 54,755

Robot, Take the Wheel: The Road to Autonomous Cars and the Lost Art of Driving by Jason Torchinsky

autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, call centre, commoditize, computer vision, connected car, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data science, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, interchangeable parts, job automation, Philippa Foot, ransomware, self-driving car, sensor fusion, side project, Tesla Model S, trolley problem, urban sprawl

* * * 24 Hikita, Munenori, “An introduction to ultrasonic sensors for vehicle parking,” newselectronics, May 12, 2010, http://www.newelectronics.co.uk/electronics-technology/an-introduction-to-ultrasonic-sensors-for -vehicle-parking/24966/. 25 Rudolph, Gert and Voelzke, Uwe, “Three Sensor Types Drive Autonomous Vehicles,” Sensors Online, November 10, 2017, https://www.sensorsmag.com/components/three-sensor-types-drive -autonomous-vehicles. 26 Utah, J, “Driving Downtown Object Detection - Rodeo Drive - Los Angeles, USA,” YouTube, July 1, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgnsapPGaaw. 27 Wikipedia, “Edge Detection,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_detection. 28 Torchinsky, Jason, “Why Nissan Built Realistic Inflatable Versions of Its Most Popular Cars,” Jalopnik, October 18, 2012, https://jalopnik.com/why-nissan-built-realistic-inflatable-versions-of-its-m-5952415. 29 Condliffe, Jamie, “This Image Is Why Self-Driving Cars Come Loaded with Many Types of Sensors,” MIT Technology Review, July 21, 2017, https://www. technologyreview.com/s/608321/this-image-is-why -self-driving-cars-come-loaded-with-many-types-of-sensors/. 30 Antunes, João, “Performance over Price: Lumina’s Novel Lidar Tech for Autonomous Vehicles,” SPAR 3D, May 5, 2017, https://www.spar3d.com/news/lidar/performance-price-luminars -novel-lidar-tech-autonomous-vehicles/. 31 Dwivedi, Priya, “Tracking a self-driving car with high precision,” Towards Data Science, April 30, 2017, https://towardsdatascience.com/helping-a-self-driving-car-localize-itself-88705f419e4a. 32 Kichun Jo; Yongwoo Jo; Jae Kyu Suhr; Ho Gi Jung; Myoungho Sunwoo, “Precise Localization of an Autonomous Car Based on Probabilistic Noise Models of Road Surface Marker Features Using Multiple Cameras,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportaion Systems, vol, 16, 6, December 2015, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7160754/. 33 Silver, David, “How Self-Driving Cars Work,” Medium, December 14, 2017, https://medium.com/udacity/how-self-driving-cars-work -f77c49dca47e. 34 Website of the Australian Government Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities, https://infrastructure.gov.au/vehicles/mv_standards_act/files/Sub136_Austroads.pdf.

pages: 504 words: 143,303

Why We Can't Afford the Rich by Andrew Sayer

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, anti-globalists, asset-backed security, banking crisis, banks create money, basic income, biodiversity loss, bond market vigilante , Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Bullingdon Club, business cycle, call centre, capital controls, carbon footprint, carbon tax, collective bargaining, corporate raider, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, debt deflation, decarbonisation, declining real wages, deglobalization, degrowth, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, demand response, don't be evil, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, G4S, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, green new deal, high net worth, high-speed rail, income inequality, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, Isaac Newton, James Carville said: "I would like to be reincarnated as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody.", James Dyson, job automation, Julian Assange, junk bonds, Kickstarter, labour market flexibility, laissez-faire capitalism, land bank, land value tax, long term incentive plan, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, moral hazard, mortgage debt, negative equity, neoliberal agenda, new economy, New Urbanism, Northern Rock, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, patent troll, payday loans, Philip Mirowski, plutocrats, popular capitalism, predatory finance, price stability, proprietary trading, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, rent-seeking, retail therapy, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, short selling, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, tacit knowledge, TED Talk, The Nature of the Firm, The Spirit Level, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, transfer pricing, trickle-down economics, universal basic income, unpaid internship, upwardly mobile, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, WikiLeaks, Winter of Discontent, working poor, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

So we might say that hedging and speculation have a moebius-strip relationship, sometimes appearing as on opposite but complementary sides, sometimes on the same side (Figure 7.1). Either way, when it comes to defending these activities, ‘hedging’, with its connotations of prudence, sounds better than ‘speculation’. Figure 7.1: The hedging–speculation moebius strip Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobius_strip There are some common defences of speculation, though, and they don’t always dress it up as hedging. Here’s one from a practitioner: ‘Like hundreds of thousands of other traders, I try to predict the prices of common goods a day or two or a few months in the future. If I think the price of an item will go up, I buy today and sell later.

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, CRESC Discussion Paper, p 8. 121 Canada, US, Mexico, Peru, Chile, New Zealand, Australia, Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam and Japan. 122 Wikileaks (2013) ‘Secret Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement (TPP)’, https://wikileaks.org/tpp/pressrelease.html. 123 Wikileaks (2013). 124 Monbiot, G. (2013) ‘The lies behind this transatlantic trade deal’, Guardian, 2 December, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/02/transatlantic-free-trade-deal-regulation-by-lawyers-eu-us. 125 Corporate Europe Observatory (2013) ‘A transatlantic corporate bill of rights’, 3 June, http://corporateeurope.org/trade/2013/06/transatlantic-corporate-bill-rights. 126 McDonagh, T. (2013) ‘Unfair, unsustainable and under the radar’, San Francisco: Democracy Center, http://democracyctr.org/new-report-unfair-unsustainable-and-under-the-radar/. Chapter Eighteen: What about philanthropy? 127 Blair, T. (2012) Speech to conference on philanthropy, China Philanthropy Forum, Beijing, 28 November. 128 Wikipedia Hélder Cámara, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hélder_Câmara 129 According to research by Barclays Bank, 97% of the world’s ‘high net worth individuals’ give annually to charity. But only one third of these give away over 1% of their net worth:Too Much (2013) ‘A Whistleblower for Philanthropy’, 5 August, http://toomuchonline.org/weeklies2013/aug052013.html.

pages: 1,202 words: 144,667

The Linux kernel primer: a top-down approach for x86 and PowerPC architectures by Claudia Salzberg Rodriguez, Gordon Fischer, Steven Smolski

Debian, Dennis Ritchie, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, Free Software Foundation, G4S, history of Unix, Ken Thompson, level 1 cache, Multics, recommendation engine, Richard Stallman

Other Distros Linux users can be passionate about their distribution of choice, and there are many out there. Slackware is a classic, MontaVista is great for embedded and, of course, you can roll your own distribution. For further reading on the variety of Linux dis tributions, I recommend the Wikipedia entry at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux_distributions. This likely contains the most up-to-date information and, if not, links to further information on the Web. 1.5. Kernel Release Information As with any software project, understanding the project's versioning scheme is a key element in your involvement as a contributor.

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For example, if your device has 1,000 256-byte sectors, that's equivalent to 500 512-byte sectors. In addition to having a gendisk structure, a block device also needs a spinlock structure for use with its request queue. Both the spinlock and fields in the gendisk structure must be initialized by the device driver. (Go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_disk for a demonstration of initializing a RAM disk block device driver.) After the device is initialized and ready to handle requests, the add_disk() function should be called to add the block device to the system. Finally, if the block device can be used as a source of entropy for the system, the module initialization can also call add_disk_randomness().

Data Wrangling With Python: Tips and Tools to Make Your Life Easier by Jacqueline Kazil

Amazon Web Services, bash_history, business logic, cloud computing, correlation coefficient, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data science, database schema, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Fairphone, Firefox, Global Witness, Google Chrome, Hacker News, job automation, machine readable, Nate Silver, natural language processing, pull request, Ronald Reagan, Ruby on Rails, selection bias, social web, statistical model, web application, WikiLeaks

Learning the Command Line | 429 Table C-1. Bash for execution Command Use case More documentation sudo Executing the following command as a sudo or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudo (super) user. Usually necessary if you are modifying core pieces of the filesystem or installing packages. bash Executing a bash file or moving back into a bash shell. http://ss64.com/bash/ ./configure Running configuration setup on a package (first step when installing a package from source). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_build_system #GNU_Autoconf make Executing a makefile after configuration to http://www.computerhope.com/unix/umake.htm compile the code and prepare for installation (second step when installing a package from source).

pages: 444 words: 151,136

Endless Money: The Moral Hazards of Socialism by William Baker, Addison Wiggin

Alan Greenspan, Andy Kessler, asset allocation, backtesting, bank run, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Black Swan, bond market vigilante , book value, Branko Milanovic, bread and circuses, break the buck, Bretton Woods, BRICs, business climate, business cycle, capital asset pricing model, carbon tax, commoditize, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, cuban missile crisis, currency manipulation / currency intervention, debt deflation, Elliott wave, en.wikipedia.org, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, fiat currency, fixed income, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, German hyperinflation, Great Leap Forward, housing crisis, income inequality, index fund, inflation targeting, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, laissez-faire capitalism, land bank, land reform, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, lost cosmonauts, low interest rates, McMansion, mega-rich, military-industrial complex, Money creation, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage tax deduction, naked short selling, negative equity, offshore financial centre, Ponzi scheme, price stability, proprietary trading, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, rent control, rent stabilization, reserve currency, risk free rate, riskless arbitrage, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, school vouchers, seigniorage, short selling, Silicon Valley, six sigma, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, Steve Jobs, stocks for the long run, Tax Reform Act of 1986, The Great Moderation, the scientific method, time value of money, too big to fail, Two Sigma, upwardly mobile, War on Poverty, Yogi Berra, young professional

More often the above is misquoted with the glib follow-on that the rich are different because they have more money, an actual conversation attributed to Hemmingway but more properly to a literary reviewer of the time, Mary Colum. 2. Sidley Austin LLP website, http://www.sidley.com/tax_derivatives/. Accessed September 17, 2008. Italics and bold added by author. 3. Wikipedia, “Bernardine Dorn,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardine_ Dohrn, accessed October 15, 2008. 4. International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) Market Survey June 30, 2008. “US Credit – Lehman Threatens CDS Market With First Real Test,” Reuters, September 14, 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/ rbssInvestmentServices/idUSN1472586720080915. 5.

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Rothbard, A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2002), 217. Spanish pieces of eight began to be called dollars after 1690, according to this same source. 3. Warren Buffett, Harvard University Speech cited on en.wikipedia.org. 4. SPDR Gold Trust Prospectus, August 22, 2008, 15. 5. CitiFX Technicals – Chart of the Week, Citi Foreign Exchange, November 26, 2008. 6. SPDR Gold Trust Prospectus, August 22, 2008, 15. 7. Murray N. Rothbard, A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II (Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2002), 83–84. 8.

pages: 530 words: 147,851

Small Men on the Wrong Side of History: The Decline, Fall and Unlikely Return of Conservatism by Ed West

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, assortative mating, battle of ideas, Beeching cuts, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, Broken windows theory, Bullingdon Club, centre right, clean water, cognitive dissonance, Corn Laws, David Attenborough, David Brooks, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, desegregation, different worldview, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ferguson, Missouri, future of work, gender pay gap, George Santayana, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, Jeremy Corbyn, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, lump of labour, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, meta-analysis, moral hazard, moral panic, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, Norman Mailer, obamacare, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Overton Window, pattern recognition, Ralph Nader, replication crisis, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, Social Justice Warrior, Stephen Fry, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, Turing test, twin studies, urban decay, War on Poverty, Winter of Discontent, zero-sum game

Others refer to ‘every organisation becomes Left-wing unless explicitly Right-wing’ as O’Sullivan’s First Law, after John O’Sullivan, https://twitter.com/JohnOSullivanNR/status/1008655036048728064. 4 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1344779/YWCA-drops-word-Christianhistoric-Platform-51.html. 5 https://www.spectator.co.uk/2009/12/all-in-a-good-cause/. 6 National Audit Office, report into ‘Public Funding of Large National Charities’, https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/charity_funding.pdf. 7 According to veteran Anglo-American commentator John Derbyshire, https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/conquests-laws-john-derbyshire/. 8 http://catholicherald.co.uk/issues/october-16th-2015-2/where-amnesty-went-wrong/. 9 In 2010 Amnesty employee Gita Sahgal was sacked after criticising the group’s links with Cage, a group that campaigns on behalf of people captured in the ‘War on Terror’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_(organisation). 10 Dennis Sewell, ‘Where Amnesty went wrong’, Catholic Herald (16 October 2015), https://catholicherald.co.uk/issues/october-16th-2015-2/where-amnesty-went-wrong/. 11 https://www.amnesty.org.uk/have-your-say-gender-recognition-act?utm_source=TWITTER&utm_medium=social&utm_content=20181001123500&utm_campaign=Amnesty&post_ID=1810746615. 12 https://twitter.com/ACLU/status/1063456843706585089. 13 https://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/03/im-scared-to-admit-to-being-a-tory-in-todays-c-of-e/. 14 Philip Johnston, Bad Laws: An Explosive Analysis of Britain’s Petty Rules, Health and Safety Lunacies and Madcap Laws (London: Constable, 2010). 15 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldhansrd/text/100311-0010.htm. 16 Dan Lewis, Essential Guide to British Quangos (London: Centre for Policy Studies, 2005). 17 Eamonn Butler, The Rotten State of Britain: How Gordon Brown Lost a Decade and Cost a Fortune (London: Gibson Square, 2014). 18 In a 1973 interview with Playboy, quoted in Eamonn Butler, Classical Liberalism: A Primer (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 2015). 19 ‘Waldorf Salad’, Fawlty Towers, season 2, episode 3, written by John Cleese and Connie Booth, directed by Bob Spiers (BBC One, 5 March, 1979). 20 Butler, Classical Liberalism. 21 Isabel Paterson, The God of the Machine (New York: G.

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Only 2 per cent of the population are gay men, and a sizeable minority of them are conservatives. 8 http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/if-youre-a-conservative-im-not-your-friend/. 9 https://medium.com/@NoahCarl/who-doesnt-want-to-hear-the-other-side-s-view-9a7cdf3ad702. 10 http://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/; http://fortune.com/2016/12/19/social-media-election/. 11 http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/03/12/social-networking-sites-and-politics/. 12 https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/conservatives-social-media-diet-more-balanced-than-liberals; https://www.statsocial.com/social-journalists/. 13 https://www.prri.org/research/poll-post-election-holiday-war-christmas/. 14 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661318300172. 15 https://yougov.co.uk/news/2015/10/02/why-right-wing-so-righteous/. 16 https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/02/10/left-wingers-keep-family/; https://twitter.com/robfordmancs/status/995969314976141312. 17 www.people-press.org/2017/07/20/since-trumps-election-increased-attention-to-politics-especially-among-women/1_51-2/. 18 https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/jun/05/roger-scruton-interview. 19 http://malcolmpollack.com/2014/01/24/casting-out-the-devil-2/. 20 https://twitter.com/shadihamid/status/1025391824494649345. 21 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550617729410?journalCode=sppa. 20. Sex and the Suburbs 1 Kirk, The Conservative Mind. 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff_White_People_Like. 3 John Derbyshire, We Are Doomed: Reclaiming Conservative Pessimism (New York: Crown Forum, 2009). 4 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2751437/Why-leaning-Right-make-happy-opposition-power.html. 5 https://www.newstalk.com/Rural-pensioners-are-Irelands-happiest-people-sayssurvey. 6 https://twitter.com/TheEconomist/status/1063724705591541760. 7 https://twitter.com/page_eco/status/1001788008633319425; http://www.henrikkleven.com/uploads/3/7/3/1/37310663/kleven-landais-sogaard_gender_feb2017.pdf; https://www.ifau.se/globalassets/pdf/se/2018/wp2018-09-the-career-dynamics-of-high-skilledwomen-and-men-evidence-from-sweden.pdf; https://theconversation.com/how-parenthood-continues-to-cost-women-more-than-men-97243. 8 http://takimag.com/article/the_secret_history_of_the_21st_century_steve_sailer/print#axzz4kASRWobo. 9 He found ‘not only that Sailer was correct – lower median home values are closely linked to Republican voting – but that one of the key factors linking home values and Republican voting is marriage’. https://www.weeklystandard.com/jonathan-v-last/start-a-family. 10 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?

pages: 553 words: 153,028

The Vortex: A True Story of History's Deadliest Storm, an Unspeakable War, and Liberation by Scott Carney, Jason Miklian

anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Bob Geldof, British Empire, clean water, cuban missile crisis, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, hive mind, index card, Kickstarter, Live Aid, low earth orbit, Mahatma Gandhi, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, rolodex, South China Sea, statistical model

Syed Ali Hamid, “Prisoners of Aversa,” Friday Times, February 9, 2019; B. A. R. Siddiqi, General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan: The Rise and Fall of a Soldier, 1947–1971 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2020); Shuja Nawaz, “The Sage of Yahya Khan,” Friday Times, January 24, 2021. Additional details of the battle where Yahya was captured are available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala/. Yahya’s tank Agha Humayun Amin, Pakistan Army Since 1965 (Lahore: Defence Journal Publications, 2000). Yahya already stood out Dewan Berindranath, Private Life of Yahya Khan (New Delhi: Sterling, 1974), 19–34. The Nazis imprisoned Yahya Details of Yahya’s POW camp are primarily from fellow POW Satyen Basu in his self-published memoir, A Doctor in the Army, 34–55.

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The cord got wrapped Kubernik, “Celebrating the 100th Birthday of Indian Music Legend Ravi Shankar.” Clapton wedged his lit Concert for Bangladesh. Clapton later said he Clapton, Clapton: The Autobiography, 137. He’d just biked into Van Zandt, “With a Little Help from His Friends.” West Pakistan imprisoned The initiative was called Operation Omega; see more at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Omega. A Dutch man stole “Vermeer Thefts: 1971—The Love Letter,” Daily Star, 2015. Children in thirty thousand Shamsul Bari, “Fast a Day to Save a People,” Bangladesh Newsletter (1972): 121. Activists built a refugee Shamsul Bari, “Bangladesh Refugee Camp at the United Nations,” Bangladesh Newsletter (1972): 134–35.

pages: 1,034 words: 241,773

Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress by Steven Pinker

3D printing, Abraham Maslow, access to a mobile phone, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Alignment Problem, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Arthur Eddington, artificial general intelligence, availability heuristic, Ayatollah Khomeini, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, biodiversity loss, Black Swan, Bonfire of the Vanities, Brexit referendum, business cycle, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Charlie Hebdo massacre, classic study, clean water, clockwork universe, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, conceptual framework, confounding variable, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, data science, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, distributed generation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, double helix, Eddington experiment, Edward Jenner, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end world poverty, endogenous growth, energy transition, European colonialism, experimental subject, Exxon Valdez, facts on the ground, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, Flynn Effect, food miles, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, frictionless, frictionless market, Garrett Hardin, germ theory of disease, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, Hacker Conference 1984, Hans Rosling, hedonic treadmill, helicopter parent, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, Hobbesian trap, humanitarian revolution, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, Jaron Lanier, Joan Didion, job automation, Johannes Kepler, John Snow's cholera map, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, knowledge economy, l'esprit de l'escalier, Laplace demon, launch on warning, life extension, long peace, longitudinal study, Louis Pasteur, Mahbub ul Haq, Martin Wolf, mass incarceration, meta-analysis, Michael Shellenberger, microaggression, Mikhail Gorbachev, minimum wage unemployment, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nate Silver, Nathan Meyer Rothschild: antibiotics, negative emissions, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, Norman Mailer, nuclear taboo, nuclear winter, obamacare, ocean acidification, Oklahoma City bombing, open economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, paperclip maximiser, Paris climate accords, Paul Graham, peak oil, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, post-truth, power law, precautionary principle, precision agriculture, prediction markets, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, radical life extension, Ralph Nader, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, rent control, Republic of Letters, Richard Feynman, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Rodney Brooks, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Rory Sutherland, Saturday Night Live, science of happiness, Scientific racism, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Simon Kuznets, Skype, smart grid, Social Justice Warrior, sovereign wealth fund, sparse data, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, supervolcano, synthetic biology, tech billionaire, technological determinism, technological singularity, Ted Kaczynski, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, total factor productivity, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing, universal basic income, University of East Anglia, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, women in the workforce, working poor, World Values Survey, Y2K

Ireland, “Death Penalty in Decline,” Harvard Gazette, June 28, 2012; C. Walsh, “Death Penalty, in Retreat,” Harvard Gazette, Feb. 3, 2015. For current updates, see “International Death Penalty,” Amnesty International, http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/death-penalty/international-death-penalty, and “Capital Punishment by Country,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country. 34. C. Ireland, “Death Penalty in Decline,” Harvard Gazette, June 28, 2012. 35. History of the abolition of capital punishment: Hammel 2010. 36. Enlightenment arguments against the death penalty: Hammel 2010; Hunt 2007; Pinker 2011, pp. 146–53. 37.

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Latham, “Pan African Parliament Endorses Ban on FGM,” Inter Press Service, Aug. 6, 2016, http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/08/pan-african-parliament-endorses-ban-on-fgm/. 34. Criminalization of homosexuality and the gay rights revolution: Pinker 2011, pp. 447–54; Faderman 2015. 35. For current data on gay rights worldwide, see Equaldex, www.equaldex.com, and “LGBT Rights by Country or Territory,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory. 36. World Values Survey: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp. Emancipative values: Welzel 2013. 37. Distinguishing age, period, and cohort: Costa & McCrae 1982; Smith 2008. 38. See also F. Newport, “Americans Continue to Shift Left on Key Moral Issues,” Gallup, May 26, 2015, http://www.gallup.com/poll/183413/americans-continue-shift-left-key-moral-issues.aspx. 39.

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Overestimating the probability of extreme risks: Pinker 2011, pp. 368–73. 9. End-of-the-world predictions: “Doomsday Forecasts,” The Economist, Oct. 7, 2015, http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/10/predicting-end-world. 10. Apocalyptic movies: “List of Apocalyptic Films,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films, retrieved Dec. 15, 2016. 11. Quoted in Ronald Bailey, “Everybody Loves a Good Apocalypse,” Reason, Nov. 2015. 12. Y2K bug: M. Winerip, “Revisiting Y2K: Much Ado About Nothing?” New York Times, May 27, 2013. 13. G. Easterbrook, “We’re All Gonna Die!”

The Art of SEO by Eric Enge, Stephan Spencer, Jessie Stricchiola, Rand Fishkin

AltaVista, barriers to entry, bounce rate, Build a better mousetrap, business intelligence, cloud computing, content marketing, dark matter, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, folksonomy, Google Chrome, Google Earth, hypertext link, index card, information retrieval, Internet Archive, Larry Ellison, Law of Accelerating Returns, linked data, mass immigration, Metcalfe’s law, Network effects, optical character recognition, PageRank, performance metric, Quicken Loans, risk tolerance, search engine result page, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, social bookmarking, social web, sorting algorithm, speech recognition, Steven Levy, text mining, the long tail, vertical integration, Wayback Machine, web application, wikimedia commons

Comparison of top five results for “blog” in Google and Bing Google Bing http://www.blogger.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog http://blog.com http://googleblog.blogspot.com http://blogger.com http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/ http://around-hingham.com http://wordpress.com http://wordpress.com There are some pretty significant differences here. For example, the search engines have three sites in common (blogger.com, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/blog, and wordpress.com) and two that differ. Bing shows one localized result (around-hingham.com) due to its proximity to the searcher.

pages: 189 words: 57,632

Content: Selected Essays on Technology, Creativity, Copyright, and the Future of the Future by Cory Doctorow

AltaVista, AOL-Time Warner, book scanning, Brewster Kahle, Burning Man, cognitive load, drop ship, en.wikipedia.org, general purpose technology, informal economy, information retrieval, Internet Archive, invention of movable type, Jeff Bezos, John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow, Law of Accelerating Returns, machine readable, Metcalfe's law, mirror neurons, Mitch Kapor, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, new economy, optical character recognition, PalmPilot, patent troll, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, Ponzi scheme, post scarcity, QWERTY keyboard, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Sand Hill Road, Skype, slashdot, Snow Crash, social software, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, the long tail, Thomas Bayes, Turing test, Vernor Vinge, Wayback Machine

Zuckerman issued a public call to arms to rectify this, challenging Wikipedia contributors to seek out information on subjects like Africa's military conflicts, nursing and agriculture and write these subjects up in the same loving detail given over to science fiction novels and contemporary youth culture. His call has been answered well. What remains is to infiltrate the Wikipedia into the academe so that term papers, Masters and Doctoral theses on these subjects find themselves in whole or in part on the Wikipedia. [fn See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Xed/CROSSBOW for more on this] But if Wikipedia is authoritative, how does it get there? What alchemy turns the maunderings of "mouth-breathers with modems" into valid, useful encyclopedia entries? It all comes down to the way that disputes are deliberated over and resolved. Take the entry on Israel.

pages: 176 words: 55,819

The Start-Up of You: Adapt to the Future, Invest in Yourself, and Transform Your Career by Reid Hoffman, Ben Casnocha

Airbnb, Andy Kessler, Apollo 13, Benchmark Capital, Black Swan, business intelligence, Cal Newport, Clayton Christensen, commoditize, David Brooks, Donald Trump, Dunbar number, en.wikipedia.org, fear of failure, follow your passion, future of work, game design, independent contractor, information security, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Joi Ito, late fees, lateral thinking, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Max Levchin, Menlo Park, out of africa, PalmPilot, Paul Graham, paypal mafia, Peter Thiel, public intellectual, recommendation engine, Richard Bolles, risk tolerance, rolodex, Salesforce, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, social web, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, the strength of weak ties, Tony Hsieh, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen

Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociology 78, no. 6 (1973): 1371. 12. Ibid., 1362. 13. Herminia Ibarra, Working Identity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1994): 113. 14. See Dunbar’s book How Many Friends Does One Person Need? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), as well as the Wikipedia entry for Dunbar’s Number, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar’s_number. Also see Christopher Allen’s nuanced parsing of the concept, “The Dunbar Number as a Limit to Group Sizes,” Life with Alacrity (blog), March 10, 2004, http://www.lifewithalacrity.com/2004/03/the_dunbar_numb.html 15. Jeffrey Travers and Stanley Milgram, “An Experimental Study in the Small World Problem,” Sociometry 35, no. 4 (1969): 425–43, doi:10.1109/TIT.2010.2054490 16.

Digital Transformation at Scale: Why the Strategy Is Delivery by Andrew Greenway,Ben Terrett,Mike Bracken,Tom Loosemore

Airbnb, behavioural economics, bitcoin, blockchain, butterfly effect, call centre, chief data officer, choice architecture, cognitive dissonance, cryptocurrency, data science, Diane Coyle, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, G4S, hype cycle, Internet of things, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, loose coupling, M-Pesa, machine readable, megaproject, minimum viable product, nudge unit, performance metric, ransomware, robotic process automation, Silicon Valley, social web, The future is already here, the long tail, the market place, The Wisdom of Crowds, work culture

* * * 5 National Audit Office, Information and Communications Technology in government: Landscape review, para 2.8. 6 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmpubadm/715/71507.htm#n48 7 https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2008 8 Quarterly National Accounts – National accounts aggregates, Office for National Statistics. 2013. 9 International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook (April 2017) 10 http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-15-675T 11 https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3368517 12 https://www.GOV.UK/government/news/digital-marketplace-transforming-how-small-businesses-sell-services-to-government 13 http://kk.org/thetechnium/the-shirky-prin/ 14 https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonha-revesencio/philippines-a-digital-lif_1_b_7199924.html 15 http://surveillance.rsf.org/en/china/ 16 The full blog post is published here: https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2013/03/12/were-not-appy-not-appy-at-all/ 17 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_transformation 18 https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkotter/2011/09/21/can-i-use-this-method-for-change-in-my-organization-2/#46d1967f4714 19 https://gilest.org/normal-words.html Chapter 2 Before you begin Before you can make a start on creating a digital institution, you need four things. 1.

pages: 207 words: 59,298

The Gig Economy: A Critical Introduction by Jamie Woodcock, Mark Graham

Airbnb, algorithmic management, Amazon Mechanical Turk, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, British Empire, business process, business process outsourcing, Californian Ideology, call centre, collective bargaining, commoditize, corporate social responsibility, crowdsourcing, data science, David Graeber, deindustrialization, Didi Chuxing, digital divide, disintermediation, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, full employment, future of work, gamification, gender pay gap, gig economy, global value chain, Greyball, independent contractor, informal economy, information asymmetry, inventory management, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, knowledge economy, low interest rates, Lyft, mass immigration, means of production, Network effects, new economy, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, planetary scale, precariat, rent-seeking, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, TaskRabbit, The Future of Employment, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, two-sided market, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, union organizing, women in the workforce, working poor, young professional

The odd turn of phrase that Amazon uses for tasks – HITs – indicates the connection to artificial intelligence with this kind of work. If Uber’s dream is to replace drivers with automated vehicles, the work being conducted on microwork platforms is also key to this process (Gray and Suri, 2019). Figure 4 The Mechanical Turk (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turk) It is technically challenging to develop products that are powered by artificial intelligence. The challenge is such that ‘some startups have worked out it’s cheaper and easier to get humans to behave like robots than it is to get machines to behave like humans’ (Solon, 2018).

pages: 1,152 words: 266,246

Why the West Rules--For Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future by Ian Morris

addicted to oil, Admiral Zheng, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Arthur Eddington, Atahualpa, Berlin Wall, British Empire, classic study, Columbian Exchange, conceptual framework, cotton gin, cuban missile crisis, defense in depth, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of the americas, Doomsday Clock, Eddington experiment, en.wikipedia.org, falling living standards, Flynn Effect, Ford Model T, Francisco Pizarro, global village, God and Mammon, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, James Watt: steam engine, Kickstarter, Kitchen Debate, knowledge economy, market bubble, mass immigration, Medieval Warm Period, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, out of africa, Peter Thiel, phenotype, pink-collar, place-making, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, sexual politics, Silicon Valley, Sinatra Doctrine, South China Sea, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, strong AI, Suez canal 1869, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, trade route, upwardly mobile, wage slave, washing machines reduced drudgery

On ships, McGrail 2002, pp. 380–81, 390–92. Fifteenth-century Mexico: Pollard 1993, M. Smith 2003. Multiple renaissances: Goody 2010. Gavin Menzies’s arguments: Menzies 2002, 2008, and www.1421.tv and www.gavinmenzies.net. Historians’ response: Finlay 2004. A lot of discussion can be found online (for example, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1421_hypothesis and http://www.dightonrock.com/commentsandrebuttalsconcering142.htm). Princess Taiping: http://www.chinesevoyage.com. On the shipwreck: http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2009/04/27/205767/Princess-Taiping.htm. Henry the Navigator: Russell 2000.

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Estimates of polar melting: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7139797.stm. Global weirding: T. Friedman 2008. Abrupt change: Pearce 2008. Stern Review: Stern 2006. Climate and food: Easterling 2007, Battisti and Naylor 2009, Lobell and Burke 2010. Food: http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/en/, http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/ai474e/ai474e13.htm, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_crisis. Regional impacts: Bättig et al. 2007. Water: Pearce 2007. There is a huge literature on migration into the United States and western Europe, much of it highly partisan. Swain 2007, The Economist’s survey of migration (“Open Up: A Special Report on Immigration,” The Economist, January 5, 2008; available at http://www.economist.com/specialreports), Caldwell 2009, and R.

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Some economists (for example, Nordhaus 2007) are critical, but an Australian report (Garnaut 2008) has reached similar conclusions to Stern. Nonstate organizations: T. Friedman 1999, van Creveld 1999. Energy issues: Smil 2006. Fermi Paradox: E. Jones 1985, Webb 2002. Search for extraterrestrials: Impey 2007, P. Davies 2010. Million civilizations: Shklovskii and Sagan 1968, p. 448. Drake’s Equation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation. High-tech weapons: Adams 2008, Singer 2009. Extinctions: Thomas et al. 2004. Sixth great extinction: Leakey and Lewin 1995. Bibliography Abernethy, David. The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.

pages: 982 words: 221,145

Ajax: The Definitive Guide by Anthony T. Holdener

AltaVista, Amazon Web Services, business logic, business process, centre right, Citizen Lab, Colossal Cave Adventure, create, read, update, delete, database schema, David Heinemeier Hansson, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, full text search, game design, general-purpose programming language, Guido van Rossum, information retrieval, loose coupling, machine readable, MVC pattern, Necker cube, p-value, Ruby on Rails, SimCity, slashdot, social bookmarking, sorting algorithm, SQL injection, Wayback Machine, web application

. * @type Array */ function insertionSort(dataArray) { var j, index; /* Loop through the array to sort each value */ for (var i = 0, il = dataArray.length; i < il; i++) { index = dataArray[i]; j = i; /* Move the /dataArray/ index to the place of insertion */ while ((j > 0) && (dataArray[j - 1] > index)) { dataArray[j] = dataArray[j - 1]; j -= 1; } /* Move the current /dataArray/ index to the insertion location */ dataArray[j] = index; } return (dataArray); } Sorting Tables | 267 Sorting Algorithms The most common sorting algorithms can be separated into two groups based on their complexity. These two groups are represented by the Big O notations O(n2) and O(n log n). The computer science of Big O notation is interesting, but well beyond the scope of this book. You can find more information on the subject at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Big_O_notation. The O(n2) group of algorithms is best used for smaller data sets, whereas the O(n log n) algorithms perform best with large data sets. The common O(n2) algorithms are bubble, selection, insertion, and shell. The bubble sort is the oldest, but also the slowest and most inefficient.

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For example: var object = Class.create( ); object.prototype = { collision: { _boundingRadius: 0, _boundingCenter: [0, 0], //. //. //. } }; We will consider anything within the object’s radius as something with which we have collided. To calculate this, we will use the Pythagorean theorem (http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem) to determine a point’s distance to the center of the object. The Pythagorean theorem says that for a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. That is, x2 + y2 = r2. To solve for r (the radius) we take √(x2 + y2).

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Then, the test is checking the object’s radius squared against the calculation, ((x – centerX)2 + (y – centerY)2). This speeds up the calculation, but it is still slower than rectangular collision detection. Example 21-8 shows this collision testing as part of the Logic object. As an alternative, you could use a lookup table, or LUT (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookup_table), of square root values to calculate more quickly than you can with the sqrt( ) function. Example 21-8. The circular collision test added to the Logic object /** * This object, Logic, is the container for all mathematical logic functionality * for the game. */ var Logic = { //. //. //. /** * This method, CircularCollisionDetect, tests for a collision between a * passed point and the passed circle (through its important values). * * @member Logic * @param {Array} p_point The point to test. * @param {Array} p_center The center point of the circle to test. * @param {Integer} p_r2 The radius squared from the circle to test. * @return Whether or not the point and the circle have collided. * @type Boolean */ CircularCollisionDetect: function(p_point, p_center, p_r2) { var r2 = Math.pow((p_point[0] - p_center[0]), 2) + Math.pow((p_point[1] - p_center[1]), 2); /* Is there a collision between the circle and point?

pages: 222 words: 60,207

Circus Maximus: The Economic Gamble Behind Hosting the Olympics and the World Cup by Andrew Zimbalist

airline deregulation, business cycle, carbon footprint, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, full employment, gentrification, Gini coefficient, income inequality, longitudinal study, megaproject, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, price elasticity of demand, principal–agent problem, race to the bottom, selection bias, Suez crisis 1956, urban planning, young professional

Other criticisms of Barcelona's plan include the 40 kilometers of ring roads surrounding the city (which promoted personal car use at the expense of public transport and did little to alleviate inner-city traffic), the widespread use of migrant labor with long hours, and the high import component of building materials for the planned construction. See the LSE Study on Barcelona games, 2010; and Miguelez and Carrasquer, “The Repercussion of the Olympic Games on Labour” (Barcelona: Centre d'Estudis Olimpics, 1995). 13. See “2004 Universal Forum of Cultures” (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Universal_Forum_of_Cultures), p. 3. 14. Parks, Promenades & Planning: Brand Management with the 21st Century Urban Waterfront, “Barcelona: Event as Catalyst” (urbanwaterfront.blogspot.com), p. 6. 15. M. Müller, “State Dirigisme in Megaprojects: Governing the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi,” Environment and Planning A 43, no. 9 (2011): 2091–108. 16.

Catalyst 5.8: The Perl MVC Framework by Antano Solar John, Jonathan Rockway, Solar John Antano

business logic, c2.com, create, read, update, delete, database schema, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, MVC pattern, Ruby on Rails, social intelligence, web application

There's no strict standard dictating what to return when, but the convention is to pick the most descriptive HTTP status code. The idea is to make it as easy as possible for an off-the-shelf HTTP client to understand what the response means. For a more detailed reading on REST, After this line add the following two link: http://tomayko.com/writings/rest-to-my-wife http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer We'll see all of this in action as we add a REST interface to our AddressBook application. [ 156 ] Chapter 7 Getting some REST In this section, we'll add REST to the AddressBook application so that API clients can easily look up people and their addresses.

pages: 523 words: 61,179

Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI by Paul R. Daugherty, H. James Wilson

3D printing, AI winter, algorithmic management, algorithmic trading, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Robotics, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, blockchain, business process, call centre, carbon footprint, circular economy, cloud computing, computer vision, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, digital twin, disintermediation, Douglas Hofstadter, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, fail fast, friendly AI, fulfillment center, future of work, Geoffrey Hinton, Hans Moravec, industrial robot, Internet of things, inventory management, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, job automation, job satisfaction, knowledge worker, Lyft, machine translation, Marc Benioﬀ, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, personalized medicine, precision agriculture, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, robotic process automation, Rodney Brooks, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sensor fusion, sentiment analysis, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Snow Crash, software as a service, speech recognition, tacit knowledge, telepresence, telepresence robot, text mining, the scientific method, uber lyft, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics

Combines the power of AI with virtual, augmented, and mixed-reality technology to add intelligence to training, maintenance, and other activities. a. Accenture Research; Jerry Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence: What Everyone Needs to Know (New York, Oxford University Press: 2016); and Wikipedia, s.v. “Artificial intelligence,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence. 3 The Ultimate Innovation Machine AI in R&D and Business Innovation Automaker Tesla has been breaking ground in many ways. Obviously, the company is well known for its snazzy (and pricey) automobiles—including the Tesla Roadster, the first electric sports car—which have attracted not only customers but investors as well.

pages: 215 words: 61,435

Why Liberalism Failed by Patrick J. Deneen

classic study, David Brooks, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, income inequality, intentional community, Lewis Mumford, mortgage debt, Nicholas Carr, plutocrats, price mechanism, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, shared worldview, Steven Levy, the scientific method, Thomas L Friedman, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

See also Jonathan Marks, “Conservatives and the Higher Ed ‘Bubble,’” Inside Higher Ed, November 15, 2012, https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2012/11/15/conservative-focus-higher-ed-bubble-undermines-liberal-education-essay. 10. The history of institutional name changes is instructive: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_university_and_college_name_changes_in_the_United_States. 11. Wendell Berry, “Faustian Economics: Hell Hath No Limits,” Harper’s, May 2008, 37–38. CHAPTER 6. THE NEW ARISTOCRACY 1. Murray, Coming Apart. 2. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 23, 26. 3. F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, ed.

pages: 216 words: 61,061

Without Their Permission: How the 21st Century Will Be Made, Not Managed by Alexis Ohanian

Airbnb, barriers to entry, carbon-based life, cloud computing, crowdsourcing, digital divide, en.wikipedia.org, Hacker News, Hans Rosling, hiring and firing, hockey-stick growth, independent contractor, Internet Archive, Justin.tv, Kickstarter, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, Menlo Park, minimum viable product, Occupy movement, Paul Graham, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, social web, software is eating the world, Startup school, TED Talk, Tony Hsieh, unpaid internship, Wayback Machine, Y Combinator, Yochai Benkler

v=xrrj9Wc2L84 7. https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/US/521/521.US.844.96-511.html 8. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media-network/video/2012/may/15/yochai-benkler-networked-public-sphere-sopa-pipa 9. http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/119771-bipartisan-bill-would-ramp-up-anti-piracy-enforcement-online 10. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/11/senator-web-censorship-bill-a-bunker-busting-cluster-bomb/ 11. http://www.wyden.senate.gov/news/press-releases/wyden-places-hold-on-protect-ip-act 12. http://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/nmnie/godaddy_supports_sopa_im_transferring_51_domains/ 13. http://support.godaddy.com/godaddy/go-daddys-position-on-sopa/ 14. http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/o7ch9/lets_discuss_sopa_askreddit/ 15. http://blog.reddit.com/2012/01/stopped-they-must-be-on-this-all.html 16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SOPA_initiative/Action 17. In their defense, Bloomberg TV invited me to talk about the bills on January 5. It may have been an audience of day traders and bankers, but it was an audience nonetheless (I don’t remember seeing Bloomberg TV listed among the supporters of the bill on the Judiciary Committee website, which might have had something to do with it). http://www.bloomberg.com/video/83688294-reddit-com-opposition-to-stop-online-piracy-act.html 18. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/02/business/media/the-danger-of-an-attack-on-piracy-online.html?

pages: 202 words: 62,199

Essentialism: The Disciplined Pursuit of Less by Greg McKeown

90 percent rule, Albert Einstein, Clayton Christensen, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Sedaris, deliberate practice, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, impact investing, Isaac Newton, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, Lao Tzu, lateral thinking, loss aversion, low cost airline, Mahatma Gandhi, microcredit, minimum viable product, Nelson Mandela, North Sea oil, Peter Thiel, power law, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Thaler, Rosa Parks, Salesforce, Shai Danziger, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, sovereign wealth fund, Stanford prison experiment, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, Vilfredo Pareto

Also in this piece he identifies twelve reasons people don’t practice risk mitigation: Wharton Center for Risk Management and Decision Processes, “Informed Decisions on Catastrophe Risk,” Wharton Issue Brief, Winter 2010, http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/library/WRCib20101_PsychNatHaz.pdf. 16. SUBTRACT 1. Eliyahu M. Goldratt, The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement (Great Barrington, MA: North River Press, 2004), ch. 13, p. 94. 2. Sigmund Krancberg, A Soviet Postmortem: Philosophical Roots of the “Grand Failure” (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994), 56. 3. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/poiesi 17. PROGRESS 1. Parts of this chapter were first published in a blog post I wrote for Harvard Business Review called “Can We Reverse The Stanford Prison Experiment?” June 12, 2012. 2. Based on my interviews with Ward Clapham between 2011 and 2013. 3. Speech at the annual Labour Party Conference, September 30, 1993, when Blair was shadow home secretary; see “Not a Time for Soundbites: Tony Blair in Quotations,” Oxford University Press Blog, June 29, 2007, http://blog.oup.com/2007/06/tony_blair/#sthash.P1rI6OHy.dpuf. 4.

pages: 241 words: 63,981

Dirty Secrets How Tax Havens Destroy the Economy by Richard Murphy

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bernie Sanders, centre right, corporate governance, Donald Trump, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, en.wikipedia.org, Glass-Steagall Act, Global Witness, high net worth, income inequality, intangible asset, Leo Hollis, light touch regulation, moral hazard, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, race to the bottom, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transfer pricing, Washington Consensus

Chavagneux, Tax Havens: How Globalization Really Works (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), pp. 110, 33. 4.See ‘Tax Havens and Their Use by US Taxpayers’, report prepared for the Internal Revenue Service, Washington, DC (‘Gordon Report’); European Commission, Code of Conduct on Business Taxation (Brussels: European Commission, 1997); OECD, Harmful Tax Competition: An Emerging Global Issue (Paris: OECD, 1998), pdf at oecd.org. 5.Lehman Brothers in the United States, the Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds Bank in the UK, and Fortis in both the Netherlands and Belgium head a long list of such banks. See Wikipedia, ‘List of Banks Acquired or Bankrupted during the Great Recession’, at en.wikipedia.org. 6.‘London Summit – Leaders’ Statement’, 2 April 2009, pdf at imf.org. 7.OECD, Harmful Tax Competition: An Emerging Global Issue (Paris: OECD, 1998). 8.Ibid., para. 24. 9.Ibid., para. 25. 10.Ibid., para. 30. 11.European Commission, Code of Conduct on Business Taxation. 12.Quoted in ‘CFP News Summary, 05–11–01’, at archive.freedomandprosperity.org. 13.Anguilla, Bermuda, British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn Island, St Helena, St Helena dependencies (Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha), South Georgia and the South Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands (those highlighted in bold are usually considered tax havens). 14.OECD, ‘Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes’, at oecd.org. 15.See, for example, Jersey Finance, ‘New Report Shows the Value of Jersey to the UK’, 2 July 2013, at jerseyfinance.je. 16.Sol Picciotto, International Business Taxation (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1992) – also available as a pdf at taxjustice.net. 17.Association for Accountancy and Business Affairs, ‘Welcome to Offshore Watch: Exposing Global Corruption’, at visar.csustan.edu. 18.R.

pages: 218 words: 62,889

Sabotage: The Financial System's Nasty Business by Anastasia Nesvetailova, Ronen Palan

Alan Greenspan, algorithmic trading, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Bernie Sanders, big-box store, bitcoin, Black-Scholes formula, blockchain, Blythe Masters, bonus culture, Bretton Woods, business process, collateralized debt obligation, corporate raider, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, critique of consumerism, cryptocurrency, currency risk, democratizing finance, digital capitalism, distributed ledger, diversification, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, en.wikipedia.org, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, financial repression, fixed income, gig economy, Glass-Steagall Act, global macro, Gordon Gekko, high net worth, Hyman Minsky, independent contractor, information asymmetry, initial coin offering, interest rate derivative, interest rate swap, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, litecoin, London Interbank Offered Rate, London Whale, Long Term Capital Management, margin call, market fundamentalism, Michael Milken, mortgage debt, new economy, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, Paul Samuelson, peer-to-peer lending, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, Post-Keynesian economics, price mechanism, regulatory arbitrage, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Ross Ulbricht, shareholder value, short selling, smart contracts, sovereign wealth fund, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail

Ketchum, ‘15 biggest crowdfunding scams and failures of all time’, Go Banking Rates, 14 March 2018, www.gobankingrates.com/making-money/business/biggest-crowdfunding-scams-failures/. 9. ‘Fed researchers compare P2P lending to subprime mortgages’, Finextra, 10 November 2017, www.finextra.com/newsarticle/31322/fed-researchers-compare-p2p-lending-to-subprime-mortgages. 10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lending_Club. 11. P. Rudegeair, ‘LendingClub CEO fired over faulty loans’, Wall Street Journal, 9 May 2016, www.wsj.com/articles/lendingclub-ceo-resigns-over-sales-review-1462795070. 12. M. Erman and H. Somerville, ‘LendingClub says ex-CEO took loans to boost volumes’, Reuters, 28 June 2016, www.reuters.com/article/us-lendingclub-ceo-idUSKCN0ZE13Q. 13.

Natural Language Processing with Python and spaCy by Yuli Vasiliev

Bayesian statistics, computer vision, data science, database schema, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, loose coupling, natural language processing, Skype, statistical model

lstrip() break ➋ wiki_resp = wikipedia.page(phrase) print("Article title: ", wiki_resp.title) print("Article url: ", wiki_resp.url) print("Article summary: ", wikipedia.summary(phrase, sentences=1)) In this script, we extract a keyword or keyphrase from the submitted sentence ➊ and send it to the wikipedia.page() function, which returns the most relevant article for the given keyword ➋. Then we simply print out the article’s title, URL, and first sentence. The output this script generates should look like this: Article title: Rhinoceros Article url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros Article summary: A rhinoceros (, from Greek rhinokero–s, meaning 'nose-horned', from rhis, meaning 'nose', and keras, meaning 'horn'), commonly abbreviated to rhino, is one of ... Try This Enhance the script in the previous section so it can “see” the children of the first prepositional object and the dependent prepositional objects.

pages: 239 words: 60,065

Retire Before Mom and Dad by Rob Berger

Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Apollo 13, asset allocation, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, buy and hold, car-free, cuban missile crisis, discovery of DNA, diversification, diversified portfolio, en.wikipedia.org, fixed income, hedonic treadmill, index fund, John Bogle, junk bonds, mortgage debt, Mr. Money Mustache, passive investing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, robo advisor, The 4% rule, the rule of 72, transaction costs, Vanguard fund, William Bengen, Yogi Berra, Zipcar

We’ve looked at how Time, Amount, and Return come together to create the Money Multiplier. We’ve seen how even small changes in each can have a big effect on our wealth. That’s good news. Like a tiny seed that grows into a mighty oak tree, small decisions we make today will supercharge our finances down the road. * * * 9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_72#History 10 https://personal.vanguard.com/us/insights/saving-investing/model-portfolio-allocations 3 Key Takeaways The Rule of 72 offers an easy way to determine how long it will take you to double your money. It also gives us a glimpse into the importance of our investment returns.

pages: 205 words: 61,903

Survival of the Richest: Escape Fantasies of the Tech Billionaires by Douglas Rushkoff

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 4chan, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Andrew Keen, AOL-Time Warner, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, behavioural economics, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, bitcoin, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, Burning Man, buy low sell high, Californian Ideology, carbon credits, carbon footprint, circular economy, clean water, cognitive dissonance, Colonization of Mars, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, CRISPR, data science, David Graeber, DeepMind, degrowth, Demis Hassabis, deplatforming, digital capitalism, digital map, disinformation, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, European colonialism, Evgeny Morozov, Extinction Rebellion, Fairphone, fake news, Filter Bubble, game design, gamification, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, Google bus, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, Haight Ashbury, hockey-stick growth, Howard Rheingold, if you build it, they will come, impact investing, income inequality, independent contractor, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, job automation, John Nash: game theory, John Perry Barlow, Joseph Schumpeter, Just-in-time delivery, liberal capitalism, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, megaproject, meme stock, mental accounting, Michael Milken, microplastics / micro fibres, military-industrial complex, Minecraft, mirror neurons, move fast and break things, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Oculus Rift, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), operational security, Patri Friedman, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, Plato's cave, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, QAnon, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Sam Altman, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, SimCity, Singularitarianism, Skinner box, Snapchat, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, surveillance capitalism, tech billionaire, tech bro, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, the medium is the message, theory of mind, TikTok, Torches of Freedom, Tragedy of the Commons, universal basic income, urban renewal, warehouse robotics, We are as Gods, WeWork, Whole Earth Catalog, work culture , working poor

., 2011). 165 The stock shot upwards : Eric Lam and Lu Wang, “Steely Meme-Stock Short Sellers Stare Down $4.5 Billion Loss,” Bloomberg , June 3, 2021, https:// www .bloomberg .com /news /articles /2021 -06 -03 /defiant -meme -stock -short -sellers -stare -down -4 -5 -billion -loss. 166 A platform like TikTok : Shelly Banjo and Shawn Wen, “A Push-Up Contest on TikTok Exposed a Great Cyber-Espionage Threat,” Bloomberg , May 13, 2021, https:// www .bloomberg .com /news /articles /2021 -05 -13 /how -tiktok -works -and -does -it -share -data -with -china. 167 “They all know the algorithms” : Taylor Lorenz, Kellen Browning, and Sheera Frenkel, “TikTok Teens and K-Pop Stans Say They Sank Trump Rally,” New York Times , June 21, 2020, https:// www .nytimes .com /2020 /06 /21 /style /tiktok -trump -rally -tulsa .html. 167 formed a union : Zoe Schiffer, “Exclusive: Google Workers across the Globe Announce International Union Alliance to Hold Alphabet Accountable,” Verge , January 25, 2021, https:// www .theverge .com /2021 /1 /25 /22243138 /google -union -alphabet -workers -europe -announce -global -alliance. 167 “sometimes the boss is the best organizer” : Kate Conger, “Hundreds of Google Employees Unionize, Culminating Years of Activism,” New York Times , January 4, 2021, https:// www .nytimes .com /2021 /01 /04 /technology /google -employees -union .html. 169 an open letter about the frightening potential : Wikimedia, “Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence,” https:// en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Open _Letter _on _Artificial _Intelligence, accessed August 10, 2021. 170 “Things are getting … currently doing” : Cat Clifford, “Billionaire Tech Titan Mark Cuban on AI: ‘It Scares the S— Out of Me,’ ” CNBC , July 25, 2017, https:// www .cnbc .com /2017 /07 /25 /mark -cuban -on -ai -it -scares -me .html. 170 “Is the country going to turn” : Evan Osnos, “Doomsday Prep for the Super Rich,” New Yorker , January 22, 2017, https:// www .newyorker .com /magazine /2017 /01 /30 /doomsday -prep -for -the -super -rich. 170 Employees protested : Peter Kafka, “Google Wants out of the Creepy Military Robot Business,” Vox , March 17, 2016, https:// www .vox .com /2016 /3 /17 /11587060 /google -wants -out -of -the -creepy -military -robot -business. 170 four thousand Googlers : Kate Conger, “Google Employees Resign in Protest Against Pentagon Contract,” Gizmodo , May 14, 2018, https:// gizmodo .com /google -employees -resign -in -protest -against -pentagon -con -1825729300. 171 “the one who becomes the leader” : Associated Press, “Putin: Leader in Artificial Intelligence Will Rule World,” CNBC , September 4, 2017, https:// www .cnbc .com /2017 /09 /04 /putin -leader -in -artificial -intelligence -will -rule -world .html. 171 “I think the danger of AI” : Elon Musk Answers Your Questions!

pages: 552 words: 168,518

MacroWikinomics: Rebooting Business and the World by Don Tapscott, Anthony D. Williams

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, airport security, Andrew Keen, augmented reality, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Ben Horowitz, bioinformatics, blood diamond, Bretton Woods, business climate, business process, buy and hold, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Charles Lindbergh, citizen journalism, Clayton Christensen, clean water, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, cloud computing, collaborative editing, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, colonial rule, commoditize, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, demographic transition, digital capitalism, digital divide, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, do well by doing good, don't be evil, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, Evgeny Morozov, Exxon Valdez, failed state, fault tolerance, financial innovation, Galaxy Zoo, game design, global village, Google Earth, Hans Rosling, hive mind, Home mortgage interest deduction, information asymmetry, interchangeable parts, Internet of things, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jaron Lanier, jimmy wales, Joseph Schumpeter, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, medical bankruptcy, megacity, military-industrial complex, mortgage tax deduction, Netflix Prize, new economy, Nicholas Carr, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, oil shock, old-boy network, online collectivism, open borders, open economy, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, radical decentralization, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, scientific mainstream, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart grid, smart meter, social graph, social web, software patent, Steve Jobs, synthetic biology, systems thinking, text mining, the long tail, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, transaction costs, transfer pricing, University of East Anglia, urban sprawl, value at risk, WikiLeaks, X Prize, Yochai Benkler, young professional, Zipcar

Consultancies such as McKinsey have estimated that China will need to invest closer to US $200–300 billion each year in the development and large-scale use of renewable energy and nuclear power between now and 2030—and all that just to maintain its emissions at about 10 percent above 2005 levels. According to the report (REF), China will also need to be a leader in energy-saving technology, build environmentally friendly homes, develop more public transportation, and dramatically curtail car usage. 9. The Northeast Blackout of 2003. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Blackout_of_2003. 10. “Berkeley Lab Study Estimates $80 Billion Annual Cost of Power Interruptions,” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (February 2, 2005). 11. Leonard Gross, Hydro One, quoted in “Utilities, government charged up about high-tech power distribution systems,” CBC News (March 12, 2009). 12.

