asset light

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The Business of Platforms: Strategy in the Age of Digital Competition, Innovation, and Power by Michael A. Cusumano, Annabelle Gawer, David B. Yoffie

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Airbnb, AltaVista, Amazon Web Services, AOL-Time Warner, asset light, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, bitcoin, blockchain, business logic, Cambridge Analytica, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cloud computing, collective bargaining, commoditize, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, deep learning, Didi Chuxing, distributed ledger, Donald Trump, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, fake news, Firefox, general purpose technology, gig economy, Google Chrome, GPS: selective availability, Greyball, independent contractor, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, Jeff Hawkins, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kevin Roose, Lean Startup, Lyft, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Metcalfe’s law, move fast and break things, multi-sided market, Network effects, pattern recognition, platform as a service, Ponzi scheme, recommendation engine, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Metcalfe, Salesforce, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, SoftBank, software as a service, sovereign wealth fund, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, subscription business, Susan Wojcicki, TaskRabbit, too big to fail, transaction costs, transport as a service, Travis Kalanick, two-sided market, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, vertical integration, Vision Fund, web application, zero-sum game

For example, there was a raging debate in August 2018 when Facebook, Apple, Spotify, and YouTube moved to ban Alex Jones, the U.S. right-wing radio host and political commentator of InfoWars.32 In effect, digital platforms were trying to have it both ways: Take advantage of the fact they were not publishers to escape responsibility and, at the same time, increasingly acting like publishers in deciding which views and people were permitted on their platforms. The Workforce: Not Everyone Should Be a Contractor One of the most attractive features of platforms for financial investors is that they can be asset-light. Uber does not own taxis. Airbnb does not own apartments or houses. OpenTable does not own restaurants. Instead, most platforms connect people or companies with valuable assets and skills to other people and companies who want access to those assets and skills. While asset-light platforms potentially provide highly leveraged returns to investors, they create another challenge for human capital: How should platforms manage a workforce largely composed of “independent contractors”?

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Or perhaps the secret will actually be the physical network of warehouses and delivery vehicles that Amazon invests in to complement its digital platforms.40 The leading Chinese platform companies also have used their digital expertise as well as knowledge of local markets and institutions to make it difficult for global platforms like Amazon to compete in China. Alibaba and Tencent started with “asset-light” platform business models: Their early operations were purely digital with modest capital requirements. But, similar to Amazon in the United States though at a somewhat lesser magnitude, Alibaba and Tencent have turned e-commerce in China into a scale game. In 2018, Taobao Marketplace controlled about 60 percent of China’s B2C e-commerce.

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They may adopt other measures, such as forming coalitions or using subsidies to help tip a market toward their platform when multiple platforms compete. Remember, though, we learned from Apple that a platform does not have to get a majority of industry revenues to get a majority of industry profits as long as it focuses on the most profitable customers. Third, platforms enable “asset-light” business models by connecting different market actors and leveraging network effects. As we discuss in Chapter 3, an innovation platform can facilitate and then take advantage of new products and services built by third-party firms that continuously make the core product or service—the platform—more valuable.

Quality Investing: Owning the Best Companies for the Long Term by Torkell T. Eide, Lawrence A. Cunningham, Patrick Hargreaves

air freight, Albert Einstein, asset light, backtesting, barriers to entry, buy and hold, carbon tax, cashless society, cloud computing, commoditize, Credit Default Swap, discounted cash flows, discovery of penicillin, endowment effect, global pandemic, haute couture, hindsight bias, legacy carrier, low cost airline, mass affluent, Network effects, oil shale / tar sands, pattern recognition, price elasticity of demand, proprietary trading, shareholder value, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, supply-chain management, vertical integration

Although studies suggest that abnormal returns tend to fade over time in aggregate, there are regular exceptions to this rule – outliers able to buck the statistical trend of mean reversion and sustain superior returns over the long term.13 Asset turns Asset turns are, in effect, a measure of a company’s asset intensity. Or, put another way, how much capital needs to remain in the business in order to generate sales. Asset-light industries are attractive since they require less capital to be deployed in order to generate sales growth. The finest examples are franchise operations, such as Domino’s Pizza, where growth is funded by franchisees rather than by the company. Other instances include software businesses, such as Dassault Systèmes, a leading European developer of design software.

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Incremental revenue from volume increases tends to have a minor impact on gross margin. But total costs, including those associated with the increases in working capital and capex that higher volumes entail, will inevitably rise to some extent as volume grows. As a result, volume growth is particularly valuable for asset-light businesses boasting high margins and those with high operating leverage, such as pharmaceutical or software companies. Cyclical market growth Cyclicality is a double-edged sword. Certain companies and industries tend to enjoy substantial growth during periods of economic expansion. Exact relationships vary widely across businesses and sectors; oil cycles tending to be long, agriculture cycles deep, and consumer cycles shallow.

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Subscription and service revenue tends to require little capital investment to support growth. At one extreme, software companies update product files at the flip of a switch; even manufacturing companies typically produce spare parts using machinery and equipment already in operation. Specific service activity is also asset-light – usually personnel and a simple set of tools. The combination of potentially negative working capital, rapid cash flows, and low capital expenditure to support growth is rare in business – but is a common feature of the recurring revenue model. Many companies enjoy some degree of recurring revenue and many managers strive to increase that component of overall operations, but a small amount of recurring revenue does not necessarily make a company great.

The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise of Crowd-Based Capitalism by Arun Sundararajan

"World Economic Forum" Davos, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, AltaVista, Amazon Mechanical Turk, asset light, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, basic income, benefit corporation, bike sharing, bitcoin, blockchain, book value, Burning Man, call centre, Carl Icahn, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, collective bargaining, commoditize, commons-based peer production, corporate social responsibility, cryptocurrency, data science, David Graeber, distributed ledger, driverless car, Eben Moglen, employer provided health coverage, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Frank Levy and Richard Murnane: The New Division of Labor, future of work, general purpose technology, George Akerlof, gig economy, housing crisis, Howard Rheingold, independent contractor, information asymmetry, Internet of things, inventory management, invisible hand, job automation, job-hopping, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Kula ring, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mary Meeker, megacity, minimum wage unemployment, moral hazard, moral panic, Network effects, new economy, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, peer-to-peer model, peer-to-peer rental, profit motive, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, recommendation engine, regulatory arbitrage, rent control, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, Ronald Coase, Ross Ulbricht, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, smart contracts, Snapchat, social software, supply-chain management, TaskRabbit, TED Talk, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, total factor productivity, transaction costs, transportation-network company, two-sided market, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, universal basic income, Vitalik Buterin, WeWork, Yochai Benkler, Zipcar

Her supplement emphasized how we are now reimagining everything from interfaces to lending in a way that foreshadowed the ascent of an “asset-light” generation. In settings that ranged from commercial real estate and corporate labor to personal banking, travel, entertainment, and transportation, Meeker illustrated a range of digitally enabled business models and consumer experiences that were catalyzing the descent of our industrial-era structures. A series of juxtaposed contrasting images in her PowerPoint slides pictured the stark differences between the so-called asset-heavy versus asset-light generations: an elderly vinyl enthusiast amid boxes and boxes of records versus screenshots from the streaming music services Spotify, Pandora, and iTunes; a high-rise Ramada Inn versus a tree house for rent on the peer-to-peer accommodation platform Airbnb; full-time workers seated ear-to-ear in endless rows versus an Internet-based freelancer marketplace.

