safety bicycle

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Cyclopedia by William Fotheringham

Berlin Wall, British Empire, carbon footprint, disinformation, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fixed-gear, flag carrier, gentleman farmer, intermodal, Kickstarter, Northern Rock, safety bicycle, éminence grise

Repeated cycling seems to harden the skin in the crotch for male cyclists, who should not have to resort to the remedies recommended by TOM SIMPSON: ice water baths or cocaine lotions to deaden the nerves. SAFETY BICYCLES A type of bike born of a spate of inventions in the 1870s and 1880s as designers attempted to improve on the HIGH-WHEELER by making the bike more stable and introducing rear-wheel drive. The definitive safety bicycle was produced in 1885 with the launch of the Rover designed by JAMES STARLEY. Starley’s third model for the Rover had the diamond frame, rear chain drive—the bush-roller chain as we know it today had been invented in 1880—and direct front-wheel steering that now define most bikes.

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What followed was a constant search for improvement in any area where mechanics came into play, from industry to personal transport, and a wide variety of cycle designs were patended, many for tricycles and quadricycles, none of which caught on. In the early 1840s KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN and the Frenchman Alexandre Lefebvre both produced rear-wheel-driven machines that never became popular; instead the HIGH-WHEELER took over before the first SAFETY BICYCLES were produced in the 1880s, with the definitive pattern set by JAMES STARLEY’s Rover in 1885. Radical variations on this basic bike design, truly established at the end of the 19th century, have been relatively rare. The Moulton small-wheeler from the 1960s is one departure that has enjoyed enduring popularity.

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A drop-frame version was made for ladies to accommodate long skirts. So many people rode the hobby horses that they were banned from pavements in London; the craze spread to America, pushed by Johnson, but eventually died out. (SEE BONESHAKER FOR THE NEXT STAGE IN CYCLE DEVELOPMENT; HIGH-WHEELER AND SAFETY BICYCLE FOR LATER VARIANTS ; BICYCLE FOR A SUMMARY OF THE MACHINE’S DEVELOPMENT; LEONARDO DA VINCI FOR THE DEBATE OVER A POSSIBLE EARLY MACHINE) DRUGS Cycle racing is one of the toughest endurance disciplines in sport, and a variety of illegal substances have been used over the years as cyclists have attempted to go farther and faster.

Bike Snob by BikeSnobNYC

book value, call centre, car-free, fixed-gear, gentrification, Kickstarter, messenger bag, safety bicycle, urban sprawl

But what happened soon after this put cycling over the top, and it’s the reason I don’t go by the name of “PennyFarthingSnobNYC.” No, I’m not talking about Grover Cleveland’s inauguration. I’m talking about the invention of the “safety bicycle.” The safety bicycle was invented by John Kemp Starley, who just happened to be James Starley’s nephew, and the name of the bike came from the fact you no longer had to perch yourself atop that giant front wheel. The safety bicycle used a chain drive, and the size of the cogs determined the speed of the bicycle. This meant that you could not only use wheels of the same size, but those wheels could also be reasonably sized—like, not taller than you.

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This meant that you could not only use wheels of the same size, but those wheels could also be reasonably sized—like, not taller than you. The bicycle was now easy to ride. It handled well. And once Dunlop started making pneumatic tires a few years later, it rode smoothly too. Everything came together. Essentially, the safety bicycle with pneumatic tires is the same thing we’re all riding today. Sure, our bikes are a lot more refined now, but the idea is the same. For the most part, by 1887 they’d nailed it. Once the safety bicycle “dropped,” cycling absolutely exploded. It was the thing to do. Most cyclists, and even many non-cyclists, are aware that professional cycling was once an extremely popular sport in the United States.

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My planned ride would take me to my childhood home and the place where I learned to ride a bicycle. Not only that, but the ride would take me along Merrick Road and through Valley Stream, our cycling Bethlehem, along the way. So I took off my tweed reading suit, donned my tweed cycling suit, lubed up my safety bicycle, and off I went. To reach the beach at Far Rockaway, all routes pass through Jamaica. The various ways of reaching Jamaica were fully given in the article describing “A Favorite Century Run to Patchogue.” Jamaica is in Queens. According to the article, to get to Jamaica, I should start in Central Park, leave it at Ninety-sixth Street, head to the ferry house at the foot of East Ninety-ninth Street, and take a ferry to College Point, which is also in Queens.

Building the Cycling City: The Dutch Blueprint for Urban Vitality by Melissa Bruntlett, Chris Bruntlett

"World Economic Forum" Davos, active transport: walking or cycling, ASML, autonomous vehicles, bike sharing, car-free, crowdsourcing, en.wikipedia.org, fixed-gear, Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Bilbao, intermodal, Jones Act, Loma Prieta earthquake, megacity, new economy, oil shale / tar sands, safety bicycle, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, starchitect, Stop de Kindermoord, the built environment, the High Line, transit-oriented development, urban planning, urban renewal, wikimedia commons

— TIMO DE RIJK Quoted by Zahid Sardar in The Dutch Bike The story of how the Netherlands became synonymous with cycling would be incomplete without a closer look at the simple machine that inspired it at the turn of the twentieth century: the safety bicycle. Had it not been for widespread, nationwide adoption starting in the 1890s, and the central social role the safety bicycle played over the next 125 years, Dutch cities would probably resemble their neighbors in Western Europe and across the Atlantic, with wide streets, very little cycling infrastructure, and corridors clogged with cars. But just as the Dutch people take their unique bicycle culture for granted, many tend to forget that the vehicle that helped them achieve international notoriety first arrived on their shores with travelers from across the North Sea.