…

And actually switching out batteries will prove difficult since every car will be designed differently and batteries weigh thousands of pounds. Will advances in battery technology (faster charging, longer duration) eliminate the need for exchange stations before they’re even built? Time will tell. 17. Progressive Automotive X Prize. See: http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/. 18. Orteig Prize. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orteig_Prize. 19. Jeremy Korzeniewski, “Chevy Volt will cost GM $750 million,” autobloggreen (December 9, 2008). 20. See Zipcar Press Release: http://zipcar.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=8. 21. “Case Study: Zipcar,” District of Columbia—Department of the Environment. See: http://ddoe.dc.gov/ddoe/cwp/view,a,1210,q,499698.asp. 22.

pages: 742 words: 166,595

The Barbell Prescription: Strength Training for Life After 40 by Jonathon Sullivan, Andy Baker

An Inconvenient Truth, complexity theory, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, experimental subject, Gary Taubes, indoor plumbing, junk bonds, longitudinal study, meta-analysis, moral panic, phenotype, publication bias, randomized controlled trial, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), the scientific method, Y Combinator

Pflugers Arch 2005;450:437-46. Wijndaele K, Duvigneud N, Matton L, et al. Muscular strength, aerobic fitness and metabolic risk syndrome risk in Flemish adults. Med Sci Sports Sci 2007;29:233-240. Wikipedia. Efficiency of ATP production. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Cellular_respiration#Efficiency_of_ATP_production Wikipedia. High-intensity interval training. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity_interval_training Willette AA, Guofan X, Johnson SC, et al. Insulin resistance, brain atrophy, and cognitive performance in late middle-aged adults. Diabetes Care 2012;36(2):443-449. Williams MA, Haskell WL, Ades PA, et al.

pages: 726 words: 172,988

The Bankers' New Clothes: What's Wrong With Banking and What to Do About It by Anat Admati, Martin Hellwig

Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Black Swan, bonus culture, book value, break the buck, business cycle, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, centralized clearinghouse, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, corporate governance, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, diversified portfolio, en.wikipedia.org, Exxon Valdez, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, fixed income, George Akerlof, Glass-Steagall Act, Growth in a Time of Debt, income inequality, information asymmetry, invisible hand, Jean Tirole, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, Larry Wall, light touch regulation, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, margin call, Martin Wolf, Money creation, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, negative equity, Nick Leeson, Northern Rock, open economy, Paul Volcker talking about ATMs, peer-to-peer lending, proprietary trading, regulatory arbitrage, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, Robert Shiller, Satyajit Das, Savings and loan crisis, shareholder value, sovereign wealth fund, subprime mortgage crisis, technology bubble, The Market for Lemons, the payments system, too big to fail, Upton Sinclair, Yogi Berra

Since then, the triad of offering payment services, taking deposits, and lending has been rediscovered several times and has come to be regarded as the essence of banking. On the Amsterdam Bank, see Kindleberger (1984, 47 ff), and on the Hamburg Bank, see Lütge (1966, 390 ff). On English goldsmiths, see Kindleberger (1984, 50 ff), Rothbard (2008), and Selgin (2010). 17. See, for example, Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_intermediary, accessed September 30, 2012). The textbook treatment by Mishkin (2007, 223) describes banking as “asset substitution” and says that “banks make profits by selling liabilities with one set of characteristics (a particular combination of liquidity, risk, size and return) and using the proceeds to buy assets with a different set of characteristics.”

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A short con, quick and easy to pull off. Financial innovation did not decrease risk but increased risk significantly in complex ways.” 39. Prominent examples include Sumitomo Corporation in 1996, Société Générale and Morgan Stanley in 2008, and JPMorgan Chase in 2012. For a record of large trading losses in history, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trading_losses, accessed October 1, 2012. 40. Significant amounts of public money were again put at risk in the 2000s, before the financial crisis, when public treasurers eager to improve their finances were willing victims of the banks’ sales forces. In many cases, the buyers were misled about the risks of the products they bought.

pages: 391 words: 71,600

Hit Refresh: The Quest to Rediscover Microsoft's Soul and Imagine a Better Future for Everyone by Satya Nadella, Greg Shaw, Jill Tracie Nichols

3D printing, AlphaGo, Amazon Web Services, anti-globalists, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Bretton Woods, business process, cashless society, charter city, cloud computing, complexity theory, computer age, computer vision, corporate social responsibility, crowdsourcing, data science, DeepMind, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, equal pay for equal work, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, fault tolerance, fulfillment center, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, Google Glasses, Grace Hopper, growth hacking, hype cycle, industrial robot, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, knowledge worker, late capitalism, Mars Rover, Minecraft, Mother of all demos, Neal Stephenson, NP-complete, Oculus Rift, pattern recognition, place-making, Richard Feynman, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, Snow Crash, special economic zone, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, subscription business, TED Talk, telepresence, telerobotics, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Soul of a New Machine, Tim Cook: Apple, trade liberalization, two-sided market, universal basic income, Wall-E, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, young professional, zero-sum game

Adesanya, Ireti. “The Genius Behind the Gini Index.” Virginia Commonwealth University School of Mass Communications Multimedia Journalism. Last modified December 20, 2013. http://mmj.vcu.edu/2013/12/20/methodology-gini-index-sidebar/. “Maxima and minima.” Wikipedia. Last modified October 9, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima. Immelt, Jeffrey. “NYU Stern Graduate Convocation 2016: Jeffrey Immelt.” Filmed May 20, 2016. YouTube video, 18:27. Posted June 2, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLMiuN8uSsk. Erlanger, Steven. “‘Brexit’: Explaining Britain’s Vote on European Union Membership.” New York Times, October 27, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/world/europe/britain-european-union-brexit.html?

pages: 247 words: 63,208

The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance by Jim Whitehurst

Airbnb, behavioural economics, cloud computing, content marketing, crowdsourcing, digital capitalism, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, Google Hangouts, Infrastructure as a Service, job satisfaction, Kaizen: continuous improvement, market design, meritocracy, Network effects, new economy, place-making, platform as a service, post-materialism, profit motive, risk tolerance, Salesforce, shareholder value, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, subscription business, TED Talk, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tony Hsieh

Jack Stack with Bo Burlingham, The Great Game of Business (New York: Crown Business, 2013), 178. Chapter 4 1. Brook Manville and Josiah Ober, A Company of Citizens (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2003), 10. 2. Ibid., 135–136. 3. Burchell and Robin, The Great Workplace, 43. 4. Wikipedia, s.v. “Meritocracy,” last modified December 18, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy. 5. Liz Elting, “How I Grew: Meritocracy Helped Us Grow to a $350 Million Company,” Translations.com, http://www.translations.com/about/news/in-the-news/how-i-grew-meritocracy-helped-us-grow-350-million-company. 6. Rajendra Sisodia, Jagdish N. Sheth, and David Wolfe, Firms of Endearment (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2014), 247. 7.

pages: 375 words: 66,268

High Performance JavaScript by Nicholas C. Zakas

en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Google Chrome, sorting algorithm, web application

The output is said to be a preprocessed form of the input data, which is often used by some subsequent programs like compilers. The amount and kind of processing done depends on the nature of the preprocessor; some preprocessors are only capable of performing relatively simple textual substitutions and macro expansions, while others have the power of fully fledged programming languages. —http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprocessor Preprocessing your JavaScript source files will not make your application faster by itself, but it will allow you to, among other things, conditionally instrument your code in order to measure how your application is performing. Since no preprocessor is specifically designed to work with JavaScript, it is necessary to use a lexical preprocessor that is flexible enough that its lexical analysis rules can be customized, or else use one that was designed to work with a language for which the lexical grammar is close enough to JavaScript’s own lexical grammar.

pages: 249 words: 66,383

House of Debt: How They (And You) Caused the Great Recession, and How We Can Prevent It From Happening Again by Atif Mian, Amir Sufi

Andrei Shleifer, asset-backed security, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, behavioural economics, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, break the buck, business cycle, Carmen Reinhart, collapse of Lehman Brothers, creative destruction, debt deflation, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, financial innovation, full employment, high net worth, Home mortgage interest deduction, housing crisis, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, market bubble, Martin Wolf, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage debt, negative equity, paradox of thrift, quantitative easing, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, school choice, seminal paper, shareholder value, subprime mortgage crisis, the payments system, the scientific method, tulip mania, young professional, zero-sum game

Davis and Till von Wachter, “Recessions and the Costs of Job Loss,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall 2011. Chapter Six 1. We define the west side of Detroit as people living in the following zip codes: 48219, 48223, 48227, 48228, 48235. Background information is from the Wikipedia entry on Brightmoor, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightmoor,_Detroit, and authors’ calculations. 2. Ron French, “How the Home Loan Boom Went Bust,” Detroit News, November 27, 2007. 3. Mark Whitehouse, “‘Subprime’ Aftermath: Losing the Family Home,” Wall Street Journal, May 30, 2007. 4. French, “Home Loan Boom Went Bust.” 5.

Learning Node.js: A Hands-On Guide to Building Web Applications in JavaScript by Marc Wandschneider

business logic, database schema, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, functional programming, Google Chrome, node package manager, telemarketer, web application

Part of writing your servers includes thinking logically about what you are trying to communicate to the calling clients and sending them as much information as possible to help them understand your response. * * * HTTP Response Codes The HTTP specification contains a large number of response codes a server can return to calling clients. You can learn more about them on Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes). Although a dizzying number of response codes is possible, you’ll find yourself using a few of the more common responses in most of your applications: • 200 OK—Everything went fine. • 301 Moved Permanently—The requested URL has been moved, and the client should re-request it at the URL specified in the response

pages: 233 words: 67,596

Competing on Analytics: The New Science of Winning by Thomas H. Davenport, Jeanne G. Harris

always be closing, Apollo 13, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, business intelligence, business logic, business process, call centre, commoditize, data acquisition, digital map, en.wikipedia.org, fulfillment center, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, high net worth, if you build it, they will come, intangible asset, inventory management, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, job satisfaction, knapsack problem, late fees, linear programming, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Netflix Prize, new economy, performance metric, personalized medicine, quantitative hedge fund, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, recommendation engine, RFID, search inside the book, shareholder value, six sigma, statistical model, supply-chain management, text mining, The future is already here, the long tail, the scientific method, traveling salesman, yield management

We excluded government respondents because government agencies could not be evaluated using these criteria. 14. Progressive Insurance, Annual Report to Shareholders, 2005. 15. Michael Lewis in a speech at Accenture, San Francisco, June 16, 2006. 16. CompStat is described in detail on Wikipedia-see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompStat. Steven Levitt has questioned the crime reductions due to CompStat in “Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six That Do Not,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 1 (Winter 2004): 163–190. 17. Cindy Blanthorne and Kristen Selvey Yance, “The Tax Gap: Measuring the IRS’s Bottom Line,” CPA Journal Online (New York State Society of CPAs), April 2006, http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2006/406/essentials/p40.htm. 18.

pages: 218 words: 70,323

Critical: Science and Stories From the Brink of Human Life by Matt Morgan

agricultural Revolution, Atul Gawande, biofilm, Black Swan, Checklist Manifesto, cognitive dissonance, crew resource management, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Strachan, discovery of penicillin, en.wikipedia.org, hygiene hypothesis, job satisfaction, John Snow's cholera map, meta-analysis, personalized medicine, publication bias, randomized controlled trial, Silicon Valley, stem cell, Steve Jobs, sugar pill, traumatic brain injury

Goetz, L. H. & Schork, N. J. Personalized medicine: motivation, challenges, and progress. Fertil. Steril. 109, 952–963 (2018). ‘. . . the first weekend of March saw sixteen weather-related deaths as the heaviest snowfall in more than thirty-five years was dumped on an ill-prepared UK.’ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_cold_wave ‘. . . one of the busiest periods for critical care services ever described, with my ICU swelling to over 170 per cent of its funded capacity.’ Campbell, D. NHS intensive care units sending patients elsewhere due to lack of beds. The Guardian (2018)

pages: 247 words: 64,986

Hive Mind: How Your Nation’s IQ Matters So Much More Than Your Own by Garett Jones

behavioural economics, centre right, classic study, clean water, corporate governance, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, en.wikipedia.org, experimental economics, Flynn Effect, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, hive mind, invisible hand, Kenneth Arrow, law of one price, meta-analysis, prediction markets, Robert Gordon, Ronald Coase, Saturday Night Live, social intelligence, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, Tyler Cowen, wikimedia commons, zero-sum game

4 Fortunately, the real Raven’s is multiple choice, so you needn’t solve it yourself. In all these questions, the goal is to look for a visual pattern and then choose the option that completes the pattern. FIGURE 1.1 A problem similar to those on the Raven’s Progressive Matrices Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raven_Matrix.svg (Under Creative Commons License, from user Life_of_Riley) The questions eventually get quite difficult. The lower-right corner is always blank, and you choose the best multiple-choice response. Raven’s is popular because it can easily be given to a roomful of students at once (no need for one tester per student) and because it appears (note the italics) to have fewer cultural biases than some other IQ tests: the test doesn’t measure your vocabulary, your exposure to American or British history, your skill at arithmetic, or any other obviously school-taught skill.

pages: 242 words: 71,943

Strong Towns: A Bottom-Up Revolution to Rebuild American Prosperity by Charles L. Marohn, Jr.

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, A Pattern Language, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, anti-fragile, bank run, big-box store, Black Swan, bread and circuses, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, cognitive dissonance, complexity theory, corporate governance, Detroit bankruptcy, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, Ferguson, Missouri, gentrification, global reserve currency, high-speed rail, housing crisis, index fund, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, low interest rates, low skilled workers, mass immigration, megaproject, Modern Monetary Theory, mortgage debt, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, paradox of thrift, Paul Samuelson, pensions crisis, Ponzi scheme, quantitative easing, reserve currency, restrictive zoning, Savings and loan crisis, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, trickle-down economics, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, urban renewal, walkable city, white flight, women in the workforce, yield curve, zero-sum game

By remaking local government to focus on the broad creation of wealth, local leaders will develop the capacity to assert their own competence. America needs that to happen. Notes 1 Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Antifragile: Things That Gain From Disorder (New York: Random House, LLC, 2012). 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism) 10 An Intentional Life My oldest daughter, Chloe, came home from her first day of kindergarten bursting with joy. Back then she was a chatty princess with a lot to say. My wife and I listened to her tell us about her day: her teacher, the new routine, all the new friends she was making.

pages: 225 words: 70,590

Curbing Traffic: The Human Case for Fewer Cars in Our Lives by Chris Bruntlett, Melissa Bruntlett

15-minute city, An Inconvenient Truth, autonomous vehicles, bike sharing, BIPOC, car-free, coronavirus, COVID-19, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, global pandemic, green new deal, Jane Jacobs, lockdown, Lyft, microplastics / micro fibres, New Urbanism, post-work, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, self-driving car, social distancing, streetcar suburb, the built environment, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, urban planning, white flight, working-age population, World Values Survey

Appleyard, Donald, and Mark Lintell. Environmental Quality of City Streets: The Residents’ Viewpoint. Highway Research Record, 1971. Biddulph, Mike. “Street Design and Street Use: Comparing Traffic Calmed and Home Zone Streets.” Journal of Urban Design, 2012. “Boids.” Accessed April 26, 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boids. Bouchard, Mikayla. “Transportation Emerges as Crucial to Escaping Poverty.” Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/07/upshot/transportation-emerges-as-crucial-to-escaping-poverty.html. Bowdler, Janis, et al. Building Equitable Cities: How to Drive Economic Mobility and Regional Growth.

pages: 296 words: 66,815

The AI-First Company by Ash Fontana

23andMe, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, blockchain, business intelligence, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, Charles Babbage, chief data officer, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, combinatorial explosion, computer vision, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data science, deep learning, DevOps, en.wikipedia.org, Geoffrey Hinton, independent contractor, industrial robot, inventory management, John Conway, knowledge economy, Kubernetes, Lean Startup, machine readable, minimum viable product, natural language processing, Network effects, optical character recognition, Pareto efficiency, performance metric, price discrimination, recommendation engine, Ronald Coase, Salesforce, single source of truth, software as a service, source of truth, speech recognition, the scientific method, transaction costs, vertical integration, yield management

*Sanjoy Dasgupta and Daniel Hsu, “Hierarchical Sampling for Active Learning,” in ICML ’08: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Machine Learning (New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2008): 208–15. * “API.DATA.GOV,” Data.gov, accessed September 11, 2020, https://api.data.gov. *Convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks are explained on p. 151. *See the glossary for definitions of these terms. * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_cycle. * Clayton Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2016). * Ben Thompson, “Defining Aggregators,” Stratechery, accessed September 26, 2017, https://stratechery.com/2017/defining-aggregators/.

The Emotionally Absent Mother: A Guide to Self-Healing and Getting the Love You Missed by Jasmin Lee Cori Ms, Lpc

en.wikipedia.org, follow your passion, social intelligence

(Los Angeles: Tarcher, 1990), p. 92. 64 John Bradshaw, Homecoming: Reclaiming and Championing Your Inner Child (New York: Bantam, 1990), p. 75. 65 Ibid., p. 78. 66 Edward Z. Tronick, “Dyadically Expanded States of Consciousness and the Process of Therapeutic Change,” Infant Mental Health Journal 19, no. 3 (1998): pp. 290-299. 67 “Donald Winnicott,” retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Winnicott on April 12, 2008. 68 Wallin, Attachment in Psychotherapy, p. 121. 69 Wallin, Attachment in Psychotherapy, p. 119. 70 Soonja Kim, “Sweet Re-Mothering for Undermothered Women,” first published in Open Exchange Magazine and retrieved from the author’s Web site, www.motheringwomen.com on March 4, 2010. 71 Ibid. 72 Ibid. 73 Dennis L.

pages: 287 words: 69,655

Don't Trust Your Gut: Using Data to Get What You Really Want in LIfe by Seth Stephens-Davidowitz

affirmative action, Airbnb, cognitive bias, commoditize, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, deep learning, digital map, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, General Magic , global pandemic, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Paul Graham, peak-end rule, randomized controlled trial, Renaissance Technologies, Sam Altman, science of happiness, selection bias, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, systematic bias, Tony Fadell, twin studies, Tyler Cowen, urban planning, Y Combinator

date=all&q=my%20penis%20is%205%20inches,my%20penis%20is%204%20inches,my%20penis%20is%203%20inches,my%20penis%20is%206%20inches,my%20penis%20is%207%20inches. really like sentences that include the word “you”: Ariana Orwell, Ethan Kross, and Susan A. Gelman, “ ‘You’ speaks to me: Effects of generic-you in creating resonance between people and ideas,” PNAS 117(49) (2020): 31038–45. the best-selling books of all time: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books. the most comprehensive study of rich people: Matthew Smith, Danny Yagan, Owen Zidar, and Eric Zwick, “Capitalists in the Twenty-First Century,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 134(4) (2019): 1675–1745. median age of entrepreneurs: Pierre Azoulay, Benjamin F.

pages: 247 words: 69,593

The Creative Curve: How to Develop the Right Idea, at the Right Time by Allen Gannett

Alfred Russel Wallace, collective bargaining, content marketing, data science, David Brooks, deliberate practice, Desert Island Discs, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, gentrification, glass ceiling, iterative process, lone genius, longitudinal study, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, McMansion, pattern recognition, profit motive, randomized controlled trial, recommendation engine, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, Saturday Night Live, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Snapchat, South of Market, San Francisco, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, too big to fail, uber lyft, work culture

You could call Martin: Details relating to Martin drawn mostly from John Seabrook, “Blank Space: What Kind of Genius Is Max Martin?,” The New Yorker, September 30, 2015, http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/blank-space-what-kind-of-genius-is-max-martin; and “List of Billboard number-one singles,” Wikipedia (date unlisted), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles. NPR once dubbed him: “The Scandinavian Secret Behind All Your Favorite Songs,” WBUR, 2015, http://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2015/10/02/dr-luke-taylor-swift-katy-perry-pop-music. Martin is in fact: Billboard Staff, “Max Martin’s Hot 100 No. 1s as a Songwriter—From Justin Timberlake’s ‘Can’t Stop the Feeling!’

pages: 996 words: 180,520

Nagios: System and Network Monitoring, 2nd Edition by Wolfgang Barth

business process, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, RFC: Request For Comment, web application

So that the Internet daemon can take account of the modification, its configuration must be reloaded: linux:~ # /etc/init.d/inetd reload * * * [136] If you want to define more than one IP address for allowed_hosts, they are separated by a comma. [137] The append mode only makes sense if the External Command File is replaced for debugging purposes with a simple file. [138] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L0KI97 [139] Rijndael-128: 14; Rijndael-192: 15; Rijndael-256: 16 14.3 Client-side Configuration The configuration file send_nsca.cfg on the client side must contain the same encryption parameters as the file on the Nagios server: password=verysecret decryption_method=10 Since the key is also written here in plain text, it should not be readable for just any user.

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The negotiate procedure is shown in a somewhat simplified form here, and it is possible that the server sends back a 401 code (Unauthorized) with the WWW-Authenticate field after it receives the Authorization packet of the client, because further authentication data is required. The client then sends another Authorization header entry, as requested. This is repeated until the server answers with 200 OK. * * * [316] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_sign_on [317] The scenario described may also work with Windows 2000, but the author was not able to test this. Nevertheless, there are certainly differences in the Kerberos implementation between Windows 2000 and Windows 2003, which probably require adjustments to the procedure descrbed here

pages: 614 words: 174,633

Space Odyssey: Stanley Kubrick, Arthur C. Clarke, and the Making of a Masterpiece by Michael Benson

Alistair Cooke, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, British Empire, Dr. Strangelove, en.wikipedia.org, haute couture, index card, Internet Archive, Jon Ronson, low earth orbit, Marshall McLuhan, mutually assured destruction, RAND corporation, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

In each case, the monolith: descriptions of cutout monoliths from Cantwell, interview transcript by Shay, August 17, 1979. “a puppet controlled by invisible strings”: Clarke, 2001: A Space Odyssey, 12. “The literal description of these tests”: Clarke, Lost Worlds, 47-48. “Any sufficiently advanced technology”: Clarke’s laws have been widely promulgated. See “Clark’s Three Laws,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke%27s_three_laws. “wanted to hint at magic”: Clarke, interview by Gelmis, Camera Three. in late October, Cantwell conceived of a view: time frame determined by Stanley Kubrick summary of lunch discussion with the Effects Department, October 20, 1967. “Once again, we go for the symmetry” . . .

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“read the book, see the film”: LoBrutto, Stanley Kubrick, 310. the highest-grossing film of the year: see “Box Office / Business for 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968),” IMDb, www.imdb.com/title/tt0062622/business?ref_=ttfc_ql_4; “1968 in Film,” Wikipedia, last modified November 17, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_in_film. “Stanley is now laughing all the way to the bank”: Clarke to Ray Bradbury, June 6, 1968. “Stanley and I are laughing”: Arthur C. Clarke, “The Myth of 2001,” Cosmos Science-Fantasy Review, no. 1 (April 1969): 10, reprinted in Clarke, Report on Planet Three, 222–24. “The success of 2001 was a great surprise”: Clarke interview from Time out of Mind, BBC2 series on science fiction, 1979, www.youtube.com/watch?

pages: 819 words: 181,185

Derivatives Markets by David Goldenberg

Black-Scholes formula, Brownian motion, capital asset pricing model, commodity trading advisor, compound rate of return, conceptual framework, correlation coefficient, Credit Default Swap, discounted cash flows, discrete time, diversification, diversified portfolio, en.wikipedia.org, financial engineering, financial innovation, fudge factor, implied volatility, incomplete markets, interest rate derivative, interest rate swap, law of one price, locking in a profit, London Interbank Offered Rate, Louis Bachelier, margin call, market microstructure, martingale, Myron Scholes, Norbert Wiener, Paul Samuelson, price mechanism, random walk, reserve currency, risk free rate, risk/return, riskless arbitrage, Sharpe ratio, short selling, stochastic process, stochastic volatility, time value of money, transaction costs, volatility smile, Wiener process, yield curve, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

In 2013, the CFTC ordered the return of 1.2 billion dollars to investors with funds at MF Global (see Website 2). Presumably investors were compensated 100% for their invested funds. Why is it critical for futures exchanges that the MF Global scandal be resolved? d. Do the MF Global and the Peregrine scandals imply that all FCMs are suspect? Or even that most of them are? e. Go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_composition (accessed May 27, 2015) and absorb the information there. The fallacy of composition is a very common error in reasoning, occurring frequently in economic scenarios. Try to apply it to this mini-case. 5.2 THREE PHASES OF FUTURES TRADING There are three phases to trading futures contracts and we will discuss each in turn.

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We will discuss each component of the basic call option price quote in Table 9.3. a. 08 Mar refers to the expiration date in March 2008. b. The exercise price of the call is $45.00. c. C is the CBOE’s expiration month code for March calls (O is the code for puts). d. I is the strike price code for 45.00 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_naming_conventionStrike_Price_Codes; accessed May 27, 2015). e. E indicates that the option was traded on the CBOE Chicago Board Options Exchange (www.cboe.com/delayedquote/quotehelp.aspx; accessed May 27, 2015). f. The Last Sale gives the asked price at which this option was last traded prior to the observation time.

pages: 1,007 words: 181,911

The 4-Hour Chef: The Simple Path to Cooking Like a Pro, Learning Anything, and Living the Good Life by Timothy Ferriss

Airbnb, Atul Gawande, Blue Bottle Coffee, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, confounding variable, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, deliberate practice, digital nomad, en.wikipedia.org, Golden Gate Park, happiness index / gross national happiness, haute cuisine, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, Isaac Newton, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, language acquisition, Loma Prieta earthquake, loss aversion, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Mason jar, microbiome, off-the-grid, Parkinson's law, Paul Buchheit, Paul Graham, Pepsi Challenge, Pepto Bismol, Ponzi scheme, Ralph Waldo Emerson, San Francisco homelessness, Silicon Valley, Skype, spaced repetition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, the High Line, Y Combinator

Some industry analysts estimate that more than 50% of all mass-produced olive oil is spoiled when consumed. Last but not least, the fat in macadamia nut oil contains the lowest concentration of omega-6 fatty acids of all common cooking oils. I purchase mine from oilsofaloha.com, and I favor their unflavored oils for learning to cook. ‡ Wikipedia, “Smoke Point,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_point (accessed September 16, 2012). There are many factors that affect smoke point, so the numbers may vary, but our chart gives you an idea of the order. SALT (DIAMOND crystal KOSHER + MALDON) In the heyday of the Roman empire, workers were sometimes paid in salt, hence the word salary in English.7 Most chefs agree that salt is the most important ingredient in the kitchen, so don’t cut corners here.

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‡ Oxford Dictionaries, “The OEC: Facts About the Language,” http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/the-oec-facts-about-the-language (accessed September 16, 2012). 24 Biggs is recounting his 1964 interview with the legendary hedge-fund manager Alfred Jones. Jones had, at that time, averaged 28% compounded annual returns for nearly a decade. ‡ Josh Sens, “Swing School,” American Way, September 2011, http://www.americanwaymag.com/stan-utley-golf-channel (accessed September 18, 2012). ‡ Wikipedia, “Working Memory,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory (accessed June 13, 2012). 25 The term prodigy shouldn’t apply to Josh because prodigy is used with a single modifier in front of it, as in “Josh is a chess prodigy.” Josh defies pigeonholing. He tackled t’ai chi ch’uan after leaving the chess world behind. Thirteen Push Hands National Championships and two World Championship titles later, he decided to train in Brazilian jujitsu.

pages: 834 words: 180,700

The Architecture of Open Source Applications by Amy Brown, Greg Wilson

8-hour work day, anti-pattern, bioinformatics, business logic, c2.com, cloud computing, cognitive load, collaborative editing, combinatorial explosion, computer vision, continuous integration, Conway's law, create, read, update, delete, David Heinemeier Hansson, Debian, domain-specific language, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, finite state, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, friendly fire, functional programming, Guido van Rossum, Ken Thompson, linked data, load shedding, locality of reference, loose coupling, Mars Rover, MITM: man-in-the-middle, MVC pattern, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), peer-to-peer, Perl 6, premature optimization, recommendation engine, revision control, Ruby on Rails, side project, Skype, slashdot, social web, speech recognition, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, web application, WebSocket

One of the great things about an open source system like VTK is that many of these mistakes can and will be rectified over time. We have an active, capable development community that is improving the system every day and we expect this to continue into the foreseeable future. Footnotes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opaque_pointer. See the latest VTK code analysis at http://www.ohloh.net/p/vtk/analyses/latest. http://www.midasjournal.org/?journal=35 The Architecture of Open Source Applications Amy Brown and Greg Wilson (eds.) ISBN 978-1-257-63801-7 License / Buy / Contribute Chapter 7.

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While there is no magic answer to this problem, I hope that the continued exposure to new problem domains, a willingness to reevaluate previous decisions, and to redesign and throw away code will help. After all, the goal isn't to be perfect, it is to keep getting better over time. Footnotes http://llvm.org http://clang.llvm.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_JVM_languages A backronym that now stands for "GNU Compiler Collection". This is in contrast to a two-address instruction set, like X86, which destructively updates an input register, or one-address machines which take one explicit operand and operate on an accumulator or the top of the stack on a stack machine.

pages: 1,205 words: 308,891

Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can't Explain the Modern World by Deirdre N. McCloskey

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", Airbnb, Akira Okazaki, antiwork, behavioural economics, big-box store, Black Swan, book scanning, British Empire, business cycle, buy low sell high, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, classic study, clean water, Columbian Exchange, conceptual framework, correlation does not imply causation, Costa Concordia, creative destruction, critique of consumerism, crony capitalism, dark matter, Dava Sobel, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, do well by doing good, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, experimental economics, Ferguson, Missouri, food desert, Ford Model T, fundamental attribution error, Garrett Hardin, Georg Cantor, George Akerlof, George Gilder, germ theory of disease, Gini coefficient, God and Mammon, Great Leap Forward, greed is good, Gunnar Myrdal, Hans Rosling, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, Hernando de Soto, immigration reform, income inequality, interchangeable parts, invention of agriculture, invention of writing, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Islamic Golden Age, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, John Harrison: Longitude, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, lake wobegon effect, land reform, liberation theology, lone genius, Lyft, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, means of production, middle-income trap, military-industrial complex, Naomi Klein, new economy, Nick Bostrom, North Sea oil, Occupy movement, open economy, out of africa, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Pax Mongolica, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, Peter Singer: altruism, Philip Mirowski, Pier Paolo Pasolini, pink-collar, plutocrats, positional goods, profit maximization, profit motive, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, refrigerator car, rent control, rent-seeking, Republic of Letters, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Ronald Coase, Scientific racism, Scramble for Africa, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, seminal paper, Simon Kuznets, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, spinning jenny, stakhanovite, Steve Jobs, tacit knowledge, TED Talk, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Chicago School, The Market for Lemons, the rule of 72, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, total factor productivity, Toyota Production System, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, uber lyft, union organizing, very high income, wage slave, Washington Consensus, working poor, Yogi Berra

A difference between 24 and 21 percent does not change any conclusion here or elsewhere in the book. We are dealing throughout with rough figures of how much people make, earn, and consume. The three sets of estimates (and a fourth, from the CIA, giving much the same results) are conveniently gathered (for 2011/2012) at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita, and for the Penn Tables https://www.google.com/webhp?hl=en#hl=en&q=Penn+Tables. 4. “Make, earn, and consume” because in a correct accounting (but see note 6) the figures would show that what an economy produces is the same to the last cent as what its people earn as income and what they consume, whether in the marketplace, in homework, or in leisure.

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But not to worry, and if to worry not to worry too much: errors at such magnitudes do not matter for anything I say here, because we are concerned with orders of (very great) magnitude. Any factor of 10 or 30 or 100 will do, and some such factor is justifiable by all manner of evidence. 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development Indicators. 8. In Maddison’s tables, which seem best for the purpose, Brazilian GDP per person in 2001, deflated to 1990 international Geary-Khamis dollars, was $5,570 (Maddison 2007, table 4c, p. 522). From Index Mundi, which collected its numbers from the annual CIA Factbook (http://www.indexmundi.com/brazil/gdp_real_growth_rate.html), one can reckon from the ratio of Brazil’s real per-capita income in 2010 to that in 2000/2002 that the Maddisonian figure for 2010 would have been about $8,021.

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For recent expositions, see Fogel 2004; Floud et al. 2011. But on Fogel, see de Vries 2008, pp. 117–120. A judicious survey is Kelly and Ó Gráda 2012. 14. Quoted from Moburg’s memoir in Brown 2008, pp. 9–10. 15. Examine Wikipedia’s astonishing “List of Tuberculosis Cases” at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tuberculosis_cases (the editors, to be sure, plead for “citations to reliable sources”). Beyond those mentioned in the text there were, for example, Burns, Schiller, Scott, Balzac, Chopin, John C. Calhoun, nearly the entire Brontë family, Delacroix, Thoreau, Napoleon II, Robert Louis Stevenson, John Ruskin, Chekhov, and Orwell. 16.

pages: 1,104 words: 302,176

The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War (The Princeton Economic History of the Western World) by Robert J. Gordon

3D printing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, airline deregulation, airport security, Apple II, barriers to entry, big-box store, blue-collar work, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, clean water, collective bargaining, computer age, cotton gin, creative destruction, deindustrialization, Detroit bankruptcy, discovery of penicillin, Donner party, Downton Abbey, driverless car, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, feminist movement, financial innovation, food desert, Ford Model T, full employment, general purpose technology, George Akerlof, germ theory of disease, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, Golden age of television, government statistician, Great Leap Forward, high net worth, housing crisis, Ida Tarbell, immigration reform, impulse control, income inequality, income per capita, indoor plumbing, industrial robot, inflight wifi, interchangeable parts, invention of agriculture, invention of air conditioning, invention of the sewing machine, invention of the telegraph, invention of the telephone, inventory management, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, jitney, job automation, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, labor-force participation, Les Trente Glorieuses, Lewis Mumford, Loma Prieta earthquake, Louis Daguerre, Louis Pasteur, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, market fragmentation, Mason jar, mass immigration, mass incarceration, McMansion, Menlo Park, minimum wage unemployment, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, new economy, Norbert Wiener, obamacare, occupational segregation, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, payday loans, Peter Thiel, Phillips curve, pink-collar, pneumatic tube, Productivity paradox, Ralph Nader, Ralph Waldo Emerson, refrigerator car, rent control, restrictive zoning, revenue passenger mile, Robert Solow, Robert X Cringely, Ronald Coase, school choice, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, Skype, Southern State Parkway, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, streetcar suburb, The Market for Lemons, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Thomas Malthus, total factor productivity, transaction costs, transcontinental railway, traveling salesman, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, undersea cable, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, warehouse robotics, washing machines reduced drudgery, Washington Consensus, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, working poor, working-age population, Works Progress Administration, yellow journalism, yield management

Quotations from Bettmann (1974, pp. 110–13). 33. Details from Carroll (2010). 34. Fite (1987, p. 47). 35. Details from Schlereth (1991, pp. 142–43). 36. Danbom (2006, p. 97). 37. Clark (1964, p. 131). 38. Schlereth (1991, p. 91). 39. The radiator was invented in 1855–57 by Franz San Galli in St. Petersburg, according to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator. 40. Strasser (1982, p. 57). 41. Among other sources, the history of the toilet is available at www.victoriaplumb.com/bathroom_DIY/history_of_toilets.html. 42. http://plumbing.1800anytyme.com/history-of-plumbing.php. 43. Strasser (1982, p. 97). 44. Danbom (2006, p. 96). Further discussion of consumer finance and mortgage debt is provided in chapter 9. 45.

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A Google search of “House styles of 1870” in July 2011 called forth a listing on oldhouses.com of 131 current real estate listings of houses built between 1870 and 1880. 50. www.localhistories.org/middleclass.html. 51. Carr (1909, pp. 18–22). 52. Quoted by Greene (2008, pp. 1–2). 53. Greene (2008, p. 167). 54. Rosenzweig (1983, p. 48). 55. Facts on Coney Island from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island. 56. Kleinberg (1989, p. 109). 57. Schlereth (1991, p. 288). 58. Starr (1982, p. 113). 59. Danbom (2006, p. 98). 60. Melosi (2000, p. 90). 61. Melosi (2000, p. 75). 62. My colleague Louis Cain tells me that a current flowing at about 3.33 cubit feet per second would purify waste from a human population equivalent of 3 million in about 100 miles. 63.

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As an example of the swiftness of current web searching, in writing this sentence on my desktop PC in mid-2014, I entered the search term “introduction date of Windows 95” on my adjacent laptop and within a fraction of a second, a response page appeared with “August 24, 1995” in large bold type at the top of the page. 21. O’Malley (1995, p. 80). 22. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_of_Wikipedia. These would be very large volumes containing 1.6 million words each, more than five times the number of words in this book. 14 ANTIBIOTICS, CT SCANS, AND THE EVOLUTION OF HEALTH AND MEDICINE 1. This refers to U.S. life expectancy at birth versus U.S. health expenditure per person, compared to those of the rest of the G7 nations.

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Reinventing Capitalism in the Age of Big Data by Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, Thomas Ramge

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Air France Flight 447, Airbnb, Alvin Roth, Apollo 11, Atul Gawande, augmented reality, banking crisis, basic income, Bayesian statistics, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, bitcoin, blockchain, book value, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, centralized clearinghouse, Checklist Manifesto, cloud computing, cognitive bias, cognitive load, conceptual framework, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, Didi Chuxing, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Frederick Winslow Taylor, fundamental attribution error, George Akerlof, gig economy, Google Glasses, Higgs boson, information asymmetry, interchangeable parts, invention of the telegraph, inventory management, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, job automation, job satisfaction, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, land reform, Large Hadron Collider, lone genius, low cost airline, low interest rates, Marc Andreessen, market bubble, market design, market fundamentalism, means of production, meta-analysis, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, multi-sided market, natural language processing, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, offshore financial centre, Parag Khanna, payday loans, peer-to-peer lending, Peter Thiel, Ponzi scheme, prediction markets, price anchoring, price mechanism, purchasing power parity, radical decentralization, random walk, recommendation engine, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Sam Altman, scientific management, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, six sigma, smart grid, smart meter, Snapchat, statistical model, Steve Jobs, subprime mortgage crisis, Suez canal 1869, tacit knowledge, technoutopianism, The Future of Employment, The Market for Lemons, The Nature of the Firm, transaction costs, universal basic income, vertical integration, William Langewiesche, Y Combinator

., the discovery of an original Declaration of Independence hidden in a picture bought at a flea market (Eleanor Blau, “Declaration of Independence Sells for $2.4 Million,” New York Times, June 14, 1991, http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/14/arts/declaration-of-independence-sells-for-2.4-million.html). German pharmaceuticals company, Grünenthal: Grünenthal was the first West German company to produce and sell penicillin after the occupying forces lifted their ban on the drug’s production in the country. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grünenthal_GmbH. By mid-November, he informed Grünenthal: http://www.contergan.grunenthal.info/thalidomid/Home_/Fakten_und _Historie/342300049.jsp?naviLocale=en_EN. the last British “thalidomide baby”: Nick McGrath, “My Thalidomide Family: Every Time I Went Home I Was a Stranger,” Guardian, August 1, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/aug/01/thalidomide-louise-medus-a-stranger-when-i-went-home.

pages: 254 words: 72,929

The Age of the Infovore: Succeeding in the Information Economy by Tyler Cowen

Albert Einstein, Asperger Syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, behavioural economics, business cycle, Cass Sunstein, cognitive bias, David Brooks, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, Flynn Effect, folksonomy, framing effect, Google Earth, Gregor Mendel, impulse control, informal economy, Isaac Newton, loss aversion, Marshall McLuhan, Naomi Klein, neurotypical, new economy, Nicholas Carr, pattern recognition, phenotype, placebo effect, Richard Thaler, selection bias, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, the medium is the message, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Tyler Cowen

For an argument that characters in Jane Austen novels lie along the autistic spectrum, see Phyllis Ferguson Bottomer, So Odd a Mixture: Along the Autistic Spectrum in Pride and Prejudice (Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2007). On mail to Holmes and the popularity of the character, see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221B_Baker_Street. On the Sherlock Holmes societies, see Russell Miller, The Adventures of Arthur Conan Doyle (London: Harvill Secker, 2008), 4. For discussions of Holmes’s methods of reasoning, see Umberto Eco and Thomas A. Sebeok, eds., The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983).

pages: 302 words: 74,878

A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life by Brian Grazer, Charles Fishman

4chan, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Apollo 13, Apple II, Asperger Syndrome, Bonfire of the Vanities, Dr. Strangelove, en.wikipedia.org, game design, Google Chrome, Howard Zinn, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, Kickstarter, Norman Mailer, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, out of africa, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Strategic Defense Initiative, TED Talk, the scientific method, Tim Cook: Apple

page_id=13, accessed October 18, 2014. The website poliotoday.org is created and maintained by Jonas Salk’s research organization, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. 4. This list of polio survivors comes from the compilation on Wikipedia, which contains source citations for each person listed: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poliomyelitis_survivors, accessed October 18, 2014. 5. One account of the often-controversial development of the polio vaccine is here: www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/pharmaceuticals/preventing-and-treating-infectious-diseases/salk-and-sabin.aspx, accessed October 18, 2014. 6.

pages: 239 words: 73,178

The Narcissist You Know by Joseph Burgo

Albert Einstein, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, en.wikipedia.org, financial independence, Jeff Bezos, Julian Assange, megaproject, Paul Graham, Peoples Temple, reality distortion field, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, traveling salesman, WikiLeaks

Keith Campbell, The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement (New York: Atria Books, 2009). 3. Ibid. 4. Brad J. Bushman and Roy F. Baumeister, “Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?” in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1998, vol. 75, no. 1), 219–229. 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Peabody#cite_note-MPSStoryOver lay-1. 6. Drew Pinsky and S. Mark Young, The Mirror Effect: How Celebrity Narcissism Is Seducing America (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 15. 7. Jake Halpern, Fame Junkies: The Hidden Truths behind America’s Favorite Addiction (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007). 8.

pages: 263 words: 75,610

Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age by Viktor Mayer-Schönberger

digital divide, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Firefox, full text search, George Akerlof, information asymmetry, information retrieval, information security, information trail, Internet Archive, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, John Markoff, Joi Ito, lifelogging, moveable type in China, Network effects, packet switching, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, pattern recognition, power law, RFID, slashdot, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, systematic bias, The Market for Lemons, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Vannevar Bush, Yochai Benkler

Starbuck, “Unlearning Ineffective or Obsolete Technologies,” 725–37. 50. For a wonderful exposition of how reading is forgetting, see Bayard, How to Talk About Books You Haven’t Read, 55–57. 51. King, The Commissar Vanishes. 52. Orwell, 1984, 171–72. 53. See Wikipedia: Researching with Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipedia; see also Doctorow, Scroogled. 54. Priedhorsky et al., “Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia.” 55. On the former, see Harris, Selling Hitler. A wonderful example of retouching photographs to alter the past can be found in King’s The Commissar Vanishes. 56.

pages: 273 words: 72,024

Bitcoin for the Befuddled by Conrad Barski

Airbnb, AltaVista, altcoin, bitcoin, blockchain, buttonwood tree, cryptocurrency, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fiat currency, Isaac Newton, MITM: man-in-the-middle, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Network effects, node package manager, p-value, peer-to-peer, price discovery process, QR code, radical decentralization, Satoshi Nakamoto, self-driving car, SETI@home, software as a service, the payments system, Yogi Berra

If you don’t understand what a man-in-the-middle attack is, first, be aware that almost anything you do on the Internet is at risk of this assault, especially if you’re connecting from a public Internet connection you don’t fully control. Second, stop reading this chapter now and immediately read the Wikipedia page on this subject at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack. Appendix B: Bitcoin Programming with Bitcoinj 1. The C++ reference implementation is available at https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/. 2. BitcoinJ is available at http://bitcoinj.github.io/ 3. https://github.com/piotrnar/gocoin/ 4. https://github.com/conformal/btcd/ UPDATES Visit http://www.nostarch.com/bitcoin for updates, errata, and other information.

pages: 282 words: 26,931

The Five-Year Party: How Colleges Have Given Up on Educating Your Child and What You Can Do About It by Craig Brandon

Bernie Madoff, call centre, corporate raider, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Gordon Gekko, helicopter parent, impulse control, new economy, Ponzi scheme, Ralph Nader

Columbus Dispatch, May 31, 2009. 149 Sontag, Deborah. “Who Was Responsible for Elizabeth Shin?” New York Times Magazine , April 28, 2002, < http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/28/magazine/28MIT.html?pagewanted=1>. 150 Tavernise. 151 Ibid. 152 Ibid. 153 Wikipedia entry on Seung-Hui Cho, < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho> (accessed March 25, 2009). 154 Ian Urbina. “Report on Virginia Tech Shooting Finds Notification Delays.” New York Times, December 4, 2009. 155 Sara Lipka. “Education Dept. Releases New Rules on Student-Privacy Law, Giving Colleges More Room for Judgment.” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 9, 2008, < http://chronicle.com/article/New-Rules-on-Student-Privac/1398/>. 156 Ibid. 157 Ibid. 158 “Security On Campus, Inc., Hails Landmark Federal Ruling That Says Colleges and Universities Can’t Silence Campus Rape Victims,” Security on Campus, Inc., press release, August 4, 2004. 159 Ibid. 160 Nina Bernstein.

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I Live in the Future & Here's How It Works: Why Your World, Work, and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted by Nick Bilton

3D printing, 4chan, Albert Einstein, augmented reality, barriers to entry, Cass Sunstein, death of newspapers, en.wikipedia.org, Internet of things, Joan Didion, John Gruber, John Markoff, Marshall McLuhan, Nicholas Carr, QR code, recommendation engine, RFID, Saturday Night Live, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, TED Talk, The future is already here

Chapter 8: what the future will look like 1 The Minority Report concepts: Personal interview with Dale Herigstad, creative director, Schematic. Also e-mail interview with Mr. Herigstad and video by John Underkoffler about the future of user interface for 2010 TED Talk, http://www.ted.com/talks/john_underkoffler_drive_3d_data_with_a_gesture.html. Also: Wikipedia entry for Minority Report, en.Wikipedia.org. 2 Test their viewing experiences on different kinds of screens: Maria Elizabeth Grabe, Matthew Lombard, Robert D. Reich, et al., “The Role of Screen Size in Viewer Experiences of Media Content,” Visual Communication Quarterly 6 no. 2 (1999): 4–9. 3 Mobile phones … used for teaching: Nipan Maniar, Emily Bennett, Steve Hand, et al., “The Effect of Mobile Phone Screen Size on Video Based Learning,” Journal of Software 3 no. 4 (2008): 51–61.

pages: 258 words: 74,942

Company of One: Why Staying Small Is the Next Big Thing for Business by Paul Jarvis

Abraham Maslow, Airbnb, big-box store, Boeing 747, Cal Newport, call centre, content marketing, corporate social responsibility, David Heinemeier Hansson, digital nomad, drop ship, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, follow your passion, fulfillment center, gender pay gap, glass ceiling, growth hacking, Inbox Zero, independent contractor, index fund, job automation, Kickstarter, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, Naomi Klein, passive investing, Paul Graham, pets.com, remote work: asynchronous communication, remote working, Results Only Work Environment, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ruby on Rails, Salesforce, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social bookmarking, software as a service, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, TED Talk, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, uber lyft, web application, William MacAskill, Y Combinator, Y2K

share=1&srid=hiM. 184for attention at any time: Des Traynor, “If It’s Important, Don’t Hack It,” Inside Intercom, February 12, 2013, https://blog.intercom.com/if-its-important-dont-hack-it/. 185 rate of repayment on Kiva is 97 percent: See the Kiva website at https://www.kiva.org/about (accessed October 13, 2017). 187 coining the term in 1916: “L. J. Hanifan,” Wikipedia, last modified June 2, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._J._Hanifan. 189 comes from the social capital of a business: Willy Bolander, Cinthia B. Satornino, Douglas E. Hughes, and Gerald R. Ferris, “Social Networks Within Sales Organizations: Their Development and Importance for Salesperson Performance,” American Marketing Association, 2015, https://www.ama.org/publications/JournalOfMarketing/Pages/social-networks-sales-salesperson-performance.aspx. 190 several courses and workshops on the subject: “Customer Relationship Strategies: The Key to Developing Long-Term Customer Relationships,” McGill University, School of Continuing Studies, accessed October 12, 2017, https://www.mcgill.ca/continuingstudies/programs-and-courses/business-and-management/courses-and-workshops/cementing. 191 bottom part of the pyramid: “The Social Brain and Its Superpowers: Matthew Lieberman, PhD, at TEDxStLouis,” filmed September 19, 2013, YouTube, posted October 7, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?

Mastering Structured Data on the Semantic Web: From HTML5 Microdata to Linked Open Data by Leslie Sikos

AGPL, Amazon Web Services, bioinformatics, business process, cloud computing, create, read, update, delete, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, Firefox, Google Chrome, Google Earth, information retrieval, Infrastructure as a Service, Internet of things, linked data, machine readable, machine translation, natural language processing, openstreetmap, optical character recognition, platform as a service, search engine result page, semantic web, Silicon Valley, social graph, software as a service, SPARQL, text mining, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, Wikidata, wikimedia commons, Wikivoyage

However, structured data extraction is challenging, because the template system changed over time on Wikipedia, resulting in the lack of uniformity, whereby the same attributes have different names, such as placeofbirth and birthplace. The unique resource identifiers of DBpedia are written as URI references of the form http://dbpedia.org/resource/Name, where Name is derived from the URL of the Wikipedia article of the form http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name. As a result, each resource is a direct mapping of a Wikipedia article. The DBpedia URI references of the form http://dbpedia.org/resource/Resource:Name are set up (through content negotiation, where the same content is served in a different format, depending on the query of the client) to return the machine-readable description in RDF when accessed by Semantic Web agents, and the same information in XHTML, when accessed by traditional web browsers (see Figure 3-2). 63 Chapter 3 ■ Linked Open Data Figure 3-2.

pages: 276 words: 71,950

Antisemitism: Here and Now by Deborah E. Lipstadt

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, belling the cat, Black Lives Matter, Boycotts of Israel, Cass Sunstein, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, fixed income, ghettoisation, Jeremy Corbyn, microaggression, Oklahoma City bombing, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, Timothy McVeigh, union organizing, WikiLeaks, zero-sum game

Daniel Sugarman, “Macron Speaks Out on Murder of French Jewish Woman,” Jewish Chronicle, July 17, 2017; James McAuley, “In France, Murder of a Jewish Woman Ignites Debate over the Word ‘Terrorism,’ ” Washington Post, July 23, 2017; “French Intellectuals Accuse Authorities of Covering Up Jewish Woman’s Slaying by Muslim Neighbor,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 9, 2017. 21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ilan_Halimi. 22. “Arab Teenagers Arrested in Beating of Jewish Boy outside Paris-Area Synagogue,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, March 1, 2018. 23. “Slain Holocaust Survivor’s Family: She’d Known Her Killer Since He Was a Boy,” Times of Israel, March 27, 2018; Bari Weiss, “Jews Are Being Murdered in Paris.

pages: 366 words: 76,476

Dataclysm: Who We Are (When We Think No One's Looking) by Christian Rudder

4chan, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, bitcoin, cloud computing, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, data science, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, fake it until you make it, Frank Gehry, Howard Zinn, Jaron Lanier, John Markoff, John Snow's cholera map, lifelogging, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nate Silver, Nelson Mandela, new economy, obamacare, Occupy movement, p-value, power law, pre–internet, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, race to the bottom, retail therapy, Salesforce, selection bias, Snapchat, social graph, Steve Jobs, the scientific method, the strength of weak ties, Twitter Arab Spring, two and twenty

Even basic analysis shows Here and in all my own Twitter analysis I use the tweets and followers generated by a representative corpus of 1.2 million accounts, collected at random by my research team. The OEC is the canonical census More on the OEC and its most common words can be found here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_common_words_in_English. The OEC lists only lemmas—that is, the base word root of a related lexical pattern. For example, it counts have for had, having, has, and so on. I chose not to do this in my Twitter research. Though my choice makes comparing the lists directly more difficult, I preferred to present the data in as raw a state as possible.

pages: 381 words: 78,467

100 Plus: How the Coming Age of Longevity Will Change Everything, From Careers and Relationships to Family And by Sonia Arrison

23andMe, 8-hour work day, Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, Anne Wojcicki, artificial general intelligence, attribution theory, Bill Joy: nanobots, bioinformatics, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, Clayton Christensen, dark matter, disruptive innovation, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Frank Gehry, Googley, income per capita, indoor plumbing, Jeff Bezos, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Kickstarter, Larry Ellison, Law of Accelerating Returns, life extension, Nick Bostrom, personalized medicine, Peter Thiel, placebo effect, post scarcity, precautionary principle, radical life extension, Ray Kurzweil, rolodex, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Simon Kuznets, Singularitarianism, smart grid, speech recognition, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, sugar pill, synthetic biology, Thomas Malthus, upwardly mobile, World Values Survey, X Prize

Gurven, “Why Men Matter: Mating Patterns Drive Evolution of Human Lifespan,” PLoS ONE 2, no. 8 (2007): e785, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1949148/?tool=pubmed. 57 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M Cook, “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks,” Annual Review of Sociology 27 (August 2001): 415–444. 58 Elizabeth Taylor was married eight times to seven husbands. For a complete listing, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor#Marriages. 59 Meredith Small, “The Perfect Family Is a Myth,” LiveScience, December 5, 2008, www.livescience.com/culture/081205-hn-family.html. 60 Lawrence M. Hinman, “Are Some Parents Too Old? Age Restrictions in Postmenopausal Pregnancies and Adoptions,” Paper published online, University of San Diego, http://ethics.sandiego.edu/LMH/Papers/Papers/Older_Pregnancies.html. 61 Nancy Recker, “In Praise of Older Parents,” Ohio State University, 2007, http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/pdf/Older_Parents.pdf. 62 Ronit Baras, “What Is the Right Age Gap for Siblings to Have Good Relationship?”

pages: 193 words: 31,998

Java: The Good Parts by Jim Waldo

en.wikipedia.org, remote working, revision control, Tragedy of the Commons, web application

But here it might make sense to include references to the definitions of some of the more obscure batting or fielding statistics in the documentation for our Batter or Fielder interfaces. For example, we might want to change our documentation comment for the getOBP() method to something like: /** * Returns the on-base percentage for this hitter, * <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_base_percentage">defined</a> * as (hits + walks)/at-bats * @return the on-base percentage * @throws NotEnoughAtBatsException if the number of at-bats, walks, * and sacrifices is insufficient to establish a meaningful on-base * percentage */ which includes a link to the Wikipedia article that gives the definition of on-base percentage.