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As straightforward as an illustrated children’s book, the message from Meeker’s slides was clear—stuff owned for one’s personal use, brick-and-mortar institutions, hard currency, and on-site, salaried, permanent jobs were on their way out, and shared access, virtual exchange, digital money, and flexible on-demand labor were in. At the time I leafed through Meeker’s slides, I knew that her prediction of an “asset-light” generation was merely one slice of a broader economic and social change that was already well under way—a radical shift toward new ways of organizing economic activity that will become increasingly dominant in this century. The assortment of behaviors (and organizations) that many of us optimistically call the “sharing economy” are early instances of a future in which peer-to-peer exchange becomes increasingly prevalent, and the “crowd” replaces the corporation at the center of capitalism.

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See also Accommodation platforms blurring of boundaries and, 141–142 convenience of, 128 ease of using, 124 entrepreneurial nature of, 194 externalities, 140 financing of, 25 founding and growth of, 7–9, 131 gift aspect of, 39–40 gift economy aspects, 35 hotel taxes and, 186 impact on hotel industry, 121–122, 129, 216–217n11, 219n3 increased variety and consumption with, 121 local network effects, 120 as microentrepreneurship, 125 as micro-outsourcing, 77 peer regulation and, 151–152 pricing, supply, and merchandising, 194–195 regulation and, 131–136, 154, 155 search capability, 97 shared redistribution, 82 trust and, 61, 62, 64, 65, 98, 145, 147 Alaska Permanent Fund, 190 Alibaba, 48, 97, 99 Alone Together (Turkle), 45 Altavista, 96 Amazon, 37, 47, 54, 57, 91, 203 logistics, 99 market value, 96 price search comparisons and product offerings, 112 search capability, 97 user-generated reviews, 147 Walmart and, 98–99 American Hotel and Lodging Association (AHLA), 134–135 American Medical Association, 153, 192 Amtrak, 12 Andreessen, Marc, 59–60, 87 Andreessen Horowitz, 25, 87 AngelList, 42–43 Apple, 2, 55, 203 iTunes, 54, 56, 57, 91, 93 Apple Core Hotels, 121 Arthurs, H. W., 184 Artists Against Piracy, 58 Aspen Institute, 157, 179, 187 Asset-light generation, 2 Automation, 164–167 BackFeed, 199 Bandwagon, 44 Bapna, Ravi, 13–14 Barnes, Peter, 189 Barrett, Sara, 106 Barter economy, 36–37 Bauwens, Michel, 32–33, 99–100, 210–211n32 BazaarBay, 97 Beck, Jessica, 11 Beck, Ulrich, 189 Benjamin, Robert, 69, 72–74 Benkler, Yochai, 30–32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 199, 210n19 Bennett and Coleman, 25 Berger, Alan, 15 Berlingen, Flore, 23 BestBuy, 57 Bilateral reciprocity, 36–37 Billock, Jennifer, 39 Bitcoin, 52, 59, 82, 86, 96 and the blockchain, 86–89 as decentralized peer-to-peer exchange, 87–91, 100–101 mining, 87, 90, 101 BitTorrent, 92, 97, 100 BlaBlaCar, 6, 12–13, 44, 48, 203, 204.

Lessons from the Titans: What Companies in the New Economy Can Learn from the Great Industrial Giants to Drive Sustainable Success by Scott Davis, Carter Copeland, Rob Wertheimer

3D printing, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, airport security, asset light, barriers to entry, Big Tech, Boeing 747, business cycle, business process, clean water, commoditize, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, data science, disruptive innovation, Elisha Otis, Elon Musk, factory automation, fail fast, financial engineering, Ford Model T, global pandemic, hydraulic fracturing, Internet of things, iterative process, junk bonds, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kanban, low cost airline, Marc Andreessen, Mary Meeker, megacity, Michael Milken, Network effects, new economy, Ponzi scheme, profit maximization, random walk, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Salesforce, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, six sigma, skunkworks, software is eating the world, strikebreaker, tech billionaire, TED Talk, Toyota Production System, Uber for X, value engineering, warehouse automation, WeWork, winner-take-all economy

The company also needed to grow faster than what his inherited portfolio could deliver. The portfolio needed a drastic makeover, and the only way to get there was to do M&A far away from its core. Jellison wanted to focus explicitly on high-margin, high cash flow assets as far away from the oil and gas industry as possible. He wanted asset-light businesses with cash flow that increased over time. This involved substantially higher levels of debt leverage in the process, all of which required approval from Roper’s risk-averse board. Convincing the board to be aggressive was no easy task. Roper’s legacy board was conservative, and Jellison had not yet been named chairman.

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CEO Neil Hunn and CFO Rob Crisci trained diligently under Jellison and use the same simple philosophies that worked for the company for nearly two decades. The concept of CRI may not work for every company or every asset base, but it works for Roper. If nothing else, it enforces discipline around the M&A funnel. High-quality assets that are asset light and generate cash rise to the top. That focus is time-tested, and there is no reason to believe it will change. Roper is no longer a traditional industrial; yet its past portfolio decisions may not define its future either. Like Danaher, it has gravitated capital to the most attractive areas. Danaher saw the opportunity in healthcare, and Roper in software.

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In doing so it raised its margins substantially, widening the gap with competition, creating tens of thousands of good jobs, and professionalizing a scattered and entrepreneurial industry along the way. There is a lesson for the new economy here. Designing a breakthrough software app at Uber created an industry, but managing an extremely large, asset-intensive chain is something else, and the costs of doing so poorly are creeping up. Uber may not own cars, but that doesn’t make it an asset-light business model overall. Equipment rental is asset sharing, old economy style. It differs in several ways from the recent versions created by Uber, Airbnb, and WeWork. First, it doesn’t shy away from owning assets: it’s a hardware management business, not just software. Second, the leaders employ people in good jobs with good training, instead of using contractors.