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The bakfiets, or “cargo bike” as it is more commonly known in English-speaking countries, is a bicycle (or sometimes tricycle) with a large wooden box attached to the front, originally designed for hauling goods from A to B. Much like the original safety bicycle, which would later become the visual embodiment of Dutch cycle culture, the origins of the bakfiets lie across the North Sea in industrial England. In 1877, John Kemp Starley invented the Coventry Rotary, one of the first chain-drive tricycles, opening up the possibilities for carrying cargo a decade before the safety bicycle hit the streets. Deemed less cumbersome than a horse-and-carriage, these freight trikes were perfect for tradesmen transporting bread, milk, and mail—pretty much anything that needed to be delivered from a business to the customer.

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Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Keywords: Amsterdam, Atlanta, Austin, bakfiets, bicycle, bicycle lane, bicycle parking, bicycle superhighway, Boston, cargo bicycle, Eindhoven, Groningen, Green Lane Project, New York City, Philadelphia, Portland, Rotterdam, safety bicycle, San Francisco, Seattle, transit, urban design, urban planning, Utrecht, Vancouver, Vision Zero TO CORALIE AND ETIENNE the best adventurers any parents could ask for. You are our constant inspiration, and the reason we keep riding along on this crazy journey! CONTENTS Preface Introduction: A Nation of Fietsers 01 Streets Aren’t Set in Stone 02 Not Sport.

One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility by Zack Furness, Zachary Mooradian Furness

active transport: walking or cycling, affirmative action, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, An Inconvenient Truth, back-to-the-land, bike sharing, Build a better mousetrap, Burning Man, car-free, carbon footprint, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, conceptual framework, critique of consumerism, DIY culture, dumpster diving, Enrique Peñalosa, European colonialism, feminist movement, fixed-gear, food desert, Ford Model T, General Motors Futurama, ghettoisation, Golden Gate Park, independent contractor, interchangeable parts, intermodal, Internet Archive, Jane Jacobs, Kickstarter, Lewis Mumford, market fundamentalism, means of production, messenger bag, Murray Bookchin, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, peak oil, place-making, post scarcity, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, safety bicycle, Silicon Valley, sustainable-tourism, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas L Friedman, Thorstein Veblen, urban planning, vertical integration, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, work culture , working poor, Yom Kippur War

That is to say, these rhetorics were used to produce not only desires for mass-produced goods and services but also an entirely new consumer subject: the cyclist.27 By appealing to the cyclist as a specific type of consumer with unique tastes, bicycle companies could market a wider variety of products to enhance this burgeoning identity. as norcliffe notes, these new consumer subjects were often men: “an enthusiastic male cyclist might have as many as three riding outfits: formal club uniforms were expected for parades, at least until the early 1890s; a more casual outfit with long socks, breeches, and jacket would be worn on regular rides; and light cotton outfits became popular for hot summer days. racers would also have a racing outfit.”28 Many cyclists literally bought into this consumer identity by using bicycles and bicycle accessories to signify their participation in a modern popular culture, yet bicycle manufacturers in the early 1890s were still limited in their ability to transform women into cycling consumer subjects.29 Normalizing the Woman Cyclist Elite women in Europe and the United States were the first to utilize cycling technologies, though most were excluded from riding the high-wheeler, or “ordinary,” bicycle (the one with the big front wheel) as well as most models manufactured prior to the modern “safety” bicycle, which is essentially the bicycle as we know it today.30 “Ordinaries” were incredibly difficult to operate and both clothing and behavioral restrictions made it nearly impossible for women to ride them. Early bicycles were specifically gendered for male use and those women who were the rare exceptions to this rule were mainly “an already suspect class of women: stage performers who used the high wheeler in an act.”31 Tricycle use, on the other hand, was passively supported in the 1880s and the design of the machines made them easier for women to ride: they were both physically easier to operate and many were built to allow for the accompaniment of a male chaperon.32 Women could thus operate tricycles without dramatically challenging the dominant social norms of the period.

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Early bicycles were specifically gendered for male use and those women who were the rare exceptions to this rule were mainly “an already suspect class of women: stage performers who used the high wheeler in an act.”31 Tricycle use, on the other hand, was passively supported in the 1880s and the design of the machines made them easier for women to ride: they were both physically easier to operate and many were built to allow for the accompaniment of a male chaperon.32 Women could thus operate tricycles without dramatically challenging the dominant social norms of the period. Following the mass production of the safety bicycle in the 1890s, many women took up cycling and found in it a renewed sense of freedom and mobility. in the United States, the bicycle’s role in the transformation of gender norms is buttressed by Susan B. anthony’s oft-quoted claim: “The bicycle did more to emancipate women than anything else in the world.”33 Women were certainly not freed by the bicycle, but one cannot overestimate the sense of liberation and empowerment experienced by the first women who transcended the domestic sphere on their own two wheels.

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That is to say, while newspapers and magazines gave middle- and upper-class women some space in which to articulate their support for the practice, these outlets regularly published articles and images that clearly mocked women cycling. advertising was a similarly ambiguous format in terms of establishing patterns of representation. patricia Marks, for example, suggests that ads helped to normalize and popularize female bicycling by celebrating the freedom of the new woman, whereas Carla Willard takes a more critical position: she acknowledges that advertising may have dispelled negative perceptions of women bicyclists but it was not meant to empower women socially or politically. rather, bicycle companies were far more concerned with using ads to create a female consumer subjectivity through a watered-down representation of feminism: “The anxious debates about female bicycling were implicit in many brand-product ads, where they were distilled in and quelled by the sales pitch.”45 advertisements, by their very nature, lack the capacity to explain or contextualize the social ramifications of consumer choices, and this, according to Ellen Garvey, was the vital work performed by fiction narratives in popular magazines.46 These stories, she argues, worked in concert with bicycle advertising to create and amplify a larger discourse of consumption around female cycling. as part of an ongoing shift in the publishing industry, the commercial interests of advertising-supported magazines and the bicycle industry resonated to such a degree that seemingly noncommercial narratives either explicitly, or implicitly, promoted bike-riding women in the service of bicycle sales. Female cycling, in other words, had to be made “socially acceptable to sell safety bicycles to a larger market.”47 Bicycling, Garvey argues, was widely used as the centerpiece of magazine fiction that helped to diffuse the potentially disruptive political awareness of the new woman, namely by ensuring readers that bicycling would make women healthier, stronger, and otherwise more fit for motherhood.