Hands-On Machine Learning With Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems by Aurelien Geron

AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Bayesian statistics, centre right, combinatorial explosion, constrained optimization, correlation coefficient, crowdsourcing, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, Geoffrey Hinton, iterative process, Netflix Prize, NP-complete, optical character recognition, P = NP, p-value, pattern recognition, performance metric, recommendation engine, self-driving car, SpamAssassin, speech recognition, statistical model

Solutions to these exercises are available in Appendix A. 1 Well, four dimensions if you count time, and a few more if you are a string theorist. 2 Watch a rotating tesseract projected into 3D space at https://homl.info/30. Image by Wikipedia user NerdBoy1392 (Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0). Reproduced from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseract. 3 Fun fact: anyone you know is probably an extremist in at least one dimension (e.g., how much sugar they put in their coffee), if you consider enough dimensions. 4 “On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space,” K. Pearson (1901). 5 Scikit-Learn uses the algorithm described in “Incremental Learning for Robust Visual Tracking,” D.

pages: 265 words: 76,875

Exoplanets by Donald Goldsmith

Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, Carrington event, Colonization of Mars, cosmic abundance, dark matter, Dava Sobel, en.wikipedia.org, Great Leap Forward, Isaac Newton, James Webb Space Telescope, Johannes Kepler, Kickstarter, Kuiper Belt, Magellanic Cloud, Mars Rover, megastructure, Pluto: dwarf planet, race to the bottom, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Stephen Hawking, time dilation

Slava Turyshev and Michael Shao, “Using the Sun as a Cosmic Telescope,” Scientific American “Observations” (blog), 29 May 2017, available at https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/using -the-sun-as-a-cosmic-telescope/#. 14. Proxima Calls: Can We Visit? 1. Information on the speed of the New Horizons spacecraft is available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons. 2. Phil Lubin interview, March 30, 2017. 3. “Private Mission May Get Us Back to Enceladus Sooner than NASA,” New Scientist, November 22, 2017, available at https://www .newscientist.com/article/mg23631533-900-private-mission-may -get-us-back-to-enceladus-sooner-than-nasa/. 4.

pages: 292 words: 76,185

Pivot: The Only Move That Matters Is Your Next One by Jenny Blake

Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Cal Newport, cloud computing, content marketing, data is the new oil, diversified portfolio, do what you love, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, fear of failure, future of work, high net worth, Jeff Bezos, job-hopping, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, knowledge worker, Lao Tzu, Lean Startup, minimum viable product, Nate Silver, passive income, Ralph Waldo Emerson, risk tolerance, Second Machine Age, sharing economy, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Snapchat, software as a service, solopreneur, Startup school, stem cell, TED Talk, too big to fail, Tyler Cowen, white picket fence, young professional, zero-sum game

the average attention span: Statistic Brain Research Institute, “Attention Span Statistics,” last modified April 2, 2105, www.statisticbrain.com/attention-span-statistics/. Chapter 11: Flip Failure regret minimization framework: Zach Bulygo, “12 Business Lessons You Can Learn from Amazon Founder and CEO Jeff Bezos,” KISSmetrics Blog, January 19, 2013, blog.kissmetrics.com/lessons-from-jeff-bezos/. Post-it Notes: “Post-it note,” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-it_note. STAGE FIVE: LEAD Chapter 12: Are You Listening? You have done all this work: Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg, How Google Works (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2014). In an Inc. survey: Inc. staff, “How the Top CEOs Really Think (Infographic),” Inc. magazine, September 2014, www.inc.com/magazine/201409/inc.500-2014-inc-500-ceo-survey-results.html.

pages: 244 words: 73,700

Cultish: The Language of Fanaticism by Amanda Montell

barriers to entry, behavioural economics, BIPOC, Black Lives Matter, classic study, cognitive dissonance, coronavirus, COVID-19, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, fake news, financial independence, Girl Boss, growth hacking, hive mind, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, Keith Raniere, Kickstarter, late capitalism, lockdown, loss aversion, LuLaRoe, Lyft, multilevel marketing, off-the-grid, passive income, Peoples Temple, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Ponzi scheme, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, QAnon, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Skype, Social Justice Warrior, Stanford prison experiment, Steve Jobs, sunk-cost fallacy, tech bro, the scientific method, TikTok, uber lyft, women in the workforce, Y2K

Chögyam Trungpa: Paul Wagner, “Chögyam Trungpa: Poetry, Crazy Wisdom, and Radical Shambhala,” Gaia, January 21, 2020, https://www.gaia.com/article/chogyam-trungpa-poetry-crazy-wisdom-and-radical-shambhala. Hubbard was obsessed with space fantasy: “Written Works of L. Ron Hubbard,” Wikipedia, August 17, 2020 copycat “cult leaders”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_works_of_L._Ron_Hubbard. you can look up portions of the Technical Dictionary online: Scientology Glossary: UVWXYZ, Scientology Critical Information Directory, https://www.xenu-directory.net/glossary/glossary_uvwxyz.htm. copycat “cult leaders”: Kenzie Bryant, “How NXIVM Used the Strange Power of Patents to Build Its ‘Sex Cult,’” Vanity Fair, June 27, 2018, https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/06/keith-raniere-nxivm-patents-luciferian; Gina Tron, “ESP, DOS, Proctors, and More: NXIVM Terminology, Explained,” Oxygen, August 27, 2020, https://www.oxygen.com/true-crime-buzz/what-does-nxivm-terminology-like-dos-esp-mean.

pages: 305 words: 75,697

Cogs and Monsters: What Economics Is, and What It Should Be by Diane Coyle

3D printing, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Al Roth, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic management, Amazon Web Services, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Boston Dynamics, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, business cycle, call centre, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, choice architecture, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cloud computing, complexity theory, computer age, conceptual framework, congestion charging, constrained optimization, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, credit crunch, data science, DeepMind, deglobalization, deindustrialization, Diane Coyle, discounted cash flows, disintermediation, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, endowment effect, Erik Brynjolfsson, eurozone crisis, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, Evgeny Morozov, experimental subject, financial deregulation, financial innovation, financial intermediation, Flash crash, framing effect, general purpose technology, George Akerlof, global supply chain, Goodhart's law, Google bus, haute cuisine, High speed trading, hockey-stick growth, Ida Tarbell, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jaron Lanier, Jean Tirole, job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Les Trente Glorieuses, libertarian paternalism, linear programming, lockdown, Long Term Capital Management, loss aversion, low earth orbit, lump of labour, machine readable, market bubble, market design, Menlo Park, millennium bug, Modern Monetary Theory, Mont Pelerin Society, multi-sided market, Myron Scholes, Nash equilibrium, Nate Silver, Network effects, Occupy movement, Pareto efficiency, payday loans, payment for order flow, Phillips curve, post-industrial society, price mechanism, Productivity paradox, quantitative easing, randomized controlled trial, rent control, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, San Francisco homelessness, savings glut, school vouchers, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, software is eating the world, spectrum auction, statistical model, Steven Pinker, tacit knowledge, The Chicago School, The Future of Employment, The Great Moderation, the map is not the territory, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, the strength of weak ties, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, total factor productivity, transaction costs, Uber for X, urban planning, winner-take-all economy, Winter of Discontent, women in the workforce, Y2K

This encompasses a discussion about how we measure progress, picking up from Chapter Three’s discussion of social welfare and normative considerations, and the wedge between GDP and social welfare created by digital phenomena. The next chapter also introduces a new question: does the technology also force a rethink about the effectiveness of economic policies? What is the relationship between government and market in the digital world? 1. ‘Trojan Room Coffee Pot’, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Room_coffee_pot. 2. ‘Cogs and Monsters’, Bennett Institute for Public Policy, Cambridge University, https://www.bennettinstitute.cam.ac.uk/publications/cogs-and-monsters/. 4 Cogs and Monsters For anybody interested in public policy there is a fundamental question, all too rarely explicitly addressed: what does it mean for policy to make things better?

pages: 829 words: 186,976

The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-But Some Don't by Nate Silver

airport security, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, An Inconvenient Truth, availability heuristic, Bayesian statistics, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, big-box store, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Boeing 747, book value, Broken windows theory, business cycle, buy and hold, Carmen Reinhart, Charles Babbage, classic study, Claude Shannon: information theory, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, cognitive dissonance, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, complexity theory, computer age, correlation does not imply causation, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, disinformation, diversification, Donald Trump, Edmond Halley, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, en.wikipedia.org, equity premium, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, fear of failure, Fellow of the Royal Society, Ford Model T, Freestyle chess, fudge factor, Future Shock, George Akerlof, global pandemic, Goodhart's law, haute cuisine, Henri Poincaré, high batting average, housing crisis, income per capita, index fund, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, invention of the printing press, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Japanese asset price bubble, John Bogle, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, Laplace demon, locking in a profit, Loma Prieta earthquake, market bubble, Mikhail Gorbachev, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Monroe Doctrine, mortgage debt, Nate Silver, negative equity, new economy, Norbert Wiener, Oklahoma City bombing, PageRank, pattern recognition, pets.com, Phillips curve, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Plato's cave, power law, prediction markets, Productivity paradox, proprietary trading, public intellectual, random walk, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Rodney Brooks, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, savings glut, security theater, short selling, SimCity, Skype, statistical model, Steven Pinker, The Great Moderation, The Market for Lemons, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Bayes, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Timothy McVeigh, too big to fail, transaction costs, transfer pricing, University of East Anglia, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Wayback Machine, wikimedia commons

“KATRINA Graphics Archive,” National Hurricane Center, National Weather Service. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/KATRINA_graphics.shtml. 49. Gavin Schmidt, “Green and Armstrong’s Scientific Forecast,” RealClimate.org, July 20, 2007. http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2007/07/green-and-armstrongs-scientific-forecast/. 50. “Occam’s Razor;” Wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam’s_razor. 51. John Theodore Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, J. J. Ephraums, eds. Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/far/wg_I/ipcc_far_wg_I_full_report.pdf. 52. “1.6: The IPCC Assessments of Climate Change and Uncertainties” in Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 2007. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-6.html. 53.

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In practice, the model underestimates the error slightly—and therefore somewhat underestimates the chance of a cooling decade—because the exact amount of CO2 is an unknown, as well as because of any specification uncertainty in the model. 103. “Climatic Research Unit E-Mail Controversy;” Wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatic_Research_Unit_email_controversy. 104. Henry Chu, “Panel Clears Researchers in ‘Climategate’ Controversy,” Los Angeles Times, April 15, 2010. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/15/world/la-fg-climate-data15-2010apr15. 105. Including those from satellite records processed by private companies. 106.

Migrant City: A New History of London by Panikos Panayi

Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, British Empire, Brixton riot, call centre, Charles Babbage, classic study, discovery of the americas, en.wikipedia.org, financial intermediation, gentrification, ghettoisation, gig economy, glass ceiling, haute cuisine, immigration reform, income inequality, Londongrad, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, multicultural london english, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, post-war consensus, public intellectual, Shamima Begum, transatlantic slave trade, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, W. E. B. Du Bois, white flight

Zig Layton-Henry, ‘The Electoral Participation of Black and Asian Britons: Integration or Alienation’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 38 (1985), pp. 307–18; Martin Fitzgerald, Political Parties and Black People: Participation, Representation and Exploitation (London, 1984), pp. 70–86. 144. ‘London Election Results Map’, Evening Standard, 9 June 2017. 145. ‘List of ethnic minority politicians in the United Kingdom’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_minority_politicians_in_the_United_Kingdom, accessed 11 September 2018. 146. Panayi, Immigration History, p. 273. London Strategic Policy Unit, Black Councillors in Britain (London, 1987), provides a full list of the hundreds of black and Asian councillors in London during the 1980s. 147.

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intPageID=22&intResourceID=90 Harden’s London Restaurants, https://www.hardens.com Island Lyrics, http://www.islandlyrics.com KPMG, Labour Migration in the Hospitality Sector: A KPMG Report for the British Hospitality Association (2017), https://www.bha.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BHA-EU-migration-final-report-170518-public-vSTC.pdf Le Caprice, https://www.le-caprice.co.uk ‘List of Ethnic Minority Politicians in the United Kingdom’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_minority_politicians_in_the_United_Kingdom London Assembly Members, https://www.london.gov.uk/people/assembly Rasa Restaurants, http://rasarestaurants.com Sports People’s Think Tank and Network Fare, ‘Ethnic Minorities and Coaching in Elite Level Football in England: A Call to Action’, 2014, http://thesptt.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/We-speak-with-one-voice-REPORT.pdf Striking Women, ‘The Grunwick Dispute’, http://www.striking-women.org/module/striking-out/grunwick-dispute Swadhinata Trust, https://www.swadhinata.org.uk ‘This is Your Life’, Jack Kid Berg, originally broadcast in 1987, https://www.youtube.com/watch?

Energy and Civilization: A History by Vaclav Smil

8-hour work day, additive manufacturing, agricultural Revolution, animal electricity, Apollo 11, Boeing 747, business cycle, carbon-based life, centre right, Charles Babbage, decarbonisation, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, epigenetics, Exxon Valdez, Fairchild Semiconductor, Ford Model T, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of gunpowder, James Watt: steam engine, Jevons paradox, John Harrison: Longitude, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Just-in-time delivery, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kibera, knowledge economy, land tenure, language acquisition, Lewis Mumford, lone genius, Louis Blériot, mass immigration, megacity, megaproject, Menlo Park, mutually assured destruction, North Sea oil, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, phenotype, precision agriculture, purchasing power parity, QWERTY keyboard, Richard Feynman, scientific management, Silicon Valley, Suez canal 1869, Toyota Production System, transcontinental railway, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

Figure 3.10 Scenes of Egyptian farming activities from the eighteenth dynasty (New Kingdom) tomb of Unsou in East Thebes (Corbis). Figure 3.11 Small area of extensive longji (dragon’s back) rice terraces north of Guilin in Guangxi whose origins go back to Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longsheng_Rice_Terrace#/media. Figure 3.12 China’s population density in long-term perspective. A substantial expansion of cultivated area during the Qing dynasty was soon overwhelmed by the country’s continuing population growth. Density bars indicate the uncertainty of historical estimates.

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Min Jiang’s bed was cut at the river’s entrance to the plain at Guanxian, and the stream was then repeatedly subdivided through the building of rocky arrowheads in the midflow. Figure 3.11 Small area of extensive longji (dragon’s back) rice terraces north of Guilin in Guangxi whose origins go back to Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longsheng_Rice_Terrace#/media. Water was diverted into branch canals and its flow was regulated by dikes and dams. Baskets of woven bamboo filled with rocks were the main building ingredient. Dredging and dike repairs during low-water seasons have kept the irrigation system working for more than 2,000 years.

Four Battlegrounds by Paul Scharre

2021 United States Capitol attack, 3D printing, active measures, activist lawyer, AI winter, AlphaGo, amateurs talk tactics, professionals talk logistics, artificial general intelligence, ASML, augmented reality, Automated Insights, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Boeing 737 MAX, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, business continuity plan, business process, carbon footprint, chief data officer, Citizen Lab, clean water, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, coronavirus, COVID-19, crisis actor, crowdsourcing, DALL-E, data is not the new oil, data is the new oil, data science, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Deng Xiaoping, digital map, digital rights, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, dual-use technology, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, fake news, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of journalism, future of work, game design, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, geopolitical risk, George Floyd, global supply chain, GPT-3, Great Leap Forward, hive mind, hustle culture, ImageNet competition, immigration reform, income per capita, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, Internet of things, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Kevin Kelly, Kevin Roose, large language model, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, military-industrial complex, move fast and break things, Nate Silver, natural language processing, new economy, Nick Bostrom, one-China policy, Open Library, OpenAI, PalmPilot, Parler "social media", pattern recognition, phenotype, post-truth, purchasing power parity, QAnon, QR code, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, recommendation engine, reshoring, ride hailing / ride sharing, robotic process automation, Rodney Brooks, Rubik’s Cube, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, side project, Silicon Valley, slashdot, smart cities, smart meter, Snapchat, social software, sorting algorithm, South China Sea, sparse data, speech recognition, Steve Bannon, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, supply-chain attack, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, tech worker, techlash, telemarketer, The Brussels Effect, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, TikTok, trade route, TSMC

, August 1, 2019, https://www.yahoo.com/now/fbi-documents-conspiracy-theories-terrorism-160000507.html. 143TikTok: Jay Greene, “TikTok Sale Deadline Will Pass, Though Regulators Will Hold Off on Enforcing Divestiture,” Washington Post, December 4, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/12/04/tiktok-sale-deadline/. 143largest social media platforms are controlled by a handful of companies: Wikipedia, s.v. “List of social platforms with at least 100 million active users,” updated September 17, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_platforms_with_at_least_100_million_active_users. 143over half of adults get their news from Facebook: Elisa Shearer and Elizabeth Grieco, Americans Are Wary of the Role Social Media Sites Play in Delivering the News (Pew Research Center, October 2, 2019), https://www.journalism.org/2019/10/02/americans-are-wary-of-the-role-social-media-sites-play-in-delivering-the-news/. 144500 million tweets per day: “Twitter Usage Statistics,” Internet Live Stats, n.d., https://www.internetlivestats.com/twitter-statistics/. 144Facebook clocks four billion video views: “Facebook Video Statistics”, 99Firms, https://99firms.com/blog/facebook-video-statistics/. 144over a billion hours of video every day, and over 500 hours of new content: “YouTube for Press,” YouTube Official Blog, n.d., https://blog.youtube/press/. 144Twitter employs a “ranking algorithm”: “About Your Home Timeline on Twitter,” Twitter Help Center, n.d., https://help.twitter.com/en/using-twitter/twitter-timeline; @mjahr, “Never Miss Important Tweets from People You Follow,” Twitter Blog, February 10, 2016, https://blog.twitter.com/official/en_us/a/2016/never-miss-important-tweets-from-people-you-follow.html; Nicolas Koumchatzky and Anton Andryeyev, “Using Deep Learning at Scale in Twitter’s Timelines,” Twitter Blog, May 9, 2017, https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/topics/insights/2017/using-deep-learning-at-scale-in-twitters-timelines.html; Nicholas Léonard and Cibele Montez Halasz, “Twitter Meets TensorFlow,” Twitter Blog, June 14, 2018, https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/topics/insights/2018/twittertensorflow.html; Twitter Cortex (website), n.d., https://cortex.twitter.com/. 144Facebook’s News Feed algorithm: “How News Feed Works,” Facebook Help Center, 2021, https://www.facebook.com/help/1155510281178725. 144boost their content’s visibility: Katie Sehl, “How the Twitter Algorithm Works in 2020 and How to Make It Work for You,” Hootsuite Blog, May 20, 2020, https://blog.hootsuite.com/twitter-algorithm/; Paige Cooper, “How Does the YouTube Algorithm Work in 2021?

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Kania, Battlefield Singularity: Artificial Intelligence, Military Revolution, and China’s Future Military Power (Center for a New American Security, November 28, 2017), https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/battlefield-singularity-artificial-intelligence-military-revolution-and-chinas-future-military-power. 276higher rate of fire: Stephen Biddle, Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 29, https://www.amazon.com/Military-Power-Explaining-Victory-Defeat/dp/0691128022. 277Battle of the Somme: Wikipedia, s.v. “First Day on the Somme,” updated September 12, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme. 277military tactics had finally adapted: Biddle, Military Power, 33–35. 277swarming: John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, Swarming and the Future of Conflict (RAND Corporation, 2000), https://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB311.html; Sean J. A. Edwards, Swarming on the Battlefield: Past, Present, and Future (RAND Corporation, 2000), https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1100.html; Sean J.

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More Than You Know: Finding Financial Wisdom in Unconventional Places (Updated and Expanded) by Michael J. Mauboussin

Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Andrei Shleifer, Atul Gawande, availability heuristic, beat the dealer, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Black Swan, Brownian motion, butter production in bangladesh, buy and hold, capital asset pricing model, Clayton Christensen, clockwork universe, complexity theory, corporate governance, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deliberate practice, demographic transition, discounted cash flows, disruptive innovation, diversification, diversified portfolio, dogs of the Dow, Drosophila, Edward Thorp, en.wikipedia.org, equity premium, equity risk premium, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, fixed income, framing effect, functional fixedness, hindsight bias, hiring and firing, Howard Rheingold, index fund, information asymmetry, intangible asset, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, John Bogle, Kenneth Arrow, Laplace demon, Long Term Capital Management, loss aversion, mandelbrot fractal, margin call, market bubble, Menlo Park, mental accounting, Milgram experiment, Murray Gell-Mann, Nash equilibrium, new economy, Paul Samuelson, Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period, Pierre-Simon Laplace, power law, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, random walk, Reminiscences of a Stock Operator, Richard Florida, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, shareholder value, statistical model, Steven Pinker, stocks for the long run, Stuart Kauffman, survivorship bias, systems thinking, The Wisdom of Crowds, transaction costs, traveling salesman, value at risk, wealth creators, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

Examples include the crawl swim stroke (which only became widespread within the past 200 years), overhand free-throw shots in basketball, and the Fosbury flop for high jumpers. 5 “Moore’s law is the empirical observation that at our rate of technological development, the complexity of an integrated circuit, with respect to minimum component cost will double in about 24 months” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore’s_Law). 6 Juan Enriquez, As the Future Catches You (New York: Crown Business, 2000), 62-65. 7 See http://nickciske.com/tools/binary.php. 19. Pruned for Performance 1 Steven Pinker, The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), 150-51. 2 Alison Gopnik, Andrew Meltzoff, and Patricia Kuhl, The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind (New York: First Perennial, 2001), 186-87. 3 Joseph LeDoux, Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are (New York: Viking, 2002), 79-81. 4 Robert Aunger, The Electric Meme: A New Theory of How We Think (New York: Free Press, 2002), 185. 5 Barbara Clancy and Barbara Finlay, “Neural Correlates of Early Language Learning,” in Language Development: The Essential Readings, ed.

pages: 294 words: 82,438

Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a Complex World by Donald Sull, Kathleen M. Eisenhardt

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Apollo 13, asset allocation, Atul Gawande, barriers to entry, Basel III, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, carbon footprint, Checklist Manifesto, complexity theory, Craig Reynolds: boids flock, Credit Default Swap, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, democratizing finance, diversification, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, Exxon Valdez, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Glass-Steagall Act, Golden age of television, haute cuisine, invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, Kickstarter, late fees, Lean Startup, Louis Pasteur, Lyft, machine translation, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Nate Silver, Network effects, obamacare, Paul Graham, performance metric, price anchoring, RAND corporation, risk/return, Saturday Night Live, seminal paper, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Startup school, statistical model, Steve Jobs, TaskRabbit, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, transportation-network company, two-sided market, Wall-E, web application, Y Combinator, Zipcar

. [>] At present there are: A partial list of journals focused on complex systems include Complexity, Journal of Complexity, Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, International Journal of Complexity in Applied Science and Engineering, Complex Systems, International Journal of Computational Complexity and Intelligent Algorithms, Emergence: Complexity & Organization, Chaos and Complexity Letters, International Journal of Complexity in Leadership and Management, Journal of Complex Networks, Computational Complexity, and Journal on Policy and Complex Systems. For a partial list of research centers on complex systems see Wikipedia entry on complex systems, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems, accessed June 30, 2014. [>] Kathy had just: Shona L. Brown and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Competing on the Edge: Strategy as Structured Chaos (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 1998). [>] We wrote up: Kathleen M. Eisenhardt and Donald Sull, “Strategy as Simple Rules,” Harvard Business Review, January 2001, 107–16. [>] Simple rules allow: A 2005 study in Nature found that Wikipedia articles on scientific topics were nearly as accurate as those found in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

pages: 293 words: 81,183

Doing Good Better: How Effective Altruism Can Help You Make a Difference by William MacAskill

barriers to entry, basic income, behavioural economics, Black Swan, Branko Milanovic, Cal Newport, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, clean water, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Brooks, Edward Jenner, effective altruism, en.wikipedia.org, end world poverty, experimental subject, follow your passion, food miles, immigration reform, income inequality, index fund, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, job automation, job satisfaction, Lean Startup, M-Pesa, mass immigration, meta-analysis, microcredit, Nate Silver, Peter Singer: altruism, power law, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, randomized controlled trial, self-driving car, Skype, Stanislav Petrov, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, The Future of Employment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tyler Cowen, universal basic income, William MacAskill, women in the workforce

“The Japanese Red Cross Society”: “Japan and Pacific: Earthquake and Tsunami,” International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, information bulletin no. 2, March 12, 2011, p. 1. it only raised $500 million in international aid: The various sources of international aid are listed at “Reactions to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2008_Sichuan_earthquake. For every death the Japanese earthquake caused: As mentioned in the text, $5 billion was raised for the Japanese earthquake, which caused fifteen thousand deaths. $5 billion ÷ 15,000 $330,000. for every person who dies from poverty-related causes worldwide: According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, globally, $135 billion was spent on foreign aid in 2013 (Claire Provost, “Foreign Aid Reaches Record High,” The Guardian, April 8, 2014).

pages: 300 words: 84,762

Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Diseases by Paul A. Offit

1960s counterculture, Albert Einstein, Berlin Wall, discovery of penicillin, Edward Jenner, en.wikipedia.org, Ford Model T, germ theory of disease, Isaac Newton, life extension, Louis Pasteur, Recombinant DNA, Ronald Reagan

Discovery of gold in South Africa: "Three Georges Strike Paydirt," http:// www.joburg.org.za/facts/georges.stm; "Joburg's Hidden History," http:// www.goldreefcity.co.za/theme_park/joburgs_hidden_history.asp; "Johannesburg: History," http://www.southafrica-travel.net/north/a1johb01.htm. Krüger: "Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger," http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/President_Kruger. Pneumococcal pneumonia in gold miners: Austrian, Pneumococcus. Robert Koch: D. S. Burke, "Of Postulates and Peccadilloes: Robert Koch and Vaccine (Tuberculin) Therapy for Tuberculosis," Vaccine 11 (1993): 795–804; "Robert Koch," http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/robert_koch. htm; "Robert Koch: Biography," Nobelprize.org, http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1905/koch-bio.html.

pages: 334 words: 82,041

How Did We Get Into This Mess?: Politics, Equality, Nature by George Monbiot

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, bank run, bilateral investment treaty, Branko Milanovic, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, collective bargaining, Corn Laws, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Attenborough, dematerialisation, demographic transition, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, first-past-the-post, full employment, Gini coefficient, hedonic treadmill, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, invisible hand, land bank, land reform, land value tax, Leo Hollis, market fundamentalism, meta-analysis, Mont Pelerin Society, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Northern Rock, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, old-boy network, peak oil, place-making, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, profit motive, rent-seeking, rewilding, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, transaction costs, urban sprawl, We are all Keynesians now, wealth creators, World Values Survey

., July 2013, 432:50: Towards a Comprehensive Land Reform Agenda for Scotland, House of Commons Scottish Affairs Committee, parliament.uk. 2Simon Johnson, 30 November 2014, ‘“Future bleak” for Grouse Shooting and Deer Stalking’, telegraph.co.uk. 3Andy Wightman, 26 November 2014, ‘Land Reform; The Wait Is Over’ andywightman.com. 4Defra has tried to pass this off as payments for ‘moorland farmers’, but all owners of grazed or managed moorlands, of which grouse moors are a major component, are eligible: see ‘CAP Boost for Moorland’, 25 April 2014, gov.uk. 5Rajeev Syal, 22 April 2014, ‘David Cameron Blasted over Shotgun Licence Fees Veto’, theguardian.com. 6This assumes that a house in Blackburn valued at £69,000 in 1991 would cost around £200,000 today; see Blackburn with Daren Council, ‘Council Tax Charges for 2015–16’, blackburn.gov.uk; see also Ian Jack, 29 March 2014, ‘Why Do We Pay More Tax than Oligarch in Knightsbridge Palaces?’, theguardian.com. 7George Monbiot, 3 March 2014, ‘The Benefits Claimants the Government Loves’, monbiot.com. 8Defra, 31 August 2011, by email. 9‘Feudal Aid’, en.wikipedia.org. 10Land Reform Review, 24 May 2014, Final Report, gov.scot. 11George Monbiot, 31 October 2011, ‘Wealth Destroyers’, monbiot.com. 12Larry Elliot, 22 September 2014, ‘Charge Capital Gains Tax on Main Residences, Says Property Expert’, theguardian.com. 13Lucy Warick-Ching, 19 February 2010, ‘Investors Drawn to Farmland’, ft.com. 14The Scottish Government, 26 November 2014, One Scotland: Programme for Government 2014–15, gov.scot. 15Andy Wightman, 1 August 2014, ‘Rethink Required on Ten-Year Land Registration Goal’, andywightman.com. 16The Scottish Government, One Scotland. 17Defra, January 2011, UK Response to the Commission Communication and Consultation, webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 18Compare figures in Defra, 29 May 2014, Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2013, gov.uk, with Defra, 9 July 2012, Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2011, gov.uk. 19George Monbiot, 21 January 2013, ‘I Agree with Churchill: Let’s Get Stuck into the Real Shirkers’, theguardian.com. 20Andy Wightman, 4 November 2014, ‘Listen up, Griff Rhys Jones, the Mansion Tax Is the Soft Option’, theguardian.com. 21The Land Reform Review Group, 23 May 2014, The Land of Scotland and the Common Good, gov.scot. 22George Monbiot, 19 May 2014, ‘I’d Vote Yes to Rid Scotland of Its Feudal Landowners’, theguardian.com. 23‘Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc.

pages: 287 words: 81,014

The Charisma Myth: How Anyone Can Master the Art and Science of Personal Magnetism by Olivia Fox Cabane

airport security, Boeing 747, cognitive dissonance, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, hedonic treadmill, Jeff Hawkins, Lao Tzu, mirror neurons, Nelson Mandela, nocebo, Parkinson's law, Peter Thiel, placebo effect, Ralph Waldo Emerson, randomized controlled trial, reality distortion field, risk tolerance, social intelligence, Steve Jobs

Imes, “The Imposter Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention,” Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 15, no. 3 (1978): 241–47. 4. Overcoming the Obstacles 1. David Rock, Your Brain at Work (New York: HarperBusiness, 2009). 2. D. J. Simons and C. F. Chabris, “Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events,” Perception 28, no. 9 (1999): 1059–74, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier. 3. James J. Gross, “Emotion Regulation: Affective, Cognitive, and Social Consequences,” Psychophysiology 39, no. 3 (May 2002): 281–89. 4. Ibid., 289. 5. T. J. Kaptchuk, E. Friedlander, J. M. Kelley, et al., “Placebos without Deception: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Irritable Bowel Syndrome” (2010), http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015591. 6.

pages: 207 words: 86,639

The New Economics: A Bigger Picture by David Boyle, Andrew Simms

Abraham Maslow, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, Apollo 11, Asian financial crisis, back-to-the-land, banking crisis, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bonfire of the Vanities, Bretton Woods, capital controls, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, collateralized debt obligation, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, congestion charging, corporate raider, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, Crossrail, delayed gratification, deskilling, digital divide, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, financial deregulation, financial exclusion, financial innovation, full employment, garden city movement, Glass-Steagall Act, green new deal, happiness index / gross national happiness, if you build it, they will come, income inequality, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, John Elkington, junk bonds, Kickstarter, land bank, land reform, light touch regulation, loss aversion, mega-rich, microcredit, Mikhail Gorbachev, Money creation, mortgage debt, neoliberal agenda, new economy, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, oil shock, peak oil, pension time bomb, pensions crisis, profit motive, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, Ronald Reagan, seigniorage, Simon Kuznets, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, systems thinking, the long tail, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, Vilfredo Pareto, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, working-age population

Imagine is an energizing and enjoyable UK adaptation of an American approach called Appreciative Inquiry, pioneered by Imagine Chicago, which helped draw people into planning a different future for their city. nef has used Imagine in a range of sectors, including recent work for the Four Squares Housing Estate in Bermondsey, Ryedale District Council’s community strategy, Watford and Three Rivers Primary Care Trust, and a range of other organizations, services and towns. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appreciative_Inquiry APPENDICES 177 Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare The Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) is an indicator that aims to compensate for the inadequacies of GDP as a measure of national progress. It is an economic measure, which adjusts our overall economic welfare (as measured in terms of spending), by taking into account social and environmental costs, as well as forgotten social benefits such as the core economy.

pages: 325 words: 85,599

Professional Node.js: Building Javascript Based Scalable Software by Pedro Teixeira

en.wikipedia.org, false flag, Firefox, Google Chrome, node package manager, platform as a service, SQL injection, web application, WebSocket

A function written in continuation-passing style takes as an extra argument an explicit “continuation,” that is, a function of one argument. When the CPS function has computed its result value, it “returns” it by calling the continuation function with this value as the argument. Wikipedia — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation-passing_style This is a style in which a function invokes a callback after the operation is complete so that your program can continue. As you will see, JavaScript lends itself to this type of programming. Here is an example in Node that involves loading a file into memory: var fs = require('fs'); fs.readFile('/etc/passwd', function(err, fileContent) { if (err) { throw err; } console.log('file content', fileContent.toString()); }); Here, you are passing an anonymous inline function as the second argument of the fs.readFile function, and you’re making use of the CPS, because you are continuing the execution of the program inside that function.

pages: 261 words: 86,905

How to Speak Money: What the Money People Say--And What It Really Means by John Lanchester

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, asset allocation, Basel III, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bitcoin, Black Swan, blood diamond, Bretton Woods, BRICs, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Celtic Tiger, central bank independence, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, commoditize, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, Dava Sobel, David Graeber, disintermediation, double entry bookkeeping, en.wikipedia.org, estate planning, fear index, financial engineering, financial innovation, Flash crash, forward guidance, Garrett Hardin, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global reserve currency, high net worth, High speed trading, hindsight bias, hype cycle, income inequality, inflation targeting, interest rate swap, inverted yield curve, Isaac Newton, Jaron Lanier, John Perry Barlow, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, junk bonds, Kodak vs Instagram, Kondratiev cycle, Large Hadron Collider, liquidity trap, London Interbank Offered Rate, London Whale, loss aversion, low interest rates, margin call, McJob, means of production, microcredit, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, Myron Scholes, negative equity, neoliberal agenda, New Urbanism, Nick Leeson, Nikolai Kondratiev, Nixon shock, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, oil shock, open economy, paradox of thrift, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, precautionary principle, proprietary trading, purchasing power parity, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, random walk, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Richard Feynman, Right to Buy, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Satoshi Nakamoto, security theater, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, six sigma, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, survivorship bias, The Chicago School, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tragedy of the Commons, trickle-down economics, two and twenty, Two Sigma, Tyler Cowen, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, working poor, yield curve

_r=0. 65Originally published in the Economic Journal in 1965, the article is available at www.apec.umn.edu/grad/jdiaz/A%20theory%20of%20Allocation%20of%20Time%20-%20Becker.pdf. 66Marshall Jevons, The Fatal Equilibrium (New York: Random House, 1985), pp. 102–3. 67See boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm. 68See this riveting piece, “Prince Alwaleed and the Curious Case of Kingdom Holding Stock,” at www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2013/03/05/prince-alwaleed-and-the-curious-case-of-kingdom-holding-stock/. 69See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition. 70Ben Bernanke, at http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20131108a.htm. 71Milton Friedman, ”The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits,” New York Times, 13 September 1970. 72Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), pp. 26–27. 73There’s a list of current government spreads at markets.ft.com/RESEARCH/markets/Government-Bond-Spreads. 74See www.theguardian.com/money/2013/apr/03/student-loan-debt-america-by-the-numbers. 75The original 1981 article founding tournament theory is available at www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1830810?

pages: 292 words: 85,151

Exponential Organizations: Why New Organizations Are Ten Times Better, Faster, and Cheaper Than Yours (And What to Do About It) by Salim Ismail, Yuri van Geest

23andMe, 3D printing, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, anti-fragile, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, behavioural economics, Ben Horowitz, bike sharing, bioinformatics, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, Blue Ocean Strategy, book value, Burning Man, business intelligence, business process, call centre, chief data officer, Chris Wanstrath, circular economy, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive bias, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, commoditize, corporate social responsibility, cross-subsidies, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, dark matter, data science, Dean Kamen, deep learning, DeepMind, dematerialisation, discounted cash flows, disruptive innovation, distributed ledger, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fail fast, game design, gamification, Google Glasses, Google Hangouts, Google X / Alphabet X, gravity well, hiring and firing, holacracy, Hyperloop, industrial robot, Innovator's Dilemma, intangible asset, Internet of things, Iridium satellite, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, Joi Ito, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Kodak vs Instagram, Law of Accelerating Returns, Lean Startup, life extension, lifelogging, loose coupling, loss aversion, low earth orbit, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, market design, Max Levchin, means of production, Michael Milken, minimum viable product, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, NetJets, Network effects, new economy, Oculus Rift, offshore financial centre, PageRank, pattern recognition, Paul Graham, paypal mafia, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer model, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, Planet Labs, prediction markets, profit motive, publish or perish, radical decentralization, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Ronald Coase, Rutger Bregman, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, skunkworks, Skype, smart contracts, Snapchat, social software, software is eating the world, SpaceShipOne, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, subscription business, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, TED Talk, telepresence, telepresence robot, the long tail, Tony Hsieh, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, uber lyft, urban planning, Virgin Galactic, WikiLeaks, winner-take-all economy, X Prize, Y Combinator, zero-sum game

Optimism bias: Tendency to be over-optimistic, overestimating favorable and pleasing outcomes. Planning fallacy bias: Tendency to overestimate benefits and underestimate costs and task-completion times. Sunk-cost or loss-aversion bias: Disutility of giving up an object is greater than the utility associated with acquiring it. Complete list of all cognitive biases: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases Jacobstein is fond of pointing out that your neocortex has not had a major upgrade in 50,000 years. It is the size, shape and thickness of a dinner napkin. “What if,” he asks, “it was the size of a table cloth? Or California?” There is an interesting difference of opinion over how much data should be used based on the nature of the market in which the organization operates.

pages: 291 words: 81,703

Average Is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation by Tyler Cowen

Amazon Mechanical Turk, behavioural economics, Black Swan, brain emulation, Brownian motion, business cycle, Cass Sunstein, Charles Babbage, choice architecture, complexity theory, computer age, computer vision, computerized trading, cosmological constant, crowdsourcing, dark matter, David Brooks, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deliberate practice, driverless car, Drosophila, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, eurozone crisis, experimental economics, Flynn Effect, Freestyle chess, full employment, future of work, game design, Higgs boson, income inequality, industrial robot, informal economy, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, John Markoff, Ken Thompson, Khan Academy, labor-force participation, Loebner Prize, low interest rates, low skilled workers, machine readable, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, microcredit, Myron Scholes, Narrative Science, Netflix Prize, Nicholas Carr, off-the-grid, P = NP, P vs NP, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, reshoring, Richard Florida, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Skype, statistical model, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Turing test, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, upwardly mobile, Yogi Berra

Reis, and Susan Sprecher, “Online Dating: A Critical Analysis from the Perspective of Psychological Science,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest, January 2012, 13(1): 3–66. For the tale of Cambry, see David Gelles, “Inside Match.com,” Financial Times, July 29, 2011; this source also has the information on conservatives and liberals and the New Jersey anecdote. For cognitive biases, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases. For the pointer about experimental economics I am indebted to Amihai Glazer. In addition to Ken Regan, for another look at using computers to measure the quality of human play, see Matej Guid, “Search and Knowledge for Human and Machine Problem Solving,” doctoral dissertation, University of Ljubljana, 2010, http://eprints.fri.uni-lj.si/1113/1/Matej__Guid.disertacija.pdf.

pages: 327 words: 84,627

The Green New Deal: Why the Fossil Fuel Civilization Will Collapse by 2028, and the Bold Economic Plan to Save Life on Earth by Jeremy Rifkin

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, autonomous vehicles, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bike sharing, blockchain, book value, borderless world, business cycle, business process, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, collective bargaining, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, decarbonisation, digital rights, do well by doing good, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, failed state, general purpose technology, ghettoisation, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, high-speed rail, hydrogen economy, impact investing, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invisible hand, it's over 9,000, Joseph Schumpeter, means of production, megacity, megaproject, military-industrial complex, Network effects, new economy, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, planetary scale, prudent man rule, remunicipalization, renewable energy credits, rewilding, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, sharing economy, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, Steven Levy, subprime mortgage crisis, the built environment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, union organizing, urban planning, vertical integration, warehouse automation, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

Malik, “Wind and Solar Costs Keep Falling, Squeezing Nuke, Coal Plants,” Bloomberg Quint, November 8, 2018, https://www.bloombergquint.com/technology/wind-and-solar-costs-keep-falling-squeezing-nuke-coal-plants (accessed March 12, 2019). 17. “Cost of Electricity by Source,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source#Levelized_cost_of_electricity (accessed April 5, 2019). 18. Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis—Version 12.0, 2018, https://www.lazard.com/media/450784/lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-120-vfinal.pdf (accessed March 12, 2019). 19. Carbon Tracker Initiative, “Fossil Fuels Will Peak in the 2020s as Renewables Supply All Growth in Energy Demand,” news release, September 11, 2018, https://www.carbontracker.org/fossil-fuels-will-peak-in-the-2020s-as-renewables-supply-all-growth-in-energy-demand/ (accessed February 5, 2019). 20.

pages: 438 words: 84,256

The Great Demographic Reversal: Ageing Societies, Waning Inequality, and an Inflation Revival by Charles Goodhart, Manoj Pradhan

asset-backed security, banks create money, Berlin Wall, bonus culture, Boris Johnson, Branko Milanovic, Brexit referendum, business cycle, capital controls, carbon tax, central bank independence, commodity super cycle, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, deglobalization, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, en.wikipedia.org, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial independence, financial repression, fixed income, full employment, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Greta Thunberg, housing crisis, income inequality, inflation targeting, interest rate swap, job automation, Kickstarter, long term incentive plan, longitudinal study, low interest rates, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, middle-income trap, non-tariff barriers, offshore financial centre, oil shock, old age dependency ratio, open economy, paradox of thrift, Pearl River Delta, pension reform, Phillips curve, price stability, private sector deleveraging, quantitative easing, rent control, savings glut, secular stagnation, shareholder value, special economic zone, The Great Moderation, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, total factor productivity, working poor, working-age population, yield curve, zero-sum game

But the narrative seemed less compelling then. 5Owing to lags in the transmission mechanism between policy measures and their effect on wage/price inflation, unforeseen deviations between (official) forecasts of unemployment and inflation and actual, ex post, inflation might help to identify the underlying structural relationship. 6While this does seem to hold for the wage/unemployment version of the Phillips curve, attempts to resurrect the price/output gap formulation of this relationship have been rather less successful. What has caused this divergence, e.g. time varying profit mark-ups, is beyond the scope of this work. 7From Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour,Although the idea of the industrial reserve army of labour is closely associated with Marx, it was already in circulation in the British labour movement by the 1830s. Engels discussed the reserve army of labour before Marx did in Engels famous book (2018), The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845).

The Ages of Globalization by Jeffrey D. Sachs

Admiral Zheng, AlphaGo, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, British Empire, Cape to Cairo, circular economy, classic study, colonial rule, Columbian Exchange, Commentariolus, coronavirus, cotton gin, COVID-19, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, DeepMind, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, domestication of the camel, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, European colonialism, general purpose technology, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, greed is good, income per capita, invention of agriculture, invention of gunpowder, invention of movable type, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, job automation, John von Neumann, joint-stock company, lockdown, Louis Pasteur, low skilled workers, mass immigration, Nikolai Kondratiev, ocean acidification, out of africa, packet switching, Pax Mongolica, precision agriculture, profit maximization, profit motive, purchasing power parity, rewilding, South China Sea, spinning jenny, Suez canal 1869, systems thinking, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, Turing machine, Turing test, urban planning, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, wikimedia commons, zoonotic diseases

This is roughly a two-year doubling time over forty-six years, or twenty-three doublings. Moore’s law is shown in figure 8.1, illustrated by the development of Intel’s microprocessors. 8.1 Moore’s Law in Action: Transistor Count on Intel Chips, 1971–2016 Source: Wikipedia contributors;Transistor count Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transistor_count&oldid=923570554. Computer capacities soared, and so too did connectivity. The development of fiber-optic cables enabled a vast increase in the speed, accuracy, and scale of data transmission. Microwave transmission enabled a revolution in wireless connectivity, so that mobile devices could connect to the Internet.

pages: 265 words: 79,747

Happier at Home: Kiss More, Jump More, Abandon Self-Control, and My Other Experiments in Everyday Life by Gretchen Rubin

A Pattern Language, airport security, Albert Einstein, clean water, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, Everything should be made as simple as possible, knowledge worker, out of africa, Paradox of Choice, placebo effect, Saturday Night Live, Telecommunications Act of 1996

I mentioned this to Dan E when I saw him Tues night (our annual tri-kidlit party) and sent him the link, because I thought it would make a great basis for a YA series. Enough history is known to make it seem “real” and rooted in actual reality, but huge scope for imagination (as Anne of Green Gables would say). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries Apparently he agrees! I don’t have the chops to write this, but YOU DO!!!! Any interest? I do think it is a very rich idea. The Wikipedia entry doesn’t do justice to the crazy Eleusis stuff (e.g., the name of the town Eleusis means “arrival”—how thrilling is that?).

pages: 291 words: 80,068

Framers: Human Advantage in an Age of Technology and Turmoil by Kenneth Cukier, Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, Francis de Véricourt

Albert Einstein, Andrew Wiles, Apollo 11, autonomous vehicles, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Blue Ocean Strategy, circular economy, Claude Shannon: information theory, cognitive dissonance, cognitive load, contact tracing, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, credit crunch, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deep learning, DeepMind, defund the police, Demis Hassabis, discovery of DNA, Donald Trump, double helix, Douglas Hofstadter, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, fiat currency, framing effect, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Frank Gehry, game design, George Floyd, George Gilder, global pandemic, global village, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Higgs boson, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, informal economy, Isaac Newton, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job-hopping, knowledge economy, Large Hadron Collider, lockdown, Louis Pasteur, Mark Zuckerberg, Mercator projection, meta-analysis, microaggression, Mustafa Suleyman, Neil Armstrong, nudge unit, OpenAI, packet switching, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, public intellectual, quantitative easing, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Florida, Schrödinger's Cat, scientific management, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen

Britain’s pathetic Covid response: “Britain Has the Wrong Government for the Covid Crisis,” Economist, June 18, 2020, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/06/18/britain-has-the-wrong-government-for-the-covid-crisis. Britain’s Covid performance in June: “Coronavirus: UK Daily Deaths Drop to Pre-lockdown Level,” BBC News, June 8, 2020, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52968160. UK data on deaths and cases: “COVID-19 Pandemic Data in the United Kingdom,” Wikipedia, accessed October 30, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_medical_cases_chart. Neil Armstrong’s “small step”: Robbie Gonzalez, “Read the New York Times’ 1969 Account of the Apollo 11 Moon Landing,” Gizmodo, August 25, 2012, https://io9.gizmodo.com/277292567?jwsource=cl. On the New York Times’s retraction of its 1920 article: Bjorn Carey, “New York Times to NASA: You’re Right, Rockets DO Work in Space,” Popular Science, July 20, 2009, https://www.popsci.com/military-aviation-amp-space/article/2009-07/new-york-times-nasa-youre-right-rockets-do-work-space/.

pages: 253 words: 84,238

A Thousand Brains: A New Theory of Intelligence by Jeff Hawkins

AI winter, Albert Einstein, artificial general intelligence, carbon-based life, clean water, cloud computing, deep learning, different worldview, discovery of DNA, Doomsday Clock, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, estate planning, Geoffrey Hinton, Jeff Hawkins, PalmPilot, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, self-driving car, sensor fusion, Silicon Valley, superintelligent machines, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Turing machine, Turing test

Illustration Credits Bill Fehr / stock.adobe.com Adapted from “Distributed Hierarchical Processing in the Primate Cerebral Cortex,” by Daniel J. Felleman and David C. Van Essen, 1991, Cerebral Cortex, 1(1):1. Santiago Ramón y Cajal Edward H. Adelson Bryan Derksen, reprinted with permission under terms of the GNU Free Documentation License: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License.

Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks by Keith Houston

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Boeing 747, Charles Babbage, classic study, computer age, cuban missile crisis, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, John Markoff, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Kickstarter, means of production, Multics, packet switching, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, trade route, wikimedia commons

Barney, “Common Shorthand Signs [De notis vulgaribus], in The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 51. 52.Paul Saenger, “Tironian Notes,” in Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997), 115–19. 53.Russon, et al, “History and Development of Shorthand (shorthand).” 54.Bernhard Bischoff and University of Cambridge, “Latin Script in Antiquity,” in Latin Paleography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 80–82. 55.Theodore Rosendorf, “Blackletter,” in The Typographic Desk Reference (New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press, 2009), 100. 56.G.Reuveni, “From Reading Books to Consumption of Books and Back Again,” in Reading Germany: Literature and Consumer Culture in Germany Before 1933, Berghahn Series (Oxford, UK: Berghahn Books, 2006), 206. 57.“Ampersand,” Urban Dictionary, http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=ampersand [last accessed July 3, 2011]; H.A. Long, “Birth Names,” in Personal and Family Names (London: Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1883), 98. 58.“Ampersand,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampersand [last accessed July 23, 2012]; J.B. Shank, William L. Hosch, Marco Sampaolo, et al, “André-Marie Ampère (French physicist),” Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/21416/Andre-Marie-Ampere [last accessed July 23, 2012]. 59.E.S. Sheldon, “Studies and notes,” in Further Notes on the Names of the Letters, volume II (Boston: Ginn & Company, 1893), 158. 60.J.S.

pages: 933 words: 205,691

Hadoop: The Definitive Guide by Tom White

Amazon Web Services, bioinformatics, business intelligence, business logic, combinatorial explosion, data science, database schema, Debian, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, exponential backoff, fallacies of distributed computing, fault tolerance, full text search, functional programming, Grace Hopper, information retrieval, Internet Archive, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, linked data, loose coupling, openstreetmap, recommendation engine, RFID, SETI@home, social graph, sparse data, web application

Thanks to its ZooKeeper underpinnings, Hedwig is a highly available service and guarantees message delivery even if subscribers are offline for extended periods of time. BookKeeper is a ZooKeeper subproject, and you can find more information on how to use it, and Hedwig, at http://zookeeper.apache.org/bookkeeper/. * * * [136] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacies_of_Distributed_Computing. [137] For more detail, see the excellent article “Dealing with InterruptedException” by Brian Goetz. [138] Another way of writing the code would be to have a single catch block, just for KeeperException, and a test to see whether its code has the value KeeperException.Code.SESSIONEXPIRED.

…

If the jobtracker dashboard shows “spilled records” greatly exceeding “map output records,” try bumping up the io.sort.record.percent: PIG_OPTS="-Dio.sort.record.percent=0.25 -Dio.sort.mb=350" pig my_file.pig [154] The largest outlier that comes to mind is the famous “Magic Roundabout” in Swindon, England, with degree 10, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Roundabout_%28Swindon%29. [155] Deepak Singh, open data advocate and bizdev manager of the Amazon AWS cloud. [156] Current versions of Pig get confused on self-joins, so just load the table with differently named relations as shown here. [157] See http://www.slideshare.net/ydn/3-xxl-graphalgohadoopsummit2010—Sergei Vassilvitskii (@vsergei) and Jake Hofman (@jakehofman) of Yahoo!

pages: 329 words: 95,309

Digital Bank: Strategies for Launching or Becoming a Digital Bank by Chris Skinner

algorithmic trading, AltaVista, Amazon Web Services, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, augmented reality, bank run, Basel III, bitcoin, Bitcoin Ponzi scheme, business cycle, business intelligence, business process, business process outsourcing, buy and hold, call centre, cashless society, clean water, cloud computing, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, cross-border payments, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, demand response, disintermediation, don't be evil, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, fiat currency, financial innovation, gamification, Google Glasses, high net worth, informal economy, information security, Infrastructure as a Service, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, M-Pesa, margin call, mass affluent, MITM: man-in-the-middle, mobile money, Mohammed Bouazizi, new economy, Northern Rock, Occupy movement, Pingit, platform as a service, Ponzi scheme, prediction markets, pre–internet, QR code, quantitative easing, ransomware, reserve currency, RFID, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, Silicon Valley, smart cities, social intelligence, software as a service, Steve Jobs, strong AI, Stuxnet, the long tail, trade route, unbanked and underbanked, underbanked, upwardly mobile, vertical integration, We are the 99%, web application, WikiLeaks, Y2K

[15] Apple launched the iTunes app store on July 11th 2008 with 500 apps. A year later, there were 55,000 apps and over a billion downloads. In an announcement in June 2011, Apple said they had reached over 14 billion downloads with 425,000 apps and then, by 2013, the store had surpassed 40 billion app downloads with a library of over 800,000 apps. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store [16] “With 250 Million Downloads Angry Birds Moves Into Magic, Cookbooks, And More”, Techcrunch, June 2011 http://tcrn.ch/kR2GJY [17] As of summer 2013, Google dominated the smartphone mobile market with 900 million users, while Apple has 600 million iOS, and Microsoft a far third place with an estimated 12 million Windows Phones sold.

pages: 366 words: 87,916

Fluent Forever: How to Learn Any Language Fast and Never Forget It by Gabriel Wyner

card file, crowdsourcing, en.wikipedia.org, index card, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, language acquisition, machine translation, meta-analysis, Nelson Mandela, pattern recognition, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, Skype, spaced repetition, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Yogi Berra

Whenever possible, stick to names of people and places—they don’t violate our no-English rule—but if an errant English word or two like last Christmas creeps in, the language police probably won’t catch you. Just don’t make it a habit. GENDER (IF NECESSARY): If you’re not sure whether your language uses gender, check Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_type_of_grammatical_gender). If it does, open your grammar book, find the introductory discussion on gender, and read it. You’ll learn how many genders there are and whether your language has any predictable patterns (perhaps nearly all feminine words end in a). You’ll also discover whether there’s a standard way to indicate the gender of each word.

pages: 291 words: 90,200

Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age by Manuel Castells

"World Economic Forum" Davos, access to a mobile phone, banking crisis, call centre, centre right, citizen journalism, cognitive dissonance, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, currency manipulation / currency intervention, disintermediation, en.wikipedia.org, Glass-Steagall Act, housing crisis, income inequality, microcredit, military-industrial complex, Mohammed Bouazizi, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, Port of Oakland, social software, statistical model, Twitter Arab Spring, We are the 99%, web application, WikiLeaks, World Values Survey, young professional, zero-sum game

For the sake of clarity, I have limited the data presented in the figure to the two main parties, Conservatives and Socialists, and to Podemos. It shows how in just 11 months of its existence, Podemos overtook both parties in terms of voting intentions. The detailed data and the methodology used to synthesize the data can be found in the Wikipedia study: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_Spanish_general_election,_2015. The assignment of seats in the future parliament did not correspond proportionally to the percentage of votes, because of the usual bias in favor of traditional parties resulting from the design of the electoral districts. However, Podemos largely overtook the Socialist Party and came very close to the Conservatives: according to polls in December 2014, Conservatives were projected to obtain 115–118 seats, against Podemos 101–104 and Socialists 77–80.

pages: 372 words: 89,876

The Connected Company by Dave Gray, Thomas Vander Wal

A Pattern Language, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Atul Gawande, Berlin Wall, business cycle, business process, call centre, Clayton Christensen, commoditize, complexity theory, creative destruction, David Heinemeier Hansson, digital rights, disruptive innovation, en.wikipedia.org, factory automation, folksonomy, Googley, index card, industrial cluster, interchangeable parts, inventory management, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Kevin Kelly, loose coupling, low cost airline, market design, minimum viable product, more computing power than Apollo, power law, profit maximization, Richard Florida, Ruby on Rails, Salesforce, scientific management, self-driving car, shareholder value, side project, Silicon Valley, skunkworks, software as a service, South of Market, San Francisco, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, subscription business, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tony Hsieh, Toyota Production System, two-pizza team, Vanguard fund, web application, WikiLeaks, work culture , Zipcar

CITY POPULATION “City populations are growing much faster than rural populations” from US Census Bureau, http://www.elderweb.com/node/2836. POPULATION PROJECTIONS “Fifty percent of the world’s population today lives on two percent of the Earth’s crust. In 1950, that number was 30%, and by 2050 it is expected to be 70%.” Projection by the United Nations, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_of_World_Population_Urban_Rural.PNG. URBAN WORKERS Urban workers make, on average, 23% more than rural workers.… “Explaining the Gap in Pay Between Rural and Urban Work,” The Daily Yonder, March 3, 2008, http://www.dailyyonder.com/explaining-gap-pay-between-rural-and-urban-work.

pages: 345 words: 92,849

Equal Is Unfair: America's Misguided Fight Against Income Inequality by Don Watkins, Yaron Brook

3D printing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Apple II, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, blue-collar work, business process, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Cass Sunstein, collective bargaining, colonial exploitation, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, David Brooks, deskilling, Edward Glaeser, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, financial deregulation, immigration reform, income inequality, indoor plumbing, inventory management, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, Jony Ive, laissez-faire capitalism, Louis Pasteur, low skilled workers, means of production, minimum wage unemployment, Naomi Klein, new economy, obamacare, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, profit motive, rent control, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Skype, Solyndra, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, The Spirit Level, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, Uber for X, urban renewal, War on Poverty, wealth creators, women in the workforce, working poor, zero-sum game

Cited in Diana Hsieh, Responsibility & Luck: A Defense of Praise and Blame (Self-published, 2013), chapter 3, part 3. 35. Hsieh, Responsibility & Luck: A Defense of Praise and Blame, chapter 1, part 5. 36. “The Superinvestors of Graham-and-Doddsville,” Wikipedia, last modified March 12, 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Superinvestors_of_Graham-and-Doddsville (accessed May 28, 2015). 37. Larry S. Temkin, “Egalitarianism Defended,” Ethics, Vol. 113, No. 4, July 2003, http://www.mit.edu/~shaslang/mprg/TemkinED.pdf (accessed May 28, 2015). 38. Jim Collins and Morten T. Hansen, Great by Choice (New York: Harper Business, 2011), p. 2. 39.

pages: 406 words: 88,820

Television disrupted: the transition from network to networked TV by Shelly Palmer

AOL-Time Warner, barriers to entry, call centre, commoditize, disintermediation, en.wikipedia.org, folksonomy, Golden age of television, hypertext link, interchangeable parts, invention of movable type, Irwin Jacobs: Qualcomm, James Watt: steam engine, Leonard Kleinrock, linear programming, Marc Andreessen, market design, Metcalfe’s law, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, power law, recommendation engine, Saturday Night Live, shareholder value, Skype, spectrum auction, Steve Jobs, subscription business, Telecommunications Act of 1996, the long tail, There's no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home - Ken Olsen, Vickrey auction, Vilfredo Pareto, yield management