The 100-Year Life: Living and Working in an Age of Longevity by Lynda Gratton, Andrew Scott

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, Airbnb, asset light, assortative mating, behavioural economics, carbon footprint, carbon tax, classic study, Clayton Christensen, collapse of Lehman Brothers, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, deep learning, delayed gratification, disruptive innovation, diversification, Downton Abbey, driverless car, Erik Brynjolfsson, falling living standards, financial engineering, financial independence, first square of the chessboard, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, future of work, gender pay gap, gig economy, Google Glasses, indoor plumbing, information retrieval, intangible asset, Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, Lyft, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, New Economic Geography, old age dependency ratio, pattern recognition, pension reform, Peter Thiel, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Florida, Richard Thaler, risk free rate, Second Machine Age, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, smart cities, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, tacit knowledge, The Future of Employment, uber lyft, warehouse robotics, women in the workforce, young professional

Jane in 2019: Jane enters her 20s knowing that there is a good chance she will live for 100 years and it is this probability on which she bases her decisions. She decides to put off making any immediate major commitments and instead to explore her options. So after graduating from university with a degree in Modern History, she decides to travel. At this stage in her life she is asset-light and happy to engage in casual work. This is an exploration phase. As she travels across the continents, she meets many different people and begins to establish the broad network of friends and acquaintances that will create such a strong foundation for her transformational assets (first phase).

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Travelling light The major investment of the explorer and independent producer stage is in intangible assets – particularly transformational assets. So during these periods, financing is always going to be tricky. That is why developments in the technologies of the sharing economy are so interesting.19 The sharing economy is a great way of enabling people to remain asset-light or to bring income in to finance their asset accumulation. Sharing platforms such as Airbnb, Simplest, Lyft or even Dogvacay are all examples of an emerging economy where people share capacity of assets that they may have purchased or created. So not only is it possible to put off making big financial decisions, it is also possible to reduce the exposure to these financial decisions.

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In many developed countries this is an age group that feels betrayed by older generations. They find themselves saddled with higher levels of student debt, entering a labour force where getting their first job is increasingly competitive, and living in cities where house prices are beyond their reach. As a consequence, many have little choice but to be asset-light and imaginative about how they achieve economic self-sufficiency. As this age group creates options, postpones commitments and remains flexible, they are displaying features traditionally associated with adolescence; they are, in other words, a great example of the juvenescence and neoteny we described earlier.

The Network Imperative: How to Survive and Grow in the Age of Digital Business Models by Barry Libert, Megan Beck

active measures, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, asset allocation, asset light, autonomous vehicles, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, business intelligence, call centre, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, commoditize, crowdsourcing, data science, disintermediation, diversification, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, future of work, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, independent contractor, Infrastructure as a Service, intangible asset, Internet of things, invention of writing, inventory management, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, job satisfaction, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, Larry Ellison, late fees, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, Mary Meeker, Oculus Rift, pirate software, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, six sigma, software as a service, software patent, Steve Jobs, subscription business, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, Travis Kalanick, uber lyft, Wall-E, women in the workforce, Zipcar

These great innovators have few tangible assets relative to their size, and yet they enjoy some of the highest equity values in the world. Starwood Hotels is another great example. With more than twelve hundred properties under management, Starwood is currently pursuing an asset-light strategy, selling about $1.5 billion in property from 2013 to 2015. The hope is that an asset-light strategy will enable greater market flexibility and focus on the core business, which is property management and not real estate. Principle 2, Assets: From Tangible to Intangible The second principle is to move from tangible to intangible assets.

100 Baggers: Stocks That Return 100-To-1 and How to Find Them by Christopher W Mayer

Alan Greenspan, asset light, bank run, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, book value, business cycle, buy and hold, Carl Icahn, cloud computing, disintermediation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, dumpster diving, Edward Thorp, Henry Singleton, hindsight bias, housing crisis, index fund, Jeff Bezos, market bubble, Network effects, new economy, oil shock, passive investing, peak oil, Pershing Square Capital Management, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, SimCity, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, survivorship bias, Teledyne, The Great Moderation, The Wisdom of Crowds, tontine

Asset-heavy businesses generally earn low rates of return—rates that often barely provide enough capital to fund the inflationary needs of the existing business, with nothing left over for real growth, for distribution to owners, or for acquisition of new businesses. This idea is critical. If you don’t understand this, you should read through the example again. Work it out on paper for yourself. Change the numbers around if you wish. It’s important to understand the dynamics. In a world of monetary depreciation, the asset-light company wins. Or put another way, monetary depreciation favors the asset light. The irony for the big-picture crowd is though they tend to shun stocks, when they do get involved they favor the worst kinds. MISCELLANEOUS MENTATION ON 100-BAGGERS 1 53 To quote another great investor, John Maynard Keynes: “The difficulty lies not in the new ideas but in escaping from the old ones.”

Built for Growth: How Builder Personality Shapes Your Business, Your Team, and Your Ability to Win by Chris Kuenne, John Danner

Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, asset light, Benchmark Capital, Berlin Wall, Bob Noyce, business climate, business logic, call centre, cloud computing, disruptive innovation, don't be evil, Fairchild Semiconductor, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gordon Gekko, Jeff Bezos, Kickstarter, Larry Ellison, Lean Startup, Mark Zuckerberg, pattern recognition, risk tolerance, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, solopreneur, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, sugar pill, super pumped, supply-chain management, systems thinking, TED Talk, work culture , zero-sum game

The two largest players in the space, Waste Management and Republic Industries, generate much of their profits through owning landfills and charging customers a tipping fee for dumping each ton of garbage into the earth. With such financial incentives, Morris worried how the industry would ever be motivated to divert more garbage into the recycle stream. Righting the wrongs of the waste business became his mission and that of the company he founded and runs, Rubicon Global. He created what is known as an asset-light business, in which his firm owns no trucks or landfills, but rather provides a brokering system, as Uber does with passenger cars. Morris aspired to help large customers like Wegmans Food Markets and Walmart divert more of their garbage to recycling. His company studied the contents of their dumpsters and bid out contracts to haulers who specialized in each kind of material—one hauler would take the glass, another the cardboard, and so on.

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Index Accenture, 193 accountability, 184 affinity marketing, 46–47 Airbnb, 155, 171 Akamai, 62 Alba, Jessica, 88–90 Alibaba, 128–129, 159 Alphabet, 19 Amazon, 5 Amazon Web Services, 15, 73–74, 80, 133 American Specialty Foods, 131 Amicus, 125, 139, 212 APCO Worldwide, 118–120, 138, 139 Apple, 17, 154 AppNexus, 58–60, 65–66, 74, 220–221 ARC Document Solutions, 129–130 Arnold & Porter, 118 Arvai, Peter, 127 asset-light businesses, 94–95 autocratic behavior, 80 Bai Brands, 4–5, 32, 41–42, 48, 52 customer dynamic at, 39 Bain Capital, 104 Bank of America, 47 Benchmark Capital, 190–191 Ben & Jerry’s, 6, 93, 97, 99, 222–223 Berners-Lee, Tim, 62 Berta, Norbert, 15, 64, 77–78, 195–196 Bezos, Jeff, 5, 73 Bischof, Chris, 137 Black, Benjamin, 73 Blakely, Sara, 5, 62 Blecharczyk, Nathan, 171 Blumberg, Matt, 45, 52 Bonfigli, Mark, 69–70, 71, 80, 222 Box, 113 Bradley, Bill, 41 Breitman, Steve, 15, 35 Briggs, Katharine, 22, 236 Brin, Sergey, 18 Bristol-Myers Squibb, 20 Brulant, 40–41 buffers, delegating to, 84–85 Builder Personalities, 3–7.