Copenhagenize: The Definitive Guide to Global Bicycle Urbanism by Mikael Colville-Andersen

active transport: walking or cycling, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, autonomous vehicles, bike sharing, business cycle, car-free, congestion charging, corporate social responsibility, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Enrique Peñalosa, functional fixedness, gamification, if you build it, they will come, Induced demand, intermodal, Jane Jacobs, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Kickstarter, Mahatma Gandhi, megaproject, meta-analysis, neurotypical, out of africa, place-making, Ralph Waldo Emerson, safety bicycle, self-driving car, sharing economy, smart cities, starchitect, transcontinental railway, urban planning, urban sprawl, Yogi Berra

It was the so-called safety bicycle, featuring the diamond frame, that pushed the bicycle from being a subcultural toy for bored rich boys to becoming a mainstream form of transport. Before that, “bicycles” were an eclectic collection of bizarre contraptions, the most famous of which was the cumbersome penny-farthing, with its large front wheel and comparatively tiny rear wheel. Several inventors and designers were working on an improvement to the penny-farthing, but the first mass-produced safety bicycle was the Rover, invented by John Kemp Starley in the United Kingdom in 1885. Calling it a “safety bicycle” was the first step in marketing the product to society at large, since the penny-farthing had a reputation as a dangerous machine—and rightly so.

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We can thank the penny-farthing for giving us English expressions like taking a header and breakneck speed. It didn’t take long for the design to catch on and be replicated by companies all over the world. (It became so popular in Poland, for example, that the Polish word for bicycle, rower, is a direct derivative of the name Rover.) By a fortunate coincidence, the invention of the safety bicycle coincided with the perfection of the technique required for the art of lithography, which afforded exciting possibilities in both art and marketing. Artists everywhere desperately tried to figure out how to get on board. They looked around for cool new products that they could produce artwork for, and there was the bicycle, waiting for exposure.

Carmageddon: How Cars Make Life Worse and What to Do About It by Daniel Knowles

active transport: walking or cycling, autonomous vehicles, Bandra-Worli Sea Link, bank run, big-box store, bike sharing, Boeing 747, Boris Johnson, business cycle, car-free, carbon footprint, congestion charging, congestion pricing, coronavirus, COVID-19, Crossrail, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, Detroit bankruptcy, Donald Shoup, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elaine Herzberg, Elon Musk, first-past-the-post, Ford Model T, Frank Gehry, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, ghettoisation, high-speed rail, housing crisis, Hyperloop, Induced demand, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, Jeremy Corbyn, Jevons paradox, Lewis Mumford, lockdown, Lyft, megacity, megastructure, New Urbanism, Northern Rock, parking minimums, Piers Corbyn, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, safety bicycle, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Southern State Parkway, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, Tesla Model S, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, Traffic in Towns by Colin Buchanan, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, walkable city, white flight, white picket fence, Yom Kippur War, young professional

His own car, a Daimler, was built there, and while he was sure that the children of Coventry were well cared for, “nobody has attended to them as their fathers are attending to the proud young Double-Six Daimlers.” The automobile industry had grown out of the bicycle industry. One of the first modern-style safety bicycles, invented by Henry John Lawson in 1876, was produced in Coventry. On the back of its success, Lawson went on to try to monopolize the British car industry. At the end of the nineteenth century, he bought up patents for gasoline-powered cars from all over the world, which he hoped to use to extract money from potential car manufacturers.

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“When one considers how long the wheel has served in transportation (more than 5,000 years), it seems odd that the first really effective self-propelled wheeled vehicle was developed only about 100 years ago,” he noted, before taking readers through the history of the first “hobby horse” bicycle devised in Germany in 1817, and leading through to the invention of Henry John Lawson’s safety bicycle in Coventry in the 1870s. The key conclusion of Wilson’s piece, however, is this: “When one compares the energy consumed in moving a certain distance as a function of body weight for a variety of animals and machines, one finds that an unaided walking man does fairly well (consuming about 0.75 calories per gram per kilometer), but he is not as efficient as a horse, a salmon, or jet transport.

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Rush Hour: How 500 Million Commuters Survive the Daily Journey to Work by Iain Gately

Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, autonomous vehicles, Beeching cuts, blue-collar work, Boris Johnson, British Empire, business intelligence, business process, business process outsourcing, California high-speed rail, call centre, car-free, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, Clapham omnibus, cognitive dissonance, congestion charging, connected car, corporate raider, DARPA: Urban Challenge, Dean Kamen, decarbonisation, Deng Xiaoping, Detroit bankruptcy, don't be evil, driverless car, Elon Musk, extreme commuting, Ford Model T, General Motors Futurama, global pandemic, Google bus, Great Leap Forward, Henri Poincaré, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, Jeff Bezos, lateral thinking, Lewis Mumford, low skilled workers, Marchetti’s constant, planned obsolescence, postnationalism / post nation state, Ralph Waldo Emerson, remote working, safety bicycle, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, social distancing, SpaceShipOne, stakhanovite, Steve Jobs, Suez crisis 1956, telepresence, Tesla Model S, Traffic in Towns by Colin Buchanan, urban planning, éminence grise