. ©1998-2005. <http://imagesoftheworld.org/stamps/ph-cross-letter.htm> TV Turnoff Network. “Facts and Figures About Our TV Habit.” TV Turnoff Network. Real Vision 2004. <http://www.tvturnoff.org/factsheets.htm> Wikipedia. “Suspension of disbelief.” Wkipedia Encyclopedia. 18 December 2005. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief> Van der Bergh, Stefan. “Trompe L’Oeil.” Planet Perplex. ©2005. http://www.planetperplex.com/en/trompe_l_oeil.html Copyright © 2006, Shelly Palmer. All rights reserved. 13-Television.Glossary v2.qxd 3/20/06 7:29 AM Page 225 Y u ou can find more complete listings of industry statistics and the most up-to-date information about the media and technology industries at www.televisiondisrupted.com Copyright © 2006, Shelly Palmer.

pages: 297 words: 89,820

The Perfect Thing: How the iPod Shuffles Commerce, Culture, and Coolness by Steven Levy

Apple II, Bill Atkinson, British Empire, Claude Shannon: information theory, en.wikipedia.org, General Magic , Herbert Marcuse, indoor plumbing, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Joi Ito, Jony Ive, Kevin Kelly, reality distortion field, Sand Hill Road, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, social web, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, technology bubble, the long tail, Thomas L Friedman, Tony Fadell

My researcher Jodi Mardesch interviewed Voida. 37 Jennifer Hartstein: "iPod Guilty Pleasures," Don Fernandez, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, September 10, 2004. 38 "Kenworld": John Schwartz, "To Know Me, Know My iPod," The New York Times, November 28,2004. Origin 43 Personal Jukebox: In addition to my interviews with Wobber and Redell, information about the PJB was drawn from the Wikipedia entry (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PJB) and Andrew Birrells PowerPoint presentation of the Personal Jukebox team (www.birrell.org/Andrew/talks/ pjb-overview.ppt). 51 I felt like a dope: From Brent Schlender, "How Big Can Apple Get?" Fortune, February 21,2005. 52 Audion and Soundjam: A good account of Audions history by its cofounder Cabel Sasser is posted at http://panic.com/extras/audionstory.

pages: 250 words: 88,762

The Logic of Life: The Rational Economics of an Irrational World by Tim Harford

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Andrei Shleifer, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, business cycle, colonial rule, company town, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, double entry bookkeeping, Dr. Strangelove, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, European colonialism, experimental economics, experimental subject, George Akerlof, income per capita, invention of the telephone, Jane Jacobs, John von Neumann, Larry Ellison, law of one price, Martin Wolf, mutually assured destruction, New Economic Geography, new economy, Patri Friedman, plutocrats, Richard Florida, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, spinning jenny, Steve Jobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the market place, the strength of weak ties, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Malthus, Tyler Cowen, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

Sachs and various colleagues: See especially John Luke Gallup, Jeffrey Sachs, and Andrew Mellinger, “Geography and Economic Development,” NBER Working Paper 6849, December 1998. Around 1900, life expectancy: Matthew Kahn brought this to my attention (interview, November 2006). See also Michael Haines, “The Urban Mortality Transition in the United States,” NBER Historical Paper 134, July 2001. “by evill examples into extravagence”: Wikipedia, “Pilgrims,” en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilgrims#Decision_to_leave. The Beauchamp Committee: Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson, “The Colonial Origins of Economic Development: An Empirical Investigation,” American Economic Review 91, no. 5(December 2001): 1369–1401. As luck would have it: James Feyrer and Bruce Sacerdote, “Colonialism and Modern Income: Islands as Natural Experiments,” NBER Working Paper 12546, October 2006, www.nber.org/papers/w12546.

pages: 343 words: 91,080

Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work by Alex Rosenblat

"Susan Fowler" uber, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, algorithmic management, Amazon Mechanical Turk, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, basic income, big-box store, bike sharing, Black Lives Matter, business logic, call centre, cashless society, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, cognitive load, collaborative economy, collective bargaining, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data science, death from overwork, digital divide, disinformation, disruptive innovation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, future of work, gender pay gap, gig economy, Google Chrome, Greyball, income inequality, independent contractor, information asymmetry, information security, Jaron Lanier, Jessica Bruder, job automation, job satisfaction, Lyft, marginal employment, Mark Zuckerberg, move fast and break things, Network effects, new economy, obamacare, performance metric, Peter Thiel, price discrimination, proprietary trading, Ralph Waldo Emerson, regulatory arbitrage, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, self-driving car, sharing economy, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skype, social software, SoftBank, stealth mode startup, Steve Jobs, strikebreaker, TaskRabbit, technological determinism, Tim Cook: Apple, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, union organizing, universal basic income, urban planning, Wolfgang Streeck, work culture , workplace surveillance , Yochai Benkler, Zipcar

(panel presentation, Continuing Legal Education for the Pennsylvania Bar Institute, November 28, 2017); Training Assocs. Corp. v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 101 A.3d 1225, 2014 Pa. Commw. LEXIS 501 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2014). 21. Thanks to Lisa Conrad for this insight, in an email, August 3, 2017. See, e.g., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Other_Half_Lives. 22. Outside of Salt Lake City, the majority religion of Utah is Mormonism. See, e.g., Matt Canham, “Salt Lake County Is Becoming Less Mormon—Utah County Is Headed in the Other Direction,” Salt Lake Tribune, July 16, 2017, http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?

pages: 692 words: 95,244

Speaking JavaScript: An In-Depth Guide for Programmers by Axel Rauschmayer

Airbnb, anti-pattern, digital divide, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, Firefox, functional programming, higher-order functions, machine readable, web application

They are explained elsewhere: new (see Layer 3: Constructors—Factories for Instances) Invoke a constructor—for example, new Point(3, 5) delete (see Deleting properties) Delete a property—for example, delete obj.prop in (see Iteration and Detection of Properties) Check whether an object has a given property—for example, 'prop' in obj * * * [8] Strictly speaking, setting an array element is a special case of setting a property. [9] Thanks to Brandon Benvie (@benvie), who told me about using void for IIFEs. [10] Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmarklet [11] Thanks to Tom Schuster (@evilpies) for pointing me to the source code of the first JavaScript engine. Chapter 10. Booleans The primitive boolean type comprises the values true and false: > typeof false 'boolean' > typeof true 'boolean' Converting to Boolean Values are converted to booleans as follows: Value Converted to boolean undefined false null false A boolean Same as input (nothing to convert) A number 0, NaN → false other numbers → true A string '' → false other strings → true An object true (always!)

pages: 309 words: 92,177

The Ghost by Robert Harris

airport security, carbon footprint, en.wikipedia.org, gentrification, Nelson Mandela, stakhanovite, white picket fence

I worked my way through the first of what Google promised would eventually prove to be thirty-seven thousand entries about Emmett and Arcadia: Arcadia Institution -Roundtable on Middle East Policy The establishment of democracy in Syria and Iran…Paul Emmett in his opening address stated his belief…www.arcadiainstitution.org/site/roundtable/A56fL%2004.htm - 35k - Cached - Similar pages Arcadia Institution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Arcadia Institution is an Anglo-American nonprofit organization founded in 1991 under the presidency of Professor Paul Emmett… en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia Institution - 35k - Cached - Similar pages Arcadia Institution/Arcadia Strategy Group - Source Watch The Arcadia Institution describes itself as dedicated to fostering…Professor Paul Emmett, an expert in Anglo-American… www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Arcadia Institution - 39k - Cached - Similar pages USATODAY.com - 5 Questions for Paul Emmett Paul Emmett, former professor of foreign relations at Harvard, now heads the influential Arcadia Institution… www.usatoday.com/world/2002-08-07/questions x.htm?

pages: 722 words: 90,903

Practical Vim: Edit Text at the Speed of Thought by Drew Neil

Bram Moolenaar, don't repeat yourself, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, finite state, fizzbuzz, off-by-one error, place-making, QWERTY keyboard, web application

Not only are they easy to execute from inside Vim, but their output is parsed and used to populate the quickfix list. These commands are covered in greater depth in both Chapter 17, Compile Code and Navigate Errors with the Quickfix List, and Chapter 18, Search Project-Wide with grep, vimgrep, and Others. Footnotes [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter [8] http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/09/11/bill_joys_greatest_gift/ Copyright © 2012, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Part 2 Files In this part of the book, we’ll learn how to work with files and buffers. Vim lets us work on multiple files in a single editing session.

pages: 307 words: 88,180

AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order by Kai-Fu Lee

"World Economic Forum" Davos, AI winter, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, algorithmic trading, Alignment Problem, AlphaGo, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, basic income, bike sharing, business cycle, Cambridge Analytica, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, corporate social responsibility, cotton gin, creative destruction, crony capitalism, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, Didi Chuxing, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, full employment, future of work, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, gig economy, Google Chrome, Hans Moravec, happiness index / gross national happiness, high-speed rail, if you build it, they will come, ImageNet competition, impact investing, income inequality, informal economy, Internet of things, invention of the telegraph, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lean Startup, low skilled workers, Lyft, machine translation, mandatory minimum, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, minimum viable product, natural language processing, Neil Armstrong, new economy, Nick Bostrom, OpenAI, pattern recognition, pirate software, profit maximization, QR code, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Robert Mercer, Rodney Brooks, Rubik’s Cube, Sam Altman, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, SoftBank, Solyndra, special economic zone, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, strong AI, TED Talk, The Future of Employment, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, universal basic income, urban planning, vertical integration, Vision Fund, warehouse robotics, Y Combinator

I cannot wait to return to their embrace, an embrace that sustains me and has taught me so much. This should be my last book for a while. Then again, I’ve told them that seven times before—hopefully they’ll still buy it. NOTES 1. CHINA’S SPUTNIK MOMENT atoms in the known universe: “Go and Mathematics,” in Wikipedia, s.v., “Legal Positions,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_and_mathematics#Legal_positions. 280 million Chinese viewers: Cade Metz, “What the AI Behind AlphaGo Can Teach Us About Being Human,” Wired, May 19, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/05/google-alpha-go-ai/. issued an ambitious plan: Paul Mozur, “Beijing Wants A.I. to Be Made in China by 2030,” New York Times, July 20, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/20/business/china-artificial-intelligence.html.

pages: 374 words: 94,508

Infonomics: How to Monetize, Manage, and Measure Information as an Asset for Competitive Advantage by Douglas B. Laney

3D printing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, banking crisis, behavioural economics, blockchain, book value, business climate, business intelligence, business logic, business process, call centre, carbon credits, chief data officer, Claude Shannon: information theory, commoditize, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, dark matter, data acquisition, data science, deep learning, digital rights, digital twin, discounted cash flows, disintermediation, diversification, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, Erik Brynjolfsson, full employment, hype cycle, informal economy, information security, intangible asset, Internet of things, it's over 9,000, linked data, Lyft, Nash equilibrium, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, new economy, obamacare, performance metric, profit motive, recommendation engine, RFID, Salesforce, semantic web, single source of truth, smart meter, Snapchat, software as a service, source of truth, supply-chain management, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, text mining, uber lyft, Y2K, yield curve

I hope you are inspired by them. 2 “Boosting Demand in the ‘Experience Economy’,” Harvard Business Review, January–February 2015 Issue, https://hbr.org/2015/01/boosting-demand-in-the-experience-economy. 3 “Our Retail Divisions,” Walmart News Archives, http://corporate.walmart.com/_news_/news-archive/2005/01/07/our-retail-divisions. 4 Sarah Perez, “In Battle with Amazon, Walmart Unveils Polaris, a Semantic Search Engine for Products,” TechCrunch, 30 August 2012, https://techcrunch.com/2012/08/30/in-battle-with-amazon-walmart-unveils-polaris-a-semantic-search-engine-for-products/. 5 “List of House Episodes,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_House_episodes. 6 Zak Stambor, “Wal-Mart Factors Popularity into Site Search Results,” Internet Retailer, 30 August 2012, www.internetretailer.com/2012/08/30/wal-mart-factors-popularity-site-search-results. 7 Stacey Vanek Smith, “Data Is the Economy’s New Oil,” Marketplace Podcast, 01 May 2013, www.marketplace.org/2013/05/01/tech/data-economys-new-oil. 8 Alex Samuely, “Rite Aid Exec: Quick App Technology, Data Offer Predictive Capabilities,” Mobile Marketer, 20 January 2016, www.mobilemarketer.com/cms/news/database-crm/22092.html. 9 Matthew Boyle, “Kroger’s Secret Weapon,” Fortune, 27 November 2007, http://archive.fortune.com/2007/11/21/magazines/fortune/boyle_datamining.fortune/index.htm. 10 Gary Hawkins, “Will Big Data Kill All but the Biggest Retailers?

pages: 321 words: 92,828

Late Bloomers: The Power of Patience in a World Obsessed With Early Achievement by Rich Karlgaard

Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Amazon Web Services, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Bob Noyce, book value, Brownian motion, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Sedaris, deliberate practice, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, experimental economics, Fairchild Semiconductor, fear of failure, financial independence, follow your passion, Ford Model T, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Goodhart's law, hiring and firing, if you see hoof prints, think horses—not zebras, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, job satisfaction, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, Larry Ellison, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, move fast and break things, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, power law, reality distortion field, Sand Hill Road, science of happiness, scientific management, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, sunk-cost fallacy, tech worker, TED Talk, theory of mind, Tim Cook: Apple, Toyota Production System, unpaid internship, upwardly mobile, women in the workforce, working poor

., “Are Cognitive G and Academic Achievement G One and the Same G? An Exploration on the Woodcock-Johnson and Kaufman Tests,” Intelligence 40, no. 2 (2012): 123–38. CHAPTER 1: OUR EARLY BLOOMER OBSESSION Pop-neuroscience writer Jonah Lehrer: The facts about Lehrer can be found in an extraordinarily long entry in Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Lehrer. Quiet author Susan Cain: Cain coined the term “Extrovert Ideal” in Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking (New York: Broadway Books, 2013). In more ways than one, Cain’s work on introverts inspired this book. wunderkind literally means “wonder child”: Originally a German word, wunderkind first appeared in English in 1883.

pages: 345 words: 87,534

Irreversible Damage: The Transgender Craze Seducing Our Daughters by Abigail Shrier

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, autism spectrum disorder, deplatforming, en.wikipedia.org, false memory syndrome, Frances Oldham Kelsey, glass ceiling, helicopter parent, Jeff Bezos, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, scientific mainstream, Skype, social contagion, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, TikTok, unpaid internship

See Helena, “How Mental Illness Becomes Identity: Tumblr, a Callout Post, Part 2,” 4thWaveNow, March 20, 2019, https://4thwavenow.com/2019/03/20/tumblr-a-call-out-post/ . 15 . This is documented in the wonderful blog post cited above, Helena, “How Mental Illness Becomes Identity: Tumblr, a Callout Post, Part 2.” 16 . Wikipedia, s.v. “Facetune,” last edited November 26, 2019, 12:00, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facetune#Criticism . 17 . “A New Reality for Beauty Standards: How Selfies and Filters Affect Body Image,” EurekAlert!, Boston Medical Center, August 2, 2018, https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/bmc-anr080118.php . 18 . Twenge, “Teens Have Less Face Time with Their Friends.” 19 .

Learn Algorithmic Trading by Sebastien Donadio

active measures, algorithmic trading, automated trading system, backtesting, Bayesian statistics, behavioural economics, buy and hold, buy low sell high, cryptocurrency, data science, deep learning, DevOps, en.wikipedia.org, fixed income, Flash crash, Guido van Rossum, latency arbitrage, locking in a profit, market fundamentalism, market microstructure, martingale, natural language processing, OpenAI, p-value, paper trading, performance metric, prediction markets, proprietary trading, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, random walk, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, Sharpe ratio, short selling, sorting algorithm, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, stochastic process, survivorship bias, transaction costs, type inference, WebSocket, zero-sum game

The Communication API will set the rules of communication at the software level. The Communication API is given by the entity that you would like to trade with. This document contains all the messages that you will use to receive prices and send orders. You can find examples of trading API documents at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electronic_trading_protocols. Before diving into the trading API, we will need to explain the basics of networking. Network basics The network is in charge of making the computers communicate with each other. Networks need a physical layer to share information. Choosing the correct media (communication layer) is critical for the network to reach a given speed or reliability, or even security.

pages: 328 words: 90,677

Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors by Edward Niedermeyer

autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, bitcoin, business climate, call centre, carbon footprint, Clayton Christensen, clean tech, Colonization of Mars, computer vision, crowdsourcing, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, fake it until you make it, family office, financial engineering, Ford Model T, gigafactory, global supply chain, Google Earth, housing crisis, hype cycle, Hyperloop, junk bonds, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kanban, Kickstarter, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Menlo Park, minimum viable product, new economy, off grid, off-the-grid, OpenAI, Paul Graham, peak oil, performance metric, Ponzi scheme, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, short selling, short squeeze, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, Solyndra, stealth mode startup, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, tail risk, technoutopianism, Tesla Model S, too big to fail, Toyota Production System, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, union organizing, vertical integration, WeWork, work culture , Zipcar

Business Insider, November 11, 2014. https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-the-origin-story-2014-10 Chapter 3 33“We had no idea what we were doing,” Elon Musk told the crowd: Darren Bryant. “Elon Musk recounts Tesla’s history at 2016 shareholders meeting.” YouTube video, January 10, 2017. https://youtu.be/AKfiKvbqbQw 34hundreds of automakers had gone bankrupt: “List of defunct automobile manufacturers of the United States.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wikiList_of_defunct_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States 35“Tesla will build high-performance electric sports cars”: Drake Baer. “The Making of Tesla: Invention, Betrayal, and the Birth of the Roadster.” Business Insider, November 11, 2014. https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-the-origin-story-2014-10 37To Eberhard and Tarpenning, who, in their initial feasibility study: Ashlee Vance.

pages: 317 words: 89,825

No Rules Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention by Reed Hastings, Erin Meyer

Airbnb, An Inconvenient Truth, Downton Abbey, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, FedEx blackjack story, global village, hiring and firing, job-hopping, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, late fees, loose coupling, loss aversion, out of africa, performance metric, Saturday Night Live, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Skype, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, subscription business, super pumped, tech worker, The last Blockbuster video rental store is in Bend, Oregon, work culture

“The World’s 50 Most Innovative Companies of 2018.” Fast Company. February 20, 2018. www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies/2018. Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de, et al. The Wisdom of the Sands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979. “Vitality Curve.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, November 5, 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitality_curve. Chapter 10: Bring It All to the World! Meyer, Erin. The Culture Map: Breaking through the Invisible Boundaries of Global Business. New York: PublicAffairs, 2014. To view the culture maps presented in this chapter as well as to create your own corporate culture maps, go to: www.erinmeyer.com/tools.

pages: 326 words: 88,968

The Science and Technology of Growing Young: An Insider's Guide to the Breakthroughs That Will Dramatically Extend Our Lifespan . . . And What You Can Do Right Now by Sergey Young

23andMe, 3D printing, Albert Einstein, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, basic income, Big Tech, bioinformatics, Biosphere 2, brain emulation, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive bias, computer vision, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, deep learning, digital twin, diversified portfolio, Doomsday Clock, double helix, Easter island, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, European colonialism, game design, Gavin Belson, George Floyd, global pandemic, hockey-stick growth, impulse control, Internet of things, late capitalism, Law of Accelerating Returns, life extension, lockdown, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, microbiome, microdosing, moral hazard, mouse model, natural language processing, personalized medicine, plant based meat, precision agriculture, radical life extension, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, stem cell, Steve Jobs, tech billionaire, TED Talk, uber lyft, ultra-processed food, universal basic income, Virgin Galactic, Vision Fund, X Prize

On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. In a letter to Francis Baily,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 115 (1825), https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1825.0026; Wikipedia, “Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality,” Wikipedia Foundation, last modified February 12, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality. 3Meera Viswanathan et al., “Interventions to Improve Adherence to Self-administered Medications for Chronic Diseases in the United States,” Annals of Internal Medicine 157, no. 11 (2012), https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-157-11-201212040-00538. 4Andrew I.

The Unknowers: How Strategic Ignorance Rules the World by Linsey McGoey

Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-globalists, antiwork, battle of ideas, behavioural economics, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, Cambridge Analytica, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, Clive Stafford Smith, conceptual framework, Corn Laws, corporate governance, corporate raider, Credit Default Swap, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Donald Trump, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, fake news, Frances Oldham Kelsey, hiring and firing, Howard Zinn, income inequality, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, joint-stock company, junk bonds, knowledge economy, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, Michael Milken, minimum wage unemployment, Naomi Klein, new economy, Nick Leeson, p-value, Paul Samuelson, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, post-truth, public intellectual, race to the bottom, randomized controlled trial, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), Social Justice Warrior, Steven Pinker, Suez crisis 1956, The Chicago School, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus, wealth creators

Journal of Education Policy 31(4): 365–388. See also G. Evans, 2018. ‘The unwelcome revival of “race science”’ (The Guardian, March 2). 2 Seeing ignorance differently 1 Anahad O’Connor, 2015. ‘Coca-Cola funds scientists who shift blame for obesity away from bad diets’ (The New York Times, August 19). 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_are_known_knowns. 3 Gillian Tett, Fool’s Gold (London: Abacus, 2010). 4 Quoted in Michael Lewis, The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2011), 263. These paragraphs draw on L. McGoey, 2012. ‘The power of ignorance and the problem of abundance’ (Open Democracy, July 5).

Upstream: The Quest to Solve Problems Before They Happen by Dan Heath

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, airport security, Albert Einstein, bank run, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, call centre, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, colonial rule, correlation does not imply causation, cuban missile crisis, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, food desert, high-speed rail, Housing First, illegal immigration, Internet of things, mandatory minimum, millennium bug, move fast and break things, Nick Bostrom, payday loans, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, self-driving car, Skype, Snapchat, subscription business, systems thinking, urban planning, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Y2K

It was the era of the Cold War: Nuclear fallout shelters: Robert Klara, “Nuclear Fallout Shelters Were Never Going to Work,” History, October 16, 2017, updated September 1, 2018, https://www.history.com/news/nuclear-fallout-shelters-were-never-going-to-work; biological warfare: Joshua Lederberg, “The Infamous Black Death May Return to Haunt Us,” Washington Post, August 31, 1968, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/lederberg/pdf/bbabtv.pdf; Cuban Missile Crisis: “Cuban Missile Crisis,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis; duck and cover in schools: Sarah Pruitt, “How ‘Duck-and-Cover’ Drills Channeled America’s Cold War Anxiety,” March 26, 2019, https://www.history.com/news/duck-cover-drills-cold-war-arms-race. The Andromeda Strain: Michael Crichton, The Andromeda Strain (New York: Centesis Corporation, 1969).

Practical Vim, Second Edition (for Stefano Alcazi) by Drew Neil

Bram Moolenaar, don't repeat yourself, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, finite state, fizzbuzz, off-by-one error, place-making, QWERTY keyboard, web application

In practice, I most commonly use this technique to execute one or more :substitute commands if I find myself using them again and again. I’ll often discard the batch.vim file after use, but I might put it under source control if I think it could be useful in the future. Footnotes [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter [8] http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/09/11/bill_joys_greatest_gift/ Copyright © 2016, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Part 2 Files In this part of the book, we’ll learn how to work with files and buffers. Vim lets us work on multiple files in a single editing session.

Practical Vim by Drew Neil

Bram Moolenaar, don't repeat yourself, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, finite state, fizzbuzz, off-by-one error, place-making, QWERTY keyboard, web application

In practice, I most commonly use this technique to execute one or more :substitute commands if I find myself using them again and again. I’ll often discard the batch.vim file after use, but I might put it under source control if I think it could be useful in the future. Footnotes [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter [8] http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/09/11/bill_joys_greatest_gift/ Copyright © 2017, The Pragmatic Bookshelf. Part 2 Files In this part of the book, we’ll learn how to work with files and buffers. Vim lets us work on multiple files in a single editing session.

pages: 306 words: 88,545

Been There, Done That: A Rousing History of Sex by Rachel Feltman

COVID-19, disintermediation, double helix, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Internet Archive, longitudinal study, Louis Daguerre, Louis Pasteur, microbiome, moral panic, Pepto Bismol, phenotype, placebo effect, stem cell, TikTok, University of East Anglia, white flight

George Murray Levick, “Unpublished Notes on the Sexual Habits of the Adélie Penguin,” Research Gate, October 2012, www.researchgate.net/publication/259425517_Dr_George_Murray_Levick_1876-1956_Unpublished_notes_on_the_sexual_habits_of_the_Adelie_penguin. 12. Dinitia Smith, “Love That Dare Not Squeak Its Name,” New York Times, February 7, 2004, www.nytimes.com/2004/02/07/arts/love-that-dare-not-squeak-its-name.html. 13. “Cockchafer,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockchafer. 14. Marco Riccucci, “Same-Sex Sexual Behaviour in Bats,” Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 2011, https://doi.org/10.4404/Hystrix-22.1-4478. 15. V. Wai-Ping and M. B. Fenton, “Nonselective Mating in Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus),” Journal of Mammalogy 69, no. 3 (1988): 641–645, https://doi.org/10.2307/1381364. 16.

pages: 376 words: 91,192

Hemingway Didn't Say That: The Truth Behind Familiar Quotations by Garson O'Toole

Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, Anton Chekhov, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, en.wikipedia.org, Honoré de Balzac, Internet Archive, Lao Tzu, Mahatma Gandhi, New Journalism, ought to be enough for anybody, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, Steve Jobs, Wayback Machine, Yogi Berra

“Aerosmith–Amazing,” YouTube video, 6:50, copyright 1994, posted by “AerosmithVEVO,” December 24, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmOvYzSeaQ. Quote is sung at 02:04. 15. Kevin Bernhardt, The Peaceful Warrior (screenplay), 2006, http://www.veryabc.cn/movie/uploads/script/PeacefulWarrior.txt. 16. Wikipedia, s.v. “Snowclone,” last modified July 2, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowclone. These days a computer’s memory is tens of thousands of times larger than 640 kilobytes. The 640K limitation was once a real headache for programmers and users. The above quote is notorious among computer enthusiasts and is typically dated to 1981, to the early days of personal computing, but Bill Gates has denied that he ever said it.

pages: 798 words: 240,182

The Transhumanist Reader by Max More, Natasha Vita-More

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, Bill Joy: nanobots, bioinformatics, brain emulation, Buckminster Fuller, cellular automata, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, combinatorial explosion, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, Conway's Game of Life, cosmological principle, data acquisition, discovery of DNA, Douglas Engelbart, Drosophila, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, experimental subject, Extropian, fault tolerance, Flynn Effect, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Frank Gehry, friendly AI, Future Shock, game design, germ theory of disease, Hans Moravec, hypertext link, impulse control, index fund, John von Neumann, joint-stock company, Kevin Kelly, Law of Accelerating Returns, life extension, lifelogging, Louis Pasteur, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, moral hazard, Network effects, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, pattern recognition, Pepto Bismol, phenotype, positional goods, power law, precautionary principle, prediction markets, presumed consent, Project Xanadu, public intellectual, radical life extension, Ray Kurzweil, reversible computing, RFID, Ronald Reagan, scientific worldview, silicon-based life, Singularitarianism, social intelligence, stem cell, stochastic process, superintelligent machines, supply-chain management, supply-chain management software, synthetic biology, systems thinking, technological determinism, technological singularity, Ted Nelson, telepresence, telepresence robot, telerobotics, the built environment, The Coming Technological Singularity, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, transaction costs, Turing machine, Turing test, Upton Sinclair, Vernor Vinge, Von Neumann architecture, VTOL, Whole Earth Review, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

Notes 1 Transhumanism – often abbreviated as H + or h+, is an international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanist (accessed October 5, 2011). 2 “Engineering Transcendence” is a blog covering spirituality. This blog was not received enthusiastically by most transhumanists, but it was by some transhumanists and spiritually minded individuals. 3 The term “New Atheism” is the name given to a movement among some early twenty-first-century atheist writers who have advocated the view that “religion should not simply be tolerated but should be countered, criticized, and exposed by rational argument wherever its influence arises” (Hooper 2006).

…

New Atheists argue that recent scientific advances require a negative bias or attitude about religion and spirituality. The movement is most often associated with Richard Dawkins, Daniel C. Dennett, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens, and Victor J. Stenger.> References Clarke, Arthur C. and Baxter, Stephen (2000) The Light of Other Days. New York: Tor. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Light_of_Other_Days (accessed October 5, 2011). Dawkins, Richard (2006) The God Delusion. New York: Houghton Mifflin. http://books.google.com/books/about/The_God_Delusion.html?id=yq1xDpicghkC (accessed October 5, 2011). Geraci, Robert (2010) Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality.

pages: 386 words: 91,913

The Elements of Power: Gadgets, Guns, and the Struggle for a Sustainable Future in the Rare Metal Age by David S. Abraham

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, Airbus A320, Boeing 747, carbon footprint, circular economy, Citizen Lab, clean tech, clean water, commoditize, Deng Xiaoping, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Fairphone, geopolitical risk, gigafactory, glass ceiling, global supply chain, information retrieval, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Large Hadron Collider, new economy, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, planned obsolescence, reshoring, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Solyndra, South China Sea, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, systems thinking, telemarketer, Tesla Model S, thinkpad, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks, Y2K

Valerie Bailey Grasso, “Rare Earth Elements in National Defense: Background, Oversight Issues, and Options for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, 2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41744.pdf. 5 Trading Networks 1. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, “Strategy to Secure Rare Metal,” 2009, Tokyo. 2. In Russian, “Doveryai no Proveryai.” Wikipedia, “Trust, but Verify,” last modified March 25, 2014, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust,_but_verify. 3. Michael Rapaport, telephone interview by David Abraham, January 7, 2014. 4. The London Metal Exchange recently listed cobalt and molybdenum on the exchange, but the performance has been mixed. 5. Chad Bray, “Regulator Fines Barclays Over the Pricing of Gold,” New York Times, May 23, 2014, http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/23/barclays-fined-43-9-million-in-setting-price-of-gold/?

pages: 382 words: 100,127

The Road to Somewhere: The Populist Revolt and the Future of Politics by David Goodhart

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, assortative mating, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, borderless world, Boris Johnson, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, carbon footprint, central bank independence, centre right, coherent worldview, corporate governance, credit crunch, Crossrail, deglobalization, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, falling living standards, first-past-the-post, gender pay gap, gig economy, glass ceiling, global supply chain, global village, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, Jeremy Corbyn, job satisfaction, knowledge economy, labour market flexibility, low skilled workers, market friction, mass immigration, meritocracy, mittelstand, Neil Kinnock, New Urbanism, non-tariff barriers, North Sea oil, obamacare, old-boy network, open borders, open immigration, Peter Singer: altruism, post-industrial society, post-materialism, postnationalism / post nation state, race to the bottom, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, selection bias, shareholder value, Skype, Sloane Ranger, stem cell, the long tail, Thomas L Friedman, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, ultimatum game, upwardly mobile, wages for housework, white flight, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population, World Values Survey

‘The death of the Saturday job: the decline in earning and learning amongst young people in the UK’, UK Commission for Employment and Skills, 16 June 2015, https://gov.uk/government/publications/the-death-of-the-saturday-job-the-decline-in-earning-and-learning-amongst-young-people-in-the-uk. 11.http://www.trainingzone.co.uk/deliver/training/a-history-of-apprenticeships-pt2 12.‘List of UK universities by date of foundation’, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_universities_by_date_of_foundation; ‘Higher education providers’, Higher Education Statistics Agency, https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/providers; Haroon Chowdry et. al., ‘Widening Participation in Higher Education: Analysis using Linked Administrative Data, IFS Working Paper W10/04, Institute for Fiscal Studies, May 2010, https://www.ifs.org.uk/wps/wp1004.pdf; ‘Students in Higher Education 2014/15’, Higher Education Statistics Agency, 11 February 2016, https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/publications/students-2014–15; and ‘Finances’, Higher Education Statistics Agency, https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/providers/finances 13.Conversation with the author. 14.The boot is on the other foot.

pages: 309 words: 65,118

Ruby by example: concepts and code by Kevin C. Baird

Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), David Heinemeier Hansson, Debian, digital map, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, fudge factor, functional programming, general-purpose programming language, Guido van Rossum, Larry Wall, MVC pattern, Paul Graham, Perl 6, premature optimization, union organizing, web application

/usr/bin/env ruby # els_parser.rb require 'palindrome2.rb' # I want all Strings to have the private letters_only # method from this file. class String =begin rdoc This provides a public method to access the private letters_only method we required from palindrome2.rb. =end def just_letters(case_matters) letters_only(case_matters) end end =begin rdoc A text-processing parser that does ASCII-only Equidistant Letter Sequence analyses similar to that described at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidistant_letter_sequencing For my example, I use Moby Dick taken from Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org. =end class ELS_Parser 162 C h ap te r 9 DEFAULT_SEARCH_PARAMS = { :start_pt => 4500, :end_pt => nil, # assumes the end of the String to search when nil :min_skip => 126995, :max_skip => 127005, :term => 'ssirhan', } def initialize(filename, search_params=nil) @contents = prepare(filename) @filename = filename reset_params(search_params || DEFAULT_SEARCH_PARAMS) end def reset_params(search_params) @search_params = search_params @search_params[:end_pt] ||= (@contents.size-1) # ||= for :end_pt allows nil for 'end of file' return self # return self so we can chain methods end $DEBUG =begin rdoc Performs an ELS analysis on the <i>filename</i> argument, searching for the term argument, falling back to the default.

pages: 268 words: 109,447

The Cultural Logic of Computation by David Golumbia

Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, American ideology, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bletchley Park, borderless world, business process, cellular automata, citizen journalism, Claude Shannon: information theory, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, corporate governance, creative destruction, digital capitalism, digital divide, en.wikipedia.org, finite state, folksonomy, future of work, Google Earth, Howard Zinn, IBM and the Holocaust, iterative process, Jaron Lanier, jimmy wales, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, machine readable, machine translation, means of production, natural language processing, Norbert Wiener, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), packet switching, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Richard Stallman, semantic web, Shoshana Zuboff, Slavoj Žižek, social web, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Stewart Brand, strong AI, supply-chain management, supply-chain management software, technological determinism, Ted Nelson, telemarketer, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, Turing machine, Turing test, Vannevar Bush, web application, Yochai Benkler

It is difﬁcult enough simply to identify languages in terms appropriate for computers; see Constable and Simons (2000) for a metadata proposal that shows how far the computer environment is from being truly multilingual. (Still, today, most computers cannot effectively process the majority of the world’s 6,000 languages). 14. See, for example, the Wikipedia entry on embedded systems: http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Embedded_system. Chapter 6 Computation, Globalization, and Cultural Striation 1. “Racialist” is used here in distinction to “racist”; “racialist” refers to “a belief in the existence and signiﬁcance of racial categories, but not necessarily in a hierarchy between the races, or in any political or ideological position of racial Notes to Pages 161–219 p 232 supremacy” (Wikipedia, “Racialism,” accessed 12/22/2008).

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The Revolt of the Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium by Martin Gurri

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Arthur Eddington, Ayatollah Khomeini, bitcoin, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Burning Man, business cycle, citizen journalism, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, collective bargaining, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, currency manipulation / currency intervention, dark matter, David Graeber, death of newspapers, disinformation, Eddington experiment, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, facts on the ground, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, Great Leap Forward, housing crisis, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, job-hopping, military-industrial complex, Mohammed Bouazizi, Nate Silver, Occupy movement, Port of Oakland, Republic of Letters, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Skype, Steve Jobs, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, too big to fail, traveling salesman, University of East Anglia, urban renewal, War on Poverty, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, young professional

[63] Fromer, “Generation Aleph.” [64] Herb Keinon, “Trajtenberg Oversees First Meeting of ‘Rothschild Team,’” Jerusalem Post, August 9, 2011, http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Trajtenberg-oversees-first-meeting-of-Rothschild-Team. [65] Image by Rafimich,Wikipedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daphne_Leef_ %D7%93%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A3.jpg. [66] David Graeber, “Occupy Wall Street’s Anarchist Roots,” Al Jazeera in English, November 30, 2011, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/2011112872835904508.html; Nathan Schneider, “Thank You, Anarchists,” The Nation, December 19, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/165240/ thank-you-anarchists# ; “Translating Anarchy: Interview with Mark Bray, OWS Organizer and Author of the New Book Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street,” OccupyWallStreet, September 12, 2013, http://occupywallst.org/article/translating-anarchy-occupy-wall-street/

pages: 372 words: 101,174

How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed by Ray Kurzweil

Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, anesthesia awareness, anthropic principle, brain emulation, cellular automata, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, cloud computing, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Dean Kamen, discovery of DNA, double helix, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, George Gilder, Google Earth, Hans Moravec, Isaac Newton, iterative process, Jacquard loom, Jeff Hawkins, John von Neumann, Law of Accelerating Returns, linear programming, Loebner Prize, mandelbrot fractal, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, optical character recognition, PalmPilot, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, Ralph Waldo Emerson, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, reversible computing, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), self-driving car, speech recognition, Steven Pinker, strong AI, the scientific method, theory of mind, Turing complete, Turing machine, Turing test, Wall-E, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, X Prize

There is controversy as to whether or not she would have shared in that prize had she been alive in 1962. 7. Albert Einstein, “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (1905). This paper established the special theory of relativity. See Robert Bruce Lindsay and Henry Margenau, Foundations of Physics (Woodbridge, CT: Ox Bow Press, 1981), 330. 8. “Crookes radiometer,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookes_radiometer. 9. Note that some of the momentum of the photons is transferred to the air molecules in the bulb (since it is not a perfect vacuum) and then transferred from the heated air molecules to the vane. 10. Albert Einstein, “Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?”

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Reinventing Discovery: The New Era of Networked Science by Michael Nielsen

Albert Einstein, augmented reality, barriers to entry, bioinformatics, Cass Sunstein, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, conceptual framework, dark matter, discovery of DNA, Donald Knuth, double helix, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, fault tolerance, Fellow of the Royal Society, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, Freestyle chess, Galaxy Zoo, Higgs boson, Internet Archive, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Johannes Kepler, Kevin Kelly, Large Hadron Collider, machine readable, machine translation, Magellanic Cloud, means of production, medical residency, Nicholas Carr, P = NP, P vs NP, publish or perish, Richard Feynman, Richard Stallman, selection bias, semantic web, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Simon Singh, Skype, slashdot, social intelligence, social web, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Stewart Brand, subscription business, tacit knowledge, Ted Nelson, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Nature of the Firm, The Wisdom of Crowds, University of East Anglia, Vannevar Bush, Vernor Vinge, Wayback Machine, Yochai Benkler

Writing an encyclopedia involves many tasks beyond editing the articles, and that additional complexity is reflected in Wikipedia’s structure. Perhaps the simplest example is that every Wikipedia article has an associated “Talk” page. If you don’t know what a Wikipedia Talk page is, start up your web browser, and load Wikipedia’s “Geology” article (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology). At the top of the page, you’ll notice a tab labeled “Discussion.” Click on the tab, and you’ll be taken to the Talk page for the “Geology” article. That’s where discussion about the article goes on among Wikipedia editors: discussion of shortcomings in the article, discussion of how the article can be improved, and even discussion of whether the article should exist in the first place.

pages: 324 words: 96,491

Messing With the Enemy: Surviving in a Social Media World of Hackers, Terrorists, Russians, and Fake News by Clint Watts

4chan, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Bellingcat, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Cambridge Analytica, Chelsea Manning, Climatic Research Unit, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, Filter Bubble, global pandemic, Google Earth, Hacker News, illegal immigration, information security, Internet of things, Jacob Silverman, Julian Assange, loss aversion, Mark Zuckerberg, Mikhail Gorbachev, mobile money, mutually assured destruction, obamacare, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, operational security, pre–internet, Russian election interference, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, Steve Bannon, the long tail, The Wisdom of Crowds, Turing test, University of East Anglia, Valery Gerasimov, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, zero day

,” The Washington Post (April 23, 2013). https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/04/23/syrian-hackers-claim-ap-hack-that-tipped-stock-market-by-136-billion-is-it-terrorism/?utm_term=.0cb10e61e8fc; James Temperton, “FBI Adds Syrian Electronic Army Hackers to Most Wanted List,” Wired (March 23, 2016). http://www.wired.co.uk/article/syrian-electronic-army-fbi-most-wanted. 4. For a short summary of the “Turing Test”, Wikipedia does a good breakdown. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test. 5. Phil Howard, “Computational Propaganda: The Impact of Algorithms and Automation on Public Life,” Presentation available at: https://prezi.com/b_vewutjwzut/computational-propaganda/?webgl=0. 6. Caitlin Dewey, “One in Four Debate Tweets Comes from a Bot. Here’s How to Spot Them,” The Washington Post (October 19, 2016). https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/10/19/one-in-four-debate-tweets-comes-from-a-bot-heres-how-to-spot-them. 7.

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Irresistible: The Rise of Addictive Technology and the Business of Keeping Us Hooked by Adam L. Alter

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alexey Pajitnov wrote Tetris, augmented reality, barriers to entry, Bluma Zeigarnik, call centre, Cass Sunstein, cognitive dissonance, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Sedaris, death from overwork, drug harm reduction, easy for humans, difficult for computers, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, game design, gamification, Google Glasses, Great Leap Forward, Ian Bogost, IKEA effect, Inbox Zero, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, Kickstarter, language acquisition, loss aversion, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, mental accounting, meta-analysis, Oculus Rift, Richard Thaler, Robert Durst, side project, Skype, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, telemarketer, three-martini lunch

Classification: LCC HM851 .A437 2017 (print) | LCC HM851 (ebook) | DDC 302.23/1—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016043481 Graphs and charts by the author. Credits for images Here: www.redditblog.com/2015/04/the-button.html; here: Monica Wadhwa and JeeHye Christine Kim, Psychological Science (Volume 26, Issue 6). Page DS5. 06/01/2015. Reprinted by Permission of SAGE Publications, Inc.; here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_or_Not; here and here: Courtesy of Ben Grosser, bengrosser.com/projects/facebook-demetricator/. Version_2 For Sara and Sam CONTENTS Also by Adam Alter Title Page Copyright Dedication Prologue: Never Get High on Your Own Supply PART 1 WHAT IS BEHAVIORAL ADDICTION AND WHERE DID IT COME FROM?

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Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans by Melanie Mitchell

Ada Lovelace, AI winter, Alignment Problem, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Boston Dynamics, Cambridge Analytica, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, cognitive dissonance, computer age, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, dark matter, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Douglas Hofstadter, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, folksonomy, Geoffrey Hinton, Gödel, Escher, Bach, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, ImageNet competition, Jaron Lanier, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, license plate recognition, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, ought to be enough for anybody, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, performance metric, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rodney Brooks, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Singularitarianism, Skype, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, strong AI, superintelligent machines, tacit knowledge, tail risk, TED Talk, the long tail, theory of mind, There's no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home - Ken Olsen, trolley problem, Turing test, Vernor Vinge, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, world market for maybe five computers

Thompson, “What Is I.B.M.’s Watson?,” New York Times Magazine, June 16, 2010. 4. Quoted in K. Johnson, “How ‘Star Trek’ Inspired Amazon’s Alexa,” Venture Beat, June 7, 2017, venturebeat.com/2017/06/07/how-star-trek-inspired-amazons-alexa. 5. Wikipedia, s.v. “Watson (computer),” accessed Dec. 16, 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer). 6. Thompson, “What Is I.B.M.’s Watson?” 7. A meme made popular on the television show The Simpsons. 8. K. Jennings, “The Go Champion, the Grandmaster, and Me,” Slate, March 15, 2016, www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2016/03/google_s_alphago_defeated_go_champion_lee_sedol_ken_jennings_explains_what.html. 9.

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The Government of No One: The Theory and Practice of Anarchism by Ruth Kinna

Anthropocene, Berlin Wall, British Empire, complexity theory, creative destruction, critical race theory, David Graeber, deep learning, degrowth, en.wikipedia.org, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, friendly fire, ghettoisation, Herbert Marcuse, intentional community, John Gilmore, Kickstarter, late capitalism, means of production, meritocracy, moral panic, Murray Bookchin, New Journalism, Occupy movement, post scarcity, public intellectual, rewilding, Steven Pinker, Ted Kaczynski, union organizing, wage slave

Tucker (London: William Reeves, 1969 [1898]), p. 264. 93 Midnight Notes, vol. 1, Strange Victories: The Anti-Nuclear Movement in the US and Europe (Brooklyn, NY and Jamaica Plain, MA, 1979), online at http://www.midnightnotes.org/mnpublic.html [last access 5 May 2018]. CHAPTER 5: PROSPECTS 1 See the lists maintained on the Anarchist Portal, online at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anarchism. 2 David Porter, ‘Revolutionary Realization: The Motivational Energy’, in Howard J. Ehrlich et al., Reinventing Anarchy (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), pp. 214, 217. 3 Emma Goldman, ‘Was My Life Worth Living?’, Harper’s Monthly Magazine, vol. CLXX (December 1934), online at http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/goldman/pdfs/PublishedEssaysandPamphlets_WasMyLifeWorthLiving.pdf [last access 2 June 2018]. 4 Chicago Anarcho-Feminists, ‘An Anarcho-Feminist Manifesto’, in Dark Star Collective (ed.), Quiet Rumors, 3rd edition (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2012), pp. 15–17. 5 Abdullah Öcalan, Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization (Norway: New Compass, 2015), p. 62. 6 The Project of a Democratic Syria, https://peaceinkurdistancampaign.com/resources/rojava/the-project-of-a-democratic-syria/ [last access 17 May 2018]. 7 James C.

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Being You: A New Science of Consciousness by Anil Seth

AlphaGo, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, backpropagation, carbon-based life, Claude Shannon: information theory, computer age, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, CRISPR, cryptocurrency, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, Drosophila, en.wikipedia.org, Filter Bubble, GPT-3, GPT-4, John Markoff, longitudinal study, Louis Pasteur, mirror neurons, Neil Armstrong, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, OpenAI, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, Paul Graham, Pierre-Simon Laplace, planetary scale, Plato's cave, precautionary principle, Ray Kurzweil, self-driving car, speech recognition, stem cell, systems thinking, technological singularity, TED Talk, telepresence, the scientific method, theory of mind, Thomas Bayes, TikTok, Turing test

* The familiar but completely wrong idea that humans have only five senses can be traced back to Aristotle’s De Anima – ‘On the Soul’ – written around 350 BC. † The origin of this phrase can be traced to a seminar given in the 1990s by Ramesh Jain. I have tried to trace it back further, but without success. ‡ You can find a colour image of The Dress here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_dress. What do you see? § When knowledge fails to affect perception, we call that perception ‘cognitively impenetrable’. ¶ Figures 6 and 7 from Teufel, C., Dakin, S. C. & Fletcher, P. C. (2018), ‘Prior object-knowledge sharpens properties of early visual feature detectors’, Scientific Reports, 8:10853.

pages: 362 words: 97,288

Ghost Road: Beyond the Driverless Car by Anthony M. Townsend

A Pattern Language, active measures, AI winter, algorithmic trading, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Robotics, asset-backed security, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, big-box store, bike sharing, Blitzscaling, Boston Dynamics, business process, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, company town, computer vision, conceptual framework, congestion charging, congestion pricing, connected car, creative destruction, crew resource management, crowdsourcing, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data is the new oil, Dean Kamen, deep learning, deepfake, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, deliberate practice, dematerialisation, deskilling, Didi Chuxing, drive until you qualify, driverless car, drop ship, Edward Glaeser, Elaine Herzberg, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, extreme commuting, financial engineering, financial innovation, Flash crash, food desert, Ford Model T, fulfillment center, Future Shock, General Motors Futurama, gig economy, Google bus, Greyball, haute couture, helicopter parent, independent contractor, inventory management, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Jevons paradox, jitney, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, Lewis Mumford, loss aversion, Lyft, Masayoshi Son, megacity, microapartment, minimum viable product, mortgage debt, New Urbanism, Nick Bostrom, North Sea oil, Ocado, openstreetmap, pattern recognition, Peter Calthorpe, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Ray Oldenburg, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rodney Brooks, self-driving car, sharing economy, Shoshana Zuboff, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, SoftBank, software as a service, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, surveillance capitalism, technological singularity, TED Talk, Tesla Model S, The Coming Technological Singularity, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, The Great Good Place, too big to fail, traffic fines, transit-oriented development, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, urban planning, urban sprawl, US Airways Flight 1549, Vernor Vinge, vertical integration, Vision Fund, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics

., Executive Summary, Autonomous Vehicles—Negotiating a Place on the Road (London, UK: London School of Economics, 2016), 1–10. 31“Why do all of these interior designs”: Alanis King, “Autonomous Cars Aren’t Even Here Yet and I’m Already Bored with Them,” Jalopnik, September 11, 2017, https://jalopnik.com/autonomous-cars-arent-even-here-yet-and-im-already-bore-1803756153. 31Audi has recruited Disney: Reese Counts, “We Try Audi and Disney’s New In-Car Entertainment System on the Track,” Autoblog, January 9, 2019, https://www.autoblog.com/2019/01/09/audi-disney-holoride-car-vr-entertainment/. 31Kia built a concept car: Laura Bliss, “The ‘Driverless Experience’ Looks Awfully Distracting,” CityLab, January 11, 2019, https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/01/self-driving-car-technology-consumer-electronics-show/580027/. 31bigger . . . than the entire auto industry today: Lanctot, Accelerating the Future, 5. 31serve up precision-targeted media: Joann Muller, “One Big Thing: What Your Car Will Know about You,” Axios, May 10, 2019, https://www.axios.com/newsletters/axios-autonomous-vehicles-7b382e7a-e9f1-466b-9c7b-33e4aadc03f4.html; sensors. . . uniquely identify your heartbeat: “Goode Intelligence Forecasts That Biometrics Market for the Connected Car Will Be Just under $1bn by 2023,” Goode Intelligence, November 13, 2017, https://www.goodeintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Goode-Intelligence-Biometrics-for-the-Connected-Car_Nov17_-news_release-13112017.pdf. 32GM already tracks: Jamie LaReau, “GM Tracked Radio Listening Habits for 3 Months: Here’s Why,” Detroit Free Press, October 1, 2018, https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2018/10/01/gm-radio-listening-habits-advertising/1424294002/. 32“We know how long they’ve lived”: Phoebe Wall Howard, “Data Could Be What Ford Sells Next as It Looks for New Revenue,” Detroit Free Press, November 13, 2018, https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/2018/11/13/ford-motor-credit-data-new-revenue/1967077002/. 33odds of a crash instantly double: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Overview of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Driver Distraction Program, DOT HS 811 299, April 2010, https://www.nhtsa. gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/811299.pdf. 33road crashes in the US declined: Wikipedia, s.v. “Motor Vehicle Fatality Rate in U.S. by Year,” accessed April 10, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_fatality_rate_in_U.S._by_year. 33deaths from distracted driving: Fernando A. Wilson and Jim P. Stimpson, “Trends in Fatalities from Distracted Driving in the United States, 1999 to 2008,” American Journal of Public Health 100, no. 11 (2010): 2213–19, http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187179. 33400,000 injuries were blamed on distracted driving: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2016 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview, Traffic Safety Facts Research Note, DOT HS 812 456, October 2017, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812456. 33four times more likely to be in a crash: World Health Organization, Mobile Phone Use: A Growing Problem of Driver Distraction (Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Publications, 2011), 3. 33strict laws restricting the use of mobile devices: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “Distracted Driving Global Fact Sheet,” accessed January 31, 2019, https://usdotblog.typepad.com/files/6983_distracteddrivingfs_5-17_v2.pdf. 34360-degree field of view: Waymo, Waymo 360° Experience: A Fully Self-Driving Journey, February 2018, YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?

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Beyond Diversification: What Every Investor Needs to Know About Asset Allocation by Sebastien Page

Andrei Shleifer, asset allocation, backtesting, Bernie Madoff, bitcoin, Black Swan, Bob Litterman, book value, business cycle, buy and hold, Cal Newport, capital asset pricing model, commodity super cycle, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, currency risk, discounted cash flows, diversification, diversified portfolio, en.wikipedia.org, equity risk premium, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, fixed income, future of work, Future Shock, G4S, global macro, implied volatility, index fund, information asymmetry, iterative process, loss aversion, low interest rates, market friction, mental accounting, merger arbitrage, oil shock, passive investing, prediction markets, publication bias, quantitative easing, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, random walk, reserve currency, Richard Feynman, Richard Thaler, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, Robert Shiller, robo advisor, seminal paper, shareholder value, Sharpe ratio, sovereign wealth fund, stochastic process, stochastic volatility, stocks for the long run, systematic bias, systematic trading, tail risk, transaction costs, TSMC, value at risk, yield curve, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

For example, in “Factor Investing and Asset Allocation: A Business Cycle Perspective” (2016), we show that adding sector, regional, and currency effects improves the CAPM’s fit to month-to-month data. 2. See, for example, Fama and French (1992 and 2012) and Asness, Moskowitz, and Pedersen (2013). 3. For a recent review of the literature on momentum, see Dhankar and Maheshwari (2016). 4. A quick overview of the massive literature on the subject is available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-volatility_anomaly. 5. Page 102 provides references. 6. See Beck et al. (2016) and Harvey, Liu, and Zhu (2016). 7. See McQueen and Thorley (1999). 8. My son Charlie is 11, and he’s a Marvel fan, so I’m “forced” to sit through comic book movies with him. At least, that’s my excuse. 13 Stocks Versus Bonds and Something About Precision Weapons Utility theory is meant to represent someone’s tolerance for risk.

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MegaThreats: Ten Dangerous Trends That Imperil Our Future, and How to Survive Them by Nouriel Roubini

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, 3D printing, 9 dash line, AI winter, AlphaGo, artificial general intelligence, asset allocation, assortative mating, autonomous vehicles, bank run, banking crisis, basic income, Bear Stearns, Big Tech, bitcoin, Bletchley Park, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, business process, call centre, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, cashless society, central bank independence, collateralized debt obligation, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, credit crunch, crony capitalism, cryptocurrency, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, data is the new oil, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, debt deflation, decarbonisation, deep learning, DeepMind, deglobalization, Demis Hassabis, democratizing finance, Deng Xiaoping, disintermediation, Dogecoin, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, eurozone crisis, failed state, fake news, family office, fiat currency, financial deregulation, financial innovation, financial repression, fixed income, floating exchange rates, forward guidance, Fractional reserve banking, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, future of work, game design, geopolitical risk, George Santayana, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, global reserve currency, global supply chain, GPS: selective availability, green transition, Greensill Capital, Greenspan put, Herbert Marcuse, high-speed rail, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, inflation targeting, initial coin offering, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge worker, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, M-Pesa, margin call, market bubble, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, meme stock, Michael Milken, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, Minsky moment, Modern Monetary Theory, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Mustafa Suleyman, Nash equilibrium, natural language processing, negative equity, Nick Bostrom, non-fungible token, non-tariff barriers, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, paradox of thrift, pets.com, Phillips curve, planetary scale, Ponzi scheme, precariat, price mechanism, price stability, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, Ralph Waldo Emerson, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, reshoring, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, Savings and loan crisis, Second Machine Age, short selling, Silicon Valley, smart contracts, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Hawking, TED Talk, The Great Moderation, the payments system, Thomas L Friedman, TikTok, too big to fail, Turing test, universal basic income, War on Poverty, warehouse robotics, Washington Consensus, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, working-age population, Yogi Berra, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game, zoonotic diseases

I was unable to find this article.>> [[This unpublished article was shared with Nouriel]] 44. “The Return of the Machinery Question,” The Economist, June 25, 2016, https://www.economist.com/special-report/2016/06/23/the-return-of-the-machinery-question. 45. “List of Countries by Income Inequality,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality. 46. Daniel Susskind, A World without Work (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2020), Kindle edition, p. 138, location 2608. 47. Yusuke Hinata, “China’s Media Stars Caught in Harsh Spotlight of Inequality Drive,” Nikkei Asia, September 2, 2021, https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Media-Entertainment/China-s-media-stars-caught-in-harsh-spotlight-of-inequality-drive. 48.

pages: 1,351 words: 385,579

The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined by Steven Pinker

1960s counterculture, affirmative action, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Bonfire of the Vanities, book value, bread and circuses, British Empire, Broken windows theory, business cycle, California gold rush, Cass Sunstein, citation needed, classic study, clean water, cognitive dissonance, colonial rule, Columbine, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, confounding variable, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, crack epidemic, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Brooks, delayed gratification, demographic transition, desegregation, Doomsday Clock, Douglas Hofstadter, Dr. Strangelove, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, experimental subject, facts on the ground, failed state, first-past-the-post, Flynn Effect, food miles, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, fudge factor, full employment, Garrett Hardin, George Santayana, ghettoisation, Gini coefficient, global village, Golden arches theory, Great Leap Forward, Henri Poincaré, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, high-speed rail, Hobbesian trap, humanitarian revolution, impulse control, income inequality, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, lake wobegon effect, libertarian paternalism, long peace, longitudinal study, loss aversion, Marshall McLuhan, mass incarceration, McMansion, means of production, mental accounting, meta-analysis, Mikhail Gorbachev, mirror neurons, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, Nelson Mandela, nuclear taboo, Oklahoma City bombing, open economy, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Singer: altruism, power law, QWERTY keyboard, race to the bottom, Ralph Waldo Emerson, random walk, Republic of Letters, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Saturday Night Live, security theater, Skinner box, Skype, Slavoj Žižek, South China Sea, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Stanford prison experiment, statistical model, stem cell, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, sunk-cost fallacy, technological determinism, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, the long tail, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Timothy McVeigh, Tragedy of the Commons, transatlantic slave trade, trolley problem, Turing machine, twin studies, ultimatum game, uranium enrichment, Vilfredo Pareto, Walter Mischel, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

The committee also noted that “if all the victims of oppression were presented to our view in one congregated mass, with all the train of wives, children, and friends, involved in the same ruin, they would exhibit a spectacle at which humanity would shudder.”88 Debt bondage was abolished by almost every American state between 1820 and 1840, and by most European governments in the 1860s and 1870s. FIGURE 4–6. Time line for the abolition of slavery Source: The most comprehensive list of abolitions I have found is “Abolition of slavery timeline,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_timeline, retrieved Aug. 18, 2009. Included are all entries from “Modern Timeline” that mention formal abolition of slavery in a political jurisdiction. The history of our treatment of debtors, Payne notes, illustrates the mysterious process in which violence has declined in every sphere of life.