Humans as a Service: The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy by Jeremias Prassl

3D printing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, algorithmic management, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Andrei Shleifer, asset light, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, call centre, cashless society, Clayton Christensen, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, collective bargaining, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, death from overwork, Didi Chuxing, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Erik Brynjolfsson, full employment, future of work, George Akerlof, gig economy, global supply chain, Greyball, hiring and firing, income inequality, independent contractor, information asymmetry, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, low skilled workers, Lyft, machine readable, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, market friction, means of production, moral hazard, Network effects, new economy, obamacare, pattern recognition, platform as a service, Productivity paradox, race to the bottom, regulatory arbitrage, remote working, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, Ronald Coase, Rosa Parks, scientific management, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, Simon Singh, software as a service, Steve Jobs, TaskRabbit, TechCrunch disrupt, The Future of Employment, The Market for Lemons, The Nature of the Firm, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, transaction costs, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, two tier labour market, two-sided market, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, union organizing, warehouse automation, work culture , working-age population

* * * 52 Lost in the Crowd consumer–employer–worker triangle, which is precisely what the notion of the on-demand worker as an independent ‘micro-entrepreneur’ is designed to ‘disrupt’. A complete lack of employment protection (and the significant cost savings that come with it) is crucial to on-demand, ‘asset-light’ operations’ offers of cheap and abundant services. It is not difficult to find instances of genuine entrepreneurship in the gig economy: think of a plumber using TaskRabbit to grow her business. When we look at platform work as a whole, however, the entrepreneurship narra- tive is much more difficult to sustain.

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As regards the first of these arguments, Uber’s emphasis on autonomous vehicles has increasingly been questioned by experts from both technological and eco- nomic perspectives: the company’s efforts seem to lag significantly behind competitors’ technological advances.75 In any event, why would Uber replace its current asset-light model, under which drivers bear the full cost of pro- viding cars, petrol, and their time, with a massive investment in an expensive fleet of self-driving cars? As the Financial Times concludes, ‘this sort of think- ing fundamentally mis-assesses the economics of the car market’.76 Workers, too, suffer from the gig economy’s threat to innovation.

The Cult of We: WeWork, Adam Neumann, and the Great Startup Delusion by Eliot Brown, Maureen Farrell

"World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Adam Neumann (WeWork), Airbnb, AOL-Time Warner, asset light, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Burning Man, business logic, cloud computing, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, Didi Chuxing, do what you love, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, East Village, Elon Musk, financial engineering, Ford Model T, future of work, gender pay gap, global pandemic, global supply chain, Google Earth, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Greensill Capital, hockey-stick growth, housing crisis, index fund, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Larry Ellison, low interest rates, Lyft, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Masayoshi Son, Maui Hawaii, Network effects, new economy, PalmPilot, Peter Thiel, pets.com, plant based meat, post-oil, railway mania, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, rolodex, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, smart cities, Snapchat, SoftBank, software as a service, sovereign wealth fund, starchitect, Steve Jobs, subprime mortgage crisis, super pumped, supply chain finance, Tim Cook: Apple, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, vertical integration, Vision Fund, WeWork, women in the workforce, work culture , Y Combinator, Zenefits, Zipcar

Investors saw a physical social network with amazing growth rather than a collection of people paying market rents for office space that had losses growing just as fast as revenue. When Neumann told them WeWork was like Uber and Airbnb, the investors focused on the few parallels between those businesses rather than numerous fundamental differences, including how Airbnb and Uber are asset light and don’t have costly fifteen-year leases for their homes and cars. These investors were considered the smart money—the ones investing on behalf of wealthy families or endowments or pensions who had their pick of advisers. But in a world awash in cash, these investors feared missing out on the next big, highly lucrative idea.

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The idea was that ARK—using funds raised from real estate investors around the globe—would treat WeWork more like a hotel operator, like Marriott, which generally doesn’t own or lease any of its hotels. Instead, hotel landlords spend the money building out hotels and then pay a hotel company like Marriott to manage the building. It was their plan to become “asset light.” Neumann had financial engineering plans of his own. In addition to the benefits he saw in the business, ARK offered a way for him to get an even more lucrative remuneration package. He had staff devise a plan that would give him a personal ownership stake in the fund—one that came on top of the billions in paper gains he planned to see indirectly, as WeWork’s largest shareholder.

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Even as their stock-sale-funded lives grew more luxurious, even as they used the company for unmistakably—and often extreme—personal gain, the couple frequently talked about how they were all part of the same family as their employees and investors. Earlier, after the purchase of their $15 million home in Pound Ridge, Rebekah Neumann boasted to an interviewer that “we believe in this new Asset Light lifestyle,” defined by fewer material goods. She added, “We want to live off of the land.” * * * — Like much of the We universe, the Neumanns’ blend of personal and professional crept outward. It wasn’t simply a matter of saving money. The Neumanns said they would happily reimburse the company for any staff hours spent on their personal projects.

The Firm by Duff McDonald

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, AOL-Time Warner, Asian financial crisis, asset light, Bear Stearns, benefit corporation, book value, borderless world, collective bargaining, commoditize, conceptual framework, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, family office, financial independence, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Glass-Steagall Act, income inequality, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, Joseph Schumpeter, Ken Thompson, Kickstarter, laissez-faire capitalism, Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, new economy, pets.com, Ponzi scheme, Ralph Nader, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, Robert Solow, scientific management, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, The Nature of the Firm, vertical integration, young professional

As John Byrne pointed out in BusinessWeek, McKinsey was knee-deep with Enron in pretty much everything that made the firm distinctive, “[stamping its] imprimatur on many of Enron’s strategies and practices, helping to position the energy giant as a corporate innovator worthy of emulation.”16 In just six years, the McKinsey Quarterly mentioned Enron 127 times. Here’s how much McKinsey loved Enron. One: The firm endorsed Enron’s asset-light strategy. In a 1997 edition of the Quarterly, consultants wrote that “Enron was not distinctive at building and operating power stations, but it didn’t matter; these skills could be contracted out. Rather, it was good at negotiating contracts, financing, and government guarantee—precisely the skills that distinguished successful players.”