In Britain, which at the time was second to America in car ownership, with 2 million vehicles on the road (there were 25 million in the States), just 9.1 per cent of commuters used cars, against 22.5 per cent who walked and 19.1 per cent who cycled, while the remainder travelled on public transport. Indeed, commuting by bicycle was the most significant upward trend in British commuting in the first twenty years of the twentieth century. It had begun in the 1880s, after the invention of the ‘safety bicycle’, the first mass-produced example of which was John Kemp Starley’s Rover. The Rover had wheels of almost equal size, springs under its seat, and, from 1890, pneumatic tyres. Its pedals drove the rear wheel via a chain. It looked just like a modern sit-up-and-beg bike and represented a giant leap in technology.

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Hitherto the last word in bicycles had been the penny-farthing (named after the disproportion in size between its front and rear wheels), whose riders sat four or five feet off the ground above the front wheel, which they drove by pedals attached to its hub. The diminutive rear wheel trailed behind and acted as a stabilizer. High-wheelers, as they were also known, were unstable, hard to mount and dismount, and dangerous to ride. Indeed, before the appearance of the safety bicycle, cycling was considered an adventure sport rather than a practical form of personal transportation, and the daring young men who practised it borrowed slang from the hunting world – including such phrases as ‘taking a header’*7 – to glamorize their pastime. Although surprisingly fast – in 1891 Fred Osmond covered 23.72 miles in a single hour*8 – penny-farthings were useless for commuting.

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In the crescent where I live now, where everyone who works drives to work, the weekend begins with a ritual Saturday morning car wash. *3 Structures in the brain that govern our emotional responses. *4 Instituted in 1973 after the first oil crisis to force US car-makers to build more fuel-efficient vehicles. *5 Their archetype is the Range Rover, built by the corporate descendant of the manufacturers of the revolutionary safety bicycle. *6 A slightly lighter and marginally more fuel-efficient model than the H1. *7 Sidhu’s conviction was later ‘stayed’ by the Indian Supreme Court, allowing him to stand as a Member of Parliament. *8 The Russian term for road rage. CHAPTER X Quo Vadis? Our nature lies in movement; complete calm is death.

How Cycling Can Save the World by Peter Walker

active transport: walking or cycling, bike sharing, Boris Johnson, car-free, correlation does not imply causation, Crossrail, Donald Shoup, driverless car, Enrique Peñalosa, fixed-gear, gentrification, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Ken Thompson, Kickstarter, meta-analysis, New Journalism, New Urbanism, post-work, publication bias, safety bicycle, Sidewalk Labs, Stop de Kindermoord, TED Talk, the built environment, traffic fines, Traffic in Towns by Colin Buchanan, transit-oriented development, urban planning

“Free to wheel, free to spin out in the glorious country, unhampered by chaperon or even more dispiriting male admirer, the young girl of today can feel the real independence of herself, and while she is building up her better constitution she is developing her better mind.” This was part of a wider social revolution that followed the invention of the first modern-looking bike, the “safety bicycle,” in the late 1880s. With its ease of mounting and pneumatic tires, it was far more practical than the penny farthing, and the safety bicycle became hugely popular in a number of countries—especially for countryside rides along routes as yet unbothered by motor traffic. The British biologist Professor Steve Jones once described the bicycle as the greatest-ever invention to combat genetic disorders, since it gave people who previously tended to only marry those within walking distance of their homes a new opportunity to woo and mate with a far greater variety of potential partners.14 For women, cycling helped loosen the constraining social mores of the Victorian era as well as, more literally, loosen their restrictive Victorian outfits.

A Brief History of Motion: From the Wheel, to the Car, to What Comes Next by Tom Standage

accelerated depreciation, active transport: walking or cycling, autonomous vehicles, back-to-the-city movement, bike sharing, car-free, carbon footprint, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, Chris Urmson, City Beautiful movement, Clapham omnibus, congestion charging, coronavirus, COVID-19, deep learning, Didi Chuxing, Donald Shoup, driverless car, Elaine Herzberg, Elon Musk, flex fuel, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, Ida Tarbell, Induced demand, interchangeable parts, invention of the wheel, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, jitney, Joan Didion, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Lewis Mumford, lockdown, Lyft, Marshall McLuhan, minimum wage unemployment, oil shock, Own Your Own Home, peak oil, prompt engineering, Ralph Nader, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rosa Parks, safety bicycle, self-driving car, social distancing, Steve Jobs, streetcar suburb, tech bro, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, trade route, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, unbiased observer, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, W. E. B. Du Bois, walkable city, white flight, wikimedia commons, Yom Kippur War, Zipcar

These included the use of ball bearings to keep the wheels turning smoothly; tubular steel frames to reduce weight; improved brakes; lightweight metal wheels with wire spokes; freewheel mechanisms that let the rider glide without pedaling; rubber rims around the wheel, which evolved into pneumatic tires; and chain drive of the rear wheel, which solved the problem that direct pedaling of the front wheel interfered with steering. By the late 1880s all these elements had been combined into a recognizably modern design with two equal-sized wheels, known as the safety bicycle. This name was intended to emphasize that bicycles, which had previously been regarded as expensive and dangerous toys for wealthy young men, were now suitable for use by everyone. The new design ushered in a golden age, during which cycling flourished as a leisure activity and a means of truly personal locomotion.