…

In the two centuries after Gutenberg, publishing became a high-tech venture, and productivity in printing and papermaking grew more than twentyfold (figure 4–8), faster than the growth rate of the entire British economy during the Industrial Revolution.130 FIGURE 4–8. Efficiency in book production in England, 1470–1860s Source: Graph from Clark, 2007a, p. 253. FIGURE 4–9. Number of books in English published per decade, 1475–1800 Sources: Simons, 2001; graph adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File1477-1799_ESTC_titles_per_decade,_statistics.png:. The newly efficient publishing technology set off an explosion in book publication. Figure 4–9 shows that the number of books published per year rose significantly in the 17th century and shot up toward the end of the 18th. The books, moreover, were not just playthings for aristocrats and intellectuals.

…

Human rights truly are the birthright of all human beings.”230 FIGURE 7–23. Time line for the decriminalization of homosexuality, United States and world Sources: Ottosson, 2006, 2009. Dates for an additional seven countries (Timor-Leste, Surinam, Chad, Belarus, Fiji, Nepal, and Nicaragua) were obtained from “LBGT Rights by Country or Territory,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights. Dates for an additional thirty-six countries that currently allow homosexuality are not listed in either source. The same graph shows that the decriminalization of homosexuality began later in the United States. As late as 1969, homosexuality was illegal in every state but Illinois, and municipal police would often relieve their boredom on a slow night by raiding a gay hangout and dispersing or arresting the patrons, sometimes with the help of billy clubs.

pages: 502 words: 107,657

Predictive Analytics: The Power to Predict Who Will Click, Buy, Lie, or Die by Eric Siegel

Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Apollo 11, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, backtesting, Black Swan, book scanning, bounce rate, business intelligence, business process, butter production in bangladesh, call centre, Charles Lindbergh, commoditize, computer age, conceptual framework, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, dark matter, data is the new oil, data science, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Everything should be made as simple as possible, experimental subject, Google Glasses, happiness index / gross national happiness, information security, job satisfaction, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, lifelogging, machine readable, Machine translation of "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak." to Russian and back, mass immigration, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Nate Silver, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, Network effects, Norbert Wiener, personalized medicine, placebo effect, prediction markets, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, risk-adjusted returns, Ronald Coase, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Shai Danziger, software as a service, SpaceShipOne, speech recognition, statistical model, Steven Levy, supply chain finance, text mining, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Bayes, Thomas Davenport, Turing test, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, X Prize, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

Foldit: Zoran Popovic, “Massive Multiplayer Games to Solve Complex Scientific Problems,” TED2013 @ Vancouver. http://talentsearch.ted.com/video/Zoran-Popovic-Massive-multiplay. “Check Out Exactly What Competitive Protein Folding Is All About!” YouTube, May 8, 2008, uploaded by UWfoldit. www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGYJyur4FUA. For more crowdsourcing projects, see Wikipedia’s list of dozens: Wikipedia, “List of Crowdsourcing Projects.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects. Ensemble modeling is often considered the most important predictive modeling advancement of this century’s first decade: Giovanni Seni and John Elder, Ensemble Methods in Data Mining Improving Accuracy through Combining Predictions (Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2010).

Nation-Building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq by Francis Fukuyama

Berlin Wall, business climate, colonial rule, conceptual framework, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Future Shock, Gunnar Myrdal, informal economy, land reform, managed futures, microcredit, open economy, operational security, rolling blackouts, Seymour Hersh, unemployed young men

For a more detailed account, see “The Road to Abu Ghraib,” Human Rights Watch, June 2004, available at www.hrw.org/reports/2004/usa 0604; Reed Brody, “Prisoner Abuse: What About the Other Secret U.S. Prisons?” International Herald Tribune, May 4, 2004, 8. The full text of the Taguba Report is available at www.agonist.org/annex/ taguba.htm. The full text of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 is available at http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention. Hersh, “Torture at Abu Ghraib.” L. Elaine Halchin, “The Coalition Provisional Authority: Origin, Characteristics and Institutional Authorities,” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, April 2004, available at www.usembassy.at/en/download/pdf/ iraq_cpa.pdf.

pages: 398 words: 105,032

Soonish: Ten Emerging Technologies That'll Improve And/or Ruin Everything by Kelly Weinersmith, Zach Weinersmith

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 23andMe, 3D printing, Airbnb, Alvin Roth, Apollo 11, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, connected car, CRISPR, data science, disinformation, double helix, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Google Glasses, hydraulic fracturing, industrial robot, information asymmetry, ITER tokamak, Kickstarter, low earth orbit, market design, megaproject, megastructure, microbiome, moral hazard, multiplanetary species, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, personalized medicine, placebo effect, printed gun, Project Plowshare, QR code, Schrödinger's Cat, self-driving car, Skype, space junk, stem cell, synthetic biology, Tunguska event, Virgin Galactic

., Armstrong, N., Allen, A., Severens, H., Kleijnen, J., et al. “Ivacaftor for the Treatment of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and the G551D Mutation: A Systematic Review and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.” Health Technology Assessment 18, no. 18 (2014):130. Wikipedia. “Nitrogen Narcosis.” 2016. en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen_narcosis&oldid=735322553. Wittmann, J., and Jäck, H.-M. “Serum microRNAs as Powerful Cancer Biomarkers.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Reviews on Cancer 1806, no. 2 (2010):200–207. Wolpaw, Jonathan, and Wolpaw, Elizabeth Winter. Brain-Computer Interfaces: Principles and Practice.

pages: 343 words: 102,846

Trees on Mars: Our Obsession With the Future by Hal Niedzviecki

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Ada Lovelace, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Robotics, anti-communist, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, big-box store, business intelligence, Charles Babbage, Colonization of Mars, computer age, crowdsourcing, data science, David Brooks, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, Flynn Effect, Ford Model T, Future Shock, Google Glasses, hive mind, Howard Zinn, if you build it, they will come, income inequality, independent contractor, Internet of things, invention of movable type, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John von Neumann, knowledge economy, Kodak vs Instagram, life extension, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioﬀ, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Neil Armstrong, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Ponzi scheme, precariat, prediction markets, Ralph Nader, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, ride hailing / ride sharing, rising living standards, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Steve Jobs, TaskRabbit, tech worker, technological singularity, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, TED Talk, Thomas L Friedman, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, Virgin Galactic, warehouse robotics, working poor

Thomas Frank, “TED Talks Are Lying to You,” Salon.com, October 13, 2013, http://www.salon.com/2013/10/13/ted_talks_are_lying_to_you/. 34. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 2011). 35. “Time Person of the Year,” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, April 13, 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_Person_of_the_Year&oldid=656202490. 36. Quentin Hardy, “Someday Worth Billions, but Now, They Need a Desk,” The New York Times, September 3, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/04/realestate/commercial/someday-worth-billions-but-now-they-need-a-desk.html. 37. Quentin Hardy, “The Monuments of Tech,” The New York Times, March 1, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/technology/the-monuments-of-tech.html. 38.

pages: 406 words: 105,602

The Startup Way: Making Entrepreneurship a Fundamental Discipline of Every Enterprise by Eric Ries

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, AOL-Time Warner, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, basic income, Ben Horowitz, billion-dollar mistake, Black-Scholes formula, Blitzscaling, call centre, centralized clearinghouse, Clayton Christensen, cognitive dissonance, connected car, corporate governance, DevOps, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, financial engineering, Frederick Winslow Taylor, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, hockey-stick growth, index card, Jeff Bezos, Kickstarter, Lean Startup, loss aversion, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, minimum viable product, moral hazard, move fast and break things, obamacare, PalmPilot, peer-to-peer, place-making, rent-seeking, Richard Florida, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, scientific management, secular stagnation, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, six sigma, skunkworks, Steve Jobs, TechCrunch disrupt, the scientific method, time value of money, Toyota Production System, two-pizza team, Uber for X, universal basic income, web of trust, Y Combinator

Creating this structure so that it is truly functional, rather than just another system that can be gamed, requires the hard work of building and using growth boards and other mechanisms. See Chapter 9. 10. Brian Frezza spoke at the 2013 Lean Startup Conference in San Francisco; youtube.com/watch?v=I2l_Cn8Fuo8. 11. knowyourmeme.com/memes/profit. PART TWO 1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services. 2. fastcompany.com/3046756/Obama-and-his-geeks. 3. nbcnews.com/news/other/only-6-able-sign-healthcare-gov-first-day-documents-show-f8c11509571. 4. advisory.com/daily-briefing/2014/03/03/time-inside-the-nightmare-launch-of-healthcaregov. 5. washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/hhs-failed-to-heed-many-warnings-that-healthcaregov-was-in-trouble/2016/02/22/dd344e7c-d67e-11e5-9823-02b905009f99_story.html. 6. advisory.com/daily-briefing/2014/03/03/time-inside-the-nightmare-launch-of-healthcaregov.

The Permanent Portfolio by Craig Rowland, J. M. Lawson

Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, asset allocation, automated trading system, backtesting, bank run, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, buy and hold, capital controls, correlation does not imply causation, Credit Default Swap, currency risk, diversification, diversified portfolio, en.wikipedia.org, fixed income, Flash crash, high net worth, High speed trading, index fund, inflation targeting, junk bonds, low interest rates, margin call, market bubble, money market fund, new economy, passive investing, Ponzi scheme, prediction markets, risk tolerance, stocks for the long run, survivorship bias, technology bubble, transaction costs, Vanguard fund

Keep your foreign gold allocation simple and in a safe location and it is much more likely to be there for you if you should ever need it in an emergency. Also, follow all applicable disclosure and reporting laws in your home country. The purpose of foreign gold storage is to make your investments safer, not riskier by having the authorities chasing after you. Finally, don't outsmart yourself! Notes 1. Argentina's 2001 Corralito, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corralito. 2. From personal discussions with Argentinians who experienced the 2001 incident. 3. “Argentina's Property Grab,” Wall Street Journal Opinion Page, October 23, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122471757680560465.html. 4. Todd Wallack, “Boston Lawyer Keeps Steady Hand on Romney's Holdings,” Boston Globe, January 30, 2012, http://articles.boston.com/2012-01-30/business/30676371_1_malt-romney-offshore-accounts. 5.

pages: 273 words: 34,920

Free Market Missionaries: The Corporate Manipulation of Community Values by Sharon Beder

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, battle of ideas, business climate, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, full employment, Herbert Marcuse, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, invisible hand, junk bonds, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, minimum wage unemployment, Mont Pelerin Society, new economy, old-boy network, popular capitalism, Powell Memorandum, price mechanism, profit motive, Ralph Nader, rent control, risk/return, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, school vouchers, shareholder value, spread of share-ownership, structural adjustment programs, The Chicago School, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Torches of Freedom, trade liberalization, traveling salesman, trickle-down economics, two and twenty, Upton Sinclair, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, young professional

Katz, ‘The Conservative Idea Machine’, Governing, February, 1992; Weaver, ‘The Changing World of Think Tanks’, pp161–2. 51 Smith, The Idea Brokers. 52 People for the American Way, ‘Right Wing Organizations: Cato Institute’, People for the American Way, March, 2003, www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=9261; DISSEMINATING PRO-BUSINESS POLICIES 125 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 ‘Koch Industries’, Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, 16 November 2004, http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Industries. ‘The Good Think-Tank Guide’. William A. Niskanen, ‘Cato Institute’, Cato Institute, 1995, www.cato.org/people/ niskanen.html 1995; ‘The Good Think-Tank Guide’. People for the American Way, ‘Right Wing Organizations: Heritage Foundation’, People for the American Way, September, 2002, www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default. aspx?

pages: 426 words: 105,423

The 4-Hour Workweek: Escape 9-5, Live Anywhere, and Join the New Rich by Timothy Ferriss

Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Apollo 13, call centre, clean water, digital nomad, Donald Trump, drop ship, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, fixed income, follow your passion, Ford Model T, fulfillment center, game design, global village, Iridium satellite, knowledge worker, language acquisition, late fees, lateral thinking, Maui Hawaii, oil shock, paper trading, Paradox of Choice, Parkinson's law, passive income, peer-to-peer, pre–internet, Ralph Waldo Emerson, remote working, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Steve Jobs, Vilfredo Pareto, wage slave, William of Occam

Now I’m in Australia I still combine my travels with annual dentist checkups—and the savings often finance my airfare. Even between developed countries there are significant cost differences. For example France is far cheaper than the UK and Australia is cheaper than the U.S. [Note from Tim: Learn more about the incredible world of medical tourism and geoarbitrage at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_tourism. Even large insurers like AETNA often cover overseas treatments and surgeries.] —ANONYMOUS 12. This habit alone can change your life. It seems small but has an enormous effect. 13. Jonathan B. Spira and Joshua B. Feintuch, The Cost of Not Paying Attention: How Interruptions Impact Knowledge Worker Productivity (Basex, 2005).

pages: 389 words: 109,207

Fortune's Formula: The Untold Story of the Scientific Betting System That Beat the Casinos and Wall Street by William Poundstone

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", Albert Einstein, anti-communist, asset allocation, Bear Stearns, beat the dealer, Benoit Mandelbrot, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black-Scholes formula, Bletchley Park, Brownian motion, buy and hold, buy low sell high, capital asset pricing model, Claude Shannon: information theory, computer age, correlation coefficient, diversified portfolio, Edward Thorp, en.wikipedia.org, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, financial engineering, Henry Singleton, high net worth, index fund, interest rate swap, Isaac Newton, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, John Meriwether, John von Neumann, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, margin call, market bubble, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, Michael Milken, Myron Scholes, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, offshore financial centre, Paul Samuelson, publish or perish, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, random walk, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, short selling, speech recognition, statistical arbitrage, Teledyne, The Predators' Ball, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transaction costs, traveling salesman, value at risk, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

Family history: Letter, Shannon to Shari Bukowski, October 20, 1981, Shannon’s papers, LOC. Distant father: Liversidge 1987. Used barbed wire for telegraph: Shannon biography in Shannon 1993; also biographical film, Claude Shannon: Father of the Information Age, produced by UCSD Jacobs School, 2002. Messenger for Western Union: Wikipedia entry for Claude Shannon, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon. Didn’t know what he wanted to do, saw postcard: Liversidge 1987. Bush insisted that Shannon be accepted into mathematics department: Liversidge 1987. “Apparently, Shannon is a genius”: Letter, Vannevar Bush to Barbara S. Burks, Jan. 5, 1939, Bush Manuscript Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

pages: 459 words: 109,490

Merchant of Death: Money, Guns, Planes, and the Man Who Makes War Possible by Stephen Braun, Douglas Farah

air freight, airport security, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, Oklahoma City bombing, out of africa, plutocrats, private military company, Timothy McVeigh

., para. 119. 24 Peleman interview, “Gunrunners.” 25 Ibid. 26 European intelligence reports in possession of the authors. 27 Interpol red notice for Victor Bout, February 28, 2002. 28 This account is based on the following: Susan Schmidt and James V. Grimaldi, “The Rapid Rise and Steep Fall of Jack Abramoff,” Washington Post, December 29, 2005, p. A1; Wikipedia entry: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi; Danny Schechter, “Jack Abramoff ’s White Man’s Burden,” Common Dreams News Center, February 16, 2006 (www.commondreams.org/views06/0216-21.htm). 29 “The Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts on Violations of Security Council Sanctions against UNITA,” S/2000/203, March 10, 2000; author interviews with weapons dealers.

pages: 719 words: 104,316

R Cookbook by Paul Teetor

Debian, en.wikipedia.org, p-value, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, statistical model

This can be useful for exploring a page, but it’s annoying if you want just one specific table. In that case, use which=n to select the desired table. You’ll get only the nth table. The following example, which is taken from the help page for readHTMLTable, loads all tables from the Wikipedia page entitled “World population”: > library(XML) > url <- 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population' > tbls <- readHTMLTable(url) As it turns out, that page contains 17 tables: > length(tbls) [1] 17 In this example we care only about the third table (which lists the largest populations by country), so we specify which=3: > tbl <- readHTMLTable(url, which=3) In that table, columns 2 and 3 contain the country name and population, respectively: > tbl[,c(2,3)] Country / Territory Population 1 Â People's Republic of China[44] 1,338,460,000 2 Â India 1,182,800,000 3 Â United States 309,659,000 4 Â Indonesia 231,369,500 5 Â Brazil 193,152,000 6 Â Pakistan 169,928,500 7 Â Bangladesh 162,221,000 8 Â Nigeria 154,729,000 9 Â Russia 141,927,297 10 Â Japan 127,530,000 11 Â Mexico 107,550,697 12 Â Philippines 92,226,600 13 Â Vietnam 85,789,573 14 Â Germany 81,882,342 15 Â Ethiopia 79,221,000 16 Â Egypt 78,459,000 Right away, we can see problems with the data: the country names have some funky Unicode character stuck to the front.

pages: 519 words: 102,669

Programming Collective Intelligence by Toby Segaran

algorithmic management, always be closing, backpropagation, correlation coefficient, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, full text search, functional programming, information retrieval, PageRank, prediction markets, recommendation engine, slashdot, social bookmarking, sparse data, Thomas Bayes, web application

There are many other functions such as the Jaccard coefficient or Manhattan distance that you can use as your similarity function, as long as they have the same signature and return a float where a higher value means more similar. You can read about other metrics for comparing items at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_%28mathematics%29#Examples. Ranking the Critics Now that you have functions for comparing two people, you can create a function that scores everyone against a given person and finds the closest matches. In this case, I'm interested in learning which movie critics have tastes simliar to mine so that I know whose advice I should take when deciding on a movie.

pages: 461 words: 109,656

On Grand Strategy by John Lewis Gaddis

British Empire, David Brooks, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, invisible hand, joint-stock company, long peace, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Ronald Reagan, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transcontinental railway

Churchill, The Second World War: The Grand Alliance (New York: Bantam Books, 1962; first published in 1950), pp. 511–12. 106. I’ve estimated American combat deaths at 400,000, and equivalents for all participants in World War II at 23 million. These figures exclude civilian casualties from both totals. For details, see: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties. 107. Thompson, A Sense of Power, p. 230. 108. Hal Brands and Patrick Porter, “Why Grand Strategy Still Matters in a World of Chaos,” The National Interest, December 10, 2015, available at: www.nationalin terest.org/feature/why-grand-strategy-still-matters-world-chaos-14568. 109.

pages: 375 words: 105,067

Pound Foolish: Exposing the Dark Side of the Personal Finance Industry by Helaine Olen

Alan Greenspan, American ideology, asset allocation, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, buy and hold, Cass Sunstein, Credit Default Swap, David Brooks, delayed gratification, diversification, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, Elliott wave, en.wikipedia.org, estate planning, financial engineering, financial innovation, Flash crash, game design, greed is good, high net worth, impulse control, income inequality, index fund, John Bogle, Kevin Roose, London Whale, longitudinal study, low interest rates, Mark Zuckerberg, Mary Meeker, money market fund, mortgage debt, multilevel marketing, oil shock, payday loans, pension reform, Ponzi scheme, post-work, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, quantitative easing, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, random walk, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Stanford marshmallow experiment, stocks for the long run, The 4% rule, too big to fail, transaction costs, Unsafe at Any Speed, upwardly mobile, Vanguard fund, wage slave, women in the workforce, working poor, éminence grise

Judd claims it was a life-altering experience: Sarah Kershaw, “How to Treat a ‘Money Disorder,’” New York Times, September 24, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/fashion/25money.html. Olivia Mellan: http://www.moneyharmony.com, author interview. Herb Goldberg should know: Herb Goldberg, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Goldberg. More than 60 percent of us: Jason DeParle, “Harder for Americans to Rise from Lower Rungs,” New York Times, January 4, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/us/harder-for-americans-to-rise-from-lower-rungs.html. Instead of “disordered money behavior”: Bradley Klontz, Alex Bivens, Paul T.

pages: 398 words: 107,788

Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking by E. Gabriella Coleman

activist lawyer, Benjamin Mako Hill, commoditize, Computer Lib, crowdsourcing, Debian, disinformation, Donald Knuth, dumpster diving, Eben Moglen, en.wikipedia.org, financial independence, Free Software Foundation, Gabriella Coleman, ghettoisation, GnuPG, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, Hacker News, Herbert Marcuse, informal economy, information security, Jacob Appelbaum, Jaron Lanier, Jason Scott: textfiles.com, Jean Tirole, knowledge economy, laissez-faire capitalism, Larry Wall, Louis Pasteur, machine readable, means of production, Multics, Neal Stephenson, Paul Graham, peer-to-peer, pirate software, popular electronics, RFC: Request For Comment, Richard Stallman, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, slashdot, software patent, software studies, Steve Ballmer, Steven Levy, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, Ted Nelson, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Hackers Conference, the scientific method, The Soul of a New Machine, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, web application, web of trust, Yochai Benkler

The word luser is often synonymous with lamer. In hackish, the word luser takes on a broader meaning, referring to any normal user (i.e. not a guru), especially one who is also a loser (luser and loser are pronounced the same). Also interpreted as a layman user as opposed to power user or administrator” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luser [accessed September 9, 2011]). 15. http://www.thinkgeek.com/tshirts/frustrations/3239/ (accessed March 21, 2006). 16. http://lists.debian.org/debian-vote/2005/03/msg00610.html (accessed July 5, 2009). 17. http://www.mail-archive.com/debian-vote@lists.debian.org/msg08500.html (accessed July 17, 2010). 18. http://svn.red-bean.com/repos/kfogel/trunk/.emacs (accessed July 5, 2009). 19. http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/barthes06.htm (accessed September 17, 2011). 20.

pages: 357 words: 110,017

Money: The Unauthorized Biography by Felix Martin

Alan Greenspan, bank run, banking crisis, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, capital asset pricing model, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, collapse of Lehman Brothers, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Graeber, en.wikipedia.org, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, fixed income, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Hyman Minsky, inflation targeting, invention of writing, invisible hand, Irish bank strikes, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, land bank, Michael Milken, mobile money, moral hazard, mortgage debt, new economy, Northern Rock, Occupy movement, Paul Volcker talking about ATMs, plutocrats, private military company, proprietary trading, public intellectual, Republic of Letters, Richard Feynman, Robert Shiller, Savings and loan crisis, Scientific racism, scientific worldview, seigniorage, Silicon Valley, smart transportation, South Sea Bubble, supply-chain management, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail

The idea of central-bank independence, unlike inflation targeting, is not associated specifically with New Keynesian theory—its origins lie in an earlier literature, notably Rogoff, 1985—though it was only once the New Keynesian approach had become the most widely used framework for policy-making that it achieved a concrete institutional impact. 27. Turner, 2012. 28. Minsky, H., “The Financial Instability Hypothesis: Capitalist Processes and the Behaviour of the Economy,” in Kindleberger and Laffargue, 1982. 29. King, M., 2002, pp. 162 and 173. 30. Ibid. 14 How to Turn the Locusts into Bees 1. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust_(finance). The term became widely used in political debate in the run-up to the September 2005 federal elections in Germany. 2. See chapter 8. 3. The title of Novi, E., 2012, La dittatura dei banchieri: l’economia usuraia, l’eclissi della democrazia, la ribellione populista. 4.

Bit Rot by Douglas Coupland

3D printing, Airbnb, airport security, bitcoin, Burning Man, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Google Glasses, Guggenheim Bilbao, index card, jimmy wales, junk bonds, Lyft, Marshall McLuhan, Maui Hawaii, McJob, Menlo Park, nuclear paranoia, Oklahoma City bombing, Pepto Bismol, pre–internet, Ray Kurzweil, Sand Hill Road, Silicon Valley, Skype, space junk, Stanford marshmallow experiment, tech worker, Ted Kaczynski, TED Talk, The Future of Employment, uber lyft, young professional

I’ve mentioned this before, but it’s true: if you ask people over fifty which they would rather have, more time or more money, almost every person will choose time over money. But what would they select if they could choose between more money and more free will? We know the answer to that question: it’s called Scandinavia. * * * * Wikipedia contributors, “Second,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (mid-2015), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second&oldid=714856192. The Great Money Flush of 2016 Last week I was making a collage that included the sacrifice of a one-dollar bill for the sake of art. A friend watching me do this made a horrified face and said, “But the government could punish you if they caught you destroying money!”

pages: 374 words: 111,284

The AI Economy: Work, Wealth and Welfare in the Robot Age by Roger Bootle

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, agricultural Revolution, AI winter, Albert Einstein, AlphaGo, Alvin Toffler, anti-work, antiwork, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, Bernie Sanders, Bletchley Park, blockchain, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carl Icahn, Chris Urmson, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deep learning, DeepMind, deindustrialization, Demis Hassabis, deskilling, Dr. Strangelove, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, facts on the ground, fake news, financial intermediation, full employment, future of work, Future Shock, general purpose technology, Great Leap Forward, Hans Moravec, income inequality, income per capita, industrial robot, Internet of things, invention of the wheel, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, job satisfaction, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, license plate recognition, low interest rates, machine translation, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, mega-rich, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Ocado, Paul Samuelson, Peter Thiel, Phillips curve, positional goods, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Rutger Bregman, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Simon Kuznets, Skype, social intelligence, spinning jenny, Stanislav Petrov, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, synthetic biology, technological singularity, The Future of Employment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, trade route, universal basic income, US Airways Flight 1549, Vernor Vinge, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, wealth creators, winner-take-all economy, world market for maybe five computers, Y2K, Yogi Berra

UMTRI-2015-34, October. 10 Reported in The Daily Telegraph, May 5, 2018. 11 Financial Times, December 3, 2018, p. 20. 12 Dingess, R. (2017), op. cit. 13 See BikeBiz website http://bit.ly/2maBbno. 14 For a skeptical view of the prospects for driverless vehicles, see Christian Wolmar, “False Start,” The Spectator, July 7, 2018 and his book (2017) Driverless Cars: On a Road to Nowhere, London: London Publishing Partnership. 15 Wikipedia (2018) “Military Robot,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robot. 16 P. Lin et al. (2009) Robots in War: Issues of Risks and Ethics, AKA Verlag Heidelberg, pp. 51–2. 17 Unmanned Effects (UFX), Taking the Human Out of the Loop, U.S. Joint Forces Command Rapid Assessment Process Report, prepared by Project Alpha, 2003, p. 6. 18 Singer, P. (2000) Robots at War: The New Battlefield, The Wilson Quarterly, adapted from Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the twenty-first Century, London: Penguin Press, 2009, available at https://wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/winter-2009-robots-at-war/robots-at-war-the-new-battlefield/ 19 This information comes from Cowen (2013). 20 Pinker, S. (1994) The Language Instinct, London: Penguin, pp. 190–1. 21 Reported in The Daily Telegraph, December 31, 2018. 22 Reported in The Daily Telegraph, January 22, 2018. 23 Harford, T. (2017) Fifty Things that made the Modern Economy, London: Little Brown. 24 Reported in the Financial Times, June 25, 2018. 25 Chace (2016), op. cit., pp. 252–3. 26 Ford, M. (2015) The Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of Mass Unemployment, Great Britain: Oneworld publications, pp. 123–4. 27 World Economic Forum, in collaboration with The Boston Consulting Group (2018) Toward a Reskilling Revolution A Future of Jobs for All, Geneva: World Economic Forum. 28 Ford (2015), op. cit., p. 162. 29 See the report in The Daily Telegraph, February 26, 2018. 30 Referred to in Ross (2016), op. cit., p. 33. 31 Quoted in Chace (2016), op. cit., p. 146. 32 Referred to in Susskind, R. and Susskind, D. (2017) The Future of the Professions: How Technology will Transform the Work of Human Experts, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 45–7. 33 Adams 2009. 34 Chace (2016), op. cit., p. 165. 35 Keynes, J.

pages: 404 words: 110,942

A Place for Everything: The Curious History of Alphabetical Order by Judith Flanders

computer age, death from overwork, double entry bookkeeping, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, index card, Index librorum prohibitorum, invention of movable type, invention of the wheel, invention of writing, trade route, Y2K

Jean Ritmueller, ‘The Hiberno-Latin Background of the Matthew Commentary of Maél-Brigte Ua Maéluanaig’, Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium, vol. 1, 1981, pp. 1–2. 26. Graham D. Caie, ‘Hypertext and Multiplicity: The Medieval Example’, in Andrew Murphy, ed., The Renaissance Text: Theory, Editing, Textuality (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 35. 27. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Readership, accessed 4 July 2018. 28. Most of these servers, which were located in Tampa, Florida, were superseded when Wikipedia migrated many of its sites to Virginia. However, the intention remains, and some of the old names can be found at https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Pmtpa_cluster, accessed 1 November 2018.

pages: 419 words: 109,241

A World Without Work: Technology, Automation, and How We Should Respond by Daniel Susskind

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, agricultural Revolution, AI winter, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, AlphaGo, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, Big Tech, blue-collar work, Boston Dynamics, British Empire, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, cloud computing, computer age, computer vision, computerized trading, creative destruction, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, demographic transition, deskilling, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, Douglas Hofstadter, driverless car, drone strike, Edward Glaeser, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, financial innovation, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, fulfillment center, future of work, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Google Glasses, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hans Moravec, income inequality, income per capita, industrial robot, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jacques de Vaucanson, James Hargreaves, job automation, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John von Neumann, Joi Ito, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kevin Roose, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Larry Ellison, low skilled workers, lump of labour, machine translation, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, Metcalfe’s law, natural language processing, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, Nick Bostrom, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, Paul Samuelson, Peter Thiel, pink-collar, precariat, purchasing power parity, Ray Kurzweil, ride hailing / ride sharing, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Sam Altman, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, social intelligence, software is eating the world, sovereign wealth fund, spinning jenny, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, strong AI, tacit knowledge, technological solutionism, TED Talk, telemarketer, The Future of Employment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the scientific method, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, Travis Kalanick, Turing test, Two Sigma, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, upwardly mobile, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We are the 99%, wealth creators, working poor, working-age population, Y Combinator

country=US (accessed 1 May 2019); “88 percent” from Jonathan Taplin, “Is It Time to Break Up Google?,” New York Times, 22 April 2017. 2. Facebook has 2.38 billion monthly active users as of April 2019, with a global population of ~7.7 billion. See https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/ (accessed 1 May 2019) and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population (accessed 1 May 2019). For the “77 percent” and “74 percent,” see Taplin, “Is It Time to Break Up Google?” For the “43 percent,” see “Amazon Accounts for 43% of US Online Retail Sales,” Business Insider Intelligence, 3 February 2017. 3. Greg Ip, “The Antitrust Case Against Facebook, Google and Amazon,” Wall Street Journal, 16 January 2018. 4.

pages: 416 words: 112,268

Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control by Stuart Russell

3D printing, Ada Lovelace, AI winter, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Alfred Russel Wallace, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Andrew Wiles, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, behavioural economics, Bletchley Park, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, brain emulation, Cass Sunstein, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, complexity theory, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, connected car, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, delayed gratification, Demis Hassabis, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ernest Rutherford, fake news, Flash crash, full employment, future of work, Garrett Hardin, Geoffrey Hinton, Gerolamo Cardano, Goodhart's law, Hans Moravec, ImageNet competition, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of the wheel, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Arrow, Kevin Kelly, Law of Accelerating Returns, luminiferous ether, machine readable, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, multi-armed bandit, Nash equilibrium, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, NP-complete, OpenAI, openstreetmap, P = NP, paperclip maximiser, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Pierre-Simon Laplace, positional goods, probability theory / Blaise Pascal / Pierre de Fermat, profit maximization, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, recommendation engine, RFID, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Shiller, robotic process automation, Rodney Brooks, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart contracts, social intelligence, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, superintelligent machines, surveillance capitalism, Thales of Miletus, The Future of Employment, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thomas Bayes, Thorstein Veblen, Tragedy of the Commons, transport as a service, trolley problem, Turing machine, Turing test, universal basic income, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, Von Neumann architecture, Wall-E, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, zero-sum game

On the value of search engines to individual users: Erik Brynjolfsson, Felix Eggers, and Avinash Gannamaneni, “Using massive online choice experiments to measure changes in well-being,” working paper no. 24514, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2018. 51. Penicillin was discovered several times and its curative powers were described in medical publications, but no one seems to have noticed. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_penicillin. 52. For a discussion of some of the more esoteric risks from omniscient, clairvoyant AI systems, see David Auerbach, “The most terrifying thought experiment of all time,” Slate, July 17, 2014. 53. An analysis of some potential pitfalls in thinking about advanced AI: Kevin Kelly, “The myth of a superhuman AI,” Wired, April 25, 2017. 54.

pages: 344 words: 104,522

Woke, Inc: Inside Corporate America's Social Justice Scam by Vivek Ramaswamy

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, affirmative action, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-bias training, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, BIPOC, Black Lives Matter, carbon footprint, clean tech, cloud computing, contact tracing, coronavirus, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, critical race theory, crony capitalism, cryptocurrency, defund the police, deplatforming, desegregation, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, fudge factor, full employment, George Floyd, glass ceiling, global pandemic, green new deal, hiring and firing, Hyperloop, impact investing, independent contractor, index fund, Jeff Bezos, lockdown, Marc Benioﬀ, Mark Zuckerberg, microaggression, military-industrial complex, Network effects, Parler "social media", plant based meat, Ponzi scheme, profit maximization, random walk, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk-adjusted returns, Robert Bork, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, self-driving car, shareholder value, short selling, short squeeze, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, single source of truth, Snapchat, social distancing, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, source of truth, sovereign wealth fund, Susan Wojcicki, the scientific method, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, trade route, transcontinental railway, traveling salesman, trickle-down economics, Vanguard fund, Virgin Galactic, WeWork, zero-sum game

Common Sense with Bari Weiss, 19 Feb. 2021, bariweiss.substack.com/p/whistleblower-at-smith-college-resigns. 7. Kaufmann, Eric. “Academic Freedom in Crisis: Punishment, Political Discrimination, and Self-Censorship.” CSPI Center, 1 Mar. 2021, cspicenter.org/reports/academicfreedom/. 8. Note that this is an allusion to a well-known quote from Supreme Court Justice John Roberts: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_Involved_in_Community_Schools_v._Seattle_School_District_No._1 9. Coughlan, Sean. “Harvard Abolishes ‘Master’ in Titles in Slavery Row.” BBC News, BBC, 25 Feb. 2016, www.bbc.com/news/education-35659685 10. Walsh, Colleen. “Harvard Announces Committee to Articulate Principles on Renaming.”

pages: 407 words: 108,030

How to Talk to a Science Denier: Conversations With Flat Earthers, Climate Deniers, and Others Who Defy Reason by Lee McIntyre

2021 United States Capitol attack, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alfred Russel Wallace, An Inconvenient Truth, Boris Johnson, carbon credits, carbon tax, Climategate, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crisis actor, different worldview, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dunning–Kruger effect, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, experimental subject, fake news, false flag, green new deal, Higgs boson, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, Michael Shellenberger, obamacare, off-the-grid, Paris climate accords, post-truth, precautionary principle, Recombinant DNA, Richard Feynman, scientific mainstream, selection bias, social distancing, sovereign wealth fund, stem cell, Steven Levy, the scientific method, University of East Anglia, Upton Sinclair, Virgin Galactic, WikiLeaks

The bottom line, then, is whether we are willing to balance these risks based on scientific evidence or resort to denialist suspicions. 84. See Stephan Lewandowsky’s work on the link between conspiracy theories and science denial, cited in Mark Lynas, “Time to Call Out the Anti-GMO Conspiracy”; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories; Ross Pomeroy, “Why Bill Nye Changed His Mind.” 85. Greenpeace, “Twenty Years of Failure: Why GM Crops Have Failed to Deliver on Their Promises,” November 2015, https://storage.googleapis.com/planet4-international-stateless/2015/11/7cc5259f-twenty-years-of-failure.pdf; Lynas, Seeds of Science, 264. 86.

Life Is Simple by Johnjoe McFadden

Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, Alfred Russel Wallace, animal electricity, anthropic principle, Astronomia nova, Bayesian statistics, Brownian motion, Commentariolus, complexity theory, cosmic microwave background, cosmological constant, cosmological principle, COVID-19, dark matter, double helix, Edmond Halley, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Ernest Rutherford, Fellow of the Royal Society, gentleman farmer, Gregor Mendel, Henri Poincaré, Higgs boson, horn antenna, invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johannes Kepler, lockdown, music of the spheres, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Plato's cave, retrograde motion, Richard Feynman, the scientific method, Thomas Bayes, Thomas Malthus, William of Occam

., ‘The Reception of Ockham’s Thought in Fourteenth-Century England’, From Ockham to Wyclif, 89–107 (Boydell and Brewer, 1987). 8. Goddu, ‘The Impact of Ockham’s Reading of the Physics’. 9. Heytesbury, W., On Maxima and Minima: Chapter 5 of Rules for Solving Sophismata: With an Anonymous Fourteenth-Century Discussion, vol. 26 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012). 10. Wikipedia definition of speed, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed#Historical_definition. 11. Barnett, L., and Einstein, A., The Universe and Dr Einstein (Courier Corporation, 2005). 12. Klima, G., John Buridan (Oxford University Press, 2008). 13. Goddu, A., The Physics of William of Ockham, vol. 16 (Brill Archive, 1984). 14. Tachau, K., Vision and Certitude in the Age of Ockham: Optics, Epistemology and the Foundation of Semantics 1250–1345 (Brill, 2000). 15.

The Deepest Map by Laura Trethewey

9 dash line, airport security, Anthropocene, Apollo 11, circular economy, clean tech, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, digital map, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Exxon Valdez, gentrification, global pandemic, high net worth, hive mind, Jeff Bezos, job automation, low earth orbit, Marc Benioﬀ, microplastics / micro fibres, Neil Armstrong, Salesforce, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, space junk, sparse data, TED Talk, UNCLOS, UNCLOS

., “The Location and Protection Status of Earth’s Diminishing Marine Wilderness,” Current Biology 28, no. 15 (August 6, 2018): 2506−12.E3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.010. 8.Young, Expedition Deep Ocean, 179–80. 9.Ibid., 184. 10.Ibid., 184–85. 11.Helen Scales, The Brilliant Abyss: Exploring the Majestic Hidden Life of the Deep Ocean, and the Looming Threat That Imperils It (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2021), 21. 12.“South Sandwich Trench,” Wikipedia, November 10, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sandwich_Trench&oldid=988015061. 13.Young, Expedition Deep Ocean, 186. 14.Victor Vescovo, “Southern Ocean Expedition Blog,” The Five Deeps Expedition, February 22, 2019, https://fivedeeps.com/home/expedition/southern/live/. 15.Lloyd A. Brown, The Story of Maps (Boston: Little, Brown, 1949), 149. 16.Brad Lendon, “Analysis: How Did a $3 Billion US Navy Submarine Hit an Undersea Mountain?

pages: 1,066 words: 273,703

Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World by Adam Tooze

"there is no alternative" (TINA), "World Economic Forum" Davos, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bond market vigilante , book value, Boris Johnson, bread and circuses, break the buck, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, business logic, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Celtic Tiger, central bank independence, centre right, collateralized debt obligation, company town, corporate governance, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, currency risk, dark matter, deindustrialization, desegregation, Detroit bankruptcy, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, diversification, Doha Development Round, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, eurozone crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, family office, financial engineering, financial intermediation, fixed income, Flash crash, forward guidance, friendly fire, full employment, global reserve currency, global supply chain, global value chain, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Growth in a Time of Debt, high-speed rail, housing crisis, Hyman Minsky, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, interest rate derivative, interest rate swap, inverted yield curve, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, large denomination, light touch regulation, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, margin call, Martin Wolf, McMansion, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, military-industrial complex, mittelstand, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mutually assured destruction, negative equity, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Northern Rock, obamacare, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, old-boy network, open economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, paradox of thrift, Peter Thiel, Ponzi scheme, Post-Keynesian economics, post-truth, predatory finance, price stability, private sector deleveraging, proprietary trading, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reserve currency, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, savings glut, secular stagnation, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, Steve Bannon, structural adjustment programs, tail risk, The Great Moderation, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, trade liberalization, upwardly mobile, Washington Consensus, We are the 99%, white flight, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Works Progress Administration, yield curve, éminence grise

Green, “Anglo-American Development, the Euromarkets, and the Deeper Origins of Neoliberal Deregulation,” Review of International Studies 42 (2016), 425–449. 20. P. Augar, The Death of Gentlemanly Capitalism: The Rise and Fall of London’s Investment Banks (London: Penguin, 2000). 21. The office was inherited by Lehman from Enron in 2001, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_Bank_Street. 22. “Triennial Central Bank Survey: Report on Global Foreign Exchange Market Activity in 2010,” Monetary and Economic Department, Bank for International Settlements, December 2010, http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf10t.pdf. 23. L. Jones, “Current Issues Affecting the OTC Derivatives Market and Its Importance to London,” City of London, April 2009, https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/economic-research-and-information/research-publications/Documents/research%202009/Current%20issues%20affecting%20the%20OTC%20derivatives%20market%20and%20its%20importance%20to%20London.pdf. 24.

…

Sargent, “Nonstop Chatter About Deficit Does Nothing to Reassure People About Economy,” Washington Post, April 28, 2011. 68. P. Wallsten, L. Montgomery and S. Wilson, “Obama’s Evolution: Behind the Failed ‘Grand Bargain’ on the Debt,” Washington Post, March 17, 2012. 69. “Trillion Dollar Coin,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillion_dollar_coin. 70. “Debt Limit Analysis,” July 2011, http://cdn.bipartisanpolicy.org/wp-content/uploadssites/default/files/DebtLimitAnalysis.pdf [inactive]. 71. N. Krishnan, A. Martin and A. Sarkar, “Pick Your Poison: How Money Market Funds Reacted to Financial Stress in 2011,” Liberty Street Economics (blog), 2013. 72.

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Complexity: A Guided Tour by Melanie Mitchell

Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, Alfred Russel Wallace, algorithmic management, anti-communist, Arthur Eddington, Benoit Mandelbrot, bioinformatics, cellular automata, Claude Shannon: information theory, clockwork universe, complexity theory, computer age, conceptual framework, Conway's Game of Life, dark matter, discrete time, double helix, Douglas Hofstadter, Eddington experiment, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, Garrett Hardin, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, Gregor Mendel, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hacker News, Hans Moravec, Henri Poincaré, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, John Conway, John von Neumann, Long Term Capital Management, mandelbrot fractal, market bubble, Menlo Park, Murray Gell-Mann, Network effects, Norbert Wiener, Norman Macrae, Paul Erdős, peer-to-peer, phenotype, Pierre-Simon Laplace, power law, Ray Kurzweil, reversible computing, scientific worldview, stem cell, Stuart Kauffman, synthetic biology, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, Turing machine

“small-world property”: The formal definition of the small-world property is that, even though relatively few long-distance connections are present, the shortest path length (number of link hops) between two nodes scales logarithmically or slower with network size n for fixed average degree. “Kevin Bacon game”: See, e.g., [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees_of_ Kevin_Bacon]. “neuroscientists had already mapped out every neuron and neural connection”: For more information, see Achacoso, T. B. and Yamamoto, W. S., AY’s Neuroanatomy of C. Elegans for Computation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991. “do not actually have the kinds of degree distributions”: The Watts-Strogatz model produces networks with exponential degree distributions, rather than the much more commonly observed power-law degree distributions in real-world networks.

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Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist by Kate Raworth

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", 3D printing, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, Anthropocene, Asian financial crisis, bank run, basic income, battle of ideas, behavioural economics, benefit corporation, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, blockchain, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, Buckminster Fuller, business cycle, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, circular economy, clean water, cognitive bias, collapse of Lehman Brothers, complexity theory, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, degrowth, dematerialisation, disruptive innovation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, experimental economics, Exxon Valdez, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, full employment, Future Shock, Garrett Hardin, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, global village, Henri Poincaré, hiring and firing, Howard Zinn, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, land reform, land value tax, Landlord’s Game, loss aversion, low interest rates, low skilled workers, M-Pesa, Mahatma Gandhi, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, means of production, megacity, Minsky moment, mobile money, Money creation, Mont Pelerin Society, Myron Scholes, neoliberal agenda, Network effects, Occupy movement, ocean acidification, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, Paul Samuelson, peer-to-peer, planetary scale, price mechanism, quantitative easing, randomized controlled trial, retail therapy, Richard Thaler, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, smart cities, smart meter, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, South Sea Bubble, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, systems thinking, TED Talk, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, the map is not the territory, the market place, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Torches of Freedom, Tragedy of the Commons, trickle-down economics, ultimatum game, universal basic income, Upton Sinclair, Vilfredo Pareto, wikimedia commons

Stiglitz, J. (2011) ‘Of the 1%, for the 1%, by the 1%’, Vanity Fair May. http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/05/top-one-percent-201105 35. Ormerod, P. (2012), ‘Networks and the need for a new approach to policymaking’, in Dolphin, T. and Nash, D. (eds), Complex New World. London: IPPR, p. 30. 36. Wikipedia (2016) List of Cognitive Biases. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases 37. Thaler, R. and Sunstein, C. (2009) Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness. London: Penguin, p. 6. 38. Marewzki, J. and Gigerenzer, G. (2012), ‘Heuristic decision making in medicine’, Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 14: 1, pp. 77–89. 39.

pages: 437 words: 113,173

Age of Discovery: Navigating the Risks and Rewards of Our New Renaissance by Ian Goldin, Chris Kutarna

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 3D printing, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, AltaVista, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, bioinformatics, bitcoin, Boeing 747, Bonfire of the Vanities, bread and circuses, carbon tax, clean water, collective bargaining, Colonization of Mars, Credit Default Swap, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Dava Sobel, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, Doha Development Round, double helix, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, experimental economics, Eyjafjallajökull, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial innovation, full employment, Galaxy Zoo, general purpose technology, Glass-Steagall Act, global pandemic, global supply chain, Higgs boson, Hyperloop, immigration reform, income inequality, indoor plumbing, industrial cluster, industrial robot, information retrieval, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, Internet of things, invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, Islamic Golden Age, Johannes Kepler, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, low cost airline, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mahbub ul Haq, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, Max Levchin, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, moral hazard, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, New Urbanism, non-tariff barriers, Occupy movement, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, open economy, Panamax, Paris climate accords, Pearl River Delta, personalized medicine, Peter Thiel, post-Panamax, profit motive, public intellectual, quantum cryptography, rent-seeking, reshoring, Robert Gordon, Robert Metcalfe, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart grid, Snapchat, special economic zone, spice trade, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Stuxnet, synthetic biology, TED Talk, The Future of Employment, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trade route, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, uber lyft, undersea cable, uranium enrichment, We are the 99%, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, working poor, working-age population, zero day

Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 18th Edition. Dallas, TX: SIL International. Retrieved from www.ethnologue.com. 15. Hale, Scott A. (2014). Global Connectivity and Multilinguals in the Twitter Network. SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Toronto. 16. Wikipedia (2015). “List of Wikipedias.” Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias. 17. Kemp, Simon (2014, January 9). “Social, Digital and Mobile Worldwide in 2014.” Retrieved from wearesocial.net/blog. 18. Manyika, James, Jacques Bughin, et al. (2014). Global Flows in a Digital Age. New York: McKinsey & Co. 19. Ibid.; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2015).

pages: 424 words: 115,035

How Will Capitalism End? by Wolfgang Streeck

"there is no alternative" (TINA), accounting loophole / creative accounting, air traffic controllers' union, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, basic income, behavioural economics, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, billion-dollar mistake, Bretton Woods, business cycle, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, centre right, Clayton Christensen, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Brooks, David Graeber, debt deflation, deglobalization, deindustrialization, disruptive innovation, en.wikipedia.org, eurozone crisis, failed state, financial deregulation, financial innovation, first-past-the-post, fixed income, full employment, Gini coefficient, global reserve currency, Google Glasses, haute cuisine, income inequality, information asymmetry, invisible hand, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, labour market flexibility, labour mobility, late capitalism, liberal capitalism, low interest rates, market bubble, means of production, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, North Sea oil, offshore financial centre, open borders, pension reform, plutocrats, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, post-industrial society, private sector deleveraging, profit maximization, profit motive, quantitative easing, reserve currency, rising living standards, Robert Gordon, savings glut, secular stagnation, shareholder value, sharing economy, sovereign wealth fund, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, The Future of Employment, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, transaction costs, Uber for X, upwardly mobile, Vilfredo Pareto, winner-take-all economy, Wolfgang Streeck

, Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagzeitung, 27 December 2015, faz.net, last accessed 1 January 2016.) 63To sample a flavour of the hype around the term, as well as of the real-world condition to which its ascent responds, here is an extract from the Wikipedia article, ‘Resilience (organizational)’, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilience_(organizational), last accessed 1 January 2016: ‘In recent years, a new consensus of the concept of resilience emerged as a practical response to the decreasing lifespan of organisations and the [sic] from key stakeholders, including boards, governments, regulators, shareholders, staff, suppliers and customers to effectively address the issues of security, preparedness, risk, and survivability. 1.Being resilient is a proactive and determined attitude to remain a thriving enterprise (country, region, organization or company) despite the anticipated and unanticipated challenges that will emerge; 2.Resilience moves beyond a defensive security and protection posture and applies the entity’s inherent strength to withstand crisis and deflect attacks of any nature; 3.Resilience is the empowerment of being aware of your situation, your risks, vulnerabilities and current capabilities to deal with them, and being able to make informed tactical and strategic decisions; and, 4.Resilience is an objectively measurable competitive differentiator (i.e., more secure, increased stakeholder and shareholder value). […] Prominent members in the United States Congress are embracing resilience.