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As far as McKinsey was concerned, “[deal-making] skills have become more important than scale or scope, and strategic insight and foresight more important than structural position.”17 It’s a statement that is baffling in its implication—that what matters is not what you actually are, but what you want to be. At Enron, the concept had finally trumped reality. This was nothing short of a McKinsey consultant’s dream result. Nearly all of Enron’s allegedly innovative approaches ended up playing a significant role in the firm’s collapse. Being asset-light left Enron with unsustainable debts. Being loose-tight excused a laissez-faire culture in which executives acted without oversight. Off-balance-sheet financing turned out to be a way to deceive investors and the IRS. Enron was a transformational player in the natural gas industry. It was successful because it was a first mover in the newly deregulated field of energy trading.

Taming the Sun: Innovations to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet by Varun Sivaram

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accelerated depreciation, addicted to oil, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, asset light, asset-backed security, autonomous vehicles, bitcoin, blockchain, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean tech, collateralized debt obligation, Colonization of Mars, currency risk, decarbonisation, deep learning, demand response, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, electricity market, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, gigafactory, global supply chain, global village, Google Earth, hive mind, hydrogen economy, index fund, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, low interest rates, M-Pesa, market clearing, market design, Masayoshi Son, mass immigration, megacity, Michael Shellenberger, mobile money, Negawatt, ocean acidification, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shock, peer-to-peer lending, performance metric, renewable energy transition, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, smart grid, smart meter, SoftBank, Solyndra, sovereign wealth fund, Ted Nordhaus, Tesla Model S, time value of money, undersea cable, vertical integration, wikimedia commons

Such a hybrid grid might rely on a backbone of long-distance transmission lines to link faraway regions and deliver renewable energy from the most sun-drenched, windswept regions. Supplementing these clean energy highways would be decentralized microgrids serving, for example, neighborhoods, military bases, or schools, all networked together into a smart grid. Retiring much of the expensive, overbuilt infrastructure of today’s grid could pay for both supergrids and asset-light microgrids. This hybrid grid model could weather the volatility of renewable energy both through the wide reach of its long-distance transmission backbone and the precise responsiveness of the decentralized smart grid. Although the supergrid and decentralized grid models are each radical departures in opposite directions from today’s power system, they might actually coexist in a truly advanced hybrid grid.

…

It would combine microgrids that efficiently use distributed energy resources to regulate supply and demand at the local level with long-distance transmission links that can shuttle power between faraway regions and access remote but rich renewable resources. And it would replace much of today’s existing, bloated grid that relies on expensive AC transmission and distribution infrastructure, relying on asset-light microgrids at the local scale and HVDC lines at the regional and global scales. Figure 8.4 Schematic of what a hybrid grid might look like. The left panel represents a continent-sized supergrid (pictured: the regional supergrid connecting Europe and North Africa proposed by DESERTEC). The symbols represent renewable energy generators, and the lines represent long-distance, HVDC transmission lines.

When McKinsey Comes to Town: The Hidden Influence of the World's Most Powerful Consulting Firm by Walt Bogdanich, Michael Forsythe

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", "World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alistair Cooke, Amazon Web Services, An Inconvenient Truth, asset light, asset-backed security, Atul Gawande, Bear Stearns, Boris Johnson, British Empire, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, carbon footprint, Citizen Lab, cognitive dissonance, collective bargaining, compensation consultant, coronavirus, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, Corrections Corporation of America, COVID-19, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, data science, David Attenborough, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, disinformation, disruptive innovation, do well by doing good, don't be evil, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, facts on the ground, failed state, financial engineering, full employment, future of work, George Floyd, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global pandemic, illegal immigration, income inequality, information security, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, job satisfaction, job-hopping, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Kickstarter, load shedding, Mark Zuckerberg, megaproject, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, mortgage debt, Multics, Nelson Mandela, obamacare, offshore financial centre, old-boy network, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, profit maximization, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Rutger Bregman, scientific management, sentiment analysis, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart meter, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, tech worker, The future is already here, The Nature of the Firm, too big to fail, urban planning, WikiLeaks, working poor, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

Skilling infused Enron with ideas he had learned at McKinsey, including the importance of periodically culling the herd. Either advance in the firm or leave. McKinsey called it “up or out.” At Enron it was “rank and yank.” McKinsey validated Enron’s strategy, including risk taking, securitizing loans to gas purchasers, and its “asset light” approach. As the McKinsey Quarterly explained, Enron became a world leader in private power generation “because it saw that profit did not depend on construction and operation skills, but on deal structuring and risk allocation.” Skilling had been enamored of securitization since his earliest days at Enron, so in 1990 he set out to find a banker who knew how to structure a securitization deal.

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A AAA insurance, 197 ABC TV, 68, 111 Abdulaziz, Omar, 252–56 Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia, 246 Accelerating Claims Excellence, 197 addiction, 110–12, 114, 125, 127, 131–44, 278 aducanumab (Aduhelm), 67–69 aerospace industry, 102 Aetna, 53 Affordable Care Act (ACA, 2010), 62–63, 65, 273 Afghanistan War, 155–56 Africa, 101 African National Congress (ANC), 224–25 Afrika Korps, 258 Agarwal, Vishal, 166–67 AIG, 172, 188, 190 Aitken, Christopher, 12, 15 Alattas, Ahmad, 252 Albemarle, 158 Alberta, 164 Alcoa, 4 Aldridge, Jason, 191–92, 194, 203 Al-Elm Information Security Company, 256 Alexander, Caleb, 145 Al-Jubeir, Adel, 248 Al-Jubeir, Mazen, 248 Alkhedheiri, Sarah, 248 Allison, Andy, 61 Allstate, 191–95, 197–203, 212 Altria (formerly Philip Morris), 119–20, 125–27, 129 Altuve, José, 220 Alzheimer’s, 67–68 amaBhungane, 237, 279 American Academy of Pediatrics, 124, 129 American Express, 18, 40 American Journal of Public Health, 119, 132 American League, 216–20 Ameriquest, 187 Anderson, Roger, 175 Antarctica, 152 Anthem, 56 apartheid, 224 Apgar, Sandy, 243 Apple, 98, 100 Arab oil embargo (1973), 243 Arab Spring (2011–12), 245, 251 Aramco, 156, 163, 243–44, 247–48 Aris, Stephen, 261 Arkansas Medicaid program, 18, 57, 60–62 Arlington National Cemetery, 155 Arrizola, Jonathan, 6 Arrizola, Whitney, 6 Arrow, Kenneth, 264 Arthur Andersen, 205 Asia, 101, 164–65, 168–69, 185 Aspen Consensus, 154–55 Aspen Ideas Festival, 149–51, 153–55, 160, 166 Assan, Jeff, 220 “asset light” approach, 207 Associated Press, 105 AT&T, 47–48 Athletic, The, 211, 218–19 Atlantic, The, 38 Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 9 AT Medics, 274 Attenborough, David, 150 austerity, 266, 271 “Austerity Measures in Saudi Arabia” report, 252–55 Australia, 23, 151, 156–62, 166, 168 authoritarian governments, 25, 74, 108, 257, 279.