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It gives woman a feeling of freedom and self-reliance.” The Century magazine called the bicycle “the great leveller,” suggesting that “it puts the poor man on a level with the rich, enabling him to ‘sing the song of the open road’ as freely as the millionaire.” Advertisement for an early “safety” bicycle. That was overdoing it. But bicycles did have immediate social impact in one area in particular: romance. They broadened people’s social circles, letting cyclists travel beyond their own communities and greatly increasing the number of potential marriage partners. Cycling became a popular social activity that allowed young men and women to escape the oversight of chaperones.

Road to Nowhere: What Silicon Valley Gets Wrong About the Future of Transportation by Paris Marx

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Airbnb, An Inconvenient Truth, autonomous vehicles, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bike sharing, Californian Ideology, car-free, carbon credits, carbon footprint, cashless society, clean tech, cloud computing, colonial exploitation, computer vision, congestion pricing, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, DARPA: Urban Challenge, David Graeber, deep learning, degrowth, deindustrialization, deskilling, Didi Chuxing, digital map, digital rights, Donald Shoup, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, Elaine Herzberg, Elon Musk, energy transition, Evgeny Morozov, Extinction Rebellion, extractivism, Fairchild Semiconductor, Ford Model T, frictionless, future of work, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, George Gilder, gig economy, gigafactory, global pandemic, global supply chain, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, green new deal, Greyball, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, independent contractor, Induced demand, intermodal, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, jitney, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, knowledge worker, late capitalism, Leo Hollis, lockdown, low interest rates, Lyft, Marc Benioff, market fundamentalism, minimum viable product, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, Murray Bookchin, new economy, oil shock, packet switching, Pacto Ecosocial del Sur, Peter Thiel, pre–internet, price mechanism, private spaceflight, quantitative easing, QWERTY keyboard, Ralph Nader, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, safety bicycle, Salesforce, School Strike for Climate, self-driving car, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, smart cities, social distancing, Southern State Parkway, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Stop de Kindermoord, streetcar suburb, tech billionaire, tech worker, techlash, technological determinism, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, TikTok, transit-oriented development, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, Unsafe at Any Speed, urban planning, urban renewal, VTOL, walkable city, We are as Gods, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, WeWork, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, work culture , Yom Kippur War, young professional

Bicycles had been around for much of the nineteenth century, but until the late 1880s they were primarily used by men, with women often restricted to using two-seater tandem or sociable bikes with a man. The popular penny-farthing bicycle had a large front tire that was directly pedaled by the rider, but it could be hard to control and was too high for the rider’s legs to reach the ground. The invention of the safety bicycle with two tires of similar size and pedals connected to a chain drive—effectively the same style of bicycle in use today —led to a boom in bicycle use in the 1890s and made them accessible to virtually everyone. Women, in particular, gained a new sense of freedom from owning their own bicycles.

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The threat they pose is even greater than gimmicky tunnels and redesigned helicopters. 7 The Coming Fight for the Sidewalk Before the automobile transformed urban mobility, another mode of transportation had its own revolutionary effect on the way people moved about. In 1885, John Kemp Starley invented the Rover: a safety bicycle with two wheels of similar size that was much easier to ride than the models that had come before it. When it was fitted with pneumatic tires a few years later, allowing it to ride more smoothly and move at faster speeds, it began to take off in Europe, North America, and beyond. Within a decade, the Stanley Bicycle Show in London featured more than two hundred bicycle makers showcasing 3,000 different models.

The Bicycling Guide to Complete Bicycle Maintenance and Repair: For Road and Mountain Bikes by Todd Downs

airport security, clean water, fixed-gear, place-making, safety bicycle

With legs trapped behind the handlebar, the common result would be the rider landing squarely on his head (almost all riders were men in during this time, the days before the women's suffrage movement). “Taking a header” was all too often fatal, and so a safer design was sought. In the 1880s, the idea of a chain-driven rear wheel was developed, and the Safety bicycle was born. Safety bicycles most resembled the bicycles of today, except that they had a fixed drivetrain, which meant that whenever the rear wheel was in motion, so were the crank and pedals. This “fixed gear” system allowed you to contribute the strength in your legs to the braking process by resisting the forward movement of the pedals.

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See also Wheels avoiding damage to, 56–57 bent, 67, 86–87, 86–87 centered over hub, 69 cleaning, 6, 9, 63, 80, 80, 86, 86 dents, 66, 86 maintenance and repair, 86–87, 86–87 mountain bike, 49, 50 mounting tires, 58–59, 59 factors in success of, 58–59 tubeless tires, 63, 81, 81 tubular tires, 63–65, 84–85, 84–85 potato chip rim repair, 67–68 rim and tire compatibilities and uses, 49 road bike, 49, 50 for tubeless tires, 62 width, 49, 50, 50, 51 Rim strip/liner, 59, 65 Road bike brake levers, 274–75 brakes, 57 chain wrap, 230 flange, 97 front derailleurs, 218 gearing, 363, 365, 366, 367 handlebars, 320, 320–21 hub width, 51 shifters, 191–92, 193–205 stem, 319, 328–30, 328–30 tires, 48 wheels, 49, 50 Road hazards, avoiding, 56 Road racing bike frame geometry, 26 front derailleurs, 216 wheels, 54–55 Rollercam, 272, 273 Rotors, cleaning, 10 Rubbing alcohol, 6, 8–10, 267, 274, 325 Rust, on cassette, 165 Rust inhibitor, 30 Saddles, 336–47 anatomic, 338 basic construction, 337–38 comfort, 338 cruiser, 338 cutaway, 339 fore-and-aft position, adjusting, 347, 347 height, 341–42, 345–46 installation and adjustment, 344–47, 344–47 integrated seatmasts, 340, 340 leather, 7, 337–38 parts illustration, 336 position, 342 racing, 338 seatposts for, 339 selecting, 337, 339 tilt, 340–41, 344–45 troubleshooting, 342–43 Saddle soap, 337 Safety, bike repair and, 12, 13 Safety bicycle, 159 Sag, 40–41, 42, 43 School, bike-repair, 13 Schrader valve, 59, 60, 61, 61, 70, 71 Scouring pads, use for cleaning, 9 Sealent, in tubeless tires, 62, 63 Seals, headset, 246 Seat angle, 25, 26–28 Seatmast, integrated, 340, 340 Seatpost adjusting, 339, 342–43, 346, 346 greasing, 347, 347 lubricant recommendation, 11 quick-release, 346, 346 troubleshooting, 342–43 types, 339 Seats.