Hopes and Prospects by Noam Chomsky

air traffic controllers' union, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, colonial rule, corporate personhood, Credit Default Swap, cuban missile crisis, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deskilling, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, Firefox, Glass-Steagall Act, high-speed rail, Howard Zinn, Hyman Minsky, invisible hand, liberation theology, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, Nelson Mandela, new economy, nuremberg principles, one-state solution, open borders, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, Seymour Hersh, structural adjustment programs, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, total factor productivity, trade liberalization, uranium enrichment, Washington Consensus

Klaus Naumann, John Shalikashvili, et al., Towards a Grand Strategy for an Uncertain World: Renewing the Transatlantic Partnership, (Center for Strategic & International Studies, Noaber Foundation), 2007, http://www.worldsecuritynetwork.com/documents/3eproefGrandStrat(b).pdf. 20. HDI, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index. Maurice Guernier, An-Nahar Arab Report and Memo, Beirut, April 17, 1978. For further quotes see Towards a New Cold War. Eight: Turning Point? 1. Dan Fromkin, Washington Post, May 29, 2009. 2. Agence France-Presse, May 16, 2009. 3.

pages: 443 words: 112,800

The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World by Jeremy Rifkin

3D printing, additive manufacturing, Albert Einstein, American ideology, An Inconvenient Truth, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, bike sharing, borderless world, carbon footprint, centre right, clean tech, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, Community Supported Agriculture, corporate governance, decarbonisation, deep learning, distributed generation, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, Ford Model T, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, hydrogen economy, income inequality, industrial cluster, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, job automation, knowledge economy, manufacturing employment, marginal employment, Martin Wolf, Masdar, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, new economy, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open borders, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, post-oil, purchasing power parity, Ray Kurzweil, rewilding, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, scientific worldview, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Skype, smart grid, smart meter, Spread Networks laid a new fibre optics cable between New York and Chicago, supply-chain management, systems thinking, tech billionaire, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, urban planning, urban renewal, Yom Kippur War, Zipcar

Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/opinion/07kristof.html?_r=1&ref=nicholasdkristof. 17.Rich, F. (2010, November 13). Who Will Stand Up to the Superrich? New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/opinion/14rich.html?src=twrhp. 18.Wikipedia: Size Comparisons. (2011, March 31). Wikipedia. Retrieved from http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_comparisons. 19.Wikipedia.org Site Info. (n.d.). Alexa the Web Information Company. Retrieved from http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org. 20.3D printing: The Printed World [Editorial]. (2011, February 10). The Economist. Retrieved March 29, 2011, from http://www.economist.com/node/18114221?

pages: 415 words: 119,277

Naked City: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places by Sharon Zukin

1960s counterculture, big-box store, blue-collar work, classic study, corporate social responsibility, crack epidemic, creative destruction, David Brooks, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, Frank Gehry, gentrification, Guggenheim Bilbao, Haight Ashbury, Jane Jacobs, late capitalism, mass immigration, messenger bag, new economy, New Urbanism, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, rent control, rent stabilization, Richard Florida, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South of Market, San Francisco, subprime mortgage crisis, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, W. E. B. Du Bois, white flight, working poor, Works Progress Administration, young professional

See Richard Lloyd, Neo-Bohemia: Art and Commerce in the Post-industrial City (New York: Routledge, 2006); Elizabeth Currid, The Warhol Economy: How Fashion, Art, and Music Drive New York City (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007). 14. On the gradual growth of the artists’ community, see the description of the documentary film Brooklyn DIY (2009) directed by Marcin Ramocki, at www.ramocki.net/brooklyndiy.html. 15. For a description of this raw aesthetic, see Kromelis, “Galapagos.” 16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebon_Fisher—cite_ref-8; Melissa Rossi, “Where Do We Go after the Rave?,” Newsweek, July 26, 1993, p. 58; also www.nervepool.net, accessed January 2007. 17. Kromelis, “Galapagos”; John Korduba, “Remembrance of Things Repast,” www.11211magazine.com, 4, no. 3 (2004); www.galapagosartspace.com. 18.

pages: 441 words: 113,244

Seasteading: How Floating Nations Will Restore the Environment, Enrich the Poor, Cure the Sick, and Liberate Humanity From Politicians by Joe Quirk, Patri Friedman

3D printing, access to a mobile phone, addicted to oil, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, barriers to entry, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, business climate, business cycle, business process, California gold rush, Celtic Tiger, Charles Lindbergh, clean water, Colonization of Mars, Dean Kamen, Deng Xiaoping, drone strike, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, export processing zone, failed state, financial intermediation, Garrett Hardin, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, happiness index / gross national happiness, income inequality, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Kickstarter, low skilled workers, Machinery of Freedom by David Friedman, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megaproject, minimum wage unemployment, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, new economy, obamacare, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), open borders, Patri Friedman, paypal mafia, peak oil, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, price stability, profit motive, radical decentralization, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, special economic zone, standardized shipping container, stem cell, TechCrunch disrupt, TED Talk, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, undersea cable, young professional

Hull alone the size of Chrysler Building: www.passportdiary.com/cruise/ventura-vs-independence-of-the-seas-does-bigger-mean-better, compared to Burj Al Arab and Roman Colosseum: http://twicsy.com/i/45AfUi. almost halfway around the Earth: Facts and Figures—Maersk Line shipping containers worldwide. (n.d.), accessed February 17, 2016, https://classic.maerskline.com/link/?page=brochure. the largest company of which there are hundreds: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_freight_ship_companies. More than 17 million shipping containers: www.billiebox.co.uk/facts-about-shipping-containers. “It is much more a gateway to freedom”: C. F. Schuetze, “Living Above and Below the Water’s Surface in Amsterdam,” New York Times, April 23, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/greathomesanddestinations/living-above-and-below-the-waters-surface-in-amsterdam.html?

pages: 424 words: 114,905

Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again by Eric Topol

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, AI winter, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Apollo 11, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autism spectrum disorder, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, Big Tech, bioinformatics, blockchain, Cambridge Analytica, cloud computing, cognitive bias, Colonization of Mars, computer age, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, data science, David Brooks, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, digital twin, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, fault tolerance, gamification, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, George Santayana, Google Glasses, ImageNet competition, Jeff Bezos, job automation, job satisfaction, Joi Ito, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, medical residency, meta-analysis, microbiome, move 37, natural language processing, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, nudge unit, OpenAI, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, pattern recognition, performance metric, personalized medicine, phenotype, placebo effect, post-truth, randomized controlled trial, recommendation engine, Rubik’s Cube, Sam Altman, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Skinner box, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, techlash, TED Talk, text mining, the scientific method, Tim Cook: Apple, traumatic brain injury, trolley problem, War on Poverty, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, working-age population

Not only would this yield a higher proportion of people with high potassium levels, but the blood levels would have been taken closer to the time of the ECG. FIGURE 4.2: The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of true versus false positive rates, with examples of worthless, good, and excellent plotted. Source: Adapted from “Receiver Operating Characteristic,” Wikipedia (2018): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic. They also thought that maybe all the key information was not in the T wave, as Friedman’s team had thought. So why not analyze the whole ECG signal and override the human assumption that all the useful information would have been encoded in the T wave?

pages: 309 words: 114,984

The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype, and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age by Robert Wachter

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, AI winter, Airbnb, Atul Gawande, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, Checklist Manifesto, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, Clayton Christensen, cognitive load, collapse of Lehman Brothers, computer age, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, deep learning, deskilling, disruptive innovation, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, Firefox, Frank Levy and Richard Murnane: The New Division of Labor, general purpose technology, Google Glasses, human-factors engineering, hype cycle, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, Internet of things, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, lifelogging, Marc Benioﬀ, medical malpractice, medical residency, Menlo Park, minimum viable product, natural language processing, Network effects, Nicholas Carr, obamacare, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, personalized medicine, pets.com, pneumatic tube, Productivity paradox, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Richard Hendricks, Robert Solow, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, six sigma, Skype, Snapchat, software as a service, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, TED Talk, The future is already here, the payments system, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Bayes, Toyota Production System, Uber for X, US Airways Flight 1549, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Yogi Berra

Cross, “Will Connecting for Health Deliver Its Promises?,” BMJ 332:559–601 (2006). 10 in a speech in Minnesota J. Conn, “10 Years After the Revolution: Health IT Coordinators Look Back at the Nation’s Progress,” Modern Healthcare, April 5, 2014 . 10 The 44-year-old Brailer “David Brailer,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brailer, retrieved December 26, 2014, and interview with the author, June 18, 2014. 10 the federal government had a place in setting standards Brailer laid out his initial vision in a July 2004 “Framework for Strategic Action”: D. J. Brailer, “The Decade of Health Information Technology: Delivering Consumer-centric and Information-rich Health Care: Framework for Strategic Action,” June 21, 2004, available at http://www.providersedge.com/ehdocs/ehr_articles/the_decade_of_hitdelivering_customer-centric_and_info-rich_hc.pdf. 11 when Modern Healthcare magazine named him “100 Most Powerful People in Healthcare (List),” Modern Healthcare, 2004, available at http://chedit.cr.atl.publicus.com/article/20040823/PREMIUM/408230346/. 12 only 17 percent of doctors’ offices Data are from the ONC’s October 2014 report to Congress (see under Preface for more information). 12 As Clay Christensen C.

pages: 390 words: 114,538

Digital Wars: Apple, Google, Microsoft and the Battle for the Internet by Charles Arthur

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, AltaVista, Andy Rubin, Build a better mousetrap, Burning Man, cloud computing, commoditize, credit crunch, crowdsourcing, disintermediation, don't be evil, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, gravity well, Jeff Bezos, John Gruber, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, Network effects, PageRank, PalmPilot, pre–internet, Robert X Cringely, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, Skype, slashdot, Snapchat, software patent, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Susan Wojcicki, the long tail, the new new thing, the scientific method, Tim Cook: Apple, Tony Fadell, turn-by-turn navigation, upwardly mobile, vertical integration

Chapter Three Search: Google versus Microsoft 1 http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-204390.html 2 http://searchenginewatch.com/2165701 3 http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/auth.pdf 4 Douglas Edwards (2011) I’m Feeling Lucky: The confessions of Google employee number 59, Allen Lane, London. 5 https://web.archive.org/web/19990821060408/http://www.salon.com/21st/rose/1998/12/21straight.html 6 Edwards, I’m Feeling Lucky. 7 Private e-mail. 8 Edwards, I’m Feeling Lucky. 9 http://stopdesign.com/archive/2009/03/20/goodbye-google.html 10 http://news.cnet.com/AltaVista-In-search-of-a-turning-point/2100-1023_3-270869.html 11 John Battelle (2005) The Search: How Google and its rivals rewrote the rules of business and transformed our culture, Nicholas Brealey, London. 12 http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/2000/jul00/07-17belluzzo.mspx 13 http://www.businessinsider.com/in-2000-business-week-wondered-how-google-will-ever-make-money-2009-3 14 Amy K Gilligan (2001) Googling is the newest date thing, Telegraph Herald, Dubuque, Iowa, 14 January. 15 http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/29/opinion/liberties-the-manolo-moochers.html 16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stac_Electronics#Microsoft_lawsuit 17 Ken Auletta (2009) Googled: The end of the world as we know it, Virgin Books, London. 18 http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2007/04/my_other_interv/ 19 http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2007/04/my_other_interv/ 20 Private e-mail. 21 Private conversation with Joel Spolsky. 22 Battelle, The Search. 23 Private e-mail. 24 http://blogs.ft.com/fttechhub/2011/03/where-microsoft-went-wrong-by-paul-allen/ 25 https://research.google.com/archive/bigtable.html 26 http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/29/bubble-blinders-the-untold-story-of-the-search-business-model/ 27 Private conversation with Gayle Laakmann. 28 http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2007/04/my_other_interv/ 29 http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2004/nov04/11-11searchbetalaunchpr.mspx 30 http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2004/tc20041112_7986_tc119.htm 31 http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2005/05/02/8258478/index.htm 32 Private conversation with Pieter Knook. 33 http://www.zdnet.com/blog/web2explorer/leaked-documents-from-bill-gates-and-ray-ozzie/52 34 http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/technology/09msn.html 35 http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/business/01marissa.html?

pages: 431 words: 118,074

The Ultimate Engineer: The Remarkable Life of NASA's Visionary Leader George M. Low by Richard Jurek

additive manufacturing, affirmative action, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Charles Lindbergh, cognitive dissonance, en.wikipedia.org, Ford Model T, fudge factor, Gene Kranz, human-factors engineering, it's over 9,000, John Conway, low earth orbit, Mars Rover, Neil Armstrong, operation paperclip, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, private spaceflight, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Stewart Brand, undersea cable, uranium enrichment, Whole Earth Catalog, Winter of Discontent, women in the workforce

George Low, “Rensselaer in 1977: Address to Faculty and Staff,” 29 March 1977, George M. Low Papers, 1930–1984. 42. Low, “Rensselaer in 1977.” 43. Dorothy Reynolds, interview by the author, 18 May 2016. 44. Wikipedia, s.v. “Frederick Terman,” last modified 26 December 2018, 14:07, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Terman. 45. Gene Bylinsky, “California’s Great Breeding Ground for Industry,” Fortune Magazine, June 1974. 46. Robert M. Whitaker, “As We Mourn President Low at Rensselaer,” Rensselaer, Summer 1984, 3. 47. George Low, handwritten speech notes, 24 September 1981, George M.

pages: 425 words: 116,409

Hidden Figures by Margot Lee Shetterly

affirmative action, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Charles Lindbergh, cognitive dissonance, desegregation, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, glass ceiling, Gunnar Myrdal, low earth orbit, Mahatma Gandhi, military-industrial complex, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Rosa Parks, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, upwardly mobile, W. E. B. Du Bois, women in the workforce, éminence grise

pid=15954 3 ninety planes a month: Arthur Herman, Freedom’s Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II (New York: Random House Publishing Group, 2012), 11. 3 the largest industry in the world: Judy A. Rumerman, “The American Aerospace Industry During World War II,” US Centennial of Flight Commission website, http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Aerospace/WWII_Industry/Aero7.htm. Comparative aircraft production statistics at Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_aircraft_production. 4 started in 1935: “What’s My Name?” 4 investing $500: R. H. Cramer to R. A. Darby, “Computing Groups Organization and Practice at NACA,” April 27, 1942, http://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/7/76/ComputingGroupOrg1942.pdf. 5 grudgingly admitted: Ibid. 5 a boost to the laboratory’s bottom line: Ibid. 5 “Reduce your household duties!”

pages: 386 words: 113,709

Why We Drive: Toward a Philosophy of the Open Road by Matthew B. Crawford

1960s counterculture, Airbus A320, airport security, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Boeing 737 MAX, British Empire, Burning Man, business logic, call centre, classic study, collective bargaining, confounding variable, congestion pricing, crony capitalism, data science, David Sedaris, deskilling, digital map, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, Fellow of the Royal Society, Ford Model T, gamification, gentrification, gig economy, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, hive mind, Ian Bogost, income inequality, informal economy, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, labour mobility, Lyft, mirror neurons, Network effects, New Journalism, New Urbanism, Nicholas Carr, planned obsolescence, Ponzi scheme, precautionary principle, Ralph Nader, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Sam Peltzman, security theater, self-driving car, sharing economy, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, smart cities, social graph, social intelligence, Stephen Hawking, surveillance capitalism, tacit knowledge, tech worker, technoutopianism, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, time dilation, too big to fail, traffic fines, Travis Kalanick, trolley problem, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, Unsafe at Any Speed, urban planning, Wall-E, Works Progress Administration

In 1954, the same general who accompanied Churchill to the RAF bunker, Hastings “Pug” Ismay, related that shortly after the event, when he and Churchill were riding in a car together and Churchill was rehearsing the speech, he came to the now-famous sentence and Ismay interrupted, saying “What about Jesus and his disciples?” “Good old Pug,” said Churchill, who immediately changed the wording to “Never in the field of human conflict have so many owed so much to so few.” “Never Was So Much Owed by So Many to So Few,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_was_so_much_owed_by_so_many_to_so_few. 13.With the creation of the RAF Volunteer Reserve in 1936, the RAF’s processes for selecting potential candidates were opened to men of all social classes. It “was designed to appeal, to . . . young men . . . without any class distinctions.” Thus John Terraine, The Right of the Line: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939–45 (London: Hodder & Stroughton, 1985), pp. 44–45.

pages: 1,172 words: 114,305

New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI by Frank Pasquale

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, algorithmic bias, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Anthropocene, augmented reality, Automated Insights, autonomous vehicles, basic income, battle of ideas, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Bill Joy: nanobots, bitcoin, blockchain, Brexit referendum, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, carbon tax, citizen journalism, Clayton Christensen, collective bargaining, commoditize, computer vision, conceptual framework, contact tracing, coronavirus, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, critical race theory, cryptocurrency, data is the new oil, data science, decarbonisation, deep learning, deepfake, deskilling, digital divide, digital twin, disinformation, disruptive innovation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Filter Bubble, finite state, Flash crash, future of work, gamification, general purpose technology, Google Chrome, Google Glasses, Great Leap Forward, green new deal, guns versus butter model, Hans Moravec, high net worth, hiring and firing, holacracy, Ian Bogost, independent contractor, informal economy, information asymmetry, information retrieval, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, James Bridle, Jaron Lanier, job automation, John Markoff, Joi Ito, Khan Academy, knowledge economy, late capitalism, lockdown, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, medical malpractice, megaproject, meta-analysis, military-industrial complex, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, move fast and break things, mutually assured destruction, natural language processing, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, nuclear winter, obamacare, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), open immigration, OpenAI, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, paperclip maximiser, paradox of thrift, pattern recognition, payday loans, personalized medicine, Peter Singer: altruism, Philip Mirowski, pink-collar, plutocrats, post-truth, pre–internet, profit motive, public intellectual, QR code, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, regulatory arbitrage, Robert Shiller, Rodney Brooks, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Singularitarianism, smart cities, smart contracts, software is eating the world, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Strategic Defense Initiative, surveillance capitalism, Susan Wojcicki, tacit knowledge, TaskRabbit, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, telepresence, telerobotics, The Future of Employment, The Turner Diaries, Therac-25, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Turing test, universal basic income, unorthodox policies, wage slave, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, working poor, workplace surveillance , Works Progress Administration, zero day

For a compelling analysis of robotics in popular culture, see Robert M. Geraci, Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010). Wikipedia features a dynamically updated account of “AI in Film”: Wikipedia, “List of Artificial Intelligence in Films,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_films. Unsurprisingly, there is no rival “List of Intelligence Augmentation in Films.” 9. Langdon Winner, Autonomous Technology: Technics-out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1977). 10. Such approaches are probably already in use by advertisers, who have been reported to utilize images that look like their viewer in order to cultivate a positive response. 11.

The Billion Dollar Spy: A True Story of Cold War Espionage and Betrayal by David E. Hoffman

back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, en.wikipedia.org, IFF: identification friend or foe, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier

One of the country’s most knowledgeable radar scientists, Pavel Oshchepkov, was arrested in 1937 and spent the next ten years in prison. John Erikson, “Radio-location and the Air Defence Problem: The Design and Development of Soviet Radar, 1934–40,” Social Studies of Science 2 (1972): 241–68. Also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_in_World_War_II for details on Factory No. 339. 23. Tolkachev was born in Aktyubinsk, a railroad town, the scene of a major battle in the civil war that followed the Bolshevik Revolution. The Bolsheviks captured the town from the White Army in 1919. Local archives show that in September 1919 a man named Tolkachev was chosen to be secretary of the local Bolshevik organizing bureau in Aktyubinsk.

Human Frontiers: The Future of Big Ideas in an Age of Small Thinking by Michael Bhaskar

"Margaret Hamilton" Apollo, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, AI winter, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, AlphaGo, Anthropocene, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, barriers to entry, basic income, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Big Tech, Bletchley Park, blockchain, Boeing 747, brain emulation, Brexit referendum, call centre, carbon tax, charter city, citizen journalism, Claude Shannon: information theory, Clayton Christensen, clean tech, clean water, cognitive load, Columbian Exchange, coronavirus, cosmic microwave background, COVID-19, creative destruction, CRISPR, crony capitalism, cyber-physical system, dark matter, David Graeber, deep learning, DeepMind, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Demis Hassabis, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, deplatforming, discovery of penicillin, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, Easter island, Edward Jenner, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, energy security, energy transition, epigenetics, Eratosthenes, Ernest Rutherford, Eroom's law, fail fast, false flag, Fellow of the Royal Society, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, general purpose technology, germ theory of disease, glass ceiling, global pandemic, Goodhart's law, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, GPT-3, Haber-Bosch Process, hedonic treadmill, Herman Kahn, Higgs boson, hive mind, hype cycle, Hyperloop, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, Innovator's Dilemma, intangible asset, interchangeable parts, Internet of things, invention of agriculture, invention of the printing press, invention of the steam engine, invention of the telegraph, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, ITER tokamak, James Watt: steam engine, James Webb Space Telescope, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, job automation, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Large Hadron Collider, liberation theology, lockdown, lone genius, loss aversion, Louis Pasteur, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, megacity, megastructure, Menlo Park, Minecraft, minimum viable product, mittelstand, Modern Monetary Theory, Mont Pelerin Society, Murray Gell-Mann, Mustafa Suleyman, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, nuclear winter, nudge unit, oil shale / tar sands, open economy, OpenAI, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, PageRank, patent troll, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, post scarcity, post-truth, precautionary principle, public intellectual, publish or perish, purchasing power parity, quantum entanglement, Ray Kurzweil, remote working, rent-seeking, Republic of Letters, Richard Feynman, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, secular stagnation, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Simon Kuznets, skunkworks, Slavoj Žižek, sovereign wealth fund, spinning jenny, statistical model, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Stuart Kauffman, synthetic biology, techlash, TED Talk, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Bayes, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, TikTok, total factor productivity, transcontinental railway, Two Sigma, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, uranium enrichment, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, When a measure becomes a target, X Prize, Y Combinator

The weight-to-payload ratio of modern cars is actually worse than for older vehicles. 42 Other areas which may also have a breakthrough problem of a similar structure include energy, agriculture, construction and manufacturing – and also areas like science, culture and business growth which we will turn to. 3 THE DIMINISHING REVOLUTION 1 Mahon (2004), p. 163. The following account of Maxwell is derived primarily from the same source. 2 Ibid., p. 65 3 Huebner (2005) 4 Developments as outlined in The History of Science and Technology by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. 5 Huebner (2005) 6 Vijg (2011), p. 28. See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions 7 Nor is Vijg's the only other taxonomy to show this. See Cowen and Southwood (2019) for a more comprehensive survey which suggests that wherever innovation is tracked over the long term something similar emerges. 8 Smil (2005) 9 Ibid and Mokyr (1999) 10 Greenspan and Wooldridge (2018), pp. 132–3 11 Ibid. 12 Smil (2020) and (2005) 13 Mokyr (1999).

pages: 495 words: 114,451

Life on the Rocks: Building a Future for Coral Reefs by Juli Berwald

23andMe, 3D printing, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, Black Lives Matter, carbon footprint, Charles Lindbergh, circular economy, clean water, coronavirus, COVID-19, en.wikipedia.org, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial innovation, Garrett Hardin, George Floyd, Google Earth, Gregor Mendel, Greta Thunberg, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), lateral thinking, Maui Hawaii, microbiome, mouse model, ocean acidification, Panamax, Paris climate accords, Skype, social distancing, sovereign wealth fund, stem cell, TED Talk, the scientific method, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons

Hopeful Monsters picture book of the continents: Alain Manesson Mallet, Description de l’Univers (Paris, 1683), via Professor Emerita Frances W. Pritchett, Columbia University, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/mallet/index.html#index. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT stint as a schoolteacher: Alain Manesson Mallet, Wikipedia, accessed March 4, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Manesson_Mallet#cite_note-2. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT Corals of the World: J. E. N. Veron, Mary Stafford-Smith, ed., Corals of the World (Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science, 2000), 3 vols. The book is available online and the taxonomy discussion referenced is J.

pages: 372 words: 117,038

T: The Story of Testosterone, the Hormone That Dominates and Divides Us by Carole Hooven

British Empire, classic study, correlation does not imply causation, David Brooks, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, impulse control, longitudinal study, meta-analysis, moral panic, occupational segregation, phenotype, placebo effect, stem cell, Steven Pinker, zero-sum game

most trans men are satisfied with the vocal changes that T brings: Ulrika Nygren, Agneta Nordenskjöld, Stefan Arver, and Maria Södersten, “Effects on Voice Fundamental Frequency and Satisfaction with Voice in Trans Men During Testosterone Treatment—A Longitudinal Study,” Journal of Voice 30, no. 6 (2016): 766, e24–e34. a mistranslation of a Hebrew phrase: Wikipedia, “Adam’s Apple,” Etymology, retrieved August 15, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam’s_apple#Etymology. A complicated series of events: Merriam-Webster, “Why Is It Called an ‘Adam’s Apple’? It’s Not the Reason You Think,” Merriam-Webster.com, Word History, https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/why-is-it-called-an-adams-apple-word-history. angle at which the two cartilages join: Lee Coleman, Mark Zakowski, Julian A.

Visual Thinking: The Hidden Gifts of People Who Think in Pictures, Patterns, and Abstractions by Temple Grandin, Ph.D.

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 3D printing, a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away, air gap, Albert Einstein, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Apollo 11, Apple II, ASML, Asperger Syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, autonomous vehicles, Black Lives Matter, Boeing 737 MAX, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, clean water, cloud computing, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, coronavirus, cotton gin, COVID-19, defense in depth, Drosophila, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, GPT-3, Gregor Mendel, Greta Thunberg, hallucination problem, helicopter parent, income inequality, industrial robot, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, James Webb Space Telescope, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Jony Ive, language acquisition, longitudinal study, Mark Zuckerberg, Mars Rover, meta-analysis, Neil Armstrong, neurotypical, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, phenotype, ransomware, replication crisis, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, Robert X Cringely, Saturday Night Live, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, Skinner box, space junk, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Tacoma Narrows Bridge, TaskRabbit, theory of mind, TikTok, twin studies, unpaid internship, upwardly mobile, US Airways Flight 1549, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, web application, William Langewiesche, Y Combinator

“Meet Eric Yuan, the Founder and CEO of Zoom, Who Has Made over $12 Billion since March and Now Ranks among the 400 Richest People in America.” Business Insider, September 9, 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/meet-zoom-billionaire-eric-yuan-career-net-worth-life. “Russell and Sigurd Varian.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_and_Sigurd_Varian. “Russell H. Varian and Sigurd F. Varian.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 1998. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Russell‑H‑Varian-and‑Sigurd‑F‑Varian. Rylance, R. “Grant Giving: Global Funders to Focus on Interdisciplinarity.” Nature 525 (2015): 313–15.

The Next Great Migration by Sonia Shah

Anthropocene, Berlin Wall, British Empire, climate change refugee, colonial rule, dematerialisation, demographic transition, Donald Trump, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, failed state, Fellow of the Royal Society, Garrett Hardin, GPS: selective availability, Gregor Mendel, hive mind, illegal immigration, immigration reform, index card, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Ken Thompson, Lewis Mumford, mass immigration, meta-analysis, Nelson Mandela, open borders, out of africa, Scientific racism, sensible shoes, Silicon Valley, Steve Bannon, TED Talk, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, urban sprawl

The innovative capacity of groups of people Ehrlich and Holdren, “Impact of Population Growth”; Ramsden and Adams, “Escaping the Laboratory.” Tanton spun off ZPG’s immigration committee Normandin and Valles, “How a Network of Conservationists”; DeParle, “Anti-Immigration Crusader”; “Anne H. Ehrlich,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_H._Ehrlich; Rohe, Mary Lou and John Tanton. Tanton gently helped his supporters disregard Tanton, “International Migration”; Social Contract, “Tribute to Tanton.” It worked, for a while Normandin and Valles, “How a Network of Conservationists”; DeParle, “Anti-Immigration Crusader.”

pages: 397 words: 121,211

Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960-2010 by Charles Murray

affirmative action, assortative mating, blue-collar work, classic study, Community Supported Agriculture, corporate governance, David Brooks, en.wikipedia.org, feminist movement, gentrification, George Gilder, Haight Ashbury, happiness index / gross national happiness, helicopter parent, illegal immigration, income inequality, job satisfaction, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, Menlo Park, new economy, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, Richard Florida, Silicon Valley, sparse data, Steve Jobs, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, Tipper Gore, Unsafe at Any Speed, War on Poverty, working-age population, young professional

In the DDB Life Style data for 1995–98: If you did not have a college degree and were anywhere under $100,000 per year in income, you had a 14 percent chance of fishing five or more times per year. With a college degree and an income greater than $100,000, you had a 4 percent chance. Extrapolate that relationship to people who are in the top few centiles of socioeconomic status, and the percentage presumably drops accordingly. 13. My basic source was http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_casual_dining_restaurant_chains. I went to the specific websites of restaurants with worldwide outlets to estimate the number of outlets in the United States. 14. Some of the chains are privately held, and revenues must be estimated. Twelve billion dollars is an extremely conservative estimate. 15.

pages: 706 words: 120,784

The Joy of Clojure by Michael Fogus, Chris Houser

cloud computing, Dennis Ritchie, domain-specific language, Donald Knuth, Douglas Hofstadter, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, finite state, functional programming, Gödel, Escher, Bach, haute couture, higher-order functions, Larry Wall, Paul Graham, rolodex, SQL injection, traveling salesman

Regaining one-at-a-time laziness There are legitimate concerns about this chunked model, and one such concern is the desire for a one-at-a-time model to avoid exploding computations. Assuming that you have such a requirement, one counterpoint against chunked sequences is that of building an infinite sequence of Mersenne primes.[3] Implicit realization of the first 32 Mersenne primes through chunked sequences will finish long after the Sun has died. 3 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_Primes. But you can use lazy-seq to create a function seq1 that can be used to restrict (or dechunkify, if you will) a lazy sequence and enforce the one-at-a-time model, as in the following listing. Listing 12.2. A dechunkifying seq1 function (defn seq1 [s] (lazy-seq (when-let [[x] (seq s)] (cons x (seq1 (rest s)))))) (take 1 (map gimme (seq1 (range 32)))) ;=> (.0) (take 1 (drop 32 (map gimme (seq1 (range 64))))) ;=> (.................................32) You can again safely generate your lazy, infinite sequence of Mersenne primes.

pages: 461 words: 125,845

This Machine Kills Secrets: Julian Assange, the Cypherpunks, and Their Fight to Empower Whistleblowers by Andy Greenberg

air gap, Apple II, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bill Gates: Altair 8800, Bletchley Park, Burning Man, Chelsea Manning, computerized markets, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, disinformation, domain-specific language, driverless car, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, Fairchild Semiconductor, fault tolerance, hive mind, information security, Jacob Appelbaum, John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Lewis Mumford, Mahatma Gandhi, military-industrial complex, Mitch Kapor, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Mohammed Bouazizi, Mondo 2000, Neal Stephenson, nuclear winter, offshore financial centre, operational security, PalmPilot, pattern recognition, profit motive, Ralph Nader, real-name policy, reality distortion field, Richard Stallman, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skype, social graph, SQL injection, statistical model, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Teledyne, three-masted sailing ship, undersea cable, Vernor Vinge, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, X Prize, Zimmermann PGP

TheRegister.co.uk, June 2, 2010. “When they pull, so do we” E-mail from Julian Assange to John Young, January 7, 2007, available at http://cryptome.org/wikileaks/wikileaks-leak2.htm thirty times the size of every text article stored on Wikipedia Wikipedia: Database download, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download “let it flower into something new” Julian Assange to John Young, January 7, 2007, available at http://cryptome.org/wikileaks/wikileaks-leak2.htm spreading free software like a hacker Johnny Appleseed Jacob Appelbaum. “Personal experiences bringing technology and new media to disaster areas.”

pages: 755 words: 121,290

Statistics hacks by Bruce Frey

Bayesian statistics, Berlin Wall, correlation coefficient, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, distributed generation, en.wikipedia.org, feminist movement, G4S, game design, Hacker Ethic, index card, Linda problem, Milgram experiment, Monty Hall problem, p-value, place-making, reshoring, RFID, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, statistical model, sugar pill, systematic bias, Thomas Bayes

Perhaps indicating what people tend to write about, the top 100 most-used words in written texts include dollars, great, general, and public. Debts just barely failed to make the top 100, but it is surprisingly common. See Also A good explanation of single substitution ciphers can be found under the entry for frequency analysis at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis. Some of the statistics reported in this hack were found at http://www.data-compression.com and http://www.scottbryce.com. Good information and advice for solving cryptograms and other codes using statistics can be found at those sites. Hack 71. Discover a New Species While everyday entire species of creatures become extinct, occasionally new species are identified that were previously unknown.

pages: 555 words: 119,733

Autotools by John Calcote

Albert Einstein, card file, Debian, delayed gratification, Dennis Ritchie, don't repeat yourself, en.wikipedia.org, Everything should be made as simple as possible, Free Software Foundation, place-making, Richard Feynman, seminal paper, Valgrind

[89] This is especially relevant on ELF systems, where it can be difficult to determine which of your library symbols might conflict with symbols from other libraries. [90] Wikipedia has a very informative page on position-independent code although I find its treatment of Windows DLLs to be somewhat outdated. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position-independent_code/. Summary In this chapter, I outlined the basic rationale for shared libraries. As an exercise, we added a shared library to Jupiter that incorporates functionality from the convenience library we created earlier. We began with a more or less intuitive approach to incorporating a static library into a Libtool shared library, and in the process, discovered a more portable and correct way to do this using Libtool convenience libraries.

Python Web Development With Django by Jeff Forcier

business logic, create, read, update, delete, database schema, Debian, don't repeat yourself, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, full text search, functional programming, Guido van Rossum, loose coupling, MVC pattern, revision control, Ruby on Rails, Silicon Valley, slashdot, SQL injection, web application

Limitations of the App Engine Framework From the perspective of a Django developer, the biggest missing piece in Google’s implementation is Django’s ORM. Instead of a relational database, Google relies on its proprietary BigTable system for storage—see http://labs.google.com/papers/bigtable.html and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigTable for more information.There are no SQL statements, no relations, no JOINs, and so on. Although you can write brand-new apps that use the other parts of Django and substitute Google’s BigTable-based ORM for your data models, this limitation scratches virtually all existing Django apps off the list.You can conceivably rewrite parts of your own apps to work around this, but you are not going to do that for existing Django apps and components such as the admin, the authentication system, the generic views, and so forth.

pages: 960 words: 125,049

Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Gavin Wood Ph. D.

air gap, Amazon Web Services, bitcoin, blockchain, business logic, continuous integration, cryptocurrency, Debian, digital divide, Dogecoin, domain-specific language, don't repeat yourself, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fault tolerance, fiat currency, Firefox, functional programming, Google Chrome, information security, initial coin offering, intangible asset, Internet of things, litecoin, machine readable, move fast and break things, node package manager, non-fungible token, peer-to-peer, Ponzi scheme, prediction markets, pull request, QR code, Ruby on Rails, Satoshi Nakamoto, sealed-bid auction, sharing economy, side project, smart contracts, transaction costs, Turing complete, Turing machine, Vickrey auction, Vitalik Buterin, web application, WebSocket

Wikipedia’s Definition of a Digital Signature A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for presenting the authenticity of digital messages or documents. A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender (authentication), that the sender cannot deny having sent the message (non-repudiation), and that the message was not altered in transit (integrity). Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature How Digital Signatures Work A digital signature is a mathematical scheme that consists of two parts. The first part is an algorithm for creating a signature, using a private key (the signing key), from a message (which in our case is the transaction). The second part is an algorithm that allows anyone to verify the signature by only using the message and a public key.

pages: 433 words: 124,454

The Burning Answer: The Solar Revolution: A Quest for Sustainable Power by Keith Barnham

Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, Arthur Eddington, carbon footprint, credit crunch, decarbonisation, distributed generation, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, Ernest Rutherford, Higgs boson, hydraulic fracturing, hydrogen economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Kickstarter, Michael Shellenberger, Naomi Klein, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, Richard Feynman, Schrödinger's Cat, Silicon Valley, Stephen Hawking, Ted Nordhaus, the scientific method, uranium enrichment, wikimedia commons

Murray, ‘Thermal Modeling and Life Prediction of Water-Cooled Hybrid concentrating Photovoltaic/Thermal Collectors’, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 135, 011010 (2013). 13. James Barber, ‘Photosynthetic energy conversion: natural and artificial’, Chemical Society Reviews, 38, 185 (2009). 14. Wikipedia, ‘Z scheme’ figure, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis, accessed 5 February 2014. 15. Bao-Lian Su, Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, The University of Namur (FUNDP), private communication. 16. A. Leonard, Ph. Dandoy, E. Danloy, G. Leroux, J.C. Rooke, C.F. Meunier and B.L. Su, Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 860 (2011). 17. Mary D.

Multicultural Cities: Toronto, New York, and Los Angeles by Mohammed Abdul Qadeer

affirmative action, business cycle, call centre, David Brooks, deindustrialization, desegregation, edge city, en.wikipedia.org, Frank Gehry, game design, gentrification, ghettoisation, global village, immigration reform, industrial cluster, Jane Jacobs, knowledge economy, market bubble, McMansion, megaproject, new economy, New Urbanism, place-making, Richard Florida, risk tolerance, Silicon Valley, Skype, telemarketer, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the scientific method, urban planning, urban renewal, working-age population, young professional

Tina Chui, Kelly Tran, and John Flanders, “Chinese Canadians Enriching the Cultural Mosaic,” Statistics Canada, Catalogue Number 11-006 (Spring 2005), 27. 14 Wise and Velayutham, “Introduction,” 4–5. 15 Samuel Beresky, “A Movable Feast,” Planning, February 2011, 32. 16 City of Toronto, Street Food Pilot Project Update and Recommendations, Staff Report (2011), http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2011/ex/bgrd/ backgroundfile-37387.pdf, 1–14. 17 Stanley Fish, quoted by Amy Lavender Harris, Imagining Toronto (Toronto: Mansfield Press, 2010), 196. Notes to pages 158–64 293 18 Wikipedia, “German-American,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_ American. 19 Min Zhou, Contemporary Chinese America, 129. 20 Ibid., 135–7. 21 http://www.rogers.com/web/support/tv/channels/208?setLanguage=en. 22 www.asiantelevision.com/. 23 Richard Florida postulates three Ts of economic growth, namely, talent, technology, and tolerance, tolerance being not a passive act but an active approach of including different people and their perspectives.

pages: 456 words: 123,534

The Dawn of Innovation: The First American Industrial Revolution by Charles R. Morris

air freight, American ideology, British Empire, business process, California gold rush, Charles Babbage, clean water, colonial exploitation, computer age, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cotton gin, Dava Sobel, en.wikipedia.org, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, glass ceiling, high-speed rail, hiring and firing, Ida Tarbell, if you build it, they will come, interchangeable parts, Isaac Newton, Jacquard loom, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, John Harrison: Longitude, joint-stock company, lone genius, manufacturing employment, megaproject, new economy, New Urbanism, old age dependency ratio, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, purchasing power parity, QWERTY keyboard, refrigerator car, Robert Gordon, scientific management, spinning jenny, Stephen Hawking, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transcontinental railway, traveling salesman, undersea cable

Rainier, “The ‘Sharper’ Image: Yankee Peddlers, Southern Consumers, and the Market Revolution,” in Cultural Change and the Market Revolution in America, 1790–1860, ed. Scott C. Martin (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), 89–110; David R. Meyer, The Roots of American Industrialization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 271–277. 34 Cincinnati population from Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati#Demographics); Michael R. Haines, “The Population of the United States, 1790–1920, in Engerman and Gallman, eds., The Long Nineteenth Century, Table 4.4. 35 Dickens, American Notes, 147. 36 Sean Wilentz, ed., Major Problems in the Early Republic, 1789–1848: Documents and Essays (Lexington, MA: D.C.

pages: 320 words: 87,853

The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information by Frank Pasquale

Adam Curtis, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic trading, Amazon Mechanical Turk, American Legislative Exchange Council, asset-backed security, Atul Gawande, bank run, barriers to entry, basic income, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Black Swan, bonus culture, Brian Krebs, business cycle, business logic, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Chelsea Manning, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, computerized markets, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, Debian, digital rights, don't be evil, drone strike, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Filter Bubble, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial thriller, fixed income, Flash crash, folksonomy, full employment, Gabriella Coleman, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Google Earth, Hernando de Soto, High speed trading, hiring and firing, housing crisis, Ian Bogost, informal economy, information asymmetry, information retrieval, information security, interest rate swap, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Bogle, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Kevin Roose, knowledge worker, Kodak vs Instagram, kremlinology, late fees, London Interbank Offered Rate, London Whale, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Michael Milken, mobile money, moral hazard, new economy, Nicholas Carr, offshore financial centre, PageRank, pattern recognition, Philip Mirowski, precariat, profit maximization, profit motive, public intellectual, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reality distortion field, recommendation engine, regulatory arbitrage, risk-adjusted returns, Satyajit Das, Savings and loan crisis, search engine result page, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, social intelligence, Spread Networks laid a new fibre optics cable between New York and Chicago, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, Steven Levy, technological solutionism, the scientific method, too big to fail, transaction costs, two-sided market, universal basic income, Upton Sinclair, value at risk, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

Available at http://president.umich.edu /speech /archive/MSC _AAP_Google _address.pdf. On Google acquiring Zagat, see “Google Just Got ZAGAT Rated!” Google Offi cial Blog, September 8, 2011, http://googleblog.blogspot. com /2011/09/google-just-got-zagat-rated.html. 44. “List of Mergers and Acquisitions by Google.” Wikipedia. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Google _acquisitions. 45. Caitlin McGarry, “The Disappearing Web: How We’re Losing the Battle to Preserve the Internet,” Tech Hive, October 9, 2012, http://www.techhive .com /article /2011401/the -disappearing -web -how-were -losing -the -battle -to -preserve-the-Internet.html. Tom Chatfield, “The Decaying Web and Our Disappearing History,” BBC, September 28, 2012 http://www.bbc.com /future /story/20120927-the-decaying-web. 46.

pages: 424 words: 122,350

Feral: Rewilding the Land, the Sea, and Human Life by George Monbiot

Chance favours the prepared mind, cognitive dissonance, en.wikipedia.org, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, land reform, Nelson Mandela, nuclear winter, offshore financial centre, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, place-making, precautionary principle, rewilding, seminal paper, social intelligence, trade route

What he invites us to discard, and what I think Eagleton and Bertrand Russell are talking about, is universalism. If blood and culture are allowed to outweigh the consistent application of universalist principles (in particular the golden rule), this can become a licence to trample on other people. 1. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3407.htm 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales#Economy 3. W. H. Auden, 1965, ‘Et in Arcadia Ego’. 4. Institute for Research of Expelled Germans, 2011, ‘The forced labour, imprisonment, expulsion, and emigration of the Germans of Yugoslavia’, http://expelledgermans.org/danubegermans.htm 5. Institute for Research of Expelled Germans, ‘The forced labour, imprisonment, expulsion, and emigration of the Germans of Yugoslavia’. 6.

pages: 482 words: 121,173

Tools and Weapons: The Promise and the Peril of the Digital Age by Brad Smith, Carol Ann Browne

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, AI winter, air gap, airport security, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, Bletchley Park, Blitzscaling, Boeing 737 MAX, business process, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Celtic Tiger, Charlie Hebdo massacre, chief data officer, cloud computing, computer vision, corporate social responsibility, data science, deep learning, digital divide, disinformation, Donald Trump, Eben Moglen, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Hacker News, immigration reform, income inequality, Internet of things, invention of movable type, invention of the telephone, Jeff Bezos, Kevin Roose, Laura Poitras, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, minimum viable product, national security letter, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, Nick Bostrom, off-the-grid, operational security, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, pattern recognition, precision agriculture, race to the bottom, ransomware, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Salesforce, school vouchers, self-driving car, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Skype, speech recognition, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, surveillance capitalism, tech worker, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Tim Cook: Apple, Wargames Reagan, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce

Back to note reference 24. Smith, “Facial Recognition.” Back to note reference 25. One state legislator who took an interest in the idea was Reuven Carlyle, a Washington state senator who lives in Seattle and had worked in the tech sector before becoming a state legislator in 2009, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuven_Carlyle. He wanted to champion a broad privacy bill, and he was interested in including facial recognition rules within it. Carlyle spent several months drafting his proposed legislation and talking with other state senators about its details. In part reflecting this effort, his bill, with new rules for facial recognition, gained the bipartisan support needed to pass out of the senate by a 46–1 vote in early March 2019.

Text Analytics With Python: A Practical Real-World Approach to Gaining Actionable Insights From Your Data by Dipanjan Sarkar

bioinformatics, business intelligence, business logic, computer vision, continuous integration, data science, deep learning, Dr. Strangelove, en.wikipedia.org, functional programming, general-purpose programming language, Guido van Rossum, information retrieval, Internet of things, invention of the printing press, iterative process, language acquisition, machine readable, machine translation, natural language processing, out of africa, performance metric, premature optimization, recommendation engine, self-driving car, semantic web, sentiment analysis, speech recognition, statistical model, text mining, Turing test, web application

In fact, you can even build your own feature detector function and pass it to the feature_detector parameter when instantiating an object of the ClassifierBasedPOSTagger class. The classifier we will be using is the NaiveBayesClassifier, which uses the Bayes’ theorem to build a probabilistic classifier, assuming the features are independent. Read more about it at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier if you like (since going into more detail about the algorithm is out of our current scope). The following code snippet shows a classification-based approach to building and evaluating a POS tagger: from nltk.classify import NaiveBayesClassifier from nltk.tag.sequential import ClassifierBasedPOSTagger nbt = ClassifierBasedPOSTagger(train=train_data, classifier_builder=NaiveBayesClassifier.train) # evaluate tagger on test data and sample sentence In [41]: print nbt.evaluate(test_data) 0.930680607997 In [42]: print nbt.tag(tokens) [('The', u'DT'), ('brown', u'JJ'), ('fox', u'NN'), ('is', u'VBZ'), ('quick', u'JJ'), ('and', u'CC'), ('he', u'PRP'), ('is', u'VBZ'), ('jumping', u'VBG'), ('over', u'IN'), ('the', u'DT'), ('lazy', u'JJ'), ('dog', u'VBG')] Using the preceding tagger , we get an accuracy of 93 percent on our test data—the highest out of all our taggers.

pages: 413 words: 120,506

The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017 by Rashid Khalidi

Bernie Sanders, British Empire, colonial rule, disinformation, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, Kickstarter, mass immigration, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Suez crisis 1956, WikiLeaks

Times have changed at the UN: this division is now called Political Affairs and is usually headed by an American. 11. My father can be seen briefly rising in the last row around the council table just as the resolution is passed (presumably to confirm the vote count) in a Universal Newsreel clip on the June 9 cease-fire vote, which is embedded in the Wikipedia article on the June war: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War. 12. United Nations Security Council Official Records, 1352nd Meeting, June 9, 1967, S/PV.1352. 13. See Itamar Rabinovich, The Road Not Taken: Early Arab-Israeli Negotiations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); and Shlaim, The Iron Wall. 14. France had secretly provided the necessary technology for Israel’s nuclear weapons, while the Israeli government systematically deceived the Americans about the nature of their nuclear program.

Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City by Richard Sennett

Anthropocene, Big Tech, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, classic study, clean water, cognitive dissonance, company town, complexity theory, creative destruction, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, double helix, Downton Abbey, driverless car, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, Frank Gehry, gentrification, ghettoisation, housing crisis, illegal immigration, informal economy, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, Lewis Mumford, Mark Zuckerberg, Masdar, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, megaproject, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Norbert Wiener, open borders, place-making, plutocrats, post-truth, Richard Florida, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, SimCity, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, urban planning, urban renewal, Victor Gruen, Yochai Benkler

Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998). 7. Richard Sennett, Together: The Rituals, Pleasures and Politics of Cooperation (New Haven: Yale University Press/London: Allen Lane, 2012), pp. 38–40. 8. See the description of this event at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire, with the caveat that I have contributed to this Wikipedia entry. 10 TIME’S SHADOWS 1. See Stephen Greenblatt, The Swerve: How the World Became Modern (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012). 2. Titus Lucretius Carus, De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things) (London: Macmillan, 1893, et seq. editions), 2.216–224, 2.256–567. 3.

pages: 400 words: 121,988

Trading at the Speed of Light: How Ultrafast Algorithms Are Transforming Financial Markets by Donald MacKenzie

algorithmic trading, automated trading system, banking crisis, barriers to entry, bitcoin, blockchain, Bonfire of the Vanities, Bretton Woods, Cambridge Analytica, centralized clearinghouse, Claude Shannon: information theory, coronavirus, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, disintermediation, diversification, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, family office, financial intermediation, fixed income, Flash crash, Google Earth, Hacker Ethic, Hibernia Atlantic: Project Express, interest rate derivative, interest rate swap, inventory management, Jim Simons, level 1 cache, light touch regulation, linked data, lockdown, low earth orbit, machine readable, market design, market microstructure, Martin Wolf, proprietary trading, Renaissance Technologies, Satoshi Nakamoto, Small Order Execution System, Spread Networks laid a new fibre optics cable between New York and Chicago, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, Steven Levy, The Great Moderation, transaction costs, UUNET, zero-sum game

The terminology of racks was inherited from US telecommunications, and even today rack sizes are usually defined in inches, not centimeters. A standard rack unit is 19 inches (48.26 cm) wide and 1.75 inches high, and a typical rack, or “cabinet,” is 42 units tall (73.5 inches, or 1.87 meters). Power densities of about 15 kilowatts per rack now seem routinely achievable. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-inch_rack and https://www.datacenters.com/news/understanding-the-interplay-between-data-center-power-consumption-data-center-en, both accessed November 26, 2019. 2. If the incoming order is an “immediate-or-cancel” order (see chapter 6), it will simply be canceled rather than added to the order book. 3.

pages: 580 words: 125,129

Androids: The Team That Built the Android Operating System by Chet Haase

Andy Rubin, Apple II, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, augmented reality, barriers to entry, Beos Apple "Steve Jobs" next macos , Big Tech, Bill Atkinson, commoditize, continuous integration, crowdsourcing, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, Firefox, General Magic , Google Chrome, Ken Thompson, lock screen, machine readable, Menlo Park, PalmPilot, Parkinson's law, pull request, QWERTY keyboard, side project, Silicon Valley, skunkworks, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Tony Fadell, turn-by-turn navigation, web application

Most software that is written is either re-implementing existing concepts or building upon and extending them in new ways. 254 The Picture object in Skia is essentially a pre-processed list of the low-level information that the system needs to draw a particular scene. Rather than having to parse web content to draw things as the page scrolled around, Skia translated the page into a Picture object, which could be drawn much more efficiently. 255 The cheese page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese) has several thousand words, over one-third of the length of “Earth” and nearly one half of the length of “Universe.” It’s not clear why the cheese page is so long. Who knew that cheese was so complicated? 18. London Calling Another boost to the browser team came from across the ocean.

pages: 466 words: 116,165

American Kleptocracy: How the U.S. Created the World's Greatest Money Laundering Scheme in History by Casey Michel

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", Bellingcat, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, clean water, coronavirus, corporate governance, cross-border payments, cryptocurrency, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, estate planning, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fixed income, forensic accounting, Global Witness, high net worth, hiring and firing, income inequality, Internet Archive, invention of the telegraph, Jeffrey Epstein, joint-stock company, Kickstarter, Maui Hawaii, McMansion, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, New Journalism, offshore financial centre, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Ponzi scheme, race to the bottom, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Steve Jobs, too big to fail

It’s unclear who made Schochet’s Wikipedia page, or why one—nominally about a midlevel employee at a real estate firm—should exist. It does have a few gems, though, including the claim that “Schochet describes himself as: ‘a long-term investor interested in any property that produces a healthy income.’” See “Chaim Schochet,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Schochet. 29. Jarboe, “The Most Important Guy You’ve Never Heard of: Chaim Schochet, 25, Builds Downtown Cleveland Empire.” 30. A breakdown of the alleged pricing structures can be found in one of the myriad lawsuits facing the Optima group, located here: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kolomoisky_case.pdf.

pages: 453 words: 122,586

Samuelson Friedman: The Battle Over the Free Market by Nicholas Wapshott

2021 United States Capitol attack, Alan Greenspan, bank run, basic income, battle of ideas, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, business cycle, California gold rush, collective bargaining, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, creative destruction, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Donald Trump, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, fiat currency, financial engineering, fixed income, floating exchange rates, full employment, God and Mammon, greed is good, Gunnar Myrdal, income inequality, indoor plumbing, invisible hand, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, laissez-faire capitalism, light touch regulation, liquidity trap, lockdown, low interest rates, Machinery of Freedom by David Friedman, market bubble, market clearing, mass immigration, military-industrial complex, Money creation, money market fund, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, new economy, Nixon shock, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, paradox of thrift, Paul Samuelson, Philip Mirowski, Phillips curve, price mechanism, price stability, public intellectual, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, rent control, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, school vouchers, seminal paper, Simon Kuznets, social distancing, Tax Reform Act of 1986, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, universal basic income, upwardly mobile, urban renewal, War on Poverty, We are all Keynesians now, Works Progress Administration, zero-sum game

(1995), p. 372. 55.Samuelson, Economics, 18th ed. (2004), p. 40. 56.Ibid., p. 41. 57.Quoted by Independent Institute, obituary of Friedman, November 18, 2006. CHAPTER 11: FED UP 1.The pardoning of Nixon by Ford became the key issue rather than the Watergate events themselves. 2.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Jimmy_Carter.png. 3.Newsweek, May 29, 1978. 4.https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/11/02/carter-moves-to-halt-decline-of-dollar/880b916b-24c7-4ce7-807f-1057b9ba40fd/. 5.“Recession: Made in Washington,” Newsweek, December 24, 1979. 6.https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jimmycartercrisisofconfidence.htm. 7.https://news.gallup.com/poll/116677/Presidential-Approval-Ratings-Gallup-Historical-Statistics-Trends.aspx. 8.George William Miller (March 9, 1925–March 17, 2006), U.S. secretary of the treasury under President Carter. 9.Paul Adolph Volcker Jr.

pages: 445 words: 122,877

Career and Family: Women’s Century-Long Journey Toward Equity by Claudia Goldin

coronavirus, correlation coefficient, COVID-19, en.wikipedia.org, equal pay for equal work, estate planning, financial independence, gender pay gap, glass ceiling, global pandemic, Grace Hopper, hiring and firing, income inequality, Internet Archive, job automation, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, occupational segregation, old-boy network, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, remote working, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, social distancing, women in the workforce, Works Progress Administration, young professional

House of Representatives (2006), p. 40. 18 who were elected as US Representatives The figure is for those elected, as opposed to those appointed, which is how some women at the time entered Congress after the death of their husbands who had held that House seat. 19 Her first child was born in 2014 Duckworth graduated from the University of Hawaii in 1989 and received an MA from George Washington University and a PhD from Capella University in 2015. 19 Kirsten Gillibrand, born in 1966 Gillibrand graduated from Dartmouth College in 1988 and received a JD from UCLA School of Law in 1991. 19 the other nine female members of Congress Information on pregnancies and women in the House of Representatives is from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Pregnancies. 20 when reliable, trustworthy sources were first recorded The US census for 1940 is the first that contains information on educational attainment. Prior to that date, information from college alumni and alumnae records can be used, and have been, by various researchers (Cookingham 1984; Solomon 1985).

pages: 521 words: 118,183

The Wires of War: Technology and the Global Struggle for Power by Jacob Helberg

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air gap, Airbnb, algorithmic management, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bike sharing, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, cable laying ship, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, cloud computing, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, crisis actor, data is the new oil, data science, decentralized internet, deep learning, deepfake, deglobalization, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, deplatforming, digital nomad, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, fail fast, fake news, Filter Bubble, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, geopolitical risk, glass ceiling, global pandemic, global supply chain, Google bus, Google Chrome, GPT-3, green new deal, information security, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, knowledge economy, Larry Ellison, lockdown, Loma Prieta earthquake, low earth orbit, low skilled workers, Lyft, manufacturing employment, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Mary Meeker, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Mohammed Bouazizi, move fast and break things, Nate Silver, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, one-China policy, open economy, OpenAI, Parler "social media", Peter Thiel, QAnon, QR code, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, reshoring, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, Salesforce, Sam Altman, satellite internet, self-driving car, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart grid, SoftBank, Solyndra, South China Sea, SpaceX Starlink, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, supply-chain attack, Susan Wojcicki, tech worker, techlash, technoutopianism, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, TSMC, Twitter Arab Spring, uber lyft, undersea cable, Unsafe at Any Speed, Valery Gerasimov, vertical integration, Wargames Reagan, Westphalian system, white picket fence, WikiLeaks, Y Combinator, zero-sum game

mcubz=1. 105 Marc Fisher, “In Tunisia, act of one fruit vendor sparks wave of revolution through Arab world,” Washington Post, March 26, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-tunisia-act-of-one-fruit-vendor-sparks-wave-of-revolution-through-arab-world/2011/03/16/AFjfsueB_story.html. 106 Ian Black, “WikiLeaks cables: Tunisia blocks site reporting ‘hatred’ of first lady,” The Guardian, December 7, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/07/wikileaks-tunisia-first-lady. 107 “Protesters with a sign that says ‘Ben Ali, get lost’ in French,” Wikipedia, January 14, 2011, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution#/media/File:Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_(3).jpg.; Amira Aleya-Sghaier, “The Tunisian Revolution: The Revolution of Dignity,” Taylor Francis Online, May 29, 2012, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21520844.2012.675545. 108 Aleya-Sghaier, “The Tunisian Revolution.” 109 Jennifer Metz, “Social Media Plays Role in Toppling Tunisian President,” ABC News, January 14, 2011, https://abcnews.go.com/International/tunisian-president-pushed-power-country-rocked-riots/story?

pages: 371 words: 122,273

Tenants: The People on the Frontline of Britain's Housing Emergency by Vicky Spratt

Airbnb, Albert Einstein, basic income, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, British Empire, Buy land – they’re not making it any more, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, centre right, clean water, coronavirus, COVID-19, credit crunch, cryptocurrency, edge city, en.wikipedia.org, full employment, garden city movement, gender pay gap, gentrification, gig economy, global pandemic, housing crisis, Housing First, illegal immigration, income inequality, Induced demand, Jane Jacobs, Jeremy Corbyn, land bank, land reform, land value tax, lockdown, longitudinal study, low interest rates, mass immigration, mega-rich, meta-analysis, negative equity, Overton Window, Own Your Own Home, plutocrats, quantitative easing, rent control, Right to Buy, Rishi Sunak, Rutger Bregman, side hustle, social distancing, stop buying avocado toast, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trickle-down economics, universal basic income, urban planning, urban renewal, working-age population, young professional, zero-sum game

It is a landmark reappraisal of council housing which looks in depth at the competing ideologies that have promoted state housing and condemned it, as well as the economics that have always constrained our housing ideals. ought not to be brushed over: For further reading on this, see Rebecca Tunstall, The Fall and Rise of Social Housing: 100 Years on 20 Estates (Bristol: Policy Press, 2020), p. 268. homelessness charity of the same name: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrepoint_(charity) more than £7 million: www.knightfrank.co.uk/properties/residential/for-sale/centre-point-residences-103-new-oxford-street-london-wc1a/KRD161007 an ongoing social housing conditions scandal: Tara O’Connor, ‘Croydon Council housing boss leaves just months after starting in wake of Regina Road scandal’, MyLondon, 9 November 2021, www.mylondon.news/news/south-london-news/croydon-council-housing-boss-leaves-22116477 one of the first people to establish a link: J.

pages: 1,197 words: 304,245

The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution by David Wootton

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, book value, British Empire, classic study, clockwork universe, Commentariolus, commoditize, conceptual framework, Dava Sobel, double entry bookkeeping, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, Ernest Rutherford, Fellow of the Royal Society, fudge factor, germ theory of disease, Google X / Alphabet X, Hans Lippershey, interchangeable parts, invention of gunpowder, invention of the steam engine, invention of the telescope, Isaac Newton, Jacques de Vaucanson, James Watt: steam engine, Johannes Kepler, John Harrison: Longitude, knowledge economy, Large Hadron Collider, lateral thinking, lone genius, Mercator projection, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Philip Mirowski, placebo effect, QWERTY keyboard, Republic of Letters, social intelligence, spice trade, spinning jenny, Suez canal 1869, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions

Savery, Navigation Improv’d (1698); Papin, La Vie et les ouvrages de Denis Papin (1894), Vol. 1, 206–7; letters to Leibniz 13 March 1704, 7 July 1707 (Papin, La Vie et les ouvrages de Denis Papin (1894), Vol. 8, 280–2 = Leibniz, Huygens & others, Leibnizens und Huygens’ Briefwechsel mit Papin (1881), 378–80); and letter of Drost von Zeuner to Leibniz, 29 September 1707 (Papin, La Vie et les ouvrages de Denis Papin (1894), Vol. 8, 294 = Leibniz, Huygens & others, Leibnizens und Huygens’ Briefwechsel mit Papin (1881), 385): ‘sa petite machine d’un vaisseau à roues’; Leibniz to Sloane, quoted in Tönsmann, ‘Wasserbauten und Schifffahrt in Hessen’ (2009), 99. 52. The myth originates with Figuier, Exposition et histoire (1851), Vol. 3, 70–106, 419–32 (which becomes Vol. 1 in later editions). Gerland, ‘Das sogenannte Dampfschiff Papin’s’ (1880) gets the facts right. The false story continues to be told (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Papin, accessed 3 June 2014); see also Gerth, ‘Der Dampfkochtopf = Digestor – Eine Erzählung’ (1987); and above, note 40. http://www.schillerinstitute.org/educ/pedagogy/steam_ engine.html for the conspiracy. 53. Smith, ‘A New Way of Raising Water by Fire’ (1998), 169–77. 54. cf. Leibniz to Papin, 24 or 27 June 1699 (Papin, La Vie et les ouvrages de Denis Papin (1894), Vol. 8, 101–2, 303–4 = Leibniz, Huygens & others, Leibnizens und Huygens’ Briefwechsel mit Papin (1881), 248–9); Stewart, The Rise of Public Science (1992), 14–15; Boas Hall, Promoting Experimental Learning (1991), 122; and Heilbron, Physics at the Royal Society (1983), esp. 14, 21, 31, 43. 55.