The Next Factory of the World: How Chinese Investment Is Reshaping Africa by Irene Yuan Sun

"World Economic Forum" Davos, asset light, barriers to entry, Bretton Woods, business logic, capital controls, clean water, Computer Numeric Control, deindustrialization, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, European colonialism, floating exchange rates, full employment, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, invisible hand, job automation, low skilled workers, M-Pesa, manufacturing employment, means of production, mobile money, Multi Fibre Arrangement, post-industrial society, profit motive, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Skype, special economic zone, structural adjustment programs, tacit knowledge, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, union organizing, Washington Consensus, working-age population

As mentioned in the previous chapter, there had been a trade-policy-oriented scare several years earlier, when it looked like the US Congress might not extend Lesotho’s tariff-free access to the American market under the African Growth and Opportunity Act. Congress did eventually approve the deal, but not before half of the clothing firms in Lesotho had shut down. For relatively asset-light types of manufacturing such as garment production, any change in conditions can spook at least some manufacturers away to other locales. I went across town again to talk about global competition with Marina Bizabani, a government official at the Lesotho National Development Corporation. The purpose of her agency is to attract foreign investment to Lesotho and to keep investors happy.

Wild Ride: Inside Uber's Quest for World Domination by Adam Lashinsky

"Susan Fowler" uber, "World Economic Forum" Davos, Airbnb, always be closing, Amazon Web Services, asset light, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, Benchmark Capital, business process, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cognitive dissonance, corporate governance, DARPA: Urban Challenge, Didi Chuxing, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, Erlich Bachman, gig economy, Golden Gate Park, Google X / Alphabet X, hustle culture, independent contractor, information retrieval, Jeff Bezos, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, Menlo Park, multilevel marketing, new economy, pattern recognition, price mechanism, public intellectual, reality distortion field, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Snapchat, South of Market, San Francisco, sovereign wealth fund, statistical model, Steve Jobs, super pumped, TaskRabbit, tech worker, Tony Hsieh, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, turn-by-turn navigation, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, ubercab, young professional

Instead, Red Swoosh leverages the massive unused capacity of the desktop to share and deliver content inexpensively, effectively, and legally.” What is remarkable about Red Swoosh’s plan isn’t just its tweak on the commercially attractive aspects of Scour, but how it foreshadowed the so-called asset-light strategy that would be Uber’s secret sauce. Just as Red Swoosh software would push and pull files from personal computers owned by others, Uber one day would connect riders with drivers whose cars represented “massive unused capacity” on the streets of cities. Where Red Swoosh dreamed that the “unused capacity of the desktop PC represents 3,000 times the available capacity at all the CDNs worldwide,” Uber would eventually assemble a fleet it didn’t own that would dwarf the number of cars operated by any competing taxi service.

Work in the Future The Automation Revolution-Palgrave MacMillan (2019) by Robert Skidelsky Nan Craig

3D printing, Airbnb, algorithmic trading, AlphaGo, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Web Services, anti-work, antiwork, artificial general intelligence, asset light, autonomous vehicles, basic income, behavioural economics, business cycle, cloud computing, collective bargaining, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, data is the new oil, data science, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deep learning, DeepMind, deindustrialization, Demis Hassabis, deskilling, disintermediation, do what you love, Donald Trump, driverless car, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, feminist movement, Ford Model T, Frederick Winslow Taylor, future of work, Future Shock, general purpose technology, gig economy, global supply chain, income inequality, independent contractor, informal economy, Internet of things, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, job automation, job polarisation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, Loebner Prize, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, moral panic, Network effects, new economy, Nick Bostrom, off grid, pattern recognition, post-work, Ronald Coase, scientific management, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, SoftBank, Steve Jobs, strong AI, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, The Chicago School, The Future of Employment, the market place, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, Turing test, Uber for X, uber lyft, universal basic income, wealth creators, working poor

The ‘Uberisation’ of the economy is also often taken to mean that Uber’s peculiar employment relationship with its workers will be replicated and expanded across the entire economy. This belief in an expanding Uberisation is a particularly pernicious myth and I will try to explain why. First of all, what is Uber’s business model? They are what I have elsewhere called a ‘lean platform’.1 They aim to be very asset light: they try to own as little as possible. Uber, for instance does not own the cars; they do not have to pay for fuel; they are not responsible for car insurance or maintenance or anything like that. Even in the core of the business, they do not own massive computer servers or anything. Instead, they rent them out from platforms like Amazon Web Services.

Dual Transformation: How to Reposition Today's Business While Creating the Future by Scott D. Anthony, Mark W. Johnson

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, additive manufacturing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, Andy Rubin, Apollo 13, asset light, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Ben Horowitz, Big Tech, blockchain, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, Carl Icahn, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, commoditize, corporate governance, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, distributed ledger, diversified portfolio, driverless car, Internet of things, invention of hypertext, inventory management, Jeff Bezos, job automation, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, late fees, Lean Startup, long term incentive plan, Lyft, M-Pesa, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Minecraft, obamacare, Parag Khanna, Paul Graham, peer-to-peer lending, pez dispenser, recommendation engine, Salesforce, self-driving car, shareholder value, side project, Silicon Valley, SimCity, Skype, software as a service, software is eating the world, Steve Jobs, subscription business, the long tail, the market place, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, transfer pricing, uber lyft, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Y Combinator, Zipcar

One of its biggest competitors, in fact, was piracy, which by some estimates cost the company almost $1 billion per year in lost revenue. Almost a decade after Salesforce.com’s founding, SaaS was now a well-established model. The recession, which led many of Adobe’s corporate customers to push for more “asset-light” solutions, led Adobe leadership to assess making a bold shift from selling software to offering subscriptions to its leading products. As then CFO Mark Garrett put it, “A recession is a terrible thing to waste.” So in 2008 Adobe launched Photoshop Express as a way to test a subscription-based SaaS offering.

Super Founders: What Data Reveals About Billion-Dollar Startups by Ali Tamaseb

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, additive manufacturing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Anne Wojcicki, asset light, barriers to entry, Ben Horowitz, Benchmark Capital, bitcoin, business intelligence, buy and hold, Chris Wanstrath, clean water, cloud computing, coronavirus, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, data science, discounted cash flows, diversified portfolio, Elon Musk, Fairchild Semiconductor, game design, General Magic , gig economy, high net worth, hiring and firing, index fund, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kickstarter, late fees, lockdown, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Max Levchin, Mitch Kapor, natural language processing, Network effects, nuclear winter, PageRank, PalmPilot, Parker Conrad, Paul Buchheit, Paul Graham, peer-to-peer lending, Peter Thiel, Planet Labs, power law, QR code, Recombinant DNA, remote working, ride hailing / ride sharing, robotic process automation, rolodex, Ruby on Rails, Salesforce, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Snapchat, SoftBank, software as a service, software is eating the world, sovereign wealth fund, Startup school, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, survivorship bias, TaskRabbit, telepresence, the payments system, TikTok, Tony Fadell, Tony Hsieh, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, ubercab, web application, WeWork, work culture , Y Combinator

High expenditures didn’t always lead to low efficiency, and some capital-intensive startups were in the meantime capital efficient too. Nor is capital efficiency necessarily the same as being capital light. When I looked at the least capital-efficient companies among billion-dollar startups, again I found a mix of software, SaaS, pharma, and physical products. Some otherwise asset-light software companies needed to spend a lot on marketing, customer acquisition, and sales, which increased their capital spent over the long run. Even within SaaS companies, there’s a wide range of capital-efficiency rates. Consider the analysis from Shin Kim, a contributor to TechCrunch, who looked at the ratio of total capital raised divided by annual recurring revenue (ARR) in publicly traded SaaS companies (see the graph “ARR and Cumulative Capital Raised at IPO”).