The Wright Brothers by David McCullough

Charles Lindbergh, Louis Blériot, moral hazard, Neil Armstrong, NetJets, safety bicycle

From there they continued on to Miamisburg up and over numerous steep hills to see the famous prehistoric Adena Miamisburg Mound, largest of Ohio’s famous conical-shaped reminders of a vanished Native American civilization dating back more than two thousand years. In all they covered thirty-one miles. Bicycles had become the sensation of the time, a craze everywhere. (These were no longer the “high wheelers” of the 1870s and ’80s, but the so-called “safety bicycles,” with two wheels the same size.) The bicycle was proclaimed a boon to all mankind, a thing of beauty, good for the spirits, good for health and vitality, indeed one’s whole outlook on life. Doctors enthusiastically approved. One Philadelphia physician, writing in The American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, concluded from his observations that “for physical exercise for both men and women, the bicycle is one of the greatest inventions of the nineteenth century.”

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In no time, such was business, they moved to larger quarters down the street to Number 1034 and renamed the enterprise the Wright Cycle Company. Of the two brothers, Orville loved bicycles the most. As an admirer who knew him in later years would say, “Bring up the subject of the shapes of handlebars or types of pedals on early ‘safety bicycles’ and his whole face lights up.” Ever enterprising, incapable of remaining idle, the brothers now turned their off-hours to redoing the interior of 7 Hawthorn Street. They built a new gas fireplace and mantelpiece for the sitting room, redesigned and rebuilt the stairway, refinished all the trim, dressed up rooms with bright new wallpaper, ceilings included, laid new carpets, and with Katharine helping whenever she was home from college.

Hacking Capitalism by Söderberg, Johan; Söderberg, Johan;

Abraham Maslow, air gap, Alvin Toffler, AOL-Time Warner, barriers to entry, Charles Babbage, collective bargaining, commoditize, computer age, corporate governance, creative destruction, Debian, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, Dennis Ritchie, deskilling, digital capitalism, digital divide, Donald Davies, Eben Moglen, Erik Brynjolfsson, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, frictionless, full employment, Garrett Hardin, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, Herbert Marcuse, Howard Rheingold, IBM and the Holocaust, informal economy, interchangeable parts, invention of radio, invention of the telephone, Jacquard loom, James Watt: steam engine, jimmy wales, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Ken Thompson, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, labour market flexibility, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, liberal capitalism, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, Mitch Kapor, mutually assured destruction, new economy, Norbert Wiener, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, packet switching, patent troll, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer model, planned obsolescence, post scarcity, post-Fordism, post-industrial society, price mechanism, Productivity paradox, profit motive, RFID, Richard Florida, Richard Stallman, Ronald Coase, safety bicycle, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, software patent, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, subscription business, tech worker, technological determinism, technoutopianism, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Nature of the Firm, the scientific method, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thomas Davenport, Thorstein Veblen, tragedy of the anticommons, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Whole Earth Catalog, Yochai Benkler

An out-dated technology cannot be assessed without knowing both the historical context and the semiotics of which it was a part. Bijker illustrates his claim by pointing at the passing from high-wheeled bicycles to safety bicycles. The temptation to dismiss, in hindsight, the high-wheeled bicycle as an inferior and unsafe prototype on the path to evolutionary perfection (the safety bicycle) must be resisted. High-wheeled bicycles were used by upper-class youths, not primarily for transportation but to show off their nerves and skills. The very qualities that made these vehicles unsafe from one perspective made them attractive from the viewpoint of its chief propagators.

The Race Underground: Boston, New York, and the Incredible Rivalry That Built America's First Subway by Doug Most

Cornelius Vanderbilt, cotton gin, independent contractor, Menlo Park, place-making, pneumatic tube, RAND corporation, safety bicycle, streetcar suburb, transcontinental railway

No longer could they simply hop in front of a horse trotting along at five miles per hour. And no cane or umbrella or shopping bag was going to slow down an electric streetcar. The electric streetcar in the early 1890s was not, as it turned out, the only new sight taking over Boston’s streets. A two-wheeled invention called a safety bicycle became popular very fast, especially among children. Quiet side streets on warm nights were crowded with people of all ages learning to ride these bikes. The more adventurous ones made their way over to Columbus Avenue, where they learned to ride amid throngs at Colonel Pope’s bicycle rink. There were many models of bicycles, but the more expensive Columbia, which sold for about $100, and the cheaper Lovell Diamond, for about $85, were the most popular.