…

Cohen, ‘Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light (1676)’ (1940); Van Helden, ‘Roemer’s Speed of Light’ (1983); Kristensen & Pedersen, ‘Roemer, Jupiter’s Satellites and the Velocity of Light’ (2012). 16. The figures in the first table are from Boyer, ‘Early Estimates of the Velocity of Light’ (1941), and in the second from Fowles, Introduction to Modern Optics (1989), 6 and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light#First_measurement_attempts (accessed 8 December 2014). See also MacKay & Oldford, ‘Scientific Method, Statistical Method and the Speed of Light’ (2000). 17. Hasok Chang avoids the word ‘competition’, preferring ‘epistemic iteration’: Chang, Inventing Temperature (2004), 44–8, 212–17, 226–31. 18.

pages: 478 words: 142,608

The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins

Albert Einstein, anthropic principle, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bletchley Park, Boeing 747, Brownian motion, cosmological principle, David Attenborough, Desert Island Discs, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, Fellow of the Royal Society, gravity well, Gregor Mendel, invisible hand, John von Neumann, Jon Ronson, luminiferous ether, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Murray Gell-Mann, Necker cube, Peter Singer: altruism, phenotype, placebo effect, planetary scale, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Feynman, Schrödinger's Cat, scientific worldview, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, the scientific method, theory of mind, Thorstein Veblen, trickle-down economics, unbiased observer

Also Silver (2006), which arrived when this book was in final proof, too late to be discussed as fully as I would have liked. 125 For an interesting analysis of what makes Texas different in this respect, see http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/execution/readings/texas.html. 126 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karla_Faye_Tucker. 127 These Randall Terry quotes are from the same American Taliban site as before: http://adultthought.ucsd.edu/Culture_War/The_American_Taliban.html. 128 Reported on Fox news: http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,96286,00.html. 129 M. Stamp Dawkins (1980). The Great Beethoven Fallacy 130 http://www.warroom.com/ethical.htm. 131 Medawar and Medawar (1977).

pages: 431 words: 129,071

Selfie: How We Became So Self-Obsessed and What It's Doing to Us by Will Storr

Abraham Maslow, Adam Curtis, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, bitcoin, classic study, computer age, correlation does not imply causation, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, gamification, gig economy, greed is good, intentional community, invisible hand, job automation, John Markoff, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, Lewis Mumford, longitudinal study, low interest rates, Lyft, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, military-industrial complex, Mont Pelerin Society, mortgage debt, Mother of all demos, Nixon shock, Peter Thiel, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, QWERTY keyboard, Rainbow Mansion, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, tech bro, tech worker, The Future of Employment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Tim Cook: Apple, Travis Kalanick, twin studies, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, War on Poverty, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog

‘legitimated calls for corporate deregulation’: From Counterculture to Cyberculture, Fred Turner (University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 216. Between 2006 and 2008, Facebook’s user base: Status Update, Alice E. Marwick (Yale University Press, 2014), p. 2. Twitter went from hosting: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter. the average cost of a one-bedroom apartment was 23 per cent: ‘Golden gates’, The Economist, 5 November 2015. One, the Negev, had been reported: ‘SRO tenants’ tales tell scary story’, Jessica Kwong, San Francisco Examiner, 21 November 2014. Meanwhile, Chez JJ, in the Castro: ‘An SF Hacker Hostel Faces the Real World and Loses’, Davey Alba, Wired, 22 August 2015.

pages: 742 words: 137,937

The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts by Richard Susskind, Daniel Susskind

23andMe, 3D printing, Abraham Maslow, additive manufacturing, AI winter, Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Robotics, Amazon Web Services, Andrew Keen, Atul Gawande, Automated Insights, autonomous vehicles, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, Bill Joy: nanobots, Blue Ocean Strategy, business process, business process outsourcing, Cass Sunstein, Checklist Manifesto, Clapham omnibus, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, commoditize, computer age, Computer Numeric Control, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, corporate governance, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, death of newspapers, disintermediation, Douglas Hofstadter, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, Filter Bubble, full employment, future of work, Garrett Hardin, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, Hacker Ethic, industrial robot, informal economy, information retrieval, interchangeable parts, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, James Hargreaves, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, Khan Academy, knowledge economy, Large Hadron Collider, lifelogging, lump of labour, machine translation, Marshall McLuhan, Metcalfe’s law, Narrative Science, natural language processing, Network effects, Nick Bostrom, optical character recognition, Paul Samuelson, personalized medicine, planned obsolescence, pre–internet, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Feynman, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, semantic web, Shoshana Zuboff, Skype, social web, speech recognition, spinning jenny, strong AI, supply-chain management, Susan Wojcicki, tacit knowledge, TED Talk, telepresence, The Future of Employment, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Turing test, Two Sigma, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, WikiLeaks, world market for maybe five computers, Yochai Benkler, young professional

<http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~nachumd/ComputationalHumanities.html > (accessed 7 March 2015). 119 <http://www.beliefnet.com/Online-Media-Kit/Company-Profile.aspx> (accessed 7 March 2015). 120 <http://www.patheos.com/About-Patheos/Advertising.html> (accessed 7 March 2015). 121 Susan Elizabeth Prill, ‘Sikhi through Internet, Films and Videos’, in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies, ed. Singh and Fenech. 122 e.g. <http://www.plumline.org>. 123 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangat_(term)> (accessed 7 March 2015). 124 Jennifer Preston, ‘Facebook Page for Jesus, With Highly Active Fans’, New York Times, 4 Sept. 2011 <http://www.nytimes.com> (accessed 27 March 2015). 125 Douglas E. Cowan and Jeffrey K. Hadden, ‘Virtually Religious: New Religious Movements and the World Wide Web’ in The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, ed.

pages: 566 words: 153,259

The Panic Virus: The True Story Behind the Vaccine-Autism Controversy by Seth Mnookin

Albert Einstein, autism spectrum disorder, British Empire, Cass Sunstein, cognitive dissonance, correlation does not imply causation, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, disinformation, Edward Jenner, en.wikipedia.org, illegal immigration, index card, Isaac Newton, John Gilmore, loss aversion, meta-analysis, mouse model, neurotypical, pattern recognition, placebo effect, precautionary principle, Richard Thaler, Saturday Night Live, selection bias, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions

CHAPTER 16: COGNITIVE BIASES AND AVAILABILITY CASCADES PAGE 192 Lehrer describes a patient named Elliot: Jonah Lehrer, How We Decide (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), 13–18. 193 just two of literally dozens of cognitive biases: For a list of commonly accepted cognitive biases and a brief definition of each, see: “List of cognitive biases,” Wikipedia, n.d., http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases. 196 Vicky Debold says she was motivated: Vicky Debold, interview with author, July 28, 2009. 196 Theresa Cedillo was enticed by the prospect: Transcript of record, Cedillo v. Sec’y of Health and Human Services, 39–42, 252–53. 196 “I looked out at an audience”: Jane Johnson, interview with author, May 4, 2009. 196 “This is the federal government giving every kid”: Jane Johnson, interview with author, April 22, 2010. 196 “You wouldn’t be saying and doing”: Vicky Debold, interview with author, July 28, 2009. 196 a concept that was first articulated in a 1999 paper: Timur Kuran and Cass R.

Pragmatic.Programming.Erlang.Jul.2007 by Unknown

Debian, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, finite state, full text search, functional programming, higher-order functions, Planet Labs, RFC: Request For Comment

Most of my makefiles are extremely simple, and I have a simple template that solves most of my needs. I’m not going to explain makefiles in general.2 Instead, I’ll show the form that I find useful for compiling Erlang programs. In particular, we’ll look at the makefiles accompanying this book, so you’ll be able to understand them and build your own makefiles. 2. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make for a description of makefiles. 127 A UTOMATING C OMPILATION WITH M AKEFILES A Makefile Template Here’s the template that I base most of my makefiles on: Download Makefile.template # leave these lines alone .SUFFIXES: .erl .beam .yrl .erl.beam: erlc -W $< .yrl.erl: erlc -W $< ERL = erl -boot start_clean # Here's a list of the erlang modules you want compiling # If the modules don't fit onto one line add a \ character # to the end of the line and continue on the next line # Edit the lines below MODS = module1 module2 \ module3 ... special1 ...\ ... moduleN # The first target in any makefile is the default target. # If you just type "make" then "make all" is assumed (because # "all" is the first target in this makefile) all: compile compile: ${MODS:%=%.beam} subdirs ## special compilation requirements are added here special1.beam: special1.erl ${ERL} -Dflag1 -W0 special1.erl ## run an application from the makefile application1: compile ${ERL} -pa Dir1 -s application1 start Arg1 Arg2 # the subdirs target compiles any code in # sub-directories subdirs: cd dir1; make cd dir2; make ... 128 A UTOMATING C OMPILATION WITH M AKEFILES # remove all the code clean: rm -rf *.beam erl_crash.dump cd dir1; make clean cd dir2; make clean The makefile starts with some rules to compile Erlang modules and files with the extension .yrl (these are files containing parser definitions for the Erlang parser generator program3 ).

Elixir in Action by Saša Jurić

demand response, en.wikipedia.org, fail fast, fault tolerance, finite state, functional programming, general-purpose programming language, higher-order functions, place-making, reproducible builds, Ruby on Rails, WebSocket

You need to detect the change in the cluster (which is possible, as will be explained a bit later) and migrate all data to different nodes according to new mapping rules. While this data is being migrated, you’ll probably want to keep the service running, which will introduce another layer of complexity. The amount of data that needs to be migrated can be greatly reduced if you use some form of consistent hashing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistent_ hashing) — a smarter mapping of keys to nodes that’s more resilient to changes in the cluster. It’s obvious that the implementation can quickly become more involved, which is why you started simple and chose the global registration approach. Although it’s not particularly scalable, it’s a simple solution that works.

pages: 483 words: 134,377

The Tyranny of Experts: Economists, Dictators, and the Forgotten Rights of the Poor by William Easterly

air freight, Andrei Shleifer, battle of ideas, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business process, business process outsourcing, Carmen Reinhart, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, discovery of the americas, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, Ford Model T, Francisco Pizarro, fundamental attribution error, gentrification, germ theory of disease, greed is good, Gunnar Myrdal, income per capita, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, John Snow's cholera map, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, low interest rates, M-Pesa, microcredit, Monroe Doctrine, oil shock, place-making, Ponzi scheme, public intellectual, risk/return, road to serfdom, Robert Solow, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, tacit knowledge, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, urban planning, urban renewal, Washington Consensus, WikiLeaks, World Values Survey, young professional

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), The Basis of a Development Program for Colombia, Report of the Mission to Colombia, headed by Lauchlin Currie (Washington DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1950). 3. Roger J. Sandilands, The Life and Political Economy of Lauchlin Currie: New Dealer, Presidential Adviser, and Development Economist (Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1990), 162 4. IBRD, Development Program for Colombia, 2. 5. Ibid., 5. 6. Ibid., 615. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bill_of_Rights, accessed August 23, 2013. 10. Sandilands, Lauchlin Currie, 168–69. 11. David Bushnell, The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993), 202. 12. Frank Safford and Marco Palacios, Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 348. 13.

How I Became a Quant: Insights From 25 of Wall Street's Elite by Richard R. Lindsey, Barry Schachter

Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, Andrew Wiles, Antoine Gombaud: Chevalier de Méré, asset allocation, asset-backed security, backtesting, bank run, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Black-Scholes formula, Bob Litterman, Bonfire of the Vanities, book value, Bretton Woods, Brownian motion, business cycle, business process, butter production in bangladesh, buy and hold, buy low sell high, capital asset pricing model, centre right, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, computerized markets, corporate governance, correlation coefficient, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency risk, discounted cash flows, disintermediation, diversification, Donald Knuth, Edward Thorp, Emanuel Derman, en.wikipedia.org, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, full employment, George Akerlof, global macro, Gordon Gekko, hiring and firing, implied volatility, index fund, interest rate derivative, interest rate swap, Ivan Sutherland, John Bogle, John von Neumann, junk bonds, linear programming, Loma Prieta earthquake, Long Term Capital Management, machine readable, margin call, market friction, market microstructure, martingale, merger arbitrage, Michael Milken, Myron Scholes, Nick Leeson, P = NP, pattern recognition, Paul Samuelson, pensions crisis, performance metric, prediction markets, profit maximization, proprietary trading, purchasing power parity, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, QWERTY keyboard, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Reminiscences of a Stock Operator, Richard Feynman, Richard Stallman, risk free rate, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, seminal paper, shareholder value, Sharpe ratio, short selling, Silicon Valley, six sigma, sorting algorithm, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, stem cell, Steven Levy, stochastic process, subscription business, systematic trading, technology bubble, The Great Moderation, the scientific method, too big to fail, trade route, transaction costs, transfer pricing, value at risk, volatility smile, Wiener process, yield curve, young professional

See the video at http://www.deltawerken.com/The-Oosterschelde-storm-surgebarrier/324.html. This is one of the premier flood control projects in the world and particularly instructive when compared with the misplaced concrete slabs in New Orleans. 3. I was the more junior of two “coleaders” on this. The big dog was one of the grand old men of the Cold War, Bruno Augenstein (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno Augenstein), who was widely credited as the architect of the ICBM, and the man, who in his DoD days, signed the first check to develop the SR-71 Blackbird. He had some fine, if spooky, tales to tell. 4. LISP was the favored computer language of the artificial intelligentsia. 5. Steven was a real nice guy who gave a lot of parties.

Nagios: System and Network Monitoring by Wolfgang Barth

Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, RFC: Request For Comment, web application

The line only_from, as an equivalent to the nsca.cfg parameter allowed_hosts, takes in all the IP addresses, separated by spaces, from which the NSCA may be addressed. Distributions that include NSCA as a ﬁnished package and install xinetd by default, include a ready-to-use xinetd conﬁguration ﬁle, where you only need to adjust this last parameter. 5 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOKI97 Rijndael-128: 14; Rijndael-192: 15; Rijndael-256: 16 251 14 The Nagios Service Check Acceptor (NSCA) In order for the new conﬁguration to become effective, the xinetd init script is run with the reload argument: linux:˜ # /etc/init.d/xinetd reload inetd conﬁguration If the standard inetd command is run, the following line is added (line-wrapped for the printed version) in the conﬁguration ﬁle /etc/inetd.conf: nsca stream tcp nowait nagios /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/local/sbin/nsca -c /etc/nagios/nsca.cfg --inetd If you want to leave out the TCP wrapper tcpd, you just omit the string /usr/sbin/ tcpd.

pages: 506 words: 133,134

The Lonely Century: How Isolation Imperils Our Future by Noreena Hertz

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", Airbnb, airport security, algorithmic bias, Asian financial crisis, autism spectrum disorder, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, big-box store, Broken windows theory, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, car-free, Cass Sunstein, centre right, conceptual framework, Copley Medal, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, dark matter, deindustrialization, Diane Coyle, digital divide, disinformation, Donald Trump, driverless car, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Fellow of the Royal Society, future of work, gender pay gap, gentrification, gig economy, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Greta Thunberg, happiness index / gross national happiness, housing crisis, illegal immigration, independent contractor, industrial robot, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, Jessica Bruder, job automation, job satisfaction, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, Kevin Roose, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, lockdown, longitudinal study, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, meta-analysis, move fast and break things, Network effects, new economy, Pepto Bismol, QWERTY keyboard, Ray Oldenburg, remote working, rent control, RFID, robo advisor, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, Second Machine Age, Shoshana Zuboff, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social distancing, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, SoftBank, Steve Jobs, surveillance capitalism, TaskRabbit, tech worker, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Future of Employment, The Great Good Place, the long tail, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, urban planning, Wall-E, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, WeWork, work culture , working poor, workplace surveillance

Hall, ‘The politics of social status: economic and cultural roots of the populist right’. 44 The appeal to community is particularly enticing; see Seymour Martin Lipset, ‘Democracy and Working-Class Authoritarianism’, American Sociological Review 24, no. 4 (1959), 482–501, https://doi.org/10.2307/2089536. 45 ‘List of post-election Donald Trump rallies’, Wikipedia, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_post-election_Donald_Trump_rallies. 46 Compared to Obama’s midterm rallies, which were (anecdotally) much less outfit-coordinated, far more people were in street clothes rather than Democratic gear. See Katy Tur, ‘Why Barack Obama’s Rallies Feel so Different from Donald Trump’s’, NBC News, 5 November 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/what-i-learned-last-weekend-s-rallies-donald-trump-barack-n931576. 47 Claude Brodesser-Akner, ‘I Went to a Trump Rally Last Night and Mingled with the Crowd.

pages: 611 words: 130,419

Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events by Robert J. Shiller

agricultural Revolution, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, Andrei Shleifer, autism spectrum disorder, autonomous vehicles, bank run, banking crisis, basic income, behavioural economics, bitcoin, blockchain, business cycle, butterfly effect, buy and hold, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, collective bargaining, computerized trading, corporate raider, correlation does not imply causation, cryptocurrency, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, debt deflation, digital divide, disintermediation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edmond Halley, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fake news, financial engineering, Ford Model T, full employment, George Akerlof, germ theory of disease, German hyperinflation, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hacker Ethic, implied volatility, income inequality, inflation targeting, initial coin offering, invention of radio, invention of the telegraph, Jean Tirole, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, litecoin, low interest rates, machine translation, market bubble, Modern Monetary Theory, money market fund, moral hazard, Northern Rock, nudge unit, Own Your Own Home, Paul Samuelson, Philip Mirowski, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, public intellectual, publish or perish, random walk, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Satoshi Nakamoto, secular stagnation, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, stochastic process, stocks for the long run, superstar cities, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Thorstein Veblen, traveling salesman, trickle-down economics, tulip mania, universal basic income, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We are the 99%, yellow journalism, yield curve, Yom Kippur War

Chapter 5: The Laffer Curve and Rubik’s Cube Go Viral 1. Shiller, 1995. 2. Litman, 1983. 3. Jack Valenti, in a speech “Motion Pictures and Their Impact on Society in the Year 2001” (April 25, 1978), quoted in Litman, 1983, p. 159. 4. Goldman, 2012, location 695. 5. For lists of exceptional one-hit wonders, see Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-hit_wonder. 6. “[A tax] may obstruct the industry of the people, and discourage them from applying to certain branches of business which might give maintenance and employment to great multitudes.” Smith, 1869, p. 416. 7. Cheney was as of 1978 soon to be White House chief of staff, later secretary of defense and vice president of the United States. 8.

pages: 560 words: 135,629

Eloquent JavaScript: A Modern Introduction to Programming by Marijn Haverbeke

always be closing, Charles Babbage, domain-specific language, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, fizzbuzz, functional programming, higher-order functions, hypertext link, job satisfaction, MITM: man-in-the-middle, premature optimization, slashdot, web application, WebSocket

It is available in the coding sandbox for this chapter (https://eloquentjavascript.net/code#5) as the SCRIPTS binding. The binding contains an array of objects, each of which describes a script. { name: "Coptic", ranges: [[994, 1008], [11392, 11508], [11513, 11520]], direction: "ltr", year: -200, living: false, link: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" } Such an object tells us the name of the script, the Unicode ranges assigned to it, the direction in which it is written, the (approximate) origin time, whether it is still in use, and a link to more information. The direction may be "ltr" for left to right, "rtl" for right to left (the way Arabic and Hebrew text are written), or "ttb" for top to bottom (as with Mongolian writing).

Machine Learning Design Patterns: Solutions to Common Challenges in Data Preparation, Model Building, and MLOps by Valliappa Lakshmanan, Sara Robinson, Michael Munn

A Pattern Language, Airbnb, algorithmic trading, automated trading system, business intelligence, business logic, business process, combinatorial explosion, computer vision, continuous integration, COVID-19, data science, deep learning, DevOps, discrete time, en.wikipedia.org, Hacker News, industrial research laboratory, iterative process, Kubernetes, machine translation, microservices, mobile money, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, optical character recognition, pattern recognition, performance metric, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, selection bias, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, speech recognition, statistical model, the payments system, web application

Moreover, this counter needs to be over a rotating time period of 24 hours. We can do this using a distributed data processing framework that can maintain state. Enter Apache Beam. Invoking an ML model to identify mentions of a celebrity and tying them to a canonical knowledge graph (so that a mention of Obama and a mention of President Obama both tie to en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama) from Apache Beam can be accomplished using the following (see this notebook in GitHub for complete code): | beam.Map(lambda x : nlp.Document(x, type='PLAIN_TEXT')) | nlp.AnnotateText(features) | beam.Map(parse_nlp_result) where parse_nlp_result parses the JSON request that goes through the AnnotateText transform which, beneath the covers, invokes an NLP API.

pages: 573 words: 142,376

Whole Earth: The Many Lives of Stewart Brand by John Markoff

A Pattern Language, air freight, Anthropocene, Apple II, back-to-the-land, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bernie Madoff, Beryl Markham, Big Tech, Bill Atkinson, Biosphere 2, Brewster Kahle, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, butterfly effect, Claude Shannon: information theory, cloud computing, complexity theory, computer age, Computer Lib, computer vision, Danny Hillis, decarbonisation, demographic transition, disinformation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dynabook, El Camino Real, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, feminist movement, Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco, Filter Bubble, game design, gentrification, global village, Golden Gate Park, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, Haight Ashbury, Herman Kahn, housing crisis, Howard Rheingold, HyperCard, intentional community, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, John Gilmore, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lao Tzu, Lewis Mumford, Loma Prieta earthquake, Marshall McLuhan, megacity, Menlo Park, Michael Shellenberger, microdosing, Mitch Kapor, Morris worm, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Norman Mailer, North Sea oil, off grid, off-the-grid, paypal mafia, Peter Calthorpe, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Stallman, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, South of Market, San Francisco, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Hackers Conference, Thorstein Veblen, traveling salesman, Turing test, upwardly mobile, Vernor Vinge, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, young professional

BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18 Crook, “Spreading the Silicon Gospel.” BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19 Katie Hafner, The Well: A Story of Love, Death & Real Life in the Seminal Online Community (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2001), 9. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21 John Markoff, “Whole Earth State-of-the-Art Rapping,” New York Times, August 15, 1989, A14. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22 Ken Kelley, “The Interview: Whole Earthling and Software Savant Stewart Brand,” SF Focus, February 1985, 76.

pages: 543 words: 143,135

Air Crashes and Miracle Landings: 60 Narratives by Christopher Bartlett

Air France Flight 447, air traffic controllers' union, Airbus A320, airport security, Boeing 747, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, Charles Lindbergh, crew resource management, en.wikipedia.org, flag carrier, illegal immigration, it's over 9,000, Maui Hawaii, profit motive, sensible shoes, special drawing rights, Tenerife airport disaster, US Airways Flight 1549, William Langewiesche

[114] The Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) uses the same data as the radio-altimeter, namely a calculation of the height determined by bouncing a radio wave off the ground or sea below. [115] A flight level (FL) is the height in hundreds of feet when the altimeter is set for the standard mean sea level pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury regardless of conditions. Thus, flight level 200 represents 20,000 ft. [116] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicta_Boelcke. [English, Dave [2003]. The Air Up There, 62. ISBN 0071410368] [117] One of the Boelcke principles was to get in close before opening fire—firstly so as not to warn them and secondly so as not to use up one’s (in those days) very limited supply of ammunition. [118] http://www.pilotfriend.com/century-of-flight/index.htm [119] Who Killed The Red Baron?

pages: 519 words: 142,646

Track Changes by Matthew G. Kirschenbaum

active measures, Alvin Toffler, Apollo 11, Apple II, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Bill Gates: Altair 8800, Buckminster Fuller, Charles Babbage, commoditize, computer age, Computer Lib, corporate governance, David Brooks, dematerialisation, Donald Knuth, Douglas Hofstadter, Dynabook, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, feminist movement, forensic accounting, future of work, Future Shock, Google Earth, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Haight Ashbury, HyperCard, Jason Scott: textfiles.com, Joan Didion, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Kickstarter, low earth orbit, machine readable, machine translation, mail merge, Marshall McLuhan, Mother of all demos, Neal Stephenson, New Journalism, Norman Mailer, off-the-grid, pattern recognition, pink-collar, planned obsolescence, popular electronics, Project Xanadu, RAND corporation, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, social web, Stephen Fry, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, text mining, thinkpad, Turing complete, Vannevar Bush, Whole Earth Catalog, Y2K, Year of Magical Thinking

Beeching, Century of the Typewriter (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974), 267. 2. Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), 60. 3. Fred Moore, Homebrew Computer Club invitation addressed to Steve Dompier (February 17, 1975), uploaded on Wikipedia by Gotanero, November 12, 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebrew_Computer_Club#mediaviewer/File:Invitation_to_First_Homebrew_Computer_Club_meeting.jpg. 4. Copies of von Neumann’s famous “First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC,” dated June 30, 1945, are easily found online. For a discussion of the considerations around attributing the stored program concept to von Neumann alone, see Paul E.

pages: 577 words: 149,554

The Problem of Political Authority: An Examination of the Right to Coerce and the Duty to Obey by Michael Huemer

Cass Sunstein, Chelsea Manning, cognitive dissonance, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, experimental subject, framing effect, Garrett Hardin, Gini coefficient, illegal immigration, impulse control, Isaac Newton, Julian Assange, laissez-faire capitalism, land bank, Machinery of Freedom by David Friedman, Milgram experiment, moral hazard, Phillip Zimbardo, profit maximization, profit motive, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, Ronald Coase, Stanford prison experiment, systematic bias, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tyler Cowen, unbiased observer, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks

Bremer notes that, after controlling for other factors, the effect of militarization is minimal. 54 U.S. Central Intelligence Agency 2011. Wikipedia lists an additional five nations with ‘no standing army but ... limited military forces’: Haiti, Iceland, Mauritius, Monaco, and Panama (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_without_armed_forces; accessed 28 September 2011), all of which the CIA lists as having ‘no regular military forces’. 55 U.S. Department of State 2011. 56 U.S. Central Intelligence Agency 2011. 57 U.S. Department of Defense 2010; Canadian Department of National Defence 2011. 58 All data on terrorist fatalities is from the RAND Corporation (2011). 59 Disaster Center 2011a.

pages: 487 words: 151,810

The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of Love, Character, and Achievement by David Brooks

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, asset allocation, assortative mating, Atul Gawande, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, business process, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, classic study, clean water, cognitive load, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Brooks, delayed gratification, deliberate practice, disintermediation, Donald Trump, Douglas Hofstadter, Emanuel Derman, en.wikipedia.org, fake it until you make it, fear of failure, financial deregulation, financial independence, Flynn Effect, George Akerlof, Henri Poincaré, hiring and firing, impulse control, invisible hand, Jeff Hawkins, Joseph Schumpeter, labor-force participation, language acquisition, longitudinal study, loss aversion, medical residency, meta-analysis, mirror neurons, Monroe Doctrine, Paul Samuelson, power law, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, school vouchers, six sigma, social intelligence, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, tacit knowledge, the scientific method, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, Walter Mischel, young professional

Dubner, “This Is Your Brain on Prosperity,” New York Times, January 9, 2009, http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/09/this-is-your-brain-on-prosperity-andrew-lo-on-fear-greed-and-crisis-management/. 13 Daniel Gilbert of Harvard Gilbert, 180. 14 incompetent people exaggerate Erica Goode, “Among the Inept, Researchers Discover, Ignorance Is Bliss,” New York Times, January 18, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/18/health/among-the-inept-researchers-discover-ignorance-is-bliss.html. 15 the more sectors they entered Jerry Z. Muller, “Our Epistemological Depression,” The American, February 29, 2009, http://www.american.com/archive/2009/february-2009/our-epistemological-depression. 16 BPR “escalates the efforts” “Business Processing Reengineering,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_reengineering. 17 John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keyes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (New York: Classic Books America, 2009), 331. 18 “If the better elements” Plato, Phaedrus, trans. Alexander Nehamas and Paul Woodruff (New York: Hackett, 1995), 44. 19 In this scientific age Francis Bacon, “Preface to the Novum Organum,” in Prefaces and Prologues, vol. 34, ed.

pages: 523 words: 148,929

Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100 by Michio Kaku

agricultural Revolution, AI winter, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Apollo 11, Asilomar, augmented reality, Bill Joy: nanobots, bioinformatics, blue-collar work, British Empire, Brownian motion, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, cloud computing, Colonization of Mars, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data science, delayed gratification, digital divide, double helix, Douglas Hofstadter, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Ford Model T, friendly AI, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hans Moravec, hydrogen economy, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, industrial robot, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of movable type, invention of the telescope, Isaac Newton, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Large Hadron Collider, life extension, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, Mars Rover, Mars Society, mass immigration, megacity, Mitch Kapor, Murray Gell-Mann, Neil Armstrong, new economy, Nick Bostrom, oil shale / tar sands, optical character recognition, pattern recognition, planetary scale, postindustrial economy, Ray Kurzweil, refrigerator car, Richard Feynman, Rodney Brooks, Ronald Reagan, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Silicon Valley, Simon Singh, social intelligence, SpaceShipOne, speech recognition, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, synthetic biology, telepresence, The future is already here, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, trade route, Turing machine, uranium enrichment, Vernor Vinge, Virgin Galactic, Wall-E, Walter Mischel, Whole Earth Review, world market for maybe five computers, X Prize

A3. 4 Physicist Freeman Dyson has narrowed down some experimental technologies: Dyson, pp. 88–99. 5 “For transmission lines”: Katherine Bourzac, “Making Carbon Nanotubes into Long Fibers,” Technology Review, November 10, 2009, www.technologyreview.com/energy/23921/. 6 Initially, the task was so difficult that no one won the prize: BBC-TV, November 5, 2009. 7 But finally, in May 2010, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaros. 8 “For me, Orion … 2,000 bombs”: Nicholas Dawidoff, “The Civil Heretic,” New York Times, March 25, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/magazine/29Dyson-t.html?pagewanted=7&_r=1. 9 “The exploration of the solar system”: Vint Cerf, “One Is Glad to Be of Service,” in Denning, pp. 229–30. 10 In 2007 and 2009, the Air Force released position papers detailing: Scott A.

pages: 590 words: 152,595

Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War by Paul Scharre

"World Economic Forum" Davos, active measures, Air France Flight 447, air gap, algorithmic trading, AlphaGo, Apollo 13, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, automated trading system, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, brain emulation, Brian Krebs, cognitive bias, computer vision, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, DevOps, Dr. Strangelove, drone strike, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, facts on the ground, fail fast, fault tolerance, Flash crash, Freestyle chess, friendly fire, Herman Kahn, IFF: identification friend or foe, ImageNet competition, information security, Internet of things, Jeff Hawkins, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, John Markoff, Kevin Kelly, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, Loebner Prize, loose coupling, Mark Zuckerberg, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, move 37, mutually assured destruction, Nate Silver, Nick Bostrom, PalmPilot, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, Rodney Brooks, Rubik’s Cube, self-driving car, sensor fusion, South China Sea, speech recognition, Stanislav Petrov, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Steve Wozniak, Strategic Defense Initiative, Stuxnet, superintelligent machines, Tesla Model S, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, theory of mind, Turing test, Tyler Cowen, universal basic income, Valery Gerasimov, Wall-E, warehouse robotics, William Langewiesche, Y2K, zero day

OpenDocument. 343 “attack or bombardment”: Regulations: Article 25, Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague, October 18, 1907, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=D1C251B17210CE8DC12563CD0051678F. 343 “the bomber will always get through”: “The bomber will always get through,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_bomber_will_always_get_through. 344 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: “Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT),” United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/text, accessed June 19, 2017. 344 Chemical Weapons Convention: “Chemical Weapons Convention,” Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/, accessed June 19, 2017. 344 INF Treaty: “Treaty Between the United States of American and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles.” 344 START: “Treaty Between the United States of American and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms,” U.S.

Mastering Blockchain, Second Edition by Imran Bashir

3D printing, altcoin, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, bitcoin, blockchain, business logic, business process, carbon footprint, centralized clearinghouse, cloud computing, connected car, cryptocurrency, data acquisition, Debian, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, distributed ledger, Dogecoin, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fault tolerance, fiat currency, Firefox, full stack developer, general-purpose programming language, gravity well, information security, initial coin offering, interest rate swap, Internet of things, litecoin, loose coupling, machine readable, MITM: man-in-the-middle, MVC pattern, Network effects, new economy, node package manager, Oculus Rift, peer-to-peer, platform as a service, prediction markets, QR code, RAND corporation, Real Time Gross Settlement, reversible computing, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Satoshi Nakamoto, seminal paper, single page application, smart cities, smart contracts, smart grid, smart meter, supply-chain management, transaction costs, Turing complete, Turing machine, Vitalik Buterin, web application, x509 certificate

For this purpose, the curl tool can be used. Curl is available at https://curl.haxx.se/. Some examples are shown here to familiarize you with the POST request and show how to make POST requests using curl. POST is request method supported by HTTP. You can read more about POST here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POST_(HTTP) Before using the JSONRPC interface over HTTP, the geth client should be started up with appropriate switches, as shown here: --rpcapi web3 This switch will enable the web3 interface over HTTP. The Linux command, curl, can be used for the purpose of communicating over HTTP, as shown here in the example.

pages: 488 words: 150,477

Lemon Tree: An Arab, a Jew, and the Heart of the Middle East by Sandy Tolan

Albert Einstein, British Empire, Buy land – they’re not making it any more, colonial rule, disinformation, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, illegal immigration, indoor plumbing, one-state solution, Suez crisis 1956, The Spirit Level, three-masted sailing ship, Yom Kippur War

"Israel 1948-1967: Why Was King Abdullah of Jordan Assassinated in 1951?" Palestine Facts, http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1948tol967_abdulla.php. "Israeli Army Blows Up Palestinian Broadcasting Center." CNN. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/01/18/mideast.violence. "Israeli West Bank Barrier." Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_West_ Bank_barrier. "Israel Sends Letter to UN Protesting Hezbollah Attack." Ha'aretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=436197&contrassID= 13. "John Kerry: Strengthening Israel's Security." Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/kerryisrael.html.

pages: 660 words: 141,595

Data Science for Business: What You Need to Know About Data Mining and Data-Analytic Thinking by Foster Provost, Tom Fawcett

Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Apollo 13, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, bioinformatics, business process, call centre, chief data officer, Claude Shannon: information theory, computer vision, conceptual framework, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data science, David Brooks, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Gini coefficient, Helicobacter pylori, independent contractor, information retrieval, intangible asset, iterative process, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Louis Pasteur, Menlo Park, Nate Silver, Netflix Prize, new economy, p-value, pattern recognition, placebo effect, price discrimination, recommendation engine, Ronald Coase, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Skype, SoftBank, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, systems thinking, Teledyne, text mining, the long tail, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, Thomas Bayes, transaction costs, WikiLeaks

Working Paper, NYU Stern. Available: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2294077. WEKA (2001). Weka machine learning software. Available: http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ml/index.html. Wikipedia (2012). Determining the number of clusters in a data set. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determining_the_number_of_clusters_in_a_data_set [Online; accessed 14-February-2013]. Wilcoxon, F. (1945). Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics Bulletin, 1(6), 80–83. Available: http://sci2s.ugr.es/keel/pdf/algorithm/articulo/wilcoxon1945.pdf. Winterberry Group (2010).

The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution by Richard Dawkins

Alfred Russel Wallace, Andrew Wiles, Arthur Eddington, back-to-the-land, Claude Shannon: information theory, correlation does not imply causation, Craig Reynolds: boids flock, Danny Hillis, David Attenborough, discovery of DNA, Dmitri Mendeleev, domesticated silver fox, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, experimental subject, Gregor Mendel, heat death of the universe, if you see hoof prints, think horses—not zebras, invisible hand, Large Hadron Collider, Louis Pasteur, out of africa, phenotype, precautionary principle, Thomas Malthus

p. 74 ‘eager to establish human contact’: Trut (1999), 163. p. 77 The so-called spider orchid: Some websites about these include http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/articles/orchid_red_ spider_8-29-08.htm, http://www.orchidflowerhq.com/Brassiacare.php, http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Brassia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassia. p. 78 it can be seen in the recording of the lecture called ‘The Ultraviolet Garden’: Available on the DVD Growing Up in the Universe from richard-dawkins.net. p. 79 Each species mixes a characteristic cocktail of substances gathered from various sources: Eltz et al. (2005). p. 81 I have discussed the cleaning habit elsewhere: Dawkins (2006), 186–7.

pages: 462 words: 150,129

The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves by Matt Ridley

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, Abraham Maslow, agricultural Revolution, air freight, back-to-the-land, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bernie Madoff, British Empire, call centre, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, charter city, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cotton gin, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, dematerialisation, demographic dividend, demographic transition, double entry bookkeeping, Easter island, Edward Glaeser, Edward Jenner, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, falling living standards, feminist movement, financial innovation, flying shuttle, Flynn Effect, food miles, Ford Model T, Garrett Hardin, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Hans Rosling, happiness index / gross national happiness, haute cuisine, hedonic treadmill, Herbert Marcuse, Hernando de Soto, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, invisible hand, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, John Nash: game theory, joint-stock limited liability company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Kula ring, Large Hadron Collider, Mark Zuckerberg, Medieval Warm Period, meta-analysis, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Northern Rock, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, packet switching, patent troll, Pax Mongolica, Peter Thiel, phenotype, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, precautionary principle, Productivity paradox, profit motive, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, Ray Kurzweil, rent-seeking, rising living standards, Robert Solow, Silicon Valley, spice trade, spinning jenny, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, supervolcano, technological singularity, Thales and the olive presses, Thales of Miletus, the long tail, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, ultimatum game, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, Vernor Vinge, Vilfredo Pareto, wage slave, working poor, working-age population, world market for maybe five computers, Y2K, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

p. 236 ‘in Adam Smith’s words’. The Wealth of Nations. p. 236 ‘the average person on the planet consumes power at the rate of about 2,500 watts’. A watt is a joule per second. A calorie is 4.184 joules. The figures of energy consumption in watts per capita come from the International Energy Agency. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image: Energy_consumption_versus_GDP.png. p. 236 ‘it would take 150 slaves’. By the way, twice as much energy is wasted turning grain into bicycle-cargo motion as is wasted turning oil into truck-cargo motion: or sixteen times as much if the grain goes into the cyclist via a chicken.

pages: 565 words: 151,129

The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism by Jeremy Rifkin

3D printing, active measures, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, autonomous vehicles, back-to-the-land, benefit corporation, big-box store, bike sharing, bioinformatics, bitcoin, business logic, business process, Chris Urmson, circular economy, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, commons-based peer production, Community Supported Agriculture, Computer Numeric Control, computer vision, crowdsourcing, demographic transition, distributed generation, DIY culture, driverless car, Eben Moglen, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Free Software Foundation, Garrett Hardin, general purpose technology, global supply chain, global village, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, industrial robot, informal economy, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, Internet of things, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, job automation, John Elkington, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, longitudinal study, low interest rates, machine translation, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, market design, mass immigration, means of production, meta-analysis, Michael Milken, mirror neurons, natural language processing, new economy, New Urbanism, nuclear winter, Occupy movement, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, phenotype, planetary scale, price discrimination, profit motive, QR code, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, rewilding, RFID, Richard Stallman, risk/return, Robert Solow, Rochdale Principles, Ronald Coase, scientific management, search inside the book, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, social web, software as a service, spectrum auction, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, the built environment, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, urban planning, vertical integration, warehouse automation, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, WikiLeaks, working poor, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game, Zipcar

“PatientsLikeMe Social Network Refutes Published Clinical Trial,” PatientsLikeMe, April 25, 2011, http://news.patientslikeme.com/press-release/patientslikeme-social-network-refutes-pub lished-clinical-trial (accessed June 20, 2013). 59. Ibid. 60. Frydman, “Patient-Driven Research.” 61. “Wikipedians,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedians (accessed June 18, 2013). 62. Dan Hoch and Tom Ferguson, “What I’ve Learned from E-Patients,” PLOS Medicine 2(8) (2005), http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020206 (accessed June 19, 2013). 63. Ibid. 64. Ibid. 65.

pages: 543 words: 153,550

Model Thinker: What You Need to Know to Make Data Work for You by Scott E. Page

Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, algorithmic trading, Alvin Roth, assortative mating, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Checklist Manifesto, computer age, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, cuban missile crisis, data science, deep learning, deliberate practice, discrete time, distributed ledger, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science, Everything should be made as simple as possible, experimental economics, first-price auction, Flash crash, Ford Model T, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, germ theory of disease, Gini coefficient, Higgs boson, High speed trading, impulse control, income inequality, Isaac Newton, John von Neumann, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Long Term Capital Management, loss aversion, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, market design, meta-analysis, money market fund, multi-armed bandit, Nash equilibrium, natural language processing, Network effects, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, p-value, Pareto efficiency, pattern recognition, Paul Erdős, Paul Samuelson, phenotype, Phillips curve, power law, pre–internet, prisoner's dilemma, race to the bottom, random walk, randomized controlled trial, Richard Feynman, Richard Thaler, Robert Solow, school choice, scientific management, sealed-bid auction, second-price auction, selection bias, six sigma, social graph, spectrum auction, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Supply of New York City Cabdrivers, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Great Moderation, the long tail, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the rule of 72, the scientific method, The Spirit Level, the strength of weak ties, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, Tragedy of the Commons, urban sprawl, value at risk, web application, winner-take-all economy, zero-sum game

See Downing et al. 2006 for data. 12 On a balanced roulette wheel, all pockets have equal likelihood. If the table has any slant, then the ball will more likely fall off the outer edge as it heads uphill. For an account of how J. Doyne Farmer, Norman Packard, and friends constructed a wearable computer to exploit this phenomenon and beat roulette, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudaemons. 13 After N bets, the expected value of this random walk equals Given that the probability of winning is approximately , we can write the standard deviation of the value as The exact value equals 14 Peel and Clauset (2015) model each game as a single sequence and find that the sequences of scores exhibit anti-persistence: the team that scored last is less likely to score next.

pages: 470 words: 148,730

Good Economics for Hard Times: Better Answers to Our Biggest Problems by Abhijit V. Banerjee, Esther Duflo

3D printing, accelerated depreciation, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air traffic controllers' union, Airbnb, basic income, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, business cycle, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon credits, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, charter city, company town, congestion pricing, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, experimental economics, experimental subject, facts on the ground, fake news, fear of failure, financial innovation, flying shuttle, gentrification, George Akerlof, Great Leap Forward, green new deal, high net worth, immigration reform, income inequality, Indoor air pollution, industrial cluster, industrial robot, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kevin Roose, labor-force participation, land reform, Les Trente Glorieuses, loss aversion, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, middle-income trap, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, no-fly zone, non-tariff barriers, obamacare, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), open economy, Paul Samuelson, place-making, post-truth, price stability, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, restrictive zoning, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, school choice, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, shareholder value, short selling, Silicon Valley, smart meter, social graph, spinning jenny, Steve Jobs, systematic bias, Tax Reform Act of 1986, tech worker, technology bubble, The Chicago School, The Future of Employment, The Market for Lemons, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, total factor productivity, trade liberalization, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, Twitter Arab Spring, universal basic income, urban sprawl, very high income, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, working-age population, Y2K

Romer, “Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal of Political Economy 98, no. 5, part 2 (1990): S71–S102, https://doi.org/10.1086/261725. 49 Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt, “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction,” Econometrica 60, no. 2 (1992): 323–51. 50 The Wikipedia entry for Schumpeter reads thus: “Schumpeter claimed that he had set himself three goals in life: to be the greatest economist in the world, to be the best horseman in all of Austria and the greatest lover in all of Vienna. He said he had reached two of his goals, but he never said which two, although he is reported to have said that there were too many fine horsemen in Austria for him to succeed in all his aspirations.” See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter. 51 Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt, “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction,” Econometrica 60, no. 2 (1992): 323–51. 52 ‘Real GDP Growth,” US Budget and Economy, http://usbudget.blog spot.fr/2009/02/real-gdp-growth.html. 53 David Leonardt, “Do Tax Cuts Lead to Economic Growth?

pages: 529 words: 150,263

The Pandemic Century: One Hundred Years of Panic, Hysteria, and Hubris by Mark Honigsbaum

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Asian financial crisis, biofilm, Black Swan, Boeing 747, clean water, coronavirus, disinformation, Donald Trump, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, germ theory of disease, global pandemic, indoor plumbing, Louis Pasteur, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, moral panic, Pearl River Delta, Ronald Reagan, Skype, the built environment, the long tail, trade route, urban renewal, urban sprawl, zoonotic diseases

After a lengthy investigation the FBI concluded the attacks had been perpetrated by a disgruntled microbiologist at the US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases at Fort Detrick, Maryland, who had committed suicide shortly before he was due to be arrested. However, the National Academy of Sciences subsequently cast doubt on the agency’s findings, accessed February 19, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks. 255 Tsang explained: Abraham, Twenty-First Century Plague, 73. 256 first official SARS patient: David L. Heymann and Guenael Rodier, “SARS: Lessons from a New Disease,” in S. Kobler et al., eds., Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak: Workshop Summary (Washington, DC: National Academies Press [US], 2004). 256 in the hospital’s history: “How a Deadly Disease Came to Canada,” The Globe and Mail, accessed February 4, 2017, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/how-a-deadly-disease-came-to-canada/article1159487/. 258 “produced the same effect”: Abraham, Twenty-First Century Plague, 111. 258 Chan’s clearly was: At that time, a suspect case of SARS was defined as anyone exhibiting fever, cough, or shortness of breath and who had had close contact with a suspect or probable case or who had recently been in an area where transmission had occurred.

Active Measures by Thomas Rid

1960s counterculture, 4chan, active measures, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, call centre, Charlie Hebdo massacre, Chelsea Manning, continuation of politics by other means, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, East Village, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, facts on the ground, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, guest worker program, information security, Internet Archive, Jacob Appelbaum, John Markoff, Julian Assange, kremlinology, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Norman Mailer, nuclear winter, operational security, peer-to-peer, Prenzlauer Berg, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, Silicon Valley, Stewart Brand, technoutopianism, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, zero day

Jeanne Whalen, “Website Shines Spotlight on Leaks from WikiLeaks,” The Wall Street Journal, October 27, 2010, p. 12. 8. Manning later changed gender, and took the first name Chelsea. 9. See Charlie Savage, “Was Snowden a Russian Agent?” New York Review of Books, February 9, 2017. 10. For implementation dates, see “SecureDrop,” Wikipedia, https://web.archive.org/web/20190107195518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SecureDrop 11. Bruce Schneier, “The U.S. Intelligence Community Has a Third Leaker,” Schneier on Security, August 7, 2014. 12. Jacob Appelbaum, Holger Stark, Marcel Rosenbach, and Jörg Schindler, “Merkel beschwert sich bei Obama,” Der Spiegel, October 23, 2013. 13. Marcel Rosenbach, conversation with Thomas Rid, May 8, 2017. 14.

Spies, Lies, and Algorithms by Amy B. Zegart

2021 United States Capitol attack, 4chan, active measures, air gap, airport security, Apollo 13, Bellingcat, Bernie Sanders, Bletchley Park, Chelsea Manning, classic study, cloud computing, cognitive bias, commoditize, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, failed state, feminist movement, framing effect, fundamental attribution error, Gene Kranz, global pandemic, global supply chain, Google Earth, index card, information asymmetry, information security, Internet of things, job automation, John Markoff, lockdown, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, Nate Silver, Network effects, off-the-grid, openstreetmap, operational security, Parler "social media", post-truth, power law, principal–agent problem, QAnon, RAND corporation, Richard Feynman, risk tolerance, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Russian election interference, Saturday Night Live, selection bias, seminal paper, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Stuxnet, synthetic biology, uber lyft, unit 8200, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks, zero day, zero-sum game

Weintraub, MacArthur’s War, 197. 34. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow. 35. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Extensional versus Intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgement,” Psychological Review 90, no. 4 (October 1983): 293–315. 36. “List of cognitive biases,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases (accessed April 26, 2021). 37. Charles G. Lord, Lee Ross, and Mark R. Lepper, “Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37, no. 11 (1979): 2098–109. 38.

pages: 506 words: 151,753

The Cryptopians: Idealism, Greed, Lies, and the Making of the First Big Cryptocurrency Craze by Laura Shin

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 4chan, Airbnb, altcoin, bike sharing, bitcoin, blockchain, Burning Man, cloud computing, complexity theory, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, DevOps, digital nomad, distributed ledger, Dogecoin, Donald Trump, Dutch auction, Edward Snowden, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fake news, family office, fiat currency, financial independence, Firefox, general-purpose programming language, gravity well, hacker house, Hacker News, holacracy, independent contractor, initial coin offering, Internet of things, invisible hand, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, litecoin, low interest rates, Mark Zuckerberg, minimum viable product, off-the-grid, performance metric, Potemkin village, prediction markets, QR code, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, risk/return, Satoshi Nakamoto, sharing economy, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart contracts, social distancing, software as a service, Steve Jobs, Turing complete, Vitalik Buterin, Wayback Machine, WikiLeaks

@Spoetnik, “[ETH] Ethereum = Scam,” BitcoinTalk, July 23, 2014, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=707237.0. 10. @GameKyuubi, “I AM HODLING,” BitcoinTalk, December 18, 2013, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=375643.0. 11. Via LocalBitcoins.com. 12. “Mittweida,” Wikipedia, accessed March 8, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittweida#cite_note-1. 13. Gavin Wood (@gavofyork), “Initial commit, Ethereum / yellowpaper,” GitHub, April 2, 2014, https://github.com/ethereum/yellowpaper/commit/0d0d23301d077bbdab5cafae6ab06001e282fae2. 14. Gavin chose yellow because it “seemed like a reasonable choice after white.” 15.

pages: 2,054 words: 359,149

The Art of Software Security Assessment: Identifying and Preventing Software Vulnerabilities by Justin Schuh

address space layout randomization, Albert Einstein, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, bash_history, business logic, business process, database schema, Debian, defense in depth, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, information retrieval, information security, iterative process, Ken Thompson, loose coupling, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Multics, MVC pattern, off-by-one error, operational security, OSI model, RFC: Request For Comment, slashdot, SQL injection, web application

* * * Note GECOS actually stands for “General Electric Comprehensive Operating System,” which was an old OS originally implemented by General Electric, and shortly renamed thereafter to GCOS. The GECOS field in the password file was added in early UNIX systems to contain ID information needed to use services exposed by GCOS systems. For a more detailed history of GECOS, consult the wikipedia entry at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GECOS. * * * Each user also has a home directory defined in the password file (/home/bob in this case), which is usually a directory that’s totally under the user’s control. Finally, each user also has a default shell, which is the command-line interface program that runs when the user logs in.

…

Lower-level protocols such as the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) help machines map data-link layer addresses to IP addresses so that they can figure out how to talk to machines on the same subnet. ARP is an integral part of the TCP/IP suite, and interested readers are encouraged to read more about it at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol, or from RFC 826 (www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0826.txt?number=826). A typical IP machine has one active interface—one connection to a network. Machines that form the routing infrastructure of IP networks have more than one interface and are responsible for routing packets between their interfaces.