No Ordinary Disruption: The Four Global Forces Breaking All the Trends by Richard Dobbs, James Manyika

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, access to a mobile phone, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, asset light, autonomous vehicles, Bakken shale, barriers to entry, business cycle, business intelligence, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, circular economy, cloud computing, corporate governance, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data science, demographic dividend, deskilling, digital capitalism, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, driverless car, Erik Brynjolfsson, financial innovation, first square of the chessboard, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, global village, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, illegal immigration, income inequality, index fund, industrial robot, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, inventory management, job automation, Just-in-time delivery, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, M-Pesa, machine readable, mass immigration, megacity, megaproject, mobile money, Mohammed Bouazizi, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, old age dependency ratio, openstreetmap, peer-to-peer lending, pension reform, pension time bomb, private sector deleveraging, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, recommendation engine, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, Snapchat, sovereign wealth fund, spinning jenny, stem cell, Steve Jobs, subscription business, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, The Great Moderation, trade route, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, uber lyft, urban sprawl, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, working-age population, Zipcar

This trend is only likely to grow in strength as smart mobile technology brings another two billion to three billion people, predominantly from developing economies, into the connected world over the coming decade.24 Cloud technologies are supporting these information trends. Cloud technologies are already making the digital world simpler, faster, more powerful, and more efficient and are changing how companies manage their IT. In the years ahead, cloud technology will continue to spur growth of new business models that are asset light, flexible, highly mobile, and scalable. The technologies will continue to expand, increasingly accompanied by advances in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and human-machine interaction. These changes make it possible for computers to do jobs that it was assumed only humans could perform.

Amazon: How the World’s Most Relentless Retailer Will Continue to Revolutionize Commerce by Natalie Berg, Miya Knights

3D printing, Adam Neumann (WeWork), Airbnb, Amazon Robotics, Amazon Web Services, asset light, augmented reality, Bernie Sanders, big-box store, business intelligence, cloud computing, Colonization of Mars, commoditize, computer vision, connected car, deep learning, DeepMind, digital divide, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, driverless car, electronic shelf labels (ESLs), Elon Musk, fulfillment center, gig economy, independent contractor, Internet of things, inventory management, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, Kiva Systems, market fragmentation, new economy, Ocado, pattern recognition, Ponzi scheme, pre–internet, QR code, race to the bottom, random stow, recommendation engine, remote working, Salesforce, sensor fusion, sharing economy, Skype, SoftBank, Steve Bannon, sunk-cost fallacy, supply-chain management, TaskRabbit, TechCrunch disrupt, TED Talk, trade route, underbanked, urban planning, vertical integration, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, WeWork, white picket fence, work culture

In a speech at the Shoptalk conference in 2017, Sarah Quinlan, SVP at Mastercard, noted how the #1 Christmas gift in the US in 2016 was a plane ticket – and #2 was a hotel voucher.50 Meanwhile, Ikea believes that we’ve reached ‘peak stuff’51 and Boots CEO (ex-Dixons Carphone boss) Seb James thinks that ‘shoppers are now only grazing on ownership.’ Later in the book, we’ll discuss how retailers can adapt their stores to cater to the rise in both the sharing and experience economies. While there is no denying that asset-light Millennials place a high value on experiences – with social media in particular fuelling the FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) factor – the shift towards experiential spending is not just a Millennial thing. Mastercard’s Sarah Quinlan summed it up nicely in a 2017 corporate interview: Before, if you acquired more and more goods, you could measure your social status.

Billion Dollar Loser: The Epic Rise and Spectacular Fall of Adam Neumann and WeWork by Reeves Wiedeman

Adam Neumann (WeWork), Airbnb, asset light, barriers to entry, Black Lives Matter, Blitzscaling, Burning Man, call centre, carbon footprint, company town, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, digital nomad, do what you love, Donald Trump, driverless car, dumpster diving, East Village, eat what you kill, Elon Musk, Erlich Bachman, fake news, fear of failure, Gavin Belson, Gordon Gekko, housing crisis, index fund, Jeff Bezos, low interest rates, Lyft, Marc Benioff, margin call, Mark Zuckerberg, Masayoshi Son, Maui Hawaii, medical residency, Menlo Park, microapartment, mortgage debt, Network effects, new economy, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, reality distortion field, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, Sand Hill Road, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Snapchat, SoftBank, software as a service, sovereign wealth fund, starchitect, stealth mode startup, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, subscription business, TechCrunch disrupt, the High Line, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, Travis Kalanick, Uber for X, uber lyft, Vision Fund, WeWork, zero-sum game

Adam bought homes for his sister and grandmother, paying them back for the rent and tuition they had covered during his early years in New York. WeWork employees could only roll their eyes when Adam and Rebekah spoke about their embrace of the sharing economy and lack of interest in material wealth. “We believe in this new ‘asset-light lifestyle,’” Rebekah told one interviewer, at a time when the Neumanns owned five homes. “We want to live off of the land. I’m like a real hippie.” WeWork’s 2017 Halloween party had another apt theme: The Great Gatsby. With Masa’s money in hand, a calm seemed to settle over Adam. He was set for life, no matter what happened.

The Unusual Billionaires by Saurabh Mukherjea

Albert Einstein, asset light, Atul Gawande, backtesting, barriers to entry, Black-Scholes formula, book value, British Empire, business cycle, business intelligence, business process, buy and hold, call centre, Checklist Manifesto, commoditize, compound rate of return, corporate governance, dematerialisation, disintermediation, diversification, equity risk premium, financial innovation, forensic accounting, full employment, inventory management, low cost airline, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, Peter Thiel, QR code, risk free rate, risk-adjusted returns, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, The Wisdom of Crowds, transaction costs, upwardly mobile, Vilfredo Pareto, wealth creators, work culture

Exhibit 70: Page’s ROCE increased from 25% in FY08 to 42% in FY15 Source: Company, Ambit Capital research. Note: E indicates estimated, not actual, data. Page started operations in 1995 with capital employed of only Rs 1 crore. Given the shortage of capital, the management team kept the business asset-light by using various methods such as leasing land instead of outright purchase, outsourcing capital-intensive processes like spinning, knitting and weaving, and incurring capex only for the final garmenting process. Thomas was strict on costs: ‘We stayed in our Abbaiah Reddy Industrial Area office for as long as it was possible and moved to a new one only in 2014.