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A traffic count on Tremont Street: Argument of Mayor Matthews Before the Committee on Transit of the Massachusetts Legislature (Rockwell and Churchill City Printers, 1894), 13. The New York Times described him as a “brilliant orator”: “Boston’s Local Election,” New York Times, December 8, 1890. those who knew him called him Johnny Fitz: Gerard O’Neill, Rogues and Redeemers (Crown Publishers, 2012), 25–32. A two-wheeled invention called a safety bicycle: Samuel Eliot Morison, One Boy’s Boston, 1887–1901 (Northeastern University Press, 1962), 30. “From dusk”: Ibid. In 1871, 34 million passengers rode the street railways: Massachusetts Rapid Transit Commission, 1892 Report of the Rapid Transit Commission, 7. At its first hearing on June 25, 1891: “The Rapid Transit Problem,” Boston Daily Globe, June 26, 1891.

The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World From Scratch by Lewis Dartnell

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, clean water, cotton gin, Dava Sobel, decarbonisation, discovery of penicillin, Dmitri Mendeleev, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, global village, Haber-Bosch Process, invention of movable type, invention of radio, invention of writing, iterative process, James Watt: steam engine, John Harrison: Longitude, Kim Stanley Robinson, lone genius, low earth orbit, mass immigration, Nick Bostrom, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, nuclear winter, off grid, Oklahoma City bombing, Richard Feynman, safety bicycle, tacit knowledge, technology bubble, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Timothy McVeigh, trade route

wood gasifiers: De Decker (2010b), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1986), LaFontaine and Zimmerman (1989). guayule: National Academy of Sciences (1977). harnessing oxen: Starkey (1989). throat-and-girth harness and horse collar: Mokyr (1990). peak horse use: Edgerton (2007a, b). sails: Farndon (2010). Cuban resurrection of animal traction: Edgerton (2007b). penny-farthing and modern safety bicycle: Broers (2005). the nature of novel technologies and the automobile as a lashing together of preexisting mechanical solutions: Arthur (2009), Kelly (2010), Mokyr (1990). internal combustion engine and motor vehicle mechanisms: Bureau of Naval Personnel (1971), Hillier and Pittuck (1981), Usher (1982).

Our Own Devices: How Technology Remakes Humanity by Edward Tenner

A. Roger Ekirch, Apple Newton, Bonfire of the Vanities, card file, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Frederick Winslow Taylor, future of work, indoor plumbing, informal economy, invention of the telephone, invisible hand, Johannes Kepler, John Markoff, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Lewis Mumford, Multics, multilevel marketing, Network effects, optical character recognition, PalmPilot, QWERTY keyboard, safety bicycle, scientific management, Shoshana Zuboff, Stewart Brand, tacit knowledge, women in the workforce

Jankó’s innovation posed the same difficulty as the Clutsam keyboard: few performers could take their pianos on tour, and many provincial concert halls had no access to innovative instruments. Jankó’s real predicament was deeper. He had invented an interface that, according to many musical authorities, worked too well.29 In sports, as we saw in Chapter One, sheer performance usually wins disputes over style, as the crawl, the safety bicycle, and the reactive resin bowling ball illustrate. But music is not just a proficiency contest. Turn-of-the-century music critics, like many today, deplored the rise of purely technical skill at the expense of musical intelligence and expressiveness. As one skeptic, Constantin Sternberg, wrote in the Musical Courier in 1891, “‘No!

Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences by Edward Tenner

air freight, Alfred Russel Wallace, animal electricity, blue-collar work, Charles Babbage, clean water, collective bargaining, computer age, dematerialisation, Donald Knuth, Edward Jenner, Exxon Valdez, gentrification, germ theory of disease, Herman Kahn, informal economy, job automation, John Harrison: Longitude, John von Neumann, Lewis Mumford, Loma Prieta earthquake, loose coupling, Louis Pasteur, machine translation, mass immigration, Menlo Park, nuclear winter, oil shock, placebo effect, planned obsolescence, Productivity paradox, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rising living standards, Robert X Cringely, safety bicycle, scientific management, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, sugar pill, systems thinking, technoutopianism, The Soul of a New Machine, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Recumbent bicycles, allowing cyclists to lean back and pedal far more efficiently, were invented in the 193os, only to be excluded from official racing by international cycling authorities. Even here, it was not only official conservatism that kept new designs out of the mainstream. A stable recumbent cycle is heavier and more complex than the familiar safety bicycle that has changed so little in a hundred years. Fairings, aerodynamic shells that cut wind resistance, can make it even more competitive with cars and motorcycles—but also closer to them in bulk and cost. Rules could have been modified to admit recumbent cycles to competition, perhaps in a separate class, and public roads could have been opened to their use by providing dedicated bicycle lanes.

How to Invent Everything: A Survival Guide for the Stranded Time Traveler by Ryan North

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Anton Chekhov, Brownian motion, butterfly effect, Douglas Hofstadter, Easter island, George Santayana, germ theory of disease, GPS: selective availability, Great Leap Forward, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, income inequality, invention of radio, invention of the telegraph, invention of writing, Isaac Newton, Islamic Golden Age, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Kickstarter, Mahatma Gandhi, megastructure, minimum viable product, moveable type in China, placebo effect, safety bicycle, sugar pill, the scientific method, time dilation, trade route, wikimedia commons, zoonotic diseases

.* BEFORE THEY WERE INVENTED We don’t even want to talk about it ORIGINALLY INVENTED 1817 CE (earliest self-propelled two-wheeled tandem vehicles: you pushed them with your feet) 1860s CE (bicycles with pedals attached to the front wheel) 1880s CE (penny-farthing bicycles with the giant front wheel and the tiny rear wheel) 1885 CE (the so-called “safety bicycle” that had two wheels of the same size, and therefore much reduced the danger of flying off the giant front wheel of a penny-farthing) 1885 CE (the first time an engine was attached to a bike, aka the first motorcycle) 1887 CE (first bike with a chain to power the rear wheels) PREREQUISITES wheels, metal (optional, for chains and gears), fabric (optional, for a drive belt), or a basket (optional, for a nice picnic) HOW TO INVENT Attach two wheels to a frame you can sit on, one in front of the other.