The Rough Guide to Jerusalem by Daniel Jacobs

centre right, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, Frank Gehry, gentrification, haute cuisine, Khartoum Gordon, low cost airline, Mount Scopus, Skype, Suez canal 1869, sustainable-tourism, trade route, urban planning, Wall-E

The most useful connections are shown in the box opposite. Egged do not currently publish information on Jerusalem city bus routes in 01 Jerusalem Basics 17-44.indd 24 English, largely because many routes have been diverted due to the construction of the new tramway (see opposite); a full list of routes can nonethless be found at W en .wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_egged_bus_lines, but note that these are subject to change. Palestinian buses One or two independent Palestinian bus operators run services to outer East Jerusalem, the most useful of which are: #36 from East Jerusalem Central Bus Station (also near the Damascus Gate) to Bethany and Abu Dis, via the Mount of Olives and Ras al-Amud; #75 from the Central Bus Station to Al-Tur; and #124 from the Central Bus Station 18/06/09 11:36 AM Egged bus connections To #1, #6 #1, #2 #6 #38 #1, #11, #15, #35 #10 #23, #26, #28 #17 #13, #17, #18, #20, #21, #23, #27, #39 #17 #27 #4, #11, #35 #19 #4a, #19 #17 #17, #18, #20, #21 #21, #102, #106 #6, #18 #21, #102, #103, #106 #4, #6, #18 #26 – to the Rachel checkpoint (for Bethlehem).

pages: 592 words: 161,798

The Future of War by Lawrence Freedman

Albert Einstein, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, Black Swan, Boeing 747, British Empire, colonial rule, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, currency manipulation / currency intervention, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, driverless car, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, Ernest Rutherford, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, global village, Google Glasses, Herman Kahn, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), John Markoff, long peace, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, nuclear taboo, open economy, pattern recognition, Peace of Westphalia, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, speech recognition, Steven Pinker, Strategic Defense Initiative, Stuxnet, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, systematic bias, the scientific method, uranium enrichment, urban sprawl, Valery Gerasimov, Wargames Reagan, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, WikiLeaks, zero day

William Gibson, Neuromancer (New York: Ace Books, 1984) 69. Science fiction writer Gibson is credited with introducing the word ‘cyberspace’, first in a 1982 short story and then in this novel. Wikipedia draws attention to other uses before Gibson’s, but they were not in a computer context: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace. 2. Jean-Loup Samaan, ‘Cyber Command’, RUSI Journal 195.6 (2010): 16–21. 3. The first reference appears to have been: ‘Science: Push-Button War’, Time Magazine, 23 June 1947. 4. Thomas Rid, Rise of the Machines: A Cybernetic History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2016) 95–6. 5.

pages: 586 words: 160,321

The Euro and the Battle of Ideas by Markus K. Brunnermeier, Harold James, Jean-Pierre Landau

"there is no alternative" (TINA), Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, battle of ideas, Bear Stearns, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, business cycle, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Celtic Tiger, central bank independence, centre right, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, cross-border payments, currency peg, currency risk, debt deflation, Deng Xiaoping, different worldview, diversification, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, financial repression, fixed income, Flash crash, floating exchange rates, full employment, Future Shock, German hyperinflation, global reserve currency, income inequality, inflation targeting, information asymmetry, Irish property bubble, Jean Tirole, Kenneth Rogoff, Les Trente Glorieuses, low interest rates, Martin Wolf, mittelstand, Money creation, money market fund, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, negative equity, Neil Kinnock, new economy, Northern Rock, obamacare, offshore financial centre, open economy, paradox of thrift, pension reform, Phillips curve, Post-Keynesian economics, price stability, principal–agent problem, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, random walk, regulatory arbitrage, rent-seeking, reserve currency, risk free rate, road to serfdom, secular stagnation, short selling, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, special drawing rights, tail risk, the payments system, too big to fail, Tyler Cowen, union organizing, unorthodox policies, Washington Consensus, WikiLeaks, yield curve

European Commission, “Commission Proposes New ECB Powers for Banking Supervision as Part of a Banking Union,” Press Release Ref IP/12/953, September 12, 2012. Last accessed January 15, 2016, from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-953_en.htm. 7. Ibid. 8. For a nice timeline, see Wikipedia, “Single Supervisory Mechanism.” Last accessed January 4, 2016, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Supervisory_Mechanism. 9. In the United States, the ceiling for insured deposits had been raised in the financial crisis from $100,000 to $250,000 as a result of a calculation of the typical cash balances of small and medium-sized enterprises. 10. See “EU-Einlagensicherung in weiter Ferne,” FAZ, September 13, 2015.

pages: 855 words: 178,507

The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood by James Gleick

Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, AltaVista, bank run, bioinformatics, Bletchley Park, Brownian motion, butterfly effect, Charles Babbage, citation needed, classic study, Claude Shannon: information theory, clockwork universe, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, discovery of DNA, Donald Knuth, double helix, Douglas Hofstadter, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, Fellow of the Royal Society, Gregor Mendel, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Henri Poincaré, Honoré de Balzac, index card, informal economy, information retrieval, invention of the printing press, invention of writing, Isaac Newton, Jacquard loom, Jaron Lanier, jimmy wales, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Lewis Mumford, lifelogging, Louis Daguerre, machine translation, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, microbiome, Milgram experiment, Network effects, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, Norman Macrae, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, PageRank, pattern recognition, phenotype, Pierre-Simon Laplace, pre–internet, quantum cryptography, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, reversible computing, Richard Feynman, Rubik’s Cube, Simon Singh, Socratic dialogue, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, stochastic process, talking drums, the High Line, The Wisdom of Crowds, transcontinental railway, Turing machine, Turing test, women in the workforce, yottabyte

♦ “A PLAN ENTIRELY NEW”: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 3rd edition, title page; cf. Richard Yeo, Encyclopædic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 181. ♦ “MANY TOPICS ARE BASED ON THE RELATIONSHIP”: “Wikipedia: What Wikipedia Is Not,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not (accessed 3 August 2008). ♦ “HE READ FOR METAPHYSICS”: Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers, chapter 51. ♦ “I BEGAN STANDING WITH MY COMPUTER OPEN”: Nicholson Baker, “The Charms of Wikipedia.” ♦ “A HAMADRYAD IS A WOOD-NYMPH”: John Banville, The Infinities (London: Picador, 2009), 178

pages: 547 words: 172,226

Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty by Daron Acemoglu, James Robinson

Admiral Zheng, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Andrei Shleifer, Atahualpa, banking crisis, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, bread and circuses, BRICs, British Empire, central bank independence, clean water, collective bargaining, colonial rule, conceptual framework, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, creative destruction, crony capitalism, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, discovery of the americas, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, financial independence, financial innovation, financial intermediation, flying shuttle, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Francisco Pizarro, full employment, Great Leap Forward, household responsibility system, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, income per capita, indoor plumbing, invention of movable type, invisible hand, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, land reform, low interest rates, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, minimum wage unemployment, Mohammed Bouazizi, Paul Samuelson, price stability, profit motive, Robert Solow, Rosa Parks, Scramble for Africa, seminal paper, Simon Kuznets, spice trade, spinning jenny, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Suez canal 1869, trade liberalization, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, union organizing, upwardly mobile, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus, working poor

North of the fence: Nogales, Arizona Jim West/imagebroker.net/Photolibrary South of the fence: Nogales, Sonora Jim West/age fotostock/Photolibrary Consequences of a level playing field: Thomas Edison’s 1880 patent for the lightbulb Records of the Patent and Trademark Office; Record Group 241; National Archives Economic losers from creative destruction: machine-breaking Luddites in early-nineteenth-century Britain Mary Evans Picture Library/Tom Morgan Consequences of a complete lack of political centralization in Somalia REUTERS/Mohamed Guled/Landov Successive beneficiaries of extractive institutions in Congo: King of Kongo © CORBIS King Leopold II The Granger Collection, NY Joseph-Désiré Mobutu © Richard Melloul/Sygma/CORBIS Laurent Kabila © Reuters/CORBIS The Glorious Revolution: William III of Orange is read the Bill of Rights before being offered the crown of England by parliament After Edgar Melville Ward/The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images The bubonic plague of the fourteenth century creates a critical juncture (The Triumph of Death painting of the Black Death by Brueghel the Elder) The Granger Collection, NY Beneficiary of institutional innovation: the King of Kuba Eliot Elisofon/Time & Life Pictures/Getty The emergence of hierarchy and inequality before farming: the grave goods of the Natufian elite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natufian-Burial-ElWad.jpg Extractive growth: Soviet Gulag labor builds the White Sea canal SOVFOTO Britain falls far behind: the ruins of the Roman empire at Vindolanda Courtesy of the Vindolanda Trust and Adam Stanford Innovation, essence of inclusive economic growth: James Watt’s steam engine The Granger Collection, NY Organizational change, a consequence of inclusive institutions: the factory of Richard Arkwright at Cromford The Granger Collection, NY Fruits of unsustainable extractive growth: Zheng He’s ship alongside Columbus’s Santa Maria Gregory A.

pages: 574 words: 164,509

Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies by Nick Bostrom

agricultural Revolution, AI winter, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, anthropic principle, Anthropocene, anti-communist, artificial general intelligence, autism spectrum disorder, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, barriers to entry, Bayesian statistics, bioinformatics, brain emulation, cloud computing, combinatorial explosion, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, cosmological constant, dark matter, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data acquisition, delayed gratification, Demis Hassabis, demographic transition, different worldview, Donald Knuth, Douglas Hofstadter, driverless car, Drosophila, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, epigenetics, fear of failure, Flash crash, Flynn Effect, friendly AI, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, Gödel, Escher, Bach, hallucination problem, Hans Moravec, income inequality, industrial robot, informal economy, information retrieval, interchangeable parts, iterative process, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, knowledge worker, Large Hadron Collider, longitudinal study, machine translation, megaproject, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, Netflix Prize, new economy, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, NP-complete, nuclear winter, operational security, optical character recognition, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, performance metric, phenotype, prediction markets, price stability, principal–agent problem, race to the bottom, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, reversible computing, search costs, social graph, speech recognition, Stanislav Petrov, statistical model, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Strategic Defense Initiative, strong AI, superintelligent machines, supervolcano, synthetic biology, technological singularity, technoutopianism, The Coming Technological Singularity, The Nature of the Firm, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, time dilation, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, trolley problem, Turing machine, Vernor Vinge, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (12): 6578–83. Wiener, Norbert. 1960. “Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation.” Science 131 (3410): 1355–8. Wikipedia. 2012a, s.v. “Computer Bridge.” Retrieved June 30, 2013. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_bridge. Wikipedia. 2012b, s.v. “Supercomputer.” Retrieved June 30, 2013. Available at http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superarvuti. Williams, George C. 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton Science Library. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

pages: 756 words: 167,393

The Tylenol Mafia by Scott Bartz

AOL-Time Warner, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, independent contractor, intangible asset, inventory management, Just-in-time delivery, life extension, Oklahoma City bombing, Ronald Reagan, Ted Kaczynski, the scientific method, too big to fail

Johnson, 1988. As chairman of the SWPC: Heath, Jim F., “American War Mobilization and the Use of Small Manufacturers, 1939-1943.” The Business History Review, Vol. 46, No. 3 (autumn, 1972), pp. 295-319. The ordnance plant: Sangamon Ordnance Plant. Wikipedia. Accessed May 28, 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangamon_Ordnance_Plant On May 4, 1943: Associated Press. “FDR Promotes 63 High Army Officers.” The San Antonio Light, May 5, 1943. During his time as chairman of the SWPC: Fowler, C. W. “History of the Administrative Policies of the Smaller War Plants Corporation.” Histories of the Smaller War Plants Corporation, 150-54 “champion of civilian economy to a large degree”: Associated Press.

pages: 606 words: 157,120

To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism by Evgeny Morozov

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, algorithmic bias, algorithmic trading, Amazon Mechanical Turk, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrew Keen, augmented reality, Automated Insights, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, Buckminster Fuller, call centre, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, citizen journalism, classic study, cloud computing, cognitive bias, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, Dava Sobel, digital divide, disintermediation, Donald Shoup, driverless car, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, frictionless, future of journalism, game design, gamification, Gary Taubes, Google Glasses, Ian Bogost, illegal immigration, income inequality, invention of the printing press, Jane Jacobs, Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, license plate recognition, lifelogging, lolcat, lone genius, Louis Pasteur, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, moral panic, Narrative Science, Nelson Mandela, Nicholas Carr, packet switching, PageRank, Parag Khanna, Paul Graham, peer-to-peer, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, pets.com, placebo effect, pre–internet, public intellectual, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, Richard Thaler, Ronald Coase, Rosa Parks, self-driving car, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Slavoj Žižek, smart meter, social graph, social web, stakhanovite, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, technoutopianism, TED Talk, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the medium is the message, The Nature of the Firm, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, transaction costs, Twitter Arab Spring, urban decay, urban planning, urban sprawl, Vannevar Bush, warehouse robotics, WikiLeaks, work culture , Yochai Benkler

(New York: Portfolio Hardcover, 2008), 46; and Beth Simone Noveck, Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2009), 44. 30 “The bureaucracy of Wikipedia”: Kevin Kelly, “The Collaborative Community,” in What Have You Changed Your Mind About?: Today’s Leading Minds Rethink Everything, ed. John Brockman (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 177. 30 “everything I knew about the structure of information”: ibid., 176. 30 “the Republic of Macedonia and the Province of Macedonia, Greece”: see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSMAC. 30 Its bureaucracy is anything but small: I discuss the issue of Wikipedia bureaucracy in more detail in “The Battle for Wikipedia’s Soul,” The Economist, March 6, 2008. 31 Zittrain’s is a very elegant and pithy theory: Zittrain’s theory is laid out in Jonathan Zittrain, The Future of the Internet—and How to Stop It (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009). 34 “Theo . . .

pages: 769 words: 169,096

Order Without Design: How Markets Shape Cities by Alain Bertaud

autonomous vehicles, call centre, colonial rule, congestion charging, congestion pricing, creative destruction, cross-subsidies, Deng Xiaoping, discounted cash flows, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, extreme commuting, garden city movement, gentrification, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Jane Jacobs, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, land tenure, manufacturing employment, market design, market fragmentation, megacity, microapartment, new economy, New Urbanism, openstreetmap, Pearl River Delta, price mechanism, rent control, Right to Buy, Ronald Coase, self-driving car, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special economic zone, the built environment, trade route, transaction costs, transit-oriented development, trickle-down economics, urban planning, urban sprawl, zero-sum game

The most damaging famines of Asia, in Bengal in 1943 and in China during the Great Leap Forward in 1961, were caused by government policy and subsequent inaction and had nothing to do with a decrease in agricultural land area. 21. I have assumed a uniform agricultural productivity in space, and therefore A is a horizontal line. 22. Among others, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_streetcar_conspiracy. 23. In China, the discontentment of farmers with the price given by local government for their land is the source of numerous protests. In India in 2006, the government of West Bengal used eminent domain to expropriate about 4 square kilometers of farmland to allow a private company to build a car factory.

Evidence-Based Technical Analysis: Applying the Scientific Method and Statistical Inference to Trading Signals by David Aronson

Albert Einstein, Andrew Wiles, asset allocation, availability heuristic, backtesting, Black Swan, book value, butter production in bangladesh, buy and hold, capital asset pricing model, cognitive dissonance, compound rate of return, computerized trading, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, distributed generation, Elliott wave, en.wikipedia.org, equity risk premium, feminist movement, Great Leap Forward, hindsight bias, index fund, invention of the telescope, invisible hand, Long Term Capital Management, managed futures, mental accounting, meta-analysis, p-value, pattern recognition, Paul Samuelson, Ponzi scheme, price anchoring, price stability, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, Ralph Nelson Elliott, random walk, retrograde motion, revision control, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, riskless arbitrage, Robert Shiller, Sharpe ratio, short selling, source of truth, statistical model, stocks for the long run, sugar pill, systematic trading, the scientific method, transfer pricing, unbiased observer, yield curve, Yogi Berra

References to studies on dog breed behavior are found in footnote 7. 16. In a subsequent chapter it will be shown that in this case the uncertainty would be 10 times greater with 10 observations than with 1,000 if price changes conform to the normal distribution, but may be far more uncertain if they do not. 17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science. 18. Shermer, Why People Believe, 24. 19. Richards, Philosophy & Sociology of Science, 45. 20. B.L. Silver, The Ascent of Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 15. 21. Ibid., 14. 22. R.S. Percival, About Karl Popper, adapted from his PhD thesis, available at www.eeng.dcu.ie/~tkpw/intro_popper/intro_popper.html. 23.

pages: 757 words: 193,541

The Practice of Cloud System Administration: DevOps and SRE Practices for Web Services, Volume 2 by Thomas A. Limoncelli, Strata R. Chalup, Christina J. Hogan

active measures, Amazon Web Services, anti-pattern, barriers to entry, business process, cloud computing, commoditize, continuous integration, correlation coefficient, database schema, Debian, defense in depth, delayed gratification, DevOps, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, finite state, Firefox, functional programming, Google Glasses, information asymmetry, Infrastructure as a Service, intermodal, Internet of things, job automation, job satisfaction, Ken Thompson, Kickstarter, level 1 cache, load shedding, longitudinal study, loose coupling, machine readable, Malcom McLean invented shipping containers, Marc Andreessen, place-making, platform as a service, premature optimization, recommendation engine, revision control, risk tolerance, Salesforce, scientific management, seminal paper, side project, Silicon Valley, software as a service, sorting algorithm, standardized shipping container, statistical model, Steven Levy, supply-chain management, systems thinking, The future is already here, Toyota Production System, vertical integration, web application, Yogi Berra

Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) web site (http://www.fema.gov/incident-command-system). The FEMA Emergency Management Institute publishes free self-study and other training materials (http://training.fema.gov/EMI/). A more approachable introduction is the Wikipedia article on ICS (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incident_command_system). 15.5.1 How It Works: Public Safety Arena When a public safety incident begins, the first order of business is to get organized, starting by figuring out who is going to be in charge. In an incident, the first qualified responder to arrive automatically becomes the Incident Commander (IC).

pages: 634 words: 185,116

From eternity to here: the quest for the ultimate theory of time by Sean M. Carroll

Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, anthropic principle, Arthur Eddington, Brownian motion, cellular automata, Claude Shannon: information theory, Columbine, cosmic microwave background, cosmological constant, cosmological principle, dark matter, dematerialisation, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, gravity well, Great Leap Forward, Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, heat death of the universe, Henri Poincaré, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, Lao Tzu, Laplace demon, Large Hadron Collider, lone genius, low earth orbit, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, pets.com, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Richard Feynman, Richard Stallman, Schrödinger's Cat, Slavoj Žižek, Stephen Hawking, stochastic process, synthetic biology, the scientific method, time dilation, wikimedia commons

Halliwell, J. Pérez-Mercader, and W. H. Zurek, 1-29. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Wiener, N. Cybernetics: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1961. Wikipedia contributors. “Time.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time (accessed January 6, 2009). Wright, E. L. “Errors in the Steady State and Quasi-SS Models” (2008). http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/stdystat.htm. Wu, C. S., Ambler, E., Hayward, R. W., Hoppes, D. D., and Hudson, R. P. “Experimental Test of Parity Non-conservation in Beta Decay.” Physical Review 105 (1957). 1413-15.

pages: 728 words: 182,850

Cooking for Geeks by Jeff Potter

3D printing, A Pattern Language, air gap, carbon footprint, centre right, Community Supported Agriculture, Computer Numeric Control, crowdsourcing, Donald Knuth, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, fear of failure, food miles, functional fixedness, hacker house, haute cuisine, helicopter parent, Internet Archive, iterative process, Kickstarter, lolcat, Parkinson's law, placebo effect, random walk, Rubik’s Cube, slashdot, stochastic process, TED Talk, the scientific method

See http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov and http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Produce/ProduceFacts/. [a] While you’re unlikely to die from consuming the solanine content present in an average potato that’s gone green (~0.4 mg), it appears to be possible to give yourself a rather unpleasant digestive tract experience for the better part of a day. For a more thorough explanation, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanine. Here’s what I consider the essential kitchen items. We’ll cover each in turn. Bare Minimum Equipment Standard Kitchen Equipment Knives Cutting board Pots and pans Measuring cups and scales Spoons & co. Thermometer and timers Bar towels ← All that, plus...

pages: 799 words: 187,221

Leonardo Da Vinci by Walter Isaacson

Ada Lovelace, Albert Einstein, Bonfire of the Vanities, Commentariolus, crowdsourcing, double entry bookkeeping, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, game design, iterative process, lone genius, New Journalism, public intellectual, reality distortion field, Steve Jobs, the scientific method, urban planning, wikimedia commons

According to Luke Syson, curator at the National Gallery of London and then the Metropolitan Museum of New York: “He started probably no more than 20 pictures in a career that lasted nearly half a century and only 15 surviving pictures are currently agreed to be entirely his, of which at least four are to some degree incomplete.” A running discussion of the changing expert attributions and disputes over Leonardo autograph paintings can be found at “List of Works by Leonardo da Vinci,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci. 17 Paris Ms. K, 2:1b; Notebooks/J. P. Richter, 1308. 1. CHILDHOOD 1 Alessandro Cecchi, “New Light on Leonardo’s Florentine Patrons,” in Bambach Master Draftsman, 123. 2 Nicholl, 20; Bramly, 37. The sun set in Florence on that date at 6:40 p.m. The “hour of the night” was usually counted from the bell ringing after vespers. 3 Francesco Cianchi, La Madre di Leonardo era una Schiava?

pages: 619 words: 177,548

Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity by Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, 4chan, agricultural Revolution, AI winter, Airbnb, airline deregulation, algorithmic bias, algorithmic management, Alignment Problem, AlphaGo, An Inconvenient Truth, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, basic income, Bellingcat, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Bletchley Park, blue-collar work, British Empire, carbon footprint, carbon tax, carried interest, centre right, Charles Babbage, ChatGPT, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, computer age, Computer Lib, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, contact tracing, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, coronavirus, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, cotton gin, COVID-19, creative destruction, declining real wages, deep learning, DeepMind, deindustrialization, Demis Hassabis, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, discovery of the americas, disinformation, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, European colonialism, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, factory automation, facts on the ground, fake news, Filter Bubble, financial innovation, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, fulfillment center, full employment, future of work, gender pay gap, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, global supply chain, Gordon Gekko, GPT-3, Grace Hopper, Hacker Ethic, Ida Tarbell, illegal immigration, income inequality, indoor plumbing, industrial robot, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jacques de Vaucanson, James Watt: steam engine, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Johannes Kepler, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Kenneth Arrow, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, land reform, land tenure, Les Trente Glorieuses, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, M-Pesa, manufacturing employment, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, mobile money, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, natural language processing, Neolithic agricultural revolution, Norbert Wiener, NSO Group, offshore financial centre, OpenAI, PageRank, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, Paul Graham, Peter Thiel, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, profit motive, QAnon, Ralph Nader, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Bork, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, robotic process automation, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, seminal paper, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, social web, South Sea Bubble, speech recognition, spice trade, statistical model, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, strikebreaker, subscription business, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, supply-chain management, surveillance capitalism, tacit knowledge, tech billionaire, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, The Future of Employment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, total factor productivity, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, trickle-down economics, Turing machine, Turing test, Twitter Arab Spring, Two Sigma, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, union organizing, universal basic income, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, WikiLeaks, wikimedia commons, working poor, working-age population

Limited improvements in Reddit and YouTube against hate speech are discussed in www.nytimes.com/2019/06/05/busi ness/youtube-remove-extremist-videos.html and https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/reddit-bans-hate-speech-groups-removes-2000-subreddits-donald-trump-1234692898, but also see https://time.com/6121915/reddit-international-hate-speech. Wikipedia’s arbitration procedures and bureaucratic structure are described in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration. On Facebook facilitating exports by small businesses, see Fergusson and Molina (forthcoming). Democracy Undermined When We Most Need It. “For, after all…” is from Orwell (1949, 92). Chapter 11: Redirecting Technology The importance of redirecting technology and some of the tax-subsidy schemes that might help in this effort are discussed in Acemoglu (2021).

pages: 593 words: 183,240

An Economic History of the Twentieth Century by J. Bradford Delong

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, ASML, asset-backed security, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, buy and hold, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, centre right, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, colonial rule, coronavirus, cotton gin, COVID-19, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, ending welfare as we know it, endogenous growth, Fairchild Semiconductor, fake news, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial repression, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, general purpose technology, George Gilder, German hyperinflation, global value chain, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, Haber-Bosch Process, Hans Rosling, hedonic treadmill, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, housing crisis, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, income per capita, industrial research laboratory, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, invention of agriculture, invention of the steam engine, It's morning again in America, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, land reform, late capitalism, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market bubble, means of production, megacity, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, mortgage debt, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, occupational segregation, oil shock, open borders, open economy, Paul Samuelson, Pearl River Delta, Phillips curve, plutocrats, price stability, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, public intellectual, quantitative easing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, restrictive zoning, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, rolodex, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, savings glut, secular stagnation, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, social intelligence, Stanislav Petrov, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, Suez canal 1869, surveillance capitalism, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Nature of the Firm, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, too big to fail, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, TSMC, union organizing, vertical integration, W. E. B. Du Bois, Wayback Machine, Yom Kippur War

Smethurst, From Foot Soldier to Finance Minister: Takahashi Korekiyo, Japan’s Keynes, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007. 20. Kozo Yamamura, “Success Illgotten? The Role of Meiji Militarism in Japan’s Technological Progress,” Journal of Economic History 37, no. 1 (March 1977): 113–135. 21. Rudyard Kipling, “White Man’s Burden,” The Times, February 4, 1899, reprinted at Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden. 22. Joseph Schumpeter, “The Sociology of Imperialisms,” 1918, in Imperialism and Social Classes: Two Essays by Joseph Schumpeter, Cleveland: Meridian Books, 2007. 23. John Hobson, Imperialism: A Study, London: James Nisbet, 1902. 24. Norman Angell, Europe’s Optical Illusion, Hamilton, Kent, UK: Simpkin, Marshall, 1908. 5.

The Secret World: A History of Intelligence by Christopher Andrew

Able Archer 83, active measures, Admiral Zheng, airport security, anti-communist, Atahualpa, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Chelsea Manning, classic study, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, Fellow of the Royal Society, Francisco Pizarro, Google Earth, information security, invention of movable type, invention of the telegraph, Julian Assange, Khyber Pass, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Murano, Venice glass, RAND corporation, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Skype, South Sea Bubble, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, the market place, trade route, two and twenty, union organizing, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, WikiLeaks, éminence grise

., 1.11.1–2; Plutarch, Life of Alexander, 14.5; Itinerarium Alexandri, 17; Pseudo-Callisthenes, 1.42. Flower, Seer in Ancient Greece, loc. 2340. 55. Cartledge, Alexander the Great, loc. 332. 56. Plutarch, Life of Alexander, 75. Flower, Seer in Ancient Greece, p. 129. 3 Intelligence and Divination in the Roman Republic 1. Livy, History of Rome, 6.41. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur. 2. Cicero, De Divinatione, 1.1. Loeb translation: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/de_Divinatione/1*.html. Ferguson, Greek and Roman Religion, p. 125. 3. Cicero, De Divinatione, 1.82–4 (see n. 2). The case for divination is put by Cicero’s Stoic brother in vol. 1 of Cicero’s two-volume philosophical treatise, written in 44 BC.

…

Cassius Dio, Roman History, 62. Loeb translation: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/62*.html. 24. Tacitus, Annals, 14.32. Loeb translation: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/14B*.html. 25. Cassius Dio, Roman History, 62 (see n. 23). 26. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester. 27. Hingley and Unwin, Boudica. 28. Sheldon, Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome, p. 274, n. 62. 29. Bingham, Praetorian Guard, ch. 2. 30. Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire, loc. 1499. 31. Historia Augusta: Hadrian, 11.4–6. Loeb translation: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/1*.html. 32.

pages: 786 words: 195,810

NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity by Steve Silberman

Albert Einstein, animal electricity, Apollo 11, Asperger Syndrome, assortative mating, autism spectrum disorder, Bletchley Park, crowdsourcing, Douglas Engelbart, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, experimental subject, Golden Gate Park, Haight Ashbury, hydroponic farming, hypertext link, IBM and the Holocaust, index card, Isaac Newton, John Markoff, Kickstarter, language acquisition, Larry Wall, megacity, meta-analysis, Mother of all demos, Neil Armstrong, neurotypical, New Journalism, pattern recognition, placebo effect, scientific mainstream, side project, Silicon Valley, Simon Singh, Skype, slashdot, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, sugar pill, the scientific method, twin studies, Tyler Cowen, union organizing, Whole Earth Catalog, women in the workforce, Yom Kippur War

Bachelor’s thesis, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, University of Technology, Sydney, 1998. “NT is only one kind of brain wiring”: “Neurodiversity: On the Neurological Underpinnings of Geekdom,” Harvey Blume. Atlantic, Sept. 1998. They were both digital natives: Alex Plank and Dan Grover, interviews with the author, 2012. Plank contributed dozens of articles: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:AlexPlank “I met a kid there my age”: Alex Plank, interview with the author, 2012. an online press release: “Autistic Teens Create Website for People with Asperger’s Syndrome,” Alex Plank and Dan Grover, PRWeb, July 1, 2004. his interactive sheet music app, Etude: “Steinway & Sons Debuts Etude 2.0 iPad App for Learning and Playing Piano.”

Mining of Massive Datasets by Jure Leskovec, Anand Rajaraman, Jeffrey David Ullman

cloud computing, crowdsourcing, en.wikipedia.org, first-price auction, G4S, information retrieval, John Snow's cholera map, Netflix Prize, NP-complete, PageRank, pattern recognition, power law, random walk, recommendation engine, second-price auction, sentiment analysis, social graph, statistical model, the long tail, web application

Steinbach, and V. Kumar, Introduction to Data Mining, Addison-Wesley, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2005. 1 This startup attempted to use machine learning to mine large-scale data, and hired many of the top machine-learning people to do so. Unfortunately, it was not able to survive. 2 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak. 3 That is, assume our hypothesis that terrorists will surely buy a set of 10 items in common at some time during the year. We don’t want to address the matter of whether or not terrorists would necessarily do so. 2 MapReduce and the New Software Stack Modern data-mining applications, often called “big-data” analysis, require us to manage immense amounts of data quickly.

pages: 789 words: 207,744

The Patterning Instinct: A Cultural History of Humanity's Search for Meaning by Jeremy Lent

Admiral Zheng, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, Atahualpa, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, complexity theory, conceptual framework, dematerialisation, demographic transition, different worldview, Doomsday Book, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, failed state, Firefox, Ford Model T, Francisco Pizarro, Garrett Hardin, Georg Cantor, Great Leap Forward, Hans Moravec, happiness index / gross national happiness, hedonic treadmill, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of gunpowder, invention of writing, Isaac Newton, Jevons paradox, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johannes Kepler, language acquisition, Lao Tzu, Law of Accelerating Returns, mandelbrot fractal, mass immigration, megacity, Metcalfe's law, Mikhail Gorbachev, move 37, Neil Armstrong, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, peak oil, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Plato's cave, QWERTY keyboard, Ray Kurzweil, Robert Solow, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, scientific management, Scientific racism, scientific worldview, seminal paper, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, social intelligence, South China Sea, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, Stuart Kauffman, synthetic biology, systems thinking, technological singularity, the scientific method, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, theory of mind, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, Tragedy of the Commons, Turing test, ultimatum game, urban sprawl, Vernor Vinge, wikimedia commons

Bostrom, “Transhumanist Values”; Vernor Vinge, “What Is the Singularity?” (presentation, Vision 21 Symposium, Westlake, OH, March 30, 1993). 46. Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near (New York: Penguin Books, 2005); Singularity University, http://singularityu.org (accessed February 5, 2017); Wikipedia, s.v. “Ray Kurzweil,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil (accessed September 2, 2016). 47. “Machine-to-Machine Communications: Connecting Billions of Devices,” OECD Digital Economy Papers, no. 192 (2012). 48. Igor Aleksander, “The Self ‘Out There,’” Nature 413 (2001): 23; Michael Chorost, World Wide Mind: The Coming Integration of Humanity, Machines, and the Internet (New York: Free Press, 2011), iBook edition, chap. 11. 49.

pages: 695 words: 194,693

Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible by William N. Goetzmann

Albert Einstein, Andrei Shleifer, asset allocation, asset-backed security, banking crisis, Benoit Mandelbrot, Black Swan, Black-Scholes formula, book value, Bretton Woods, Brownian motion, business cycle, capital asset pricing model, Cass Sunstein, classic study, collective bargaining, colonial exploitation, compound rate of return, conceptual framework, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, debt deflation, delayed gratification, Detroit bankruptcy, disintermediation, diversified portfolio, double entry bookkeeping, Edmond Halley, en.wikipedia.org, equity premium, equity risk premium, financial engineering, financial independence, financial innovation, financial intermediation, fixed income, frictionless, frictionless market, full employment, high net worth, income inequality, index fund, invention of the steam engine, invention of writing, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, laissez-faire capitalism, land bank, Louis Bachelier, low interest rates, mandelbrot fractal, market bubble, means of production, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, Myron Scholes, new economy, passive investing, Paul Lévy, Ponzi scheme, price stability, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, profit motive, public intellectual, quantitative trading / quantitative ﬁnance, random walk, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, shareholder value, short selling, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, spice trade, stochastic process, subprime mortgage crisis, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, time value of money, tontine, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, tulip mania, wage slave

University of Cambridge Digital Library. CHAPTER 18. “The search for the North West Passage” by Ann Savors (page 6). The British Museum. CHAPTER 19. Courtesy of The Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University. FIGURE 23. Courtesy of The Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University. CHAPTER 20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Law_%28economist%29#/media/File:John_Law-Casimir_Balthazar_mg_8450.jpg. FIGURE 24. Courtesy of The Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University. CHAPTER 22. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wheat_Row_-_Washington,_D.C..jpg. FIGURE 25. 1886: bequeathed by Jules David-Chassagnol, Paris; 1893: acquired by Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_Marat_assassinated_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg.

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Practical Ext JS Projects With Gears by Frank Zammetti

a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away, Albert Einstein, corporate raider, create, read, update, delete, database schema, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, Firefox, full text search, Gordon Gekko, Kickstarter, Larry Wall, leftpad, loose coupling, Ronald Reagan, web application

All right, I think we’ve got enough here to get going, so off we go (if you’re a child of the ’80s feel free to start singing the theme to The Great Space Coaster1 right about now!) Before we dive into the code, though, let’s get an initial glimpse of Code Cabinet Ext, shown in Figure 5-1. 1 The Great Space Coaster (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Space_Coaster) was a children’s television show from the early ’80s that many of us in our mid-thirties grew up with. Most people tend to remember two things: Knock-Knock the bird, who naturally enough told knock-knock jokes, and Gary Gnu, who did the fake news reports (“No gnews is good gnews with Gary Gnu”).

pages: 691 words: 203,236

Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities by Eric Kaufmann

4chan, Abraham Maslow, affirmative action, Amazon Mechanical Turk, anti-communist, anti-globalists, augmented reality, battle of ideas, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, centre right, Chelsea Manning, cognitive dissonance, complexity theory, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, David Brooks, deindustrialization, demographic transition, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gentrification, Great Leap Forward, Haight Ashbury, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, immigration reform, imperial preference, income inequality, it's over 9,000, Jeremy Corbyn, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, liberal capitalism, longitudinal study, Lyft, mass immigration, meta-analysis, microaggression, moral panic, Nate Silver, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, open borders, open immigration, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Overton Window, phenotype, postnationalism / post nation state, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Republic of Letters, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, Silicon Valley, Social Justice Warrior, statistical model, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, the built environment, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, transcontinental railway, twin studies, uber lyft, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus, white flight, working-age population, World Values Survey, young professional

Leitner, ‘The variegated landscape of local immigration policies in the United States’, Urban Geography 32:2 (2011), 156–78. 82. T. J. Vicino, Suburban Crossroads: The Fight for Local Control of Immigration Policy, Lanham, Md, 2012: Lexington Books, pp. 76, 88–90, 120. 83. Ibid., pp. 128–9. 84. Ibid., pp. 132–4. 85. Frey, Diversity Explosion, p. 37. 86. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070#Opinion_polls. 87. Ibid. 88. ‘2015 Immigration Report’, National Conference of State Legislatures, 3 August 2015: http://www.ncsl.org/research/immigration/2015-immigration-report.aspx. 89. ‘Senate immigration bill suffers crushing defeat’, CNN, 28 June 2007. 90. DeParle, ‘The anti-immigration crusader’. 91.

pages: 698 words: 198,203

The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window Into Human Nature by Steven Pinker

airport security, Albert Einstein, Bob Geldof, classic study, colonial rule, conceptual framework, correlation does not imply causation, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Brooks, Douglas Hofstadter, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, Ford Model T, fudge factor, George Santayana, language acquisition, Laplace demon, loss aversion, luminiferous ether, Norman Mailer, Philippa Foot, Plato's cave, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, science of happiness, social contagion, social intelligence, speech recognition, stem cell, Steven Pinker, Thomas Bayes, Thorstein Veblen, traffic fines, trolley problem, urban renewal, Yogi Berra

Tierney, “The Big City: You Could Look It Up,” New York Times, September 24, 1995. 20 Nisbett & Cohen, 1996. 21 Clark, 1996; Clark & Schunk, 1980; Francik & Clark, 1985; Gibbs, 1986; Searle, 1975. 22 Brown & Levinson, 1987b; Grice, 1975; Potts, 2005. 23 Brown & Levinson, 1987a; Clark & Schunk, 1980; Fraser, 1990; Holtgraves, 2002. 24 Holtgraves, 2002. 25 Holtgraves, 2002. 26 Pinker, 2002. 27 Kasher, 1977; Sampson, 1982. 28 Schelling, 1960, pp. 139—142. 29 Dawkins & Krebs, 1978. 30 Alan Dershowitz, presentation at a seminar On Indirect Speech at the Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, May 16, 2006; Harvey Silverglate, comments at the same seminar. 31 “Woman Is Found Guilty Of Bribery to Win a Vote for Rights Proposal,” New York Times, August 23, 1980; “Woman Convicted Of Vote Bribe Is Ordered to Do Public Service,” New York Times, November 8, 1980. 32 M. Langan, “The Language Of Diplomacy,” Boston Globe, April 19, 2001. 33 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_242#Semantic_dispute. 34 Max Bazerman, personal communication, April 11, 2006. 35 B. Feiler, “Pocketful Of Dough,” Gourmet, October 2000. 36 Fiske, 1992; Fiske, 2004; Haslam, 2004. For a similar theory designed to explain the development Of an individual’s personality, see Judith Harris’s No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality, 2006. 37 Dawkins, 1976/1989. 38 Tooby & Cosmides, 1996. 39 Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997. 40 Ramachandran & Blakeslee, 1998; Wegner, 2002. 41 Fiske, 2004, p. 88. 42 Fiske & Tetlock, 1997; McGraw & Tetlock, 2005; Tetlock et al., 2000. 43 Dawkins, 1976/1989; Maynard Smith, 1988. 44 Schelling, 1960. 45 Provine, 1996. 46 Pinker, 1997b, chap. 8. 47 Cosmides & Tooby, 1992. 48 Sowell, 1980. 49 Fiske & Tetlock, 1997; McGraw & Tetlock, 2005; Tetlock et al., 2000. 50 Buss, 1994; Symons, 1979. 51 Rosovsky, 1990. 52 Brown, 1996, p. 8. 53 Brown & Levinson, 1987b.

The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America by Margaret O'Mara

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, accounting loophole / creative accounting, affirmative action, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, AltaVista, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Web Services, An Inconvenient Truth, AOL-Time Warner, Apple II, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, autonomous vehicles, back-to-the-land, barriers to entry, Ben Horowitz, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Bob Noyce, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, business climate, Byte Shop, California gold rush, Californian Ideology, carried interest, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, company town, Compatible Time-Sharing System, computer age, Computer Lib, continuous integration, cuban missile crisis, Danny Hillis, DARPA: Urban Challenge, deindustrialization, different worldview, digital divide, Do you want to sell sugared water for the rest of your life?, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, Dynabook, Edward Snowden, El Camino Real, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Fairchild Semiconductor, Frank Gehry, Future Shock, Gary Kildall, General Magic , George Gilder, gig economy, Googley, Hacker Ethic, Hacker News, high net worth, hockey-stick growth, Hush-A-Phone, immigration reform, income inequality, industrial research laboratory, informal economy, information retrieval, invention of movable type, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, Jeff Bezos, Joan Didion, job automation, job-hopping, John Gilmore, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Kitchen Debate, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Larry Ellison, Laura Poitras, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, Mary Meeker, mass immigration, means of production, mega-rich, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, millennium bug, Mitch Kapor, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, new economy, Norbert Wiener, old-boy network, Palm Treo, pattern recognition, Paul Graham, Paul Terrell, paypal mafia, Peter Thiel, pets.com, pirate software, popular electronics, pre–internet, prudent man rule, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Robert Metcalfe, ROLM, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Sand Hill Road, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, Snapchat, social graph, software is eating the world, Solyndra, speech recognition, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, Strategic Defense Initiative, supercomputer in your pocket, Susan Wojcicki, tacit knowledge, tech billionaire, tech worker, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the market place, the new new thing, The Soul of a New Machine, There's no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home - Ken Olsen, Thomas L Friedman, Tim Cook: Apple, Timothy McVeigh, transcontinental railway, Twitter Arab Spring, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, Unsafe at Any Speed, upwardly mobile, Vannevar Bush, War on Poverty, Wargames Reagan, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, William Shockley: the traitorous eight, work culture , Y Combinator, Y2K

The definitive history of the early years of Facebook (and the basis for the not altogether charitable portrayal of Zuckerberg and his company in the 2011 Hollywood film The Social Network) is David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company that is Connecting the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010). 20. This data comes from, naturally, Wikipedia. “List of most popular websites,” Wikipedia, March 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_popular_websites, archived at https://perma.cc/9QBA-ABF6. 21. Lev Grossman, “You—Yes, You—Are TIME’s Person of the Year,” Time, December 25, 2006. 22. Esther Dyson et al., “Cyberspace and the American Dream: A Magna Carta for the Knowledge Age” (Release 1.2, August 22, 1994), The Information Society 12, no. 3 (1996): 295–308. 23.

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Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century by Geoffrey Parker

agricultural Revolution, British Empire, classic study, Climatic Research Unit, colonial rule, creative destruction, currency manipulation / currency intervention, Defenestration of Prague, Edmond Halley, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, failed state, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial independence, friendly fire, Google Earth, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, Johannes Kepler, Joseph Schumpeter, Khyber Pass, mass immigration, Mercator projection, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Thiel, public intellectual, Republic of Letters, sexual politics, South China Sea, the market place, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, unemployed young men, University of East Anglia, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

., XII, 296 (3 Mar. 1657). Edo Castle, with a perimeter of perhaps 10 miles, covered a far larger area in the Tokugawa era than today. The five-storey donjon (tenshudai) destroyed in the Meireki fire stood 167 feet high and was thus the tallest building in Japan. See the ground plan at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edo_Castle_plan_1849.svg 51. Hayami, Economic history, 169, tabulates the products listed in the 1637 Kefukigusa. See also Hayami, Population, family and society, 42–51. 52. White, Ikki, 281, noted that the central government often ordered local magistrates to punish protesters, but then itself punished the local magistrates who had allowed the ‘incidents of contention’ to occur.

…

Shindel, ‘Volcanic and solar forcing’, 4,104, ‘GCM simulation 1680 vs 1780 solar + volcano’; Luterbacher et al., ‘European seasonal and annual temperature’, 1,501–2; idem, ‘Monthly mean pressure’, 1,050, 1,062; Pfister, ‘Weeping in the snow’ 54, displays two weather maps reconstructing the unusual cold in 1695. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/find_eruptions.cfm lists eruptions by year; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volcanic-ash-downfall_map_of_Mt.Fuji_Hoei-eruption01.jpg reconstructs the ash falls from Mount Fuji's ‘Hōei eruption’ in 1707–8. 5. Data from Teodoreanu, ‘Preliminary observations’, 189, quoting a Turkish chronicler; García Acosta, Desastres agrícolas, I, 203–14; Myllyntaus, ‘Summer frost’, 82.

pages: 1,065 words: 229,099

Real World Haskell by Bryan O'Sullivan, John Goerzen, Donald Stewart, Donald Bruce Stewart

bash_history, database schema, Debian, distributed revision control, domain-specific language, duck typing, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, functional programming, general-purpose programming language, Guido van Rossum, higher-order functions, job automation, Larry Wall, lateral thinking, level 1 cache, machine readable, p-value, panic early, plutocrats, revision control, sorting algorithm, SQL injection, transfer pricing, type inference, web application, Yochai Benkler

To focus our attention, we will look at processing web server logfiles, which tend to be both huge and plentiful.[59]As an example, here is a log entry for a page visit recorded by the Apache Web Server. The entry originally filled one line—we split it across several lines to fit: 201.49.94.87 - - [08/Jun/2008:07:04:20 -0500] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 2097 "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial_(software)" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows XP 5.1; en-GB; rv:1.8.1.12) Gecko/20080201 Firefox/2.0.0.12" 0 hgbook.red-bean.com While we could create a straightforward implementation without much effort, we will resist the temptation to dive in. If we think about solving a class of problems instead of a single one, we may end up with more widely applicable code.

pages: 809 words: 237,921

The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty by Daron Acemoglu, James A. Robinson

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, AltaVista, Andrei Shleifer, bank run, Berlin Wall, British Empire, California gold rush, central bank independence, centre right, classic study, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, colonial rule, Computer Numeric Control, conceptual framework, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, Dava Sobel, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of the americas, double entry bookkeeping, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, equal pay for equal work, European colonialism, export processing zone, Ferguson, Missouri, financial deregulation, financial innovation, flying shuttle, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, income inequality, income per capita, industrial robot, information asymmetry, interest rate swap, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, James Watt: steam engine, John Harrison: Longitude, joint-stock company, Kula ring, labor-force participation, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, mass incarceration, Maui Hawaii, means of production, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Nelson Mandela, obamacare, openstreetmap, out of africa, PageRank, pattern recognition, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, Skype, spinning jenny, Steven Pinker, the market place, transcontinental railway, War on Poverty, WikiLeaks

Our interpretation and evidence on state formation in early modern England heavily builds on Braddick (2000), Hindle (2000), and Pincus (2011). See also Blockmans, Holenstein, and Mathieu, eds. (2009). Davison, Hitchcock, Keirn, and Shoemaker, eds. (1992), discuss the imagery of the grumbling hive. The quote is from Mandeville (1989), whose poem is readily available on the Internet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fable_of_the_Bees#The_poem. See Hindle (1999) on Swallowfield. He reproduces the resolutions in full. The legal cases we reproduce are from Herrup (1989, 75–76; see Chapter 4). Goldie (2001) emphasizes the importance of the number of officeholders in eighteenth-century Britain; our numbers come from his article.

pages: 394 words: 110,352

The Art of Community: Building the New Age of Participation by Jono Bacon

barriers to entry, Benchmark Capital, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), collaborative editing, crowdsourcing, Debian, DevOps, digital divide, digital rights, do what you love, do-ocracy, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, game design, Guido van Rossum, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jono Bacon, Kickstarter, Larry Wall, Mark Shuttleworth, Mark Zuckerberg, openstreetmap, Richard Stallman, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, social graph, software as a service, Stephen Fry, telemarketer, the long tail, union organizing, VA Linux, web application

With this solid chunk of great communication best practice under our belts, let’s continue our application of simplicity to community by applying it to an area often bastardized by utter complexity: building processes. Fasten those seat belts, friends. * * * [1] To learn why, visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_Law_of_Triviality. Chapter 4. Processes: Simple Is Sustainable “Light is the task where many share the toil.” —Homer Ray Kroc was a fairly simple guy. As a small-time salesman in the 1950s, he had moved on from the thrill-seeking paper cup world to selling multimixer drink machines to restaurants across the US.

pages: 1,156 words: 229,431

The IDA Pro Book by Chris Eagle

barriers to entry, business process, en.wikipedia.org, functional programming, iterative process

Levine, Linkers and Loaders (San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 2000). [11] See http://www.sourceware.org/binutils/docs/binutils/objdump.html#objdump/. [12] See http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/. [13] See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/c1h23y6c(VS.71).aspx. [14] For an overview of name mangling, refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_mangling. Deep Inspection Tools So far, we have discussed tools that perform a cursory analysis of files based on minimal knowledge of those files’ internal structure. We have also seen tools capable of extracting specific pieces of data from files based on very detailed knowledge of a file’s structure.

pages: 492 words: 70,082

Immigration worldwide: policies, practices, and trends by Uma Anand Segal, Doreen Elliott, Nazneen S. Mayadas

affirmative action, Asian financial crisis, Berlin Wall, borderless world, British Empire, Celtic Tiger, centre right, conceptual framework, credit crunch, demographic transition, deskilling, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, export processing zone, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial independence, full employment, global village, guest worker program, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, informal economy, it's over 9,000, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, labour mobility, language acquisition, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, mass immigration, minimum wage unemployment, moral panic, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, open borders, phenotype, scientific management, South China Sea, structural adjustment programs, Suez canal 1869, trade route, transaction costs, upwardly mobile, urban planning, women in the workforce

Addressing gender-based violence in refugee, internally displaced and post-conflict settings: A global overview. Paper presented at the Reproductive Health Response in Conflict (RHRC) Consortium, New York. Wikipedia (2005). Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Retrieved April 7, 2005, from http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan. Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children (WCRWC) (2001, October 15). Watch list on children in armed conflict: Afghanistan. Retrieved April 7, 2005, from http:// www.watchlist.org/reports/ afghanistan.report.pdf. Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children(WCRWC) (2002, January).

pages: 918 words: 257,605

The Age of Surveillance Capitalism by Shoshana Zuboff

"World Economic Forum" Davos, algorithmic bias, Amazon Web Services, Andrew Keen, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Bartolomé de las Casas, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, blue-collar work, book scanning, Broken windows theory, California gold rush, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, classic study, cloud computing, collective bargaining, Computer Numeric Control, computer vision, connected car, context collapse, corporate governance, corporate personhood, creative destruction, cryptocurrency, data science, deep learning, digital capitalism, disinformation, dogs of the Dow, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, driverless car, Easter island, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, facts on the ground, fake news, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, future of work, game design, gamification, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, Herman Kahn, hive mind, Ian Bogost, impulse control, income inequality, information security, Internet of things, invention of the printing press, invisible hand, Jean Tirole, job automation, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Kevin Roose, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, linked data, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, means of production, multi-sided market, Naomi Klein, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, Occupy movement, off grid, off-the-grid, PageRank, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, pattern recognition, Paul Buchheit, performance metric, Philip Mirowski, precision agriculture, price mechanism, profit maximization, profit motive, public intellectual, recommendation engine, refrigerator car, RFID, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Bork, Robert Mercer, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, slashdot, smart cities, Snapchat, social contagion, social distancing, social graph, social web, software as a service, speech recognition, statistical model, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, structural adjustment programs, surveillance capitalism, technological determinism, TED Talk, The Future of Employment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tim Cook: Apple, two-sided market, union organizing, vertical integration, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, winner-take-all economy, Wolfgang Streeck, work culture , Yochai Benkler, you are the product

Talks at Google, Sandy Pentland: “Social Physics: How Good Ideas Spread,” YouTube.com, March 7, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMB10 ttu-Ow. 3. Maria Konnikova, “Meet the Godfather of Wearables,” Verge, May 6, 2014, http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/6/5661318/the-wizard-alex-pentland-father-of-the-wearable-computer. 4. “Alex Pentland,” Wikipedia, July 22, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Pentland&oldid=791778066; Konnikova, “Meet the Godfather”; Dave Feinleib, “3 Big Data Insights from the Grandfather of Google Glass,” Forbes, October 17, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/davefeinleib/2012/10/17/3-big-data-insights-from-the-grandfather-of-google-glass. 5.

pages: 1,261 words: 294,715

Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst by Robert M. Sapolsky

autism spectrum disorder, autonomous vehicles, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, biofilm, blood diamond, British Empire, Broken windows theory, Brownian motion, car-free, classic study, clean water, cognitive dissonance, cognitive load, corporate personhood, corporate social responsibility, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, delayed gratification, desegregation, different worldview, domesticated silver fox, double helix, Drosophila, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Flynn Effect, framing effect, fudge factor, George Santayana, global pandemic, Golden arches theory, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, impulse control, income inequality, intentional community, John von Neumann, Loma Prieta earthquake, long peace, longitudinal study, loss aversion, Mahatma Gandhi, meta-analysis, microaggression, mirror neurons, Mohammed Bouazizi, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, mouse model, mutually assured destruction, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, nocebo, out of africa, Peter Singer: altruism, phenotype, Philippa Foot, placebo effect, publication bias, RAND corporation, risk tolerance, Rosa Parks, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Skinner box, social contagion, social distancing, social intelligence, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Stanford prison experiment, stem cell, Steven Pinker, strikebreaker, theory of mind, Tragedy of the Commons, transatlantic slave trade, traveling salesman, trickle-down economics, trolley problem, twin studies, ultimatum game, Walter Mischel, wikimedia commons, zero-sum game, zoonotic diseases

The killing of Tavin Price: Brainuser1, “Mentally Challenged Teen Shot Dead for Wearing Wrong Color Shoes,” EurThisNThat.com, September 22, 2016, www.eurthisnthat.com/2015/06/03/mentally-challenged-teen-shot-dead-for-wearing-wrong-color-shoes/comment-page-1/. Irish hunger strikers: “1981 Irish Hunger Strike,” Wikipedia.com, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike#First_hunger_strike. “My Way” killings: N. Onishi, “Sinatra Song Often Strikes Deadly Chord,” New York Times, February 7, 2010. 3. Footnote: T. Appenzeller, “Old Masters,” Nat 497 (2013): 302. 4. R. Hughes, The Shock of the New (New York: Knopf, 1991).

pages: 1,073 words: 314,528

Strategy: A History by Lawrence Freedman

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, behavioural economics, Black Swan, Blue Ocean Strategy, British Empire, business process, butterfly effect, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, circulation of elites, cognitive dissonance, coherent worldview, collective bargaining, complexity theory, conceptual framework, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate raider, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, defense in depth, desegregation, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, endowment effect, escalation ladder, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, framing effect, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, Ida Tarbell, information retrieval, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Arrow, lateral thinking, linear programming, loose coupling, loss aversion, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, mental accounting, Murray Gell-Mann, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, Nelson Mandela, Norbert Wiener, Norman Mailer, oil shock, Pareto efficiency, performance metric, Philip Mirowski, prisoner's dilemma, profit maximization, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, scientific management, seminal paper, shareholder value, social contagion, social intelligence, Steven Pinker, strikebreaker, The Chicago School, The Myth of the Rational Market, the scientific method, theory of mind, Thomas Davenport, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Torches of Freedom, Toyota Production System, transaction costs, Twitter Arab Spring, ultimatum game, unemployed young men, Upton Sinclair, urban sprawl, Vilfredo Pareto, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

Vance H. Fried and Benjamin M. Oviatt, “Michael Porter’s Missing Chapter: The Risk of Antitrust Violations,” Academy of Management Executive 3, no. 1 (1989): 49–56. 25. Adam J. Brandenburger and Barry J. Nalebuff, Co-Opetition (New York: Doubleday, 1996). 26. As demonstrated by Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coopetition. 27. Stewart, The Management Myth, 214–215. 33 Red Queens and Blue Oceans 1. Kathleen Eisenhardt, “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review,” Academy of Management Review 14, no. 1 (1989): 57–74. 2. Justin Fox, The Myth of the Rational Market: A History of Risk, Reward, and Delusion on Wall Street (New York: Harper, 2009), 159–162. 3.

pages: 1,178 words: 388,227

Quicksilver by Neal Stephenson

Danny Hillis, dark matter, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, Fellow of the Royal Society, Free Software Foundation, gentleman farmer, Isaac Newton, joint-stock company, Neal Stephenson, out of africa, Peace of Westphalia, retrograde motion, short selling, short squeeze, Snow Crash, the scientific method, trade route, urban planning

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify the text of all Metaweb materials under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. For the full license, see the metaweb:GNU free documentation license: http://www.metaweb.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Metaweb:GNU_free_documentation_license See also the Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page PerfectBound™ and the PerfectBound™ logo are trademarks of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. Microsoft Reader March 2004 ISBN 0-06-074831-1 FIRST EDITION 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About the Publisher Australia HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty. Ltd. 25 Ryde Road (PO Box 321) Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia http://www.perfectbound.com.au Canada HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. 55 Avenue Road, Suite 2900 Toronto, ON, M5R, 3L2, Canada http://www.perfectbound.ca New Zealand HarperCollinsPublishers (New Zealand) Limited P.O.

Engineering Security by Peter Gutmann

active measures, address space layout randomization, air gap, algorithmic trading, Amazon Web Services, Asperger Syndrome, bank run, barriers to entry, bitcoin, Brian Krebs, business process, call centre, card file, cloud computing, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, cognitive load, combinatorial explosion, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Debian, domain-specific language, Donald Davies, Donald Knuth, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, Dunning–Kruger effect, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, false flag, fault tolerance, Firefox, fundamental attribution error, George Akerlof, glass ceiling, GnuPG, Google Chrome, Hacker News, information security, iterative process, Jacob Appelbaum, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, John Conway, John Gilmore, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Ken Thompson, Kickstarter, lake wobegon effect, Laplace demon, linear programming, litecoin, load shedding, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Multics, Network effects, nocebo, operational security, Paradox of Choice, Parkinson's law, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, Pierre-Simon Laplace, place-making, post-materialism, QR code, quantum cryptography, race to the bottom, random walk, recommendation engine, RFID, risk tolerance, Robert Metcalfe, rolling blackouts, Ruby on Rails, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, Satoshi Nakamoto, security theater, semantic web, seminal paper, Skype, slashdot, smart meter, social intelligence, speech recognition, SQL injection, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stuxnet, sunk-cost fallacy, supply-chain attack, telemarketer, text mining, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Market for Lemons, the payments system, Therac-25, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, Turing complete, Turing machine, Turing test, Wayback Machine, web application, web of trust, x509 certificate, Y2K, zero day, Zimmermann PGP

sid=07/02/26/0253206. [563] “User Account Control”, Ben Fathi, 8 October 2008, http://blogs.msdn.com/e7/archive/2008/10/08/user-accountcontrol.aspx. [564] “User Account Control Overview”, 7 February 2007, [565] http://www.microsoft.com/technet/windowsvista/security/uacppr.mspx. “User Account Control”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Account_Control. [566] “Understanding and Configuring User Account Control in Windows Vista”, http://www.microsoft.com/technet/windowsvista/library/00d044152b2f-422c-b70e-b18ff918c281.mspx. [567] “Telecommunications, Land Mobile Communications (APCO/Project 25), TIA-102 Series”, Telecommunications Industry Association, December 2011. [568] “Project 25 Technology Interest Group”, http://project25.org. [569] “Why (Special Agent) Johnny (Still) Can’t Encrypt: A Security Analysis of the APCO Project 25 Two-Way Radio System”, Sandy Clark, Travis Goodspeed, Perry Metzger, Zachary Wasserman, Kevin Xu and Matt Blaze, Proceedings of the 20th Usenix Security Symposium (Security’11), August 2011, p.49. [570] “Insecurity in Public-Safety Communications: APCO Project 25”, Stephen Glass, Vallipuram Muthukkumarasamy, Marius Portmann and Matthew Robert, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Networks (SecureComm’11), Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering (LNICST) No.96, September 2011, p.116. [571] “APCO P25 Security Revisited: The Practical Attacks”, Matthew Robert and Stephen Glass, presentation at Ruxcon 2011, November 2011. [572] “One-Way Cryptography (Transcript of Discussion)”, Matt Blaze, Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Security Protocols (Protocols’11), Springer-Verlag LNCS No.7114, March 2011, p.341. [573] “One-Way Cryptography”, Sandy Clark, Travis Goodspeed, Perry Metzger, Zachary Wasserman, Kevin Xu and Matt Blaze, Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Security Protocols (Protocols’11), Springer-Verlag LNCS No.7114, March 2011, p.336. [574] “NSA on the Cheap”, Matt Blaze, presentation at the 26 th Large Installation System Administration Conference (LISA’12), December 2012, https://www.usenix.org/conference/lisa12/nsa-cheap. [575] “OP25: World’s Cheapest P25 Receiver”, http://op25.osmocom.org/wiki. [576] “The Great APCO Project 25 Boondoggle”, Kirk Kleinschmidt, Monitoring Times, February 2011, p.8. [577] “The Inmates Are Running the Asylum: Why High Tech Products Drive Us Crazy and How To Restore The Sanity”, Alan Cooper, Sams, 1999. [578] “Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events”, Dan Simons and Christopher Chabris, Perception, Vol.28 (1999), p.1059.