Machine, Platform, Crowd: Harnessing Our Digital Future by Andrew McAfee, Erik Brynjolfsson

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, AI winter, Airbnb, airline deregulation, airport security, Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Andy Rubin, AOL-Time Warner, artificial general intelligence, asset light, augmented reality, autism spectrum disorder, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, backtesting, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, bitcoin, blockchain, blood diamond, British Empire, business cycle, business process, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, centralized clearinghouse, Chris Urmson, cloud computing, cognitive bias, commoditize, complexity theory, computer age, creative destruction, CRISPR, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, Dean Kamen, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, discovery of DNA, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, distributed ledger, double helix, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, family office, fiat currency, financial innovation, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, George Akerlof, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, Hernando de Soto, hive mind, independent contractor, information asymmetry, Internet of things, inventory management, iterative process, Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, Jim Simons, jimmy wales, John Markoff, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, law of one price, longitudinal study, low interest rates, Lyft, Machine translation of "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak." to Russian and back, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Mitch Kapor, moral hazard, multi-sided market, Mustafa Suleyman, Myron Scholes, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, Norbert Wiener, Oculus Rift, PageRank, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer lending, performance metric, plutocrats, precision agriculture, prediction markets, pre–internet, price stability, principal–agent problem, Project Xanadu, radical decentralization, Ray Kurzweil, Renaissance Technologies, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, smart contracts, Snapchat, speech recognition, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, tacit knowledge, TaskRabbit, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Market for Lemons, The Nature of the Firm, the strength of weak ties, Thomas Davenport, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, transaction costs, transportation-network company, traveling salesman, Travis Kalanick, Two Sigma, two-sided market, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, ubercab, Vitalik Buterin, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, winner-take-all economy, yield management, zero day

At the time of his column, over a million people each day “took an Uber” to get somewhere in one of 300 cities in 60 countries, and Airbnb offered 640,000 different lodging options in 191 countries, ranging from a yurt in Mongolia to James Joyce’s childhood home in Ireland. China’s Alibaba brought an asset-light approach to retailing, an industry where large reach had historically meant ownership of a great many things. Walmart, for example, owned by the end of 2016 more than 150 distribution centers and a private fleet of 6,000 trucks that drove 700 million annual miles to get products on the shelves of 4,500 shops across the United States.

Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century by Tim Higgins

air freight, asset light, autonomous vehicles, big-box store, call centre, Colonization of Mars, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, Donald Trump, electricity market, Elon Musk, family office, Ford Model T, gigafactory, global pandemic, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, junk bonds, Larry Ellison, low earth orbit, Lyft, margin call, Mark Zuckerberg, Masayoshi Son, Menlo Park, Michael Milken, paypal mafia, ride hailing / ride sharing, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, Sheryl Sandberg, short selling, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, SoftBank, Solyndra, sovereign wealth fund, stealth mode startup, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, Tesla Model S, Tim Cook: Apple, Travis Kalanick, Uber for X, uber lyft, vertical integration

Others had thought about engineering an electric car, but they had failed to make it profitable. Eberhard was thinking of ways to change the business of making cars altogether, bringing to a hundred-year-old industry the lessons learned from a career as an entrepreneur in Silicon Valley. Tesla would be asset-light, focused on brand and customer experience. He figured the timing was right. * * * — By September 2003, AC Propulsion had completed the conversion car that Eberhard had commissioned and the results made him think they were on to something. The new tzero, with its lithium-ion batteries, had shed a remarkable 500 pounds from its weight.

America's Bitter Pill: Money, Politics, Backroom Deals, and the Fight to Fix Our Broken Healthcare System by Steven Brill

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, asset light, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, business process, call centre, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, compensation consultant, crony capitalism, desegregation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, employer provided health coverage, medical malpractice, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, Nate Silver, obamacare, Potemkin village, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, side project, Silicon Valley, the payments system, young professional

That meant that Oscar didn’t have to invest in the costly infrastructure that other insurers had, and that its costs would go up only as its number of customers went up. Separate visiting nurse and behavioral health (for illnesses such as drug abuse) services had been signed up, too. “Oscar’s assembly and orchestration of best-in-class vendors creates a uniquely asset-light and nimble insurer which is able to service members in novel ways,” the investor presentation declared. The data related to all of those outside services would be integrated so that the customer, and Oscar, had a complete, up-to-date dashboard of everything going on healthwise in the consumer’s life.

Corporate Finance: Theory and Practice by Pierre Vernimmen, Pascal Quiry, Maurizio Dallocchio, Yann le Fur, Antonio Salvi

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", accelerated depreciation, accounting loophole / creative accounting, active measures, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, AOL-Time Warner, ASML, asset light, bank run, barriers to entry, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Benoit Mandelbrot, bitcoin, Black Swan, Black-Scholes formula, blockchain, book value, business climate, business cycle, buy and hold, buy low sell high, capital asset pricing model, carried interest, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, corporate governance, correlation coefficient, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, currency risk, delta neutral, dematerialisation, discounted cash flows, discrete time, disintermediation, diversification, diversified portfolio, Dutch auction, electricity market, equity premium, equity risk premium, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, eurozone crisis, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, Flash crash, foreign exchange controls, German hyperinflation, Glass-Steagall Act, high net worth, impact investing, implied volatility, information asymmetry, intangible asset, interest rate swap, Internet of things, inventory management, invisible hand, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, junk bonds, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, London Interbank Offered Rate, low interest rates, mandelbrot fractal, margin call, means of production, money market fund, moral hazard, Myron Scholes, new economy, New Journalism, Northern Rock, performance metric, Potemkin village, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, random walk, Right to Buy, risk free rate, risk/return, shareholder value, short selling, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, stocks for the long run, supply-chain management, survivorship bias, The Myth of the Rational Market, time value of money, too big to fail, transaction costs, value at risk, vertical integration, volatility arbitrage, volatility smile, yield curve, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

Only full ownership and possibly capital leasing (which is deferred full ownership) allows it to guarantee this flexibility. Moreover, a decision by the landlord not to renew an operating lease cannot be excluded, which is why ownership is often preferred for this kind of asset. Although in the 2000s a number of operations resulted in the splitting up of ownership and exploitation (asset-light strategy), today we are witnessing a reverse trend, with some industrial groups seeking to take back ownership of assets whose underlying activity is performing well (Accor). On the other hand, some real-estate groups that have acquired ownership of buildings are now seeking to take back the business and/or the operation.