The Men Who United the States: America's Explorers, Inventors, Eccentrics and Mavericks, and the Creation of One Nation, Indivisible by Simon Winchester

British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, clean water, colonial rule, company town, cotton gin, discovery of the americas, distributed generation, Donner party, estate planning, Etonian, Ford Model T, full employment, Hernando de Soto, hive mind, invention of radio, invention of the telegraph, James Watt: steam engine, Joi Ito, Khyber Pass, Menlo Park, off-the-grid, plutocrats, safety bicycle, transcontinental railway, Works Progress Administration

Louis Railroad that he vowed to learn the craft of building highways and eventually laid the groundwork for the Interstate Highway System, which he would not live to see. His youthful interest coincided with the beginning of a keen public awareness of the state of America’s roads. The League of American Wheelmen was initially a cyclists’ lobbying organization. By the 1880s, the dangerous-looking velocipede had become hugely popular, soon replaced by the safety bicycle: $18 could buy you the freedom to tour the country—and if you were a woman, to do so in skirts and bloomers, a sport so liberating that Susan B. Anthony approvingly backed it. But the roads were so execrable that a hundred thousand bicyclists went to Washington to complain. There was little point in owning a set of wheels, they cried out in unison, if wheels could not be used.

The Technology Trap: Capital, Labor, and Power in the Age of Automation by Carl Benedikt Frey

3D printing, AlphaGo, Alvin Toffler, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, business cycle, business process, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Charles Babbage, Clayton Christensen, collective bargaining, computer age, computer vision, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, creative destruction, data science, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deep learning, DeepMind, deindustrialization, demographic transition, desegregation, deskilling, Donald Trump, driverless car, easy for humans, difficult for computers, Edward Glaeser, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, factory automation, Fairchild Semiconductor, falling living standards, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Frank Levy and Richard Murnane: The New Division of Labor, full employment, future of work, game design, general purpose technology, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, Hans Moravec, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, income inequality, income per capita, independent contractor, industrial cluster, industrial robot, intangible asset, interchangeable parts, Internet of things, invention of agriculture, invention of movable type, invention of the steam engine, invention of the wheel, Isaac Newton, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, job satisfaction, job-hopping, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, labour mobility, Lewis Mumford, Loebner Prize, low skilled workers, machine translation, Malcom McLean invented shipping containers, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, means of production, Menlo Park, minimum wage unemployment, natural language processing, new economy, New Urbanism, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, nowcasting, oil shock, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, OpenAI, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Pareto efficiency, pattern recognition, pink-collar, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, Renaissance Technologies, rent-seeking, rising living standards, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, robot derives from the Czech word robota Czech, meaning slave, safety bicycle, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, social intelligence, sparse data, speech recognition, spinning jenny, Stephen Hawking, tacit knowledge, The Future of Employment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, total factor productivity, trade route, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, Turing test, union organizing, universal basic income, warehouse automation, washing machines reduced drudgery, wealth creators, women in the workforce, working poor, zero-sum game

However, the “ride to modernity,” as it has been called, can only aptly be described as such in that it paved the way for the automobile.50 Riding a bicycle was, for the most part, a risky undertaking. In Taming the Bicycle, Mark Twain describes his attempt to ride a high wheeler in the 1880s. The adventurous experience is best captured by the concluding words of his essay: “Get a bicycle. You will not regret it, if you live.”51 The arrival of the safety bicycle with its smaller wheels, and the subsequent invention of the pneumatic bicycle tire, eventually brought about the golden age of cycling in the mid-1890s: “People went cycle mad; the bicycle industry appeared to be an El Dorado, and there was a rush to engage in it.”52 But cycling in America soon went out of fashion.

The Pursuit of Power: Europe, 1815-1914 by Richard J. Evans

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anton Chekhov, British Empire, clean water, company town, Corn Laws, demographic transition, Edward Jenner, Ernest Rutherford, Etonian, European colonialism, feminist movement, Ford Model T, full employment, gentleman farmer, germ theory of disease, glass ceiling, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, Honoré de Balzac, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, imperial preference, income inequality, independent contractor, industrial cluster, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, Jacquard loom, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, joint-stock company, Khartoum Gordon, land bank, land reform, land tenure, Livingstone, I presume, longitudinal study, Louis Blériot, Louis Daguerre, Louis Pasteur, means of production, minimum wage unemployment, mittelstand, Monroe Doctrine, moral panic, New Urbanism, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, pneumatic tube, profit motive, railway mania, Ralph Waldo Emerson, safety bicycle, Scaled Composites, Scientific racism, Scramble for Africa, source of truth, spinning jenny, strikebreaker, Suez canal 1869, the scientific method, Thomas Malthus, trade route, University of East Anglia, Upton Sinclair, urban renewal, vertical integration

The larger the front wheel, the faster the machine would go, so that in the 1870s the ‘ordinary bicycle’ had a huge front wheel and a tiny rear one – the ‘penny-farthing’ as it was later known. The British inventor James Starley (1831–81) got round these problems by devising the differential gear and the chain drive; his nephew John Kemp Starley (1855–1901) used these devices in 1885 to make the new ‘Rover’ safety bicycle, a far more stable machine than its predecessors. Two years later the Scotsman John Boyd Dunlop (1840–1921) began to market the pneumatic tyre, opening the way for a veritable cycling craze in the following decade. As the price of bicycles fell, sales began to rise. Already in 1911 some 11 per cent of Dutch taxpayers owned a bicycle, and most of them were in the lowest tax bracket, signalling the penetration of the bicycle into the working